On the non-Aryan languages of India

10
ON THE NON-ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA.
and 80 on. It can hardly be doubted that sucb additions as
these to monosyllabic roots are principally determinative
syllables for the purpose of distinguishing between what
would otherwise have been monosyllabic words having the
same sound. These determinatives are generally affixed in
the languages of Nepal and in the Dhimal language ; prefixed
in the Lepcha language, and in the languages of Asam,
of Manipur, and of the Chittagong and Arakan hills. Words
are also distinguished by difference of tone. The tones are
generally of two kinds, described as the abrupt or short, and
the pausing or heavy ; and it has been remarked that those
languages which are most given to adding other syllables to
the root make the least use of the tones ; and vice versa,
where the tones most prevail, the least recourse is had to
determinative syllables.
It is not, however, in words only, but to some extent in
grammar also, so far as we have any materials to judge from,
that even the most remotely apart languages of the group re-
semble each other. One of the most prominent points in which
such resemblance is found is the use of the formatives pa and
ma, or modifications of them, as jjo ino, etc., to distinguish sex,
and also to form nouns of agency and gentile and other nouns,
with distinction of sex ; na, nu or ne, is, however, a common
substitute for the feminine ma. Thus we have in Tibetan
mi-ho 'man,' mi-mo 'woman'; rta-pho 'horse,' rta-mo 'mare';
Bod-2)a 'a man of Tibet,' Bod-mo 'a woman of Tibet'; tshongpa
*a trader (male),' ishong-ma 'a trader (female),' from
tshong 'trade*; smraba-pa 'speaker (male),' smraba-mo
' speaker (female) ' ; bazang-po ' a good man,' bazang-mo ' a
good woman,' from bazang ' good.' In Bahing ta-tva * a son,'
fa-m,i'a. daughter'; apo khlicha 'dog,' amo-khlicha 'bitch';
ryamni-po ' adulterer,' ryamni-mo * adultress ' ; gna-ica ' old
man,' gna-mi 'old woman.' In Burmese krak-pha 'cock,'
krak-ma 'hen'; nicd-Ia 'bull,' mcd-ma 'cow'; mutsho-pho
'widower,' mtctsho-ma 'widow'; ashing 'master,' ashing-ma
'mistress'; Mramma 'a Burmese man,' Mranuna-ina 'a Bur-
mese woman.' In Lepcha, hik-bu ' cock,' hik-mot ' hen.'
Again, in Garo dchdk-bipha 'a dog,' dchdk-bima 'a bitch.