A New Species of the Genus Psephellus - Ozean Publications

Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences 2(1), 2009 

ISSN 1943-2429 

© 2009 Ozean Publication 


A New Species of the Genus Psephellus (Asteraceae) From 

North-East Anatolia, Turkey 

Ahmet Duran 1 , Meryem Öztürk 1 * & Bekir Doğan 2 

1 Selçuk University, Education Faculty, Department of Biology Education, 42090 Meram-Konya, Turkey 

2 Selçuk University, Education Faculty, Department of Science Education, 42090 Meram-Konya, Turkey 

*E-mail: mrymztrk@gmail.com 

______________________________________________________________________________________ 

Abstract: A new species, in sect. Hyalinella (Tzvelev) Wagenitz & Hellwig Psephellus 

coruhensis A.Duran & M.Öztürk (Asteraceae), is described and illustrated from Anatolia, 

Turkey. The species grows on eroded serpentine stony slopes in Çoruh Valley (A8 Artvin 

province) in North-East Anatolia. An endemic confined to Yusufeli district (Artvin), it is 

closely related to Psephellus simplicicaulis (Boiss. & Huet) Wagenitz. Diagnostic 

morphological characters from closely similar taxa are discussed, and arranged in a key 

of Turkish similar Psephellus Cass. Ecology, conservation status, biogeography of the 

species is also presented. Achene surface morphology of P. coruhensis is examined by 

SEM. The geographical distribution of the new species and other related species is 

mapped. 

Keywords: Cardueae, Compositae, Hyalinella, Psephellus, Turkey 

______________________________________________________________________________________ 

INTRODUCTION 

Recently, Centaurea L. has been divided into four genera (Wagenitz & Hellwig, 2000; Greuter, 2003a, b). 

According to the revised system these genera are Centaurea, Rhaponticoides Vaill., Psephellus Cass. and 

Cyanus Mill. One of these is Psephellus that has 75–80 species and a distribution with a centre in East 

Anatolia, Caucasian and northwest Iran; only few species occur outside this area (Wagenitz & Hellwig, 

2000). 

The genus Centaurea was previously revised by Wagenitz (1975) for the Flora of Turkey. In the Flora of 

Turkey, 172 plus six imperfectly known species of Centaurea were accepted (Wagenitz, 1975). Since then, 

following species have been described C. nydeggeri Hub.-Mor., C. mykalea Hub.-Mor., C. rechingeri 

Phitos, C. iconiensis Hub.-Mor., C. cariensiformis Hub.-Mor., C. yozgatensis Wagenitz, C. hadimensis 

Wagenitz, Ertuğrul & Dural (Davis et al. 1988; Güner et al. 2000). C. amplifolia Boiss. & Heldr. was added 

as a new record for Turkey (Davis et al. 1988). 

In addition to these, thirteen new species have been identified as C. cankiriense and C. antalyense (Duran 

& Duman 2002), C. yildizii (Türkoğlu et al. 2003), C. goeksunense (Aytaç & Duman 2005), C. marashica 

(Uzunhisarcıklı et al. 2005), C. tuzgoluensis (Vural et al. 2006), C. ulrichiorum and C. werneri (Wagenitz 

et al. 2006), C. glabro-auriculata (Uysal et al. 2007), C. kizildaghensis (Uzunhisarcıklı et al. 2007), C. 

elazigensis (Kaya & Vural 2007), C. ertugruliana (Uysal 2008) and C. yaltirikii (Aksoy et al. 2008). 

C. amplifolia, C. iconiensis and C. mykalea species are transferred to genus Rhaponticoides (Greuter, 

2003b). C. hadimensis, C. yildizii Civelek et al. and C. goeksunense Aytaç & H.Duman are transferred to 

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genus Psephellus (Greuter 2003a, Greuter & Raab-Straube 2006). P. turcicus A.Duran & E.Hamzaoğlu was 

described according to new revised system by Wagenitz and Hellwig (2000) from the genus Psephellus 

(Duran & Hamzaoğlu 2005). 

In Wagenitz & Hellwig (2000), 12 sections that had been included in the genus Centaurea were transferred 

to the genus Psephellus. The former sections of the genus Centaurea were: Sect. Psephelloideae, 

Psephellus, Hyalinella, Aetheopappus, Odontolophus, Xanthopsis, Amblyopogon, Heterolophus, 

Czerniakovskya, Odontolophoideae, Uralepis and Sosnovskya. New combinations under the genus 

Psephellus are provided for these sections and 35 species, especially from Turkey and Iran. Some of these 

species occur only in Turkey. In this article, we have preferred the latest system in generic classification. 

Psephellus specimen did not have flowers when it was first collected in 2002. The specimens with flowers 

were collected from the same locality in 2003. The specimens were not referable to any known Psephellus 

species. Studying the specific descriptions of Psephellus in Wagenitz (1975), Dostal (1976), Davis et al. 

(1988), Wagenitz et al. (1998), Wagenitz & Hellwig (2000), Güner (2000), Türkoğlu et al. (2003) and 

Duran & Hamzaoğlu (2005) as well as comparison with specimens in the Herbaria KNYA, ANK, GAZI, 

GOET, HUB, E, K and BM, showed that the specimens represent a species new to science. The specimens 

of P. coruhensis were examined and compared with specimens of the related species P. simplicicaulis in 

Turkey. Examined representative specimens of P. simplicicaulis from two localities and P. aucherianus 

(DC.) Boiss. five localities are cited below. The authors of plant names were checked from Brummitt & 

Powell (1992). 

The molecular studies were made on the genus Centaurea (Psephellus, Cyanus, Rhaponticoides incl.). 

There is not yet a very clear picture of the evolution of the tribe Cardueae. Formal cladistic analyses 

published so far are based on few molecular markers Font et al. (2002) and Hellwig (2004). According to 

the new molecular technologies the taxonomic complexity of genus Centaurea is trying to solve, but needs 

further study. Only P. dealbatus (Willd.) C.Koch (Susanna et al. 1995), P. hedgei Wagenitz, P. bellus 

(Trautv.) Wagenitz and P. trinervius (Willd.) Wagenitz (Hellwig, 1996) have been included in phylogenetic 

analyses using molecular markers (Wagenitz & Hellwig, 2000). In these studies the ITS regions of the 

nuclear ribosomal repeat were sequenced. P. hedgei and P. bellus were also included in RFLP analysis of 

the chloroplast DNA (Hellwig, 1996). In both cases Psephellus proved to be monophyletic (Hellwig, 1996; 

Wagenitz & Hellwig, 2000). 

Description of the New Species 

Psephellus coruhensis A.Duran & M.Öztürk sp. nov. (Figs. 1 and 2) 

Sect. Hyalinella (Tzvelev) Wagenitz & Hellwig 

Affinis P. simplicicaulis, sed caulibus saturate ramosis (nec simplicibus), foliis terminalibus segmentatis 2– 

8 mm latis (nec 7–15 mm latis), involucris 9–12 x 5–8 mm (nec 14–19 x 9–14 mm), appendicibus 

marginatis 5–8 ciliatis ac 0.8–1.3 mm longis (nec marginatis hyalinis dilute dentatis, dentibus usque 0.5 

mm longis), pappis 1.5–2 mm longis (nec 5–10 mm longis) differt. 

Type: Turkey. A8 Artvin: between Yusufeli-Sarıgöl, 2 th km, 630 m, 31.v.2003, stony slopes, 40°50.820'N, 

41°32.339'E, A.Duran 6174 (holotype: KNYA, isotypes: GAZI, ANK, HUB, E). 

Perennial with woody rootstock, many-stemmed, forming tufts. Stem slightly ascending to erect, remains of 

stems and basal leaves of the previous year present, ± sparsely floccose-tomentose, 5-striate, 25–35(–40) 

cm tall, 0.7–1.5 mm diameter at base, very rich branched in lower ¼ part of the stem, branches mostly 

fertile, some branches sterile or undeveloped, branches subequal to equal. Leaves mostly half of the stem, 

distinctly bi-coloured, green and sparsely tomentose above, densely adpressed grey-tomentose below, 

decreasing in number and size to capitula; basal and lower cauline leaves pinnatisect to lyrate with 1–2(–3) 

pairs of oblong to lanceolate lateral segments and conspicuously larger lanceolate or oblanceolate terminal 

segment, or rarely entire, oblanceolate or ± linear, variable in outline, terminal segment 2–8 mm wide, 

leaves to 7 x 1(–1.6) cm (incl. petiole), apex obtuse or acute; median and upper cauline leaves linear to 

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linear-lanceolate, mostly entire or rarely one toothed per side, ± sessile, apex acute to acuminate. Capitula 

solitary, 14–17 x 5–8 mm (incl. flowers), erect. Involucre 9–12 x 5–8 mm, obovate to cup-shaped. 

Phyllaries imbricate, with scarious margins, glabrous; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, 1.5–2 x 1.5–2 mm, 

appendages 1.5–2 x 1.3–2 mm; median phyllaries oblong, 3.5–5 x 2–2.5 mm, appendages 2–2.2 x 2.5–3 

mm; inner phyllaries narrowly oblong to linear, 7–8.5 x 0.8–1.5 mm, appendages 3 x 1.5–2 mm. 

Appendages medium-sized, concealing basal part of phyllaries, ± not decurrent, triangular to orbicular, ± 

hyaline, straw-colored to entirely brownish or in center, phyllaries appendages with cilia, 0.8–1.3 mm long, 

5–8 cilia on each side, ending in a triangular 0.4–1 mm spinule, slightly longer than the closest cilia or ± 

equal. Corolla pink. Marginal florets longer than central florets and radiant, 15–16 mm long, with 

staminode, infundibular limb and 5–6 narrowly linear-lanceolate lobes, lobes 4–4.5 mm long; central 

flowers hermaphrodite, 11–12.5 m long, with 5 lobes, lobes c. 2.5 mm long, anthers of central florets equal 

to corolla, with yellow to slightly pinkish; style longer than corolla. Achenes 4.5–5.5 mm long, strawcolored 

to brownish, smooth and shiny, glabrous or few hairs; pappus 1.5–2 mm, barbellate, straw-colored 

to brownish, biseriate, inner series indistinctly differentiated, ± equal to outer series. 

Phenology: Fl. May-June & fr. June-July. 

Figure 1. Psephellus coruhensis A.Duran & M.Öztürk sp. nov. (from isotype). A: habit. 

B: basal and lower cauline leaves. C: median and upper cauline leaves. 

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Figure 2. Psephellus coruhensis. A. Habit and general view of type locality, B. Capitula, C. Flowers, D- 

E. SEM images of the general shape and surface of achene, F-G. General aspect of achenes 

and the detachment area (Photographs by A.Duran). 

Distribution and suggested conservational status: The Çoruh Valley (Artvin province) is a very interesting 

area for plant diversity because of microclimatic conditions (Fig. 3). Elements of the Mediterranean 

phytogeographical region and a number of local endemic species grow there (see ‘Ecology’). This species 

belongs to Europe-Siberian phytogeographic region. Psephellus coruhensis is an endemic species known 

from four localities only in Yusufeli district (Artvin province); therefore, it is considered as ‘Endangered’ 

(criterion B1 a). The reduction of population size 80% because of the construction of the Yusufeli Dam on 

the Çoruh River (criterion A3). Only one locality will be outside of the level of dam after Yusufeli Dam 

project completely finished in nine years. This locality is “Artvin: Yusufeli, exit of Balaban village”. 

Because of this it could also be categorized as ‘Critically Endangered’ (criterion B2) for its known ‘area of 

occupancy’ of less than 2 km 2 , population size estimated to be fewer than 250 mature individuals (criterion 

C) (IUCN, 2001). 

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Figure 3. Distribution map of Psephellus coruhensis (), P. simplicicaulis (), P. aucherianus () and 

Centaurea dichroa () in Turkey. 

Representative specimens examined: — Psephellus coruhensis (Paratypes): Turkey. A8 Artvin: between 

Yusufeli-Sarıgöl, 1–2 km, 650 m, 27.vii.2002, stony slopes, A.Duran 6042 (KNYA); Artvin: Yusufeli, the 

road of Barhal, 730 m, 17.v.2004, stony places, H.Duman 9394 & Z.Aytaç (GAZI); Artvin: Yusufeli, exit of 

Balaban village, 1600 m, 6.vi.2008, Hamzaoğlu 5087 (KNYA, Bozok Univ. herb.); Artvin: Yusufeli, around 

of Havuzlu village, 560 m, stony places, in shrubby, 6.vi.2008, Hamzaoğlu 5069 (KNYA, Bozok Univ. 

herb.). — Psephellus simplicicaulis: [Turkey ] A8 Erzurum: Armenia prope Ispir, vi 1853, Huet du Pavillon 

(iso. GOET! Photo BM!); A8 Artvin: Yusufeli, south of İçhan village, 1200–1350 m, steppe, 13.vi.2004, 

73°20.302'E, 45°20.671'N, Z.Aytaç 8675 & H.Duman (GAZI!). — Psephellus aucherianus: [Turkey B7? ] 

in Cappadocia ad Euphratem, 1834, Aucher 3144 (iso. K, photo!); B7 Erzincan: Baschtasch ad Euphratem, 

1890, Sint. 2925 (K, photo!); Erzincan: Egin (Kemaliye) Baschtasch ad Euphratem, 26.vi.1889, Sint. 961, 

962 (K, photo!); Erzincan: between Erzincan-Kemaliye 128 th km, 1170 m, 15.vi.2004, calcareous rocks, 

A.Duran 6529 & Hamzaoğlu (S.Ü. Eğt. Fak. Herb.); Erzincan: between Erzincan-İliç, 15 th km, 1400 m, 

15.vi.2004, serpentine slopes, A.Duran 6541 & Hamzaoğlu (S.Ü. Eğt. Fak. Herb.). 

Ecology: Psephellus coruhensis grows in Mediterranean microclimate on eroded serpentine stony slopes 

with Acer divergens Pox var. divergens (local endemic), Paliurus spina-christii Mill., Juniperus oxycedrus 

L., Rhus coriaria L., Cotinus coggyria Scop., Ferula szowitsiana DC., Verbascum gracilescens Hub.-Mor. 

(local endemic), Caragana grandiflora (M.Bieb.) DC., Isatis erzurumica P.H.Davis (local endemic), 

Ephedra major Host, Alyssum artvinense Busch (local endemic), Asphodeline tenuior (Fisch.) Ledeb. ssp. 

tenuiflora (C.Koch) Tuzlaci, Atraphaxsis billardieri Jaub. & Spach. var. tournefortii (Jaub. & Spach) 

Cullen, Chesneya elegans Fomin L. (local endemic), Centaurea straminicephala Hub.-Mor. (local 

endemic), Clypeola raddeana Albov (local endemic), Micromeria elliptica C.Koch (local endemic), Stipa 

caragana Trin., Erodium oxyrrhynchum M.Bieb., and Seseli andronakii Woron. (local endemic), Ferula 

mervynii M.Sağıroğlu & H.Duman (Sağıroğlu & Duman, 2007). 

Achene surface characteristics: Achenes surface of Psephellus coruhensis was studied by SEM. The 

surface ornamentation is reticulate, with cells in rectangular shape. There is rarely few distances between 

the some of cells of P. coruhensis (specimen no: A.Duran 6174) (Fig. 4). 

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Figure 4. SEM images of the achene of the Psephellus coruhensis. A: general shape. B: achene 

surface. 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 

Psephellus coruhensis is between sect. Hyalinella (Tzvelev) Wagenitz & Hellwig and sect. 

Odontolophoidei (Tzvelev) Wagenitz & Hellwig. The species placed in sect. Hyalinella (Tzvelev) Wagenitz 

& Hellwig according to the diagnostic characters of which determined by Wagenitz (1975), Wagenitz & 

Hellwig (2000). 

The characters of the sect. Odontolophoidei (Tzvelev) Wagenitz & Hellwig similar with some 

morphological characters of sect. Hyalinella. It mainly differs from sect. Odontolophoidei because it has 

simple stem or with few branches (not several branches); leaves arachnoid and glabrescent above, densely 

appressed-tomentose below (not floccose or appressed tomentose); the lower pinnatisect to lyrate (not only 

lyrate); involucre 12–19 x 6–14 mm, ovoid (not 10–20 x 6–22 mm, ovoid to nearly globose); appendages 

denticulate or ciliate margin, not or very slightly decurrent (not only ciliate, not decurrent); pappus 5–8 mm, 

inner row short, scaly (not 1–4.5 mm, inner row short). 

The sect. Hyalinella has three species which are P. simplicicaulis (Boiss. & Huet) Wagenitz, P. bellus 

(Trautv.) Wagenitz, P. pecho (Albov) Wagenitz. These taxa are placed into this section from Turkey and 

Caucasus region (Wagenitz 1975, Wagenitz & Hellwig, 2000). The morphological characters of P. 

coruhensis are very similar with Hyalinella section, but the length and inner row of pappus are 

differentiated from section Hyalinella. P. coruhensis needs much more investigation and molecular studies 

to solve problem related with section. 

Psephellus coruhensis is closely related to P. simplicicaulis in sect. Hyalinella. It mainly differs from P. 

simplicicaulis because it has very rich branched stem (not simple stem), lateral segments of leaves 1–2, 

oblong to lanceolate (not with 1–4 pairs of elliptic to circular), terminal segment 2–8 mm wide (not 7–15 

mm wide). In addition, it differs P. simplicicaulis from involucres 9–12 x 5–8 mm (not 14–19 x 9–14 mm), 

appendages small, 1.3–3 mm wide, margin distinctly 5–8 cilia and 0.8–1.3 mm long (not 2.5–5 mm, 

hyaline slightly toothed, teeth up to 0.5 mm), marginal florets radiant (not strongly radiant), pappus 1.5–2 

mm (not 5–10 mm). P. simplicicaulis is very similar to P. pecho Albow which placed into same section 

Hyalinella (Table 1). 

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Table 1. A comparison diagnostic characters of Psephellus coruhensis with P. simplicicaulis 

Diagnostic 

characters 

Psephellus coruhensis Psephellus simplicicaulis 

Plant without sterile shoots with numerous sterile shoots 

Stem with remains of stems of the previous year without remains of the stems of the 

present, very rich branched 

previous year present, unbranched 

Basal leaves with 1–2 pairs of oblong to lanceolate 1–4 pairs of elliptic to circular lateral 

lateral segments and terminal segment 2–8 segments and terminal segment 7–15 

mm wide 

mm wide 

Involucre 9–12 x 5–8 mm 14–19 x 9–14 mm 

Appendages 1.3–3 mm wide, margin distinctly 5–8 cilia 2.5–5 mm wide, margin hyaline slightly 

and 0.8–1.3 mm long 

toothed, teeth up to 0.5 mm long 

Marginal flowers slightly radiant strongly radiant 

Pappus 1.5–2 mm long and shorter than achene 5–10 mm long and longer than achene 

In sect. Odontolophoidei, Psephellus aucherianus (DC.) Boiss. is distinguished from P. coruhensis, by its 

stem with almost entirely leaves; leaves firm, floccose-tomentose; lower leaves lyrate with large lanceolate 

to rhomboid, mostly irregularly toothed terminal segment; involucre 10–14 x 6–11 mm, ovoid to nearly 

globose, appendage rather large concealing most of basal part of phyllaries, ovate to broadly rhomboid or 

triangular, with 7–10 cilia on each side. 

In addition, the general aspect of the new species is related to Centaurea dichroa Boiss. & Heldr. It mainly 

differs from Psephellus coruhensis because it has leaves white-tomentose or glabrescent (not distinctly 

bicoloured), involucre 4–6 mm wide oblong to cylindrical (not 5–8 mm wide, obovate to cup-shaped), 

appendages with cilia and 0.5–0.8 mm long (not 0.8–1.3 mm long), appendages decurrent (not decurrent), 

flowers without staminodes (not staminodes), corolla yellowish (not pink), anther-tube clearly pink to 

violet (yellow to slightly pink), inner row of pappus short (not ± equal). Both of these species grow in areas 

which have similar ecological conditions, and Centaurea dichroa distributed in Mediterranean 

phytogeographic region in Antalya and Muğla provinces, and Psephellus coruhensis occur in 

Mediterranean microclimate in Artvin province (Fig. 3). 

Key to closely related Psephellus species 

1. Stem very rich branched, involucre 5–8 mm wide, appendages margin with cilia, pappus 1.5–2 mm and 

shorter than achene …………… …………………...….… …...….……...….……...….…P. coruhensis 

1. Stem simple, involucre 9–14 mm wide, appendages margin with toothed, pappus 5–10 mm and longer 

than achene …………….………………….……………….... …...….……...….…….. P. simplicicaulis 

Biogeography: Palaeopalynological data show that Anatolia had a dense vegetation cover in the last 

interglacial period. The topography of Turkey has been changed many times, introducing many 

microclimates in tectonic valleys (Gemici, 1993). Psephellus coruhensis grow in areas distant from the 

Mediterranean phytogeographic region. There is a fairly very large area of Mediterranean vegetation in the 

Çoruh valley (Artvin) that is formed from vertical rocks, and the rivers pass through into the valley. Zohary 

(1973) considered that he traced vegetation patches all along the valley. As other hot and protected valley or 

eroded gorges, the Çoruh valley displaced patches of mixed vegetation made up of Euxinian and 

Mediterranean elements. In the last glacial period, some species from Mediterranean origin migrated into 

the tectonic valleys. These species in the last glacial period were prevented in these valleys on slopes, 

exposed to the south, from the effects of cold climate (Duran & Hamzaoğlu, 2002). The area is very rich 

endemic plants. Lately some new endemic species are described from the Çoruh Valley. These are 

Astragalus olurensis Podlech (Podlech, 2001), Astragalus khokhrjakovii Sytin & Podlech (Podlech & Sytin, 

2002) and Ferula mervynii M.Sağıroğlu & H.Duman (Sağıroğlu & Duman, 2007). 

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

The authors would like to thank to the Curators of Herbaria who send us to study their Psephellus 

specimens and pictures, also would like to thank to Selçuk University (Project no: 08701036) for financial 

support. 

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