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P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2) 1209 Whether ingratitude is a special sin? P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2)-O(1) — It seems that ingratitude is not a special sin. For whoever sins acts against God his sovereign benefactor. But this pertains to ingratitude. Therefore ingratitude is not a special sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2)-O(2) — Further, no special sin is contained under different kinds of sin. But one can be ungrateful by committing different kinds of sin, for instance by calumny, theft, or something similar committed against a benefactor. Therefore ingratitude is not a special sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2)-O(3) — Further, Seneca writes (De Benef. iii): “It is ungrateful to take no notice of a kindness, it is ungrateful not to repay one, but it is the height of ingratitude to forget it.” Now these do not seem to belong to the same species of sin. Therefore ingratitude is not a special sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2) — On the contrary, Ingratitude is opposed to gratitude or thankfulness, which is a special virtue. Therefore it is a special sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2) — I answer that, Every vice is denominated from a deficiency of virtue, because deficiency is more opposed to virtue: thus illiberality is more opposed to liberality than prodigality is. Now a vice may be opposed to the virtue of gratitude by way of excess, for instance if one were to show gratitude for things for which gratitude is not due, or sooner than it is due, as stated above (Q(106), A(4)). But still more opposed to gratitude is the vice denoting deficiency of gratitude, because the virtue of gratitude, as stated above (Q(106), A(6)), inclines to return something more. Wherefore ingratitude is properly denominated from being a deficiency of gratitude. Now every deficiency or privation takes its species from the opposite habit: for blindness and deafness differ according to the difference of sight and hearing. Therefore just as gratitude or thankfulness is one special virtue, so also is ingratitude one special sin. It has, however, various degrees corresponding in their order to the things required for gratitude. The first of these is to recognize the favor received, the second to express one’s appreciation and thanks, and the third to repay the favor at a suitable place and time according to one’s means. And
1210 since what is last in the order of generation is first in the order of destruction, it follows that the first degree of ingratitude is when a man fails to repay a favor, the second when he declines to notice or indicate that he has received a favor, while the third and supreme degree is when a man fails to recognize the reception of a favor, whether by forgetting it or in any other way. Moreover, since opposite affirmation includes negation, it follows that it belongs to the first degree of ingratitude to return evil for good, to the second to find fault with a favor received, and to the third to esteem kindness as though it were unkindness. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2)-RO(1) — In every sin there is material ingratitude to God, inasmuch as a man does something that may pertain to ingratitude. But formal ingratitude is when a favor is actually contemned, and this is a special sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2)-RO(2) — Nothing hinders the formal aspect of some special sin from being found materially in several kinds of sin, and in this way the aspect of ingratitude is to be found in many kinds of sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(2)-RO(3) — These three are not different species but different degrees of one special sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(3) Whether ingratitude is always a mortal sin? P(2b)-Q(107)-A(3)-O(1) — It seems that ingratitude is always a mortal sin. For one ought to be grateful to God above all. But one is not ungrateful to God by committing a venial sin: else every man would be guilty of ingratitude. Therefore no ingratitude is a venial sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(3)-O(2) — Further, a sin is mortal through being contrary to charity, as stated above (Q(24), A(12)). But ingratitude is contrary to charity, since the debt of gratitude proceeds from that virtue, as stated above (Q(106), A(1), ad 3; A(6), ad 2). Therefore ingratitude is always a mortal sin. P(2b)-Q(107)-A(3)-O(3) — Further, Seneca says (De Benef. ii): “Between the giver and the receiver of a favor there is this law, that the former should
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SUMMA THEOLOGICA VOL. 3 - THE FIRST
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4 SECOND PART OF THE SECOND PART TR
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and other creatures. Therefore the
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8 Accordingly the object of faith m
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10 P(2b)-Q(1)-A(3)-RO(1) — Since
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12 P(2b)-Q(1)-A(4)-RO(1) — Thomas
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14 P(2b)-Q(1)-A(5)-RO(1) — Unbeli
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16 gender, number or case. Again in
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things, so that those who were the
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20 little. It is in this way that m
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22 P(2b)-Q(1)-A(8) — I answer tha
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Son and Holy Ghost than about the P
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26 know the truth of faith, many of
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28 Sovereign Pontiff any more than
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30 QUESTION 2 OF THE ACT OF FAITH (
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32 about universal notions, which b
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34 our belief, except in as much as
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36 through a supernatural participa
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38 doubt and uncertainty, it was ne
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40 made one of the Blessed, as stat
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42 P(2b)-Q(2)-A(6)-RO(2) — Simple
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44 But after sin, man believed expl
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P(2b)-Q(2)-A(8) 46 Whether it is ne
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48 P(2b)-Q(2)-A(9)-O(3) — Further
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man to renounce his faith, or in an
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52 QUESTION 3 OF THE OUTWARD ACT OF
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P(2b)-Q(3)-A(2) 54 Whether confessi
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56 QUESTION 4 OF THE VIRTUE ITSELF
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58 and to the object of the intelle
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ut different relationships of one a
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P(2b)-Q(4)-A(3) 62 Whether charity
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64 P(2b)-Q(4)-A(4)-O(4) — Further
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66 P(2b)-Q(4)-A(5)-O(2) — Further
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P(2b)-Q(4)-A(6) 68 Whether faith is
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70 Therefore it is owing to charity
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P(2b)-Q(4)-A(8) 72 Whether faith is
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74 certitude of the gifts of unders
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76 P(2b)-Q(5)-A(1)-O(2) — Further
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78 P(2b)-Q(5)-A(1)-RO(3) — In the
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80 intellect of a heretic is not mo
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82 P(2b)-Q(5)-A(4)-O(2) — Further
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84 QUESTION 6 OF THE CAUSE OF FAITH
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P(2b)-Q(6)-A(1)-RO(2) — This argu
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88 P(2b)-Q(6)-A(2)-RO(3) — He who
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90 appetitive movements is the good
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92 P(2b)-Q(7)-A(2)-RO(2) — Even l
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94 P(2b)-Q(8)-A(1)-O(2) — Further
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Therefore it seems that faith and u
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above (P(2a), Q(58), A(2); P(2a), Q
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100 charity, so as to move it direc
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102 P(2b)-Q(8)-A(5)-RO(1) — By un
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104 to which he assents by faith. B
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106 phantasms and errors, so as to
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108 the gifts of wisdom, understand
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110 as stated above (P(2a), Q(68),
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112 so ought the judgment about the
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114 P(2b)-Q(9)-A(3) — On the cont
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116 that man becomes aware of the l
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118 (12) Whether the children of un
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120 P(2b)-Q(10)-A(2)-O(3) — Furth
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122 P(2b)-Q(10)-A(3) — I answer t
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124 P(2b)-Q(10)-A(4)-RO(1) — The
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126 of heretics. Hence we may, in a
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128 more grievously against faith,
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130 faith, provided there be those
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132 believe, because to believe dep
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134 P(2b)-Q(10)-A(9) — On the con
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P(2b)-Q(10)-A(10) 136 Whether unbel
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138 themselves are subject to the C
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140 Augustine says (De Ordine ii, 4
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142 P(2b)-Q(10)-A(12) — I answer
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144 QUESTION 11 OF HERESY (FOUR ART
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146 P(2b)-Q(11)-A(1)-RO(1) — Choi
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148 of some article of faith; and t
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150 “A man that is a heretic, aft
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152 P(2b)-Q(11)-A(4)-O(3) — Furth
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154 QUESTION 12 OF APOSTASY (TWO AR
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156 P(2b)-Q(12)-A(1)-RO(2) — It b
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158 P(2b)-Q(12)-A(2) — I answer t
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160 P(2b)-Q(13)-A(1)-O(3) — Furth
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162 death punishment is not inflict
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164 more harm to one’s neighbor,
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166 QUESTION 14 OF BLASPHEMY AGAINS
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168 perseveres in mortal sin until
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170 P(2b)-Q(14)-A(2)-O(4) — Furth
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P(2b)-Q(14)-A(3) 172 Whether the si
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174 close the way of forgiveness an
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176 The same applies, if the sin ag
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178 truth,” and as we read in Ec
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180 smallest details or the inmost
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182 Now carnal vices, namely glutto
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184 turn them away from their faith
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P(2b)-Q(16)-A(2) 186 Whether the pr
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188 We read of these things also be
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(7) Of its relation to faith; (8) O
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192 P(2b)-Q(17)-A(2)-O(2) — Furth
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194 P(2b)-Q(17)-A(3) — On the con
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P(2b)-Q(17)-A(5) 196 Whether hope i
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P(2b)-Q(17)-A(6) 198 Whether hope i
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200 of hope to be proposed to us as
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202 P(2b)-Q(17)-A(8)-RO(2) — Hope
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204 P(2b)-Q(18)-A(1) — On the con
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206 Since then the arduous possible
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208 be perfectly happy in their fir
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210 not grace, can obtain it, so as
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212 P(2b)-Q(19)-A(1)-O(2) — Furth
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214 P(2b)-Q(19)-A(2)-O(4) — Furth
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P(2b)-Q(19)-A(3) 216 Whether worldl
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218 “if a man do anything through
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220 A(2), ad 2). Therefore filial f
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222 charity, but is not contrary th
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224 first effect of wisdom. For sin
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P(2b)-Q(19)-A(9) 226 Whether fear i
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228 reckoned as a virtue; whereas f
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230 P(2b)-Q(19)-A(11)-O(2) — Furt
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P(2b)-Q(19)-A(12) 232 Whether pover
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234 external things which hinder su
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236 fault but as part of their damn
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238 iniquity is greater than that I
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240 [*Vulg.: ‘Why is my wound,’
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242 On the other hand, the fact tha
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244 P(2b)-Q(21)-A(1)-O(3) — Furth
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246 it false that He grants forgive
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248 P(2b)-Q(21)-A(3)-RO(2) — Cont
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250 QUESTION 22 OF THE PRECEPTS REL
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252 promises, partly by admonitions
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254 as love is. Hence precepts are
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(4) Whether it is a special virtue?
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258 charity in relation to God, to
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260 to the natural power, inclining
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262 virtuousness are derived merely
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264 P(2b)-Q(23)-A(4)-RO(3) — The
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266 P(2b)-Q(23)-A(6)-O(3) — Furth
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268 P(2b)-Q(23)-A(7) — On the con
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270 essential form of the other vir
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272 QUESTION 24 OF THE SUBJECT OF C
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274 P(2b)-Q(24)-A(1)-RO(3) — As s
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276 there is no virtue without char
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278 being the greatest of the virtu
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280 P(2b)-Q(24)-A(5) — On the con
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282 hand, the increase of charity d
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284 P(2b)-Q(24)-A(7)-O(3) — Furth
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286 arises from some inordinate cup
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288 pursuits to which man is brough
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290 decrease and sometimes cease al
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P(2b)-Q(24)-A(11) 292 Whether we ca
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294 disposition, even so does the h
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296 “This is eternal life; that t
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298 QUESTION 25 OF THE OBJECT OF CH
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300 same act that tends to an aspec
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302 first, as the friend for whom w
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304 P(2b)-Q(25)-A(3)-RO(2) — The
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306 P(2b)-Q(25)-A(5)-O(2) — Furth
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308 P(2b)-Q(25)-A(6) — On the con
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P(2b)-Q(25)-A(7) 310 Whether sinner
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312 P(2b)-Q(25)-A(7)-RO(2) — Alth
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314 Now a man loves in deed by show
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316 neighbor includes also the holy
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318 the demons even out of charity,
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320 QUESTION 26 OF THE ORDER OF CHA
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322 hand, charity is in an appetiti
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324 become like to our neighbor. He
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P(2b)-Q(26)-A(4) 326 Whether our of
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328 his own body, it follows that h
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330 with us in preference to those
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332 Now the inward affection of cha
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334 ( Proverbs 18:24): “A man am
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P(2b)-Q(26)-A(9) 336 Whether a man
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338 mother than from his father: an
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340 between those who love. On the
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342 usefulness quickly flits by, an
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344 pertains to a man’s love for
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346 P(2b)-Q(27)-A(1)-O(2) — Furth
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348 grieve and rejoice with him. No
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350 is to be enjoyed” as he says
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352 respect of their own condition,
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354 creature can love God infinitel
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356 interior act and external acts
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358 loving, while the last consider
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360 QUESTION 28 OF JOY (FOUR ARTICL
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362 to say ( 2 Corinthians 5:6):
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364 of glory, is connected with the
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P(2b)-Q(28)-A(4) 366 Whether joy is
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368 QUESTION 29 OF PEACE (FOUR ARTI
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370 himself, unless at the same tim
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372 according to Psalm 147:3: “W
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374 precepts about keeping peace, f
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376 P(2b)-Q(30)-A(1) — On the con
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378 P(2b)-Q(30)-A(2)-O(3) — Furth
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380 P(2b)-Q(30)-A(3)-O(3) — Furth
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382 P(2b)-Q(30)-A(4)-O(3) — Furth
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384 QUESTION 31 OF BENEFICENCE (FOU
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386 something he would like to I ke
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388 fellow-soldier who is a strange
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390 different particular cases, as
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392 QUESTION 32 OF ALMSDEEDS (TEN A
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394 formally, and thus an act of ju
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396 affect the soul, and are reliev
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398 observe the due circumstances o
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400 P(2b)-Q(32)-A(3)-RO(3) — The
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402 when a man would commit a morta
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404 he consider every case that may
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406 required for the decencies of l
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408 (Hom. super Luc. A, 5). Or, all
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410 P(2b)-Q(32)-A(8) — On the con
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412 P(2b)-Q(32)-A(9)-O(3) — Furth
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414 wherefore the Apostle says ( 1
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416 P(2b)-Q(33)-A(1)-O(3) — Furth
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418 are found to omit fraternal cor
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420 Thirdly, such an omission is a
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422 with a sane judgment, so as to
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424 life, no man is without some fa
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426 deserving of condemnation, eith
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P(2b)-Q(33)-A(7) 428 Whether the pr
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430 heretic secretly turns other me
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432 the one commanding, and the one
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434 the prelate is a private indivi
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436 well like of her works.” Now
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438 Hence when a man hates God, his
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440 good is equivalent to hatred of
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442 Now all other passions of the s
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444 assumes the aspect of evil. Whe
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446 the one it lays low with burnin
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448 with sloth, because the more we
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450 sorrow “according to God,”
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452 the impulse of pleasure, so aga
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454 QUESTION 36 OF ENVY (FOUR ARTIC
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456 above. Wherefore a man envies n
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458 as this cannot be occasioned by
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460 sensuality, which are venial si
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462 reckoned a capital sin, either
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464 P(2b)-Q(37)-A(1) — On the con
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466 severs, charity unites.” Now
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468 QUESTION 38 OF CONTENTION (TWO
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470 conducted so inordinately, as t
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472 not the chief part of contentio
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474 P(2b)-Q(39)-A(1) — On the con
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476 ( Exodus 32:28) that some were
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478 good to which that multitude is
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480 This suffices for the Replies t
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482 QUESTION 40 OF WAR (FOUR ARTICL
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484 has to be punished, for refusin
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486 P(2b)-Q(40)-A(2)-O(3) — Furth
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488 directed to the end. Now, among
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490 P(2b)-Q(40)-A(4)-O(2) — Furth
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492 and “they who do such things
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494 P(2b)-Q(41)-A(2) — On the con
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496 QUESTION 42 OF SEDITION (TWO AR
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P(2b)-Q(42)-A(2) 498 Whether sediti
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500 QUESTION 43 OF SCANDAL (EIGHT A
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502 man by his injunction, induceme
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504 P(2b)-Q(43)-A(2)-O(2) — Furth
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506 seem to constitute the species
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508 P(2b)-Q(43)-A(4) — On the con
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510 P(2b)-Q(43)-A(5)-RO(2) — Perf
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P(2b)-Q(43)-A(7) 512 Whether spirit
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514 checking sin; wherefore punishm
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516 P(2b)-Q(43)-A(8)-O(4) — Furth
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518 P(2b)-Q(43)-A(8)-RO(4) — Acco
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520 obligation that arises from a p
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522 Lord thy God.” Therefore ther
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524 P(2b)-Q(44)-A(3) — I answer t
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526 end, to which all things are to
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528 obey God in our external action
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530 attains it in this life? For on
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532 P(2b)-Q(44)-A(8) — I answer t
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534 P(2b)-Q(45)-A(1)-O(2) — Furth
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P(2b)-Q(45)-A(2) 536 Whether wisdom
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538 P(2b)-Q(45)-A(3)-O(3) — Furth
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540 P(2b)-Q(45)-A(4)-RO(1) — Thes
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542 direct and judge his own action
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544 the removal of evils opposed to
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546 thy knowledge, this hath deceiv
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548 rendered incapable of perceivin
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550 TREATISE ON THE CARDINAL VIRTUE
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552 P(2b)-Q(47)-A(1) — On the con
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554 Now in the genus of human acts
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556 experience so as to judge promp
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558 P(2b)-Q(47)-A(5)-O(2) — Furth
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560 (A(2)). Therefore all actions a
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562 natural reason, since natural r
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P(2b)-Q(47)-A(9) 564 Whether solici
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566 “Who, thinkest thou, is a fai
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568 their relation to different end
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570 P(2b)-Q(47)-A(12)-RO(2) — A s
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572 P(2b)-Q(47)-A(13)-RO(3) — Sin
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574 P(2b)-Q(47)-A(15)-O(2) — Furt
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576 “of many memories,” as he s
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578 P(2b)-Q(48)-A(1)-O(2) — Furth
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580 called, since it argues sometim
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582 concerned, as stated in Ethic.
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584 and immaterial objects (De Anim
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586 11): “It is right to pay no l
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588 taking good counsel: indeed it
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590 the derivation of “providenti
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592 Since, however, prudence, as st
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594 QUESTION 50 OF THE SUBJECTIVE P
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596 which are opposed to virtue, an
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598 wicked people, since many sinne
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600 those things also which are in
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602 P(2b)-Q(51)-A(1)-O(3) — Furth
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604 P(2b)-Q(51)-A(2) — On the con
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606 Now, different acts which canno
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608 Providence. Hence by considerin
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610 specially to certain persons, a
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612 P(2b)-Q(52)-A(2) — On the con
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614 Nevertheless there are things w
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616 P(2b)-Q(52)-A(4)-RO(1) — Alth
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P(2b)-Q(53)-A(1) 618 Whether imprud
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620 P(2b)-Q(53)-A(2) — On the con
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622 P(2b)-Q(53)-A(3)-O(3) — Furth
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624 P(2b)-Q(53)-A(4) — I answer t
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626 P(2b)-Q(53)-A(5)-RO(2) — Envy
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628 QUESTION 54 OF NEGLIGENCE (THRE
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630 is not opposed to prudence, but
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632 P(2b)-Q(54)-A(3) — I answer t
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634 P(2b)-Q(55)-A(1)-O(3) — Furth
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636 P(2b)-Q(55)-A(2) — On the con
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638 P(2b)-Q(55)-A(3) — I answer t
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640 P(2b)-Q(55)-A(4)-RO(3) — Whoe
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642 P(2b)-Q(55)-A(6)-O(3) — Furth
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644 carried, and ( Acts 4:34-37) t
Page 645 and 646:
646 P(2b)-Q(55)-A(8)-RO(1) — On a
Page 647 and 648:
648 Now the other lessons of the Ol
Page 649 and 650:
650 craftiness, and so they are not
Page 651 and 652:
P(2b)-Q(57)-A(1) 652 Whether right
Page 653 and 654:
P(2b)-Q(57)-A(2) 654 Whether right
Page 655 and 656:
656 natural to them. Now all men ag
Page 657 and 658:
658 P(2b)-Q(57)-A(4)-O(3) — Furth
Page 659 and 660:
660 QUESTION 58 OF JUSTICE (TWELVE
Page 661 and 662:
662 second, since “what is done t
Page 663 and 664:
664 intercourse.” Now this implie
Page 665 and 666:
666 operations good, and, as Tully
Page 667 and 668:
668 P(2b)-Q(58)-A(4)-RO(3) — Not
Page 669 and 670:
670 logically do not differ essenti
Page 671 and 672:
P(2b)-Q(58)-A(7) 672 Whether there
Page 673 and 674:
674 is justice, which pervades all
Page 675 and 676:
676 appetite whose movements are ca
Page 677 and 678:
678 virtues is measured not by the
Page 679 and 680:
680 interchanges of things, such as
Page 681 and 682:
682 QUESTION 59 OF INJUSTICE (FOUR
Page 683 and 684:
684 just, and the proper object of
Page 685 and 686:
686 man can do himself an injustice
Page 687 and 688:
688 P(2b)-Q(59)-A(4)-O(3) — Furth
Page 689 and 690:
690 P(2b)-Q(60)-A(1)-O(3) — Furth
Page 691 and 692:
692 “Who art thou that judgest an
Page 693 and 694:
694 than a man’s opinion, and con
Page 695 and 696:
P(2b)-Q(60)-A(4) 696 Whether doubts
Page 697 and 698:
P(2b)-Q(60)-A(5) 698 Whether we sho
Page 699 and 700:
700 the person who ought to accept
Page 701 and 702:
702 QUESTION 61 OF THE PARTS OF JUS
Page 703 and 704:
704 P(2b)-Q(61)-A(1) — I answer t
Page 705 and 706:
706 according to virtue, in an olig
Page 707 and 708:
708 the very person of another, for
Page 709 and 710:
710 loss. Now in respect of either
Page 711 and 712:
712 QUESTION 62 OF RESTITUTION (EIG
Page 713 and 714:
714 his body, as when the body is h
Page 715 and 716:
716 P(2b)-Q(62)-A(2)-RO(4) — Ther
Page 717 and 718:
P(2b)-Q(62)-A(4) 718 Whether a man
Page 719 and 720:
720 P(2b)-Q(62)-A(5)-O(2) — Furth
Page 721 and 722:
722 P(2b)-Q(62)-A(5)-RO(5) — Ther
Page 723 and 724:
724 may have ceased to have what he
Page 725 and 726:
726 neglect thieves prosper, becaus
Page 727 and 728:
728 person to whom he owes compensa
Page 729 and 730:
730 P(2b)-Q(63)-A(1)-O(3) — Furth
Page 731 and 732:
732 Therefore the sin of respect of
Page 733 and 734:
734 better, either absolutely speak
Page 735 and 736:
736 having a share of the dignity o
Page 737 and 738:
738 VICES OPPOSED TO COMMUTATIVE JU
Page 739 and 740:
740 have no fellowship with us. Hen
Page 741 and 742:
742 common good, since “a little
Page 743 and 744:
744 according to Augustine (De Civ.
Page 745 and 746:
746 Testament were the ministers of
Page 747 and 748:
748 which pertain to this life whic
Page 749 and 750:
750 P(2b)-Q(64)-A(6) — I answer t
Page 751 and 752:
752 P(2b)-Q(64)-A(7)-O(5) — Furth
Page 753 and 754:
754 Yet this may happen without any
Page 755 and 756:
756 QUESTION 65 OF OTHER INJURIES C
Page 757 and 758:
758 In like manner to maim anyone,
Page 759 and 760:
760 provoke their children to anger
Page 761 and 762:
P(2b)-Q(65)-A(4) 762 Whether the si
Page 763 and 764:
764 QUESTION 66 OF THEFT AND ROBBER
Page 765 and 766:
P(2b)-Q(66)-A(2) 766 Whether it is
Page 767 and 768:
768 P(2b)-Q(66)-A(2)-RO(3) — When
Page 769 and 770:
770 secret and the manifest do not
Page 771 and 772:
772 by laying hands on another’s
Page 773 and 774:
774 life of the soul. Now charity c
Page 775 and 776:
776 Since, however, there are many
Page 777 and 778:
778 waging an unjust war, they are
Page 779 and 780:
780 BY WORDS UTILIZED IN A COURT OF
Page 781 and 782:
782 ordinary or by delegated author
Page 783 and 784:
784 P(2b)-Q(67)-A(2) — I answer t
Page 785 and 786:
786 “It is not the custom of the
Page 787 and 788:
788 Nevertheless in this respect th
Page 789 and 790:
790 lower degree, those of a higher
Page 791 and 792:
792 P(2b)-Q(68)-A(2) — On the con
Page 793 and 794:
794 ways when making an accusation:
Page 795 and 796:
796 position of a party aiming at t
Page 797 and 798:
798 QUESTION 69 OF SINS COMMITTED A
Page 799 and 800:
800 admixture of the pernicious lie
Page 801 and 802:
802 he sins indeed by inducing him
Page 803 and 804:
804 not on the consent of those who
Page 805 and 806:
806 whence he would be led to execu
Page 807 and 808:
808 P(2b)-Q(70)-A(1)-O(3) — Furth
Page 809 and 810:
810 witnesses ( 1 Kings 21). There
Page 811 and 812:
812 about matters of opinion and re
Page 813 and 814:
814 P(2b)-Q(70)-A(3)-RO(2) — Good
Page 815 and 816:
816 QUESTION 71 OF INJUSTICE IN JUD
Page 817 and 818:
818 It may happen however that thes
Page 819 and 820:
820 monks in the cause of their own
Page 821 and 822:
822 prudently to conceal whatever m
Page 823 and 824:
824 BY WORDS UTTERED EXTRAJUDICIALL
Page 825 and 826:
826 conveying something to the know
Page 827 and 828:
828 use such words with moderation,
Page 829 and 830:
830 “Those who are so placed that
Page 831 and 832:
832 QUESTION 73 OF BACKBITING [*OR
Page 833 and 834:
834 ill of an absent person to one
Page 835 and 836:
836 P(2b)-Q(73)-A(2)-RO(3) — Augu
Page 837 and 838:
838 P(2b)-Q(73)-A(3)-RO(1) — Thos
Page 839 and 840:
840 Accordingly we must say that if
Page 841 and 842:
842 QUESTION 74 OF TALE-BEARING [*
Page 843 and 844:
P(2b)-Q(74)-A(2) 844 Whether backbi
Page 845 and 846:
846 QUESTION 75 OF DERISION [*OR MO
Page 847 and 848:
848 P(2b)-Q(75)-A(2)-O(2) — Furth
Page 849 and 850:
850 QUESTION 76 OF CURSING (FOUR AR
Page 851 and 852:
852 because the chief intention of
Page 853 and 854:
P(2b)-Q(76)-A(3) 854 Whether cursin
Page 855 and 856:
856 speaking is not the same, for i
Page 857 and 858:
858 and the buyer buying a thing fo
Page 859 and 860:
860 worth, the law looks upon this
Page 861 and 862:
862 “Thou shalt not have divers w
Page 863 and 864:
864 P(2b)-Q(77)-A(3)-O(3) — Furth
Page 865 and 866:
P(2b)-Q(77)-A(4) 866 Whether, in tr
Page 867 and 868:
868 if he sell at a profit. For he
Page 869 and 870:
870 “Thou shalt not fenerate to t
Page 871 and 872:
872 every man as our neighbor and b
Page 873 and 874:
874 lending money to anyone, to dem
Page 875 and 876:
876 P(2b)-Q(78)-A(2)-RO(3) — If a
Page 877 and 878:
878 P(2b)-Q(78)-A(3) — On the con
Page 879 and 880:
880 whether it were lawful to make
Page 881 and 882:
882 palm.” But any part of a virt
Page 883 and 884:
884 capital vices, as well as to si
Page 885 and 886:
886 justice is a special virtue, as
Page 887 and 888:
888 greater punishment than the pai
Page 889 and 890:
890 QUESTION 80 OF THE POTENTIAL PA
Page 891 and 892:
892 consisting according to Tully (
Page 893 and 894:
894 justice,” which he describes
Page 895 and 896:
(2) Whether religion is a virtue? 8
Page 897 and 898:
898 P(2b)-Q(81)-A(1)-RO(1) — Reli
Page 899 and 900:
900 to pay due honor to someone, na
Page 901 and 902:
P(2b)-Q(81)-A(4) 902 Whether religi
Page 903 and 904:
904 P(2b)-Q(81)-A(5) — I answer t
Page 905 and 906:
906 P(2b)-Q(81)-A(6) — I answer t
Page 907 and 908:
908 P(2b)-Q(81)-A(7)-RO(2) — Thes
Page 909 and 910:
910 P(2b)-Q(81)-A(8)-RO(1) — Sanc
Page 911 and 912:
912 P(2b)-Q(82)-A(1)-O(2) — Furth
Page 913 and 914:
914 religion, as stated above (Q(81
Page 915 and 916:
916 and this consideration shuts ou
Page 917 and 918:
918 P(2b)-Q(82)-A(4)-RO(1) — In t
Page 919 and 920:
P(2b)-Q(83)-A(1) 920 Whether prayer
Page 921 and 922:
922 whom he petitions, either local
Page 923 and 924:
924 P(2b)-Q(83)-A(2)-RO(3) — God
Page 925 and 926:
926 ( 1 Corinthians 14:15), “I w
Page 927 and 928:
928 P(2b)-Q(83)-A(5) — I answer t
Page 929 and 930:
930 says the same to Proba (ad Prob
Page 931 and 932:
932 P(2b)-Q(83)-A(7)-RO(2) — It i
Page 933 and 934:
934 P(2b)-Q(83)-A(8) — I answer t
Page 935 and 936:
936 P(2b)-Q(83)-A(9) — On the con
Page 937 and 938:
938 understanding whereby blessed a
Page 939 and 940:
940 obey God, on account of the nat
Page 941 and 942:
942 P(2b)-Q(83)-A(11)-RO(5) — It
Page 943 and 944:
944 forbids one to pray in presence
Page 945 and 946:
946 P(2b)-Q(83)-A(13)-RO(3) — Pur
Page 947 and 948:
948 pray much so long as your atten
Page 949 and 950:
950 gratuitous gift, since the very
Page 951 and 952:
952 P(2b)-Q(83)-A(16) — On the co
Page 953 and 954:
954 either on the part of God, or o
Page 955 and 956:
956 EXTERIOR ACTS OF RELIGION QUEST
Page 957 and 958:
958 knew or deemed or pretended to
Page 959 and 960:
P(2b)-Q(84)-A(3) 960 Whether adorat
Page 961 and 962:
962 SERVICE BY GIFT QUESTIONS 85-87
Page 963 and 964:
964 agreed on this point, but the d
Page 965 and 966:
966 thee, Peter or Paul. But we giv
Page 967 and 968:
P(2b)-Q(85)-A(4) 968 Whether all ar
Page 969 and 970:
970 QUESTION 86 OF OBLATIONS AND FI
Page 971 and 972:
972 need of the Church, for instanc
Page 973 and 974:
974 poor, not by the dispensation o
Page 975 and 976:
976 and because they signify robber
Page 977 and 978:
978 P(2b)-Q(86)-A(4)-RO(1) — The
Page 979 and 980:
980 P(2b)-Q(87)-A(1)-O(2) — Furth
Page 981 and 982:
982 law was being given. For they w
Page 983 and 984:
984 the poor, is increased in the N
Page 985 and 986:
986 the other hand the people of th
Page 987 and 988:
988 these and similar cases it seem
Page 989 and 990:
990 the high-priest. Therefore the
Page 991 and 992:
992 SERVICE BY PROMISE QUESTION 88
Page 993 and 994:
994 direct. For just as a man by co
Page 995 and 996:
996 denotes a voluntary promise, wh
Page 997 and 998:
998 P(2b)-Q(88)-A(3)-O(2) — Furth
Page 999 and 1000:
1000 God has given him. Now one of
Page 1001 and 1002:
P(2b)-Q(88)-A(5) 1002 Whether a vow
Page 1003 and 1004:
1004 fast puts himself under the ne
Page 1005 and 1006:
1006 does and at the time when he d
Page 1007 and 1008:
1008 before a few persons. Hence th
Page 1009 and 1010:
1010 he is subject, he does not sin
Page 1011 and 1012:
1012 the superior. This condition r
Page 1013 and 1014:
1014 precept of the natural or of t
Page 1015 and 1016:
1016 continency, so is eating flesh
Page 1017 and 1018:
1018 to obey if he have no superior
Page 1019 and 1020:
1020 But this opinion is based on a
Page 1021 and 1022:
P(2b)-Q(89)-A(1) 1022 Whether to sw
Page 1023 and 1024:
Page 1025 and 1026:
1026 at some future time, when He
Page 1027 and 1028:
1028 nothing to God, but calls God
Page 1029 and 1030:
1030 that are desirable for their o
Page 1031 and 1032:
1032 is wont to swear by his head,
Page 1033 and 1034:
1034 Now if this thing be such as n
Page 1035 and 1036:
1036 Wherefore Gregory says (Moral.
Page 1037 and 1038:
1038 P(2b)-Q(89)-A(9) — I answer
Page 1039 and 1040:
1040 thing to swear by the Gospels.
Page 1041 and 1042:
1042 QUESTION 90 OF THE TAKING OF G
Page 1043 and 1044:
1044 Moreover, we adjure God in one
Page 1045 and 1046:
Page 1047 and 1048:
1048 QUESTION 91 OF TAKING THE DIVI
Page 1049 and 1050:
1050 P(2b)-Q(91)-A(1)-RO(1) — We
Page 1051 and 1052:
1052 adopted in the divine praises.
Page 1053 and 1054:
1054 VICES OPPOSED TO RELIGION QUES
Page 1055 and 1056:
1056 P(2b)-Q(92)-A(1)-RO(1) — Jus
Page 1057 and 1058:
1058 “or any agreement or covenan
Page 1059 and 1060:
1060 mortal sin: wherefore Jacob bo
Page 1061 and 1062:
1062 P(2b)-Q(93)-A(2)-O(3) — Furt
Page 1063 and 1064:
1064 QUESTION 94 OF IDOLATRY (FOUR
Page 1065 and 1066:
1066 Civ. Dei viii, 23): while othe
Page 1067 and 1068:
P(2b)-Q(94)-A(2) 1068 Whether idola
Page 1069 and 1070:
1070 which latria is due on account
Page 1071 and 1072:
1072 manifest, it is assigned as a
Page 1073 and 1074:
1074 The other cause of idolatry wa
Page 1075 and 1076:
1076 P(2b)-Q(95)-A(1)-O(3) — Furt
Page 1077 and 1078:
1078 Vera Relig. xxxviii) [*Cf. De
Page 1079 and 1080:
1080 P(2b)-Q(95)-A(3)-O(2) — Furt
Page 1081 and 1082:
1082 highest score; or by observing
Page 1083 and 1084:
1084 might shine forth more graciou
Page 1085 and 1086:
1086 Consequently it is impossible
Page 1087 and 1088:
1088 God to wit, “openeth the ear
Page 1089 and 1090:
P(2b)-Q(95)-A(7) 1090 Whether divin
Page 1091 and 1092:
1092 divining, he spoke in joke and
Page 1093 and 1094:
1094 “the king of Babylon stood i
Page 1095 and 1096:
1096 QUESTION 96 OF SUPERSTITION IN
Page 1097 and 1098:
1098 related of Solomon (3 Kings 3
Page 1099 and 1100:
1100 P(2b)-Q(96)-A(2) — I answer
Page 1101 and 1102:
1102 P(2b)-Q(96)-A(3)-O(3) — Furt
Page 1103 and 1104:
1104 “Their madness is according
Page 1105 and 1106:
1106 IRRELIGION, I.E. BY WAY OF DEF
Page 1107 and 1108:
1108 P(2b)-Q(97)-A(1) — I answer
Page 1109 and 1110:
1110 P(2b)-Q(97)-A(2)-O(3) — Furt
Page 1111 and 1112:
P(2b)-Q(97)-A(3) 1112 Whether tempt
Page 1113 and 1114:
1114 P(2b)-Q(97)-A(4)-O(2) — Furt
Page 1115 and 1116:
1116 QUESTION 98 OF PERJURY (FOUR A
Page 1117 and 1118:
1118 P(2b)-Q(98)-A(1)-RO(3) — Mor
Page 1119 and 1120:
1120 The canon who swears to keep t
Page 1121 and 1122:
1122 on account of the greater deli
Page 1123 and 1124:
1124 P(2b)-Q(98)-A(4)-RO(2) — As
Page 1125 and 1126:
1126 P(2b)-Q(99)-A(1)-O(3) — Furt
Page 1127 and 1128:
1128 Moreover, it is opposed to rel
Page 1129 and 1130:
1130 Eucharist, for it contains Chr
Page 1131 and 1132:
1132 P(2b)-Q(99)-A(4)-RO(1) — The
Page 1133 and 1134:
1134 P(2b)-Q(100)-A(1)-O(2) — Fur
Page 1135 and 1136:
1136 P(2b)-Q(100)-A(1)-RO(2) — As
Page 1137 and 1138:
1138 Now it is the custom in some p
Page 1139 and 1140:
1140 P(2b)-Q(100)-A(2)-RO(5) — It
Page 1141 and 1142:
1142 their livelihood, but not as a
Page 1143 and 1144:
1144 P(2b)-Q(100)-A(4)-O(2) — Fur
Page 1145 and 1146:
1146 With regard to the granting of
Page 1147 and 1148:
1148 deed itself is simoniacal. But
Page 1149 and 1150:
1150 ordered spiritual things to be
Page 1151 and 1152:
1152 restitution must be made, with
Page 1153 and 1154:
1154 kind of friendship, which woul
Page 1155 and 1156:
1156 as Augustine says (De Civ. Dei
Page 1157 and 1158: P(2b)-Q(101)-A(4) 1158 Whether the
Page 1159 and 1160: 1160 sense that the Levites are sai
Page 1161 and 1162: 1162 QUESTION 102 OF OBSERVANCE, CO
Page 1163 and 1164: 1164 P(2b)-Q(102)-A(1)-RO(2) — By
Page 1165 and 1166: 1166 certain honesty: it is in this
Page 1167 and 1168: 1168 PARTS OF OBSERVANCE AND ORDINA
Page 1169 and 1170: 1170 P(2b)-Q(103)-A(1)-RO(2) — Ac
Page 1171 and 1172: 1172 P(2b)-Q(103)-A(2)-RO(2) — A
Page 1173 and 1174: 1174 like manner, since there is on
Page 1175 and 1176: 1176 QUESTION 104 OF OBEDIENCE (SIX
Page 1177 and 1178: 1178 is not for that reason diminis
Page 1179 and 1180: 1180 respect, not of quantity, but
Page 1181 and 1182: 1182 God, his virtue derives greate
Page 1183 and 1184: P(2b)-Q(104)-A(4) 1184 Whether God
Page 1185 and 1186: P(2b)-Q(104)-A(5) 1186 Whether subj
Page 1187 and 1188: 1188 his father in matters relating
Page 1189 and 1190: 1190 but not from the bodily bondag
Page 1191 and 1192: 1192 and our neighbor. The charity
Page 1193 and 1194: 1194 Consequently he that disobeys
Page 1195 and 1196: 1196 P(2b)-Q(106)-A(1)-O(3) — Fur
Page 1197 and 1198: 1198 committed by my own wilfulness
Page 1199 and 1200: 1200 to a father (Q(31), A(3); Q(10
Page 1201 and 1202: P(2b)-Q(106)-A(4) 1202 Whether a ma
Page 1203 and 1204: 1204 On the other hand, repayment o
Page 1205 and 1206: 1206 If, however, he were unable to
Page 1207: 1208 ungrateful,” as Seneca decla
Page 1211 and 1212: 1212 P(2b)-Q(107)-A(3)-RO(2) — Wh
Page 1213 and 1214: 1214 QUESTION 108 OF VENGEANCE (FOU
Page 1215 and 1216: 1216 and others be not disturbed, t
Page 1217 and 1218: 1218 P(2b)-Q(108)-A(2)-O(3) — Fur
Page 1219 and 1220: 1220 by motive of virtue are preven
Page 1221 and 1222: 1222 calm in the security of his ow
Page 1223 and 1224: 1224 through pronouncing a death se
Page 1225 and 1226: 1226 Likewise it is not one of the
Page 1227 and 1228: 1228 P(2b)-Q(109)-A(2) — I answer
Page 1229 and 1230: 1230 as one person manifests to ano
Page 1231 and 1232: 1232 P(2b)-Q(109)-A(4) — On the c
Page 1233 and 1234: 1234 lies, according to Augustine (
Page 1235 and 1236: 1236 kind of sign. Wherefore if a p
Page 1237 and 1238: 1238 profiting another, and this is
Page 1239 and 1240: 1240 from a complete cause, while e
Page 1241 and 1242: 1242 in promising — since he prom
Page 1243 and 1244: 1244 contrary to charity, as regard
Page 1245 and 1246: 1246 QUESTION 111 OF DISSIMULATION
Page 1247 and 1248: 1248 figures of speech as an exampl
Page 1255 and 1256: 1256 what advantage hath the boasti
Page 1259 and 1260:
1260 QUESTION 113 IRONY* (TWO ARTIC
Page 1261 and 1262:
1262 also if he fall short of perfe
Page 1263 and 1264:
1264 QUESTION 114 OF THE FRIENDLINE
Page 1265 and 1266:
1266 “If, because of thy meat, th
Page 1267 and 1268:
1268 P(2b)-Q(114)-A(2)-RO(3) — Th
Page 1269 and 1270:
1270 P(2b)-Q(115)-A(1)-O(2) — Fur
Page 1271 and 1272:
1272 their sword enter into their o
Page 1273 and 1274:
1274 QUESTION 116 OF QUARRELING (TW
Page 1275 and 1276:
1276 “O My people, they that call
Page 1277 and 1278:
1278 QUESTION 117 OF LIBERALITY (SI
Page 1279 and 1280:
1280 bound by any household cares.
Page 1281 and 1282:
P(2b)-Q(117)-A(3) 1282 Whether usin
Page 1283 and 1284:
1284 want of it.” Therefore it se
Page 1285 and 1286:
P(2b)-Q(117)-A(5) 1286 Whether libe
Page 1287 and 1288:
1288 P(2b)-Q(117)-A(6) — I answer
Page 1289 and 1290:
P(2b)-Q(118)-A(1) 1290 Whether cove
Page 1291 and 1292:
P(2b)-Q(118)-A(2) 1292 Whether cove
Page 1293 and 1294:
1294 P(2b)-Q(118)-A(3)-O(2) — Fur
Page 1295 and 1296:
1296 Now it is a mortal sin to do a
Page 1297 and 1298:
1298 P(2b)-Q(118)-A(5) — On the c
Page 1299 and 1300:
1300 P(2b)-Q(118)-A(6)-O(3) — Fur
Page 1301 and 1302:
1302 one of the conditions of happi
Page 1303 and 1304:
1304 P(2b)-Q(118)-A(8) — On the c
Page 1305 and 1306:
1306 QUESTION 119 OF PRODIGALITY (T
Page 1307 and 1308:
1308 sometimes on account of someth
Page 1309 and 1310:
P(2b)-Q(119)-A(3) 1310 Whether prod
Page 1311 and 1312:
1312 appears in itself to call for
Page 1313 and 1314:
1314 P(2b)-Q(120)-A(1) — On the c
Page 1315 and 1316:
1316 evident that “epikeia” is
Page 1317 and 1318:
1318 P(2b)-Q(121)-A(1) — I answer
Page 1319 and 1320:
1320 beatitude has a certain congru
Page 1321 and 1322:
1322 P(2b)-Q(122)-A(1)-O(3) — Fur
Page 1323 and 1324:
1324 P(2b)-Q(122)-A(2)-O(3) — Fur
Page 1325 and 1326:
1326 the name of the Lord.” There
Page 1327 and 1328:
1328 “Thou shalt not take the nam
Page 1329 and 1330:
1330 sleep, and so forth. Hence acc
Page 1331 and 1332:
1332 “Thou shalt not pass by if t
Page 1333 and 1334:
1334 ought to contain some referenc
Page 1335 and 1336:
1336 Therefore neither was it fitti
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