Cbrpter 2 : Problens At Birth te O cl6k i.tn. hot $d windy !nel@! of ...

Cbrpter 2 : Problens At Birth 

fim.h ftG .xD6t.d to F P.tbt& in bi! lifc tinc' Iiow.€, *hetr the tar. 

{s crqt.d duing hk lif. tine h€ va wdl .w&e of th. fet thlr whal h.d h€en 

achjd.d M dhiog io @mpeis witb wh|t btd to b. dorc Itupitc ofht hililg 

t dtb, titua! scctplld th. dlUdge Ile nlmu.i.d lh. Prcbl@ rrd d.fi.d Congr* 

sish.! and Britilh apprdlcNioa !!oul th. tutut of ?akistd Thd wG te@ndou, 

prclsue on hii! but h. ws riill sledilg firn std ws oonfideol to t.cuc tne probl€ns 

i! tlr tunre. Be d*idcd to shift fios D€$i to Kttlcbi ! wak bcfor. iod.Pdd6@ tlc 

I.n l0 Aliareab Rsd, *hich h. hrd .tredy eld to d irdust ialilt !e.{t Dalbr., at 

te O cl6k i.tn. hot $d windy !nel@! of Augut 7, 194t. Il a eobtdied bv 

Falin. li@\ hb Nlval lnd Ajr ro@ Aid{ecamps, Ah$t 6nd R.bbani and his 

D@dl butl#. His Pdvrtc Ssr€tdy, (hulhccd plltEd 10 lcsE for K@hj a @uplc 

Th. in. . 91... oftimah s d@anu. to6 D.lhi *a k pl !6r.t ed tbrs trv 

fd p@ple od€ to !6 hin of at the vlP aPM of Pal.n Airficld lho* who vd. 

prc!.nr thd. i@lud.it Dougls CMic, Milit$y Sdet.ry ro th. Vic@y, lhe lreiln 

coNi cffil ud ! fcw od$n l Eidds'. wha bc idlh.d th. top of lla $.ns ro 

bord a Dlkol! (DC 3) &dtn orthe vc.oy\ fl.d. h. tutncd b.ct for ! lan gliope of 

tte oit ion wh@ h.lud foudt fi€ ndsglc for the ildependcn@ of tl& Muslid of 

Ldr H. Dnba,bly s lhintbg s Lf thb u tic ls nDe l ll b. looking tl Delhi ' 

,iman k pr sil.lr th@dou. th. fou how long flrglr' Th. oolt tioc n spoke 

B whd he of@d ncwlPapd to hb Ait ADC. Ds.in8 the fliglt h. ltc his picnic lunch 

coNisliry of two typcs of sndwich* a.d i!it, snok., rc.d wlpipes .nd looked 

95

odsil. th. windd of thc .nDl4. tL 3ho*d rc .Doliotu, ftgtrrE or PditiEr' No 

body wotld dq tew phar tbtr diSh lt6t |o hin !d ebit r.nuUv wa &'ng 

ttough hi! rild at tn ine Hc.tor Bolilho, ho$€vr, claibs tbll {hctr lhc on 

'dh€! 

Ksehi .nd limsh had e a€d.l vid oft!. husE dowd Milio8 fot hih' h. 

$ddenly b@sc qh.dtut snd begd lo l@k quito yoqig6 

ft. te@&r of ,i.t ! ws rcitha officid 6r fo@lllv orgalia!, v'l prhlP3 

tlE biggcn crewd is th. bturdt of l

hen .@dN 6d w.pt s tr..h Fs.d by'. Jin r\ who gfl ale ifioduccd to hie 

F$!d d.4 s l@tdts @! c5li ltd @opo!.d'" 

And sound tw@ty binds of @piro4 tin$I ltog stn larin4 hj3 Milil3.v 

s@t'ry Bimi. md hk Aid-de-Cmp Gol Hrsso, 3.t in t ce, vlnch wa to t*. thd 

ro th. oficirt r.sid.t@ of rhe Cir@oFG46.l gou@" 0116 l4dds hd the G$ of 

Jid!n'3 Fqoirl slf n@ in oths Eticl.t which folw.d his @. [t tv oih.r ws' 

ble! |n.1 truct! {ifi omor llug bottd.d on tLet4 ale join.d rhc c4ro 

Ttuolglout hir My, on bo{h sid.s of rlE tout ! bi8 6owd had Itrlard b hnc ! 

glibp€. of thct lqdd. TIBy w@ *.ving lo linsh 6d ne *6 tullv 4trowLdgitg 

th€t g.6tings r6acl1i ws d.ooot€d for lh. b.mo.able o@8ion ud Mulim Legu. 

flag! *ct. floM .vdylrhqe i. otr ondscid bu ditgs ud rdd'es of P@phrr' 

With chd! o.l3logs .lt the way ihc prc..sion Frch€d its d.s-riorio! i! abotn on' 

ud t hrlf n@ 1lhd ri!4n eiv.d !r ii! r$id.nc.' th. driolal fl.g of P.}j3td 

rclbc.d Union J&k on th. fl€lt C 

ft. fomNl erciony of th. l.t6fcr of Pow 

to the Gov@.or of ltline wg 

to i.ta ttac. on Aug$t 14 b.eu* Moulbstten w! eh.duled 10 hold thc sc tvp. of 

turcdon in Ncw D.lhi on Augusl 15 sd rhu wal nol tailabl. od fi€ ac1u.l tr&!f.r 

d.& Ee @utd not @@ dtle i A!8u3l 16 bsus .@rditg to hdie Ind.Pctd.ne 

Acr t.list& r.!t *ould ps ot ollha Bdtilb.onEol o AWun l5 Moutb.tct hd 

.!t d Jiddt 6li6 to F.!e fd Algun 14 rh. tdnsf.r ot powd 6d rcltr.d 

@rcdoni4 at Kdachi, to which lioah !gr..d': hidallv $@ ws ! Prcposl 

thal thc 

KirS lnd hi! spouF would tllo be pr€snl on th. oc*ion. Eowe€r, lalq on the idca 

91

On Algust 13, Mounlb t.n lmdpei.d by hb wifc Adwin4 dN8hltr Plseli, 

kivste Sdei&y Abcll ed Mlit|ry S@rctry Cunic aivcd st th. M&dpw lirf.ld io 

6. litc aicd@L tinEl ard rdiB r@iv.d A.m .t thc Go*mt_Gsd.l Hou!. tnd 

s@ r.pr*i't.d by rlE Glvtrr of sind, GIDL$ rtutllin qid.v.tuhh tt th. dPon 

M&y Bdtirh oflcilk w@ uln|rpy .!d fclt 6!t liDldt hid insltcd Mounrbtttcn bt not 

reiving hio al th. .irpon'5 hul Pobtbb $4e M 4 *lid utd4tadiry b.t*6 ih. 

tvo o! tn is. &d thlt i! why M@lb.tEn did not .ouidq thc |6 of tidah a llck of 

@urtdy or breh of prot@l!6. Th. 6rti rhilg Modrb.n6 hltl don .nd hb eiv.l in 

K!fuhi r|! tb!,t h. pi.lilcd oq th. lrc|lng of tllc P*ina C.bina !l ltich lh. 6ul 

@qs in CN.il ,h.nding th. Gohdcttt of hdir Acl 1935 for Plkistd 6 

tiMaL who @ld mt i.!it. his guclt oo . d.rc b.r4lEl .t lufth rftd 6e 

oEcirl c@ry on Algutt 14 (il. lo tl44d', invi.d rlEn for . dimd ehicn h. 

ho6r.d ir tomu of tld &d Ldy Moudbd!.n i! thc deniiS of A!8un 13 !.r bi3 

6idderr. On r!i! oosion soqld |'ny didilgurd.d 8udlt, incbding p.ooi.@r 

Dohici.r!, civil ud Eihtty h!46d!, drPlooll! a. q@ i.\d.d Sp.,kins o th. 

oq$on tinorh sppr..i.t.d Ki!8 G@€. vh rol. in 6. ttolf.iring of poffi to rne 

ewds. Dooinio of Plti3e ud hdlr. rI. dto 6ttlcd Atda ed his ebina' ihc 

Bdrilh odli@@r Mou b.ra ttd thc Bndth.dion for sapting th. d.m.nd orth' 

Mlrliff of S@rh A!itI'. l"loutbcttcn i. his r.Plv qps3.d hi! b.tr wirhca fo. 

!.}j!t&a lhb sp.cial b.4ucr vs followcd by t tc!.ption which M 3tt.!d.d bv nor' 

thd ! thouldd laditrg citizd! ofthc @unt y'"IfE c! r. ofntrldio. for lh.crowd 

*dc Jim4 F liDq Moulibano ed Edeiolt. Moutbsttcn! 3Pdt that nigh 3t th' 

98

Goldor4@qalH(@ 

Nen d@ing wa thc nistori6 &y in rh. hindy ofP.tido Tbe pow B to b. 

r.astur€d to P.tilt ni dnodtrq. Bqt th. loP Btitln o6dah 9@ alpreh€tuive 

bcqP of th€ C!ioi!.I tnyatigltior Dcplnndl3 rcpon r€ddins t Sitn dot to 

ssinate timan duilg thc Std. drivc d th. Ld.p.nd.nce 4lebr8tiotu. Edli6, 

MMtban@ ru t@nftncd by ,imdt3 Milllry S.d.t!ry, Dird., thal tn€r€ M a 

po$ibility of thbMig a bonb on linrah'3 or or i$ {ay to the C@siiru€nr Assenbly or 

on tn€ way back. Moulbfia $t! s!8g.ticd du4 optionsr to c&el the drivc d dter 

U. roLne, o. to avoid sining vith Jimal in htu 6. Howew, fim.h lold bin r!.t ai no 

ost he B pEpded lo chtnge thc &h.dulcd at.tgmett!. Mour bl'ta without dv 

hesitalior .gre.d ihat th@ sholld b. Io chltre ofF tg.ddt3.!d it E agt*d to 

law c!.rytlilg s n ws6. 

Ar 8:rO u on Algun 14, l94t |!. Gov.mGccml ddiglatc of Pali$d od 

rh. lan vi6oy of lndit b6.dcd e op6 .!1' snich iatr.d |@ing towds U. 

boildilg ofth€ Const{u..r A.sdbly ofP.tico. Tih d ra follow€d by aotld oPd! 

ql', orryi"s Futitu sld Edwia th. proc.sid wa Ld by t polie pilot on ! 

ootorcFle ald wB @npanj.d by a @nrin8.tt of lh. Gotmor4adal s bodvguds 

tlE rcut€ ws wel 8lsdcd with sldi6! dd poli@ on rcd .l.rr*. tet h w* rct *v to 

providc @nplere suity as on th. rout ofthc ltatc driY. a ldge crowd Sathd.d on 

both $des of ihe loads shouliry !lo8!i3 '?*ht^tt Zifldabdd' .nd 'Quaid-iAan 

zitulabd'. vlcffiqde tl& sn llanding in th. window!, b.lconies dd @fs of ihe 

buildings tbd v€re in the way of tbc ptoc$ion Children *ft waving Patistd and 

99

tldii r..s! tLs/. No dooh n gE.d to bc t!. bppi.n dry of lbcn [f. |nd rll or 

r[.D ftrv.dly {d.d ro pddcip& ir li. birdicd @E!d 

At 9{o rn $8p, tio|l .!d N(ordtd.d .dq!d tt bdl of thc connibeia 

Alt.dly of Etid.n Mcnb..r of t!. ^l!.obly $lt ! o.4Pyi!t tbci. sd! *tib Oc 

virirodr trlry w p..fcd ritl di8!it|'i.., A .t diog ovnion @ dM 

io b

ow ro rrbutbora lalistdi fllg N lom rnd thi.t o@ 8|16 6t.d etutcr'z. 

IlE tbrar of a posiblc .ttmpt to tt!$liorc IDrt! B 3liu lurking dd tbns tn. 

joum.y hack tode civmor4ortl tlo@ 6 3 G!& 3 theio@iv fi@ Gow- 

cnffil ltow to ih. co.!ri!6t AsDbly in t[. @oing Thc one B on@ Ngtin 

throuebod thjctly lined with .nlhlti.ttic do*d. whcn lhcv ats.d glie of fie 

Covmo.4oqd tlou@, Iim.h pur hir h.nd on Mou$attcn's kn€e and eid, IlBnk3 

God I have brolglt you bek div.'3r Mountbdo on rhc othd h6d beliertd th.r it s6 

he *ho sv.d IiMh He lhouglt thrt rcbody c.uld dec shooli.g him ud tnus bv riding 

ih lbe same @nia8e wirn timch. h..L6.d Plol ofs'kh lo atrack Jmdhr 

AIi€r the fotnal e!€Dony of th. tlelfar of pow6, M@tbdta .nd his 

@nirg@t d€psted for D.$j ia thc .n@ooq ehcrc tlEy had to participare in de 

bdep.nd.n@ 6tuny of Indh lindl ud rrdM b.d. th.m hrcw.ll in rhe Hoe dd 

d rhe airfield th. Go@Fcadtl of !.thtd vs Gprdnt d bv hi3 Milit rv Sddrv 

&d Naval ADC. MqDrt tt6 r!9Ei.t d Jinn ! .!d F idr l6Ft litv &d tn. 

or8di2.ti6 oft!. 4..4 in PlriIr4 y.t b. grv. .rdit fd ndr ofth* driSB6en to 

his oM DmDlt nadr. Itr! sif., Edeti b.lia.d thll thc q.ption givd bv th. p€pl€ 

of Krichi ro lne @ovoy dudiS tlf, sr't. ddvc ws @!t Nchings 

AuSusr 14 wd celeb.at.d by thc ciri4B ofPikktu dl ow th€ cout v 

o@Bio. hous {d€ lit up, buildings Mc dccodtcd, vourh Pdaded 

Ar ibis 

in the sfe€ts' 

swats $@ dislibuted dd @nnunity fcalt! vw unng€d:t P@ple {€r. disncd as 

lhet dr4 oflhe ce.lion ora i.pel. Mullin lttt hd b6odc a @livrr' ft. jov 

would hsK ddtipli.d h.d @mund tio$ not brcka out in th. Punja! Tle most 

itudcstiig rbing to be noted Eoo dt thos. @lcbonod s$ ihat ti. p@ple ofla*ine 

l0l

*@ .tliburilc rlt rhcn &hidddis ro th. sl. p@utitv of ti@'b No todv B 

3houtrg 0D !lo8E ?tkisltr Z.itdd6oA' witlout .itdilg 'Q@id-i-A,s Tndtbat 

Jid.h\ picturs wd. disPlay.d all ovd th. co6t v alorgsid' Pskistali flog Evm in 

Esl Palict 4 eh4! Prkbte 0rg wG not N.ilrblc' Iilrlh t photo8npn wa s@ d6v 

Thc m$ inporrlrt .v@t Plded fd lhc !d nmin8; ic AuSlst 15' l9r7 

w6 td oat! lt!-in8 cffionv of Iiman as th. Iist Govemor_Gddal of P8kisie Th' 

dly becd wih thc boonilg of thitv or. eu 3dut' I! th' lffi' of ltE Govdor 

Godl Eoue !@8dat ntr the $d5 of lb. nost ibPond gu6t3 isluding 

Pr.A4liv€ cabin t oilist E, preojnal Mulin lagu' 1ead4' diploFls' &d @v 

sd raval om@s, M tud. in the tqree qhiL tb. est w@ to lit in th' IM A[ the 

gu*ls vm in th.it t4L, haf d hou b.fot lh. $h.duled tim' Shap at nirc' Jiuah 

ppar.d @id nugt lpphu6 ed 341.d od rh. onlv chan d&td o! lh' rcstoma Th' 

56!!r!ry G@l of th. Cdbilcl rErt out lhc King s 9nl@tion 

in wlich hc 

mounced th. .ppoilhldl ofliillh s ih. 6ut Govmor€mer'l of Pakiltar" tusti@ 

Mjd Aldw Fshi4 who larq becdc lh. fist Cbicf Justice of !aki6ts' addilistdd 

Tb. no6r iEpondt &arw of JiE ht odL ms thn ulik rn€ Gov@F 

GmdaL of othd Doninios he t k o.th to ilc allegidc' of th' C6ltution of 

Pakirt& dd rot to Itb Majcatv lris wd i! .onriluati@ of his oM th@ry ilat i! c6d 

of Patistatr the lutlority ofcov@oGcd4.l flowtd mt non 0t' Cou bur fron th' 

102

p@pl. lnd ihar be bid onty b.dd. Govqior.Ga.Bt a t eslt of having votc of 

.onfdcn e fion nis pc@le ed tlE Mulin Lclguot viclo.y in tnc lut .ledioru b.foE 

p.rtitioi ftirty guc adu1ed rhe lw Govmor4!@rrl ofthe land. 

A'ft6 t.ling oat! d Gddmrc.oml fimsl idninind.d od! to th. ftlt 

?rlilr.! fcddrl €bi!.t ud6 the P.iDc l'lnirrd, Lirqur. Tte @nony did et Lti for 

dor. rh& 45 ni!d6. Dle to Rdud4 m E&6hhdt! Kc @cd tintt! t@8.d s 

Itd cltrior i! tnc cv@ir& sdicn w .nad.d by D@bd oftbe cdinet cilil dd 

niliary o6i@, Muslim t agu. lad.n diPlonat! ed th. ciri2!6 6on all salh of 

Tlle n€w state @ fod€d but th€ probhtns of IiMh fd ni3 lem wd. nor y.l 

ow. nFy wo&.d lE d agifut dl rh. odd! lo lpt ! !€t&3te ho!6ldd but wn n oEir 

trg.t ws i.hj.vcd lh.y fou.d rarha oor. diffiolt ruk .I4d of thd: How to del 

*it! Oc qu6tion oflhc lNivrl of thc lw d!r.? Th. probld r* !.d. M f&ing 

q@ |(io l6y io be slved by u .dninidr.Ii@ thlr bld m 6&niE cxpdicn@ 

lurthmr., rb. st{e qbich ws 6etcd.SrrDri .I odd .!d th. eishe of 'Ny, h.d . 

lot of iU wistqs who *@ rying th.ir ld.l b.!t to 6nkh it bdoE it a $lbili2ed by 

sultiplying lo thc slrddy cndi'g troblen! Th. oily nhcalcdation on then pan {a 

th.t tlEy f.il€d to .€alize thd |n. nq ltitc hd a citisdalic ladd who bclid.rl thtt 

'T.tii.r h|! @@ to sr.y' {. 

Thc lnnMett of tbc Bouduv Co@ision Aetds or Augusl l?, 194?, 

6e rs ftlr big shek for Jimrn. rim4 who hd s!€at .,gcclatioN 6on thc Bdtish 

judicid 

'3L@, 

wd @t ap6ring s bistd dcision Aoo &dclttre IIq lik m6r oftn 

Plkbisin thourtrl thd th€ ilusliN' int r.sl! wct. forfcir.d in the Awdd 4 3 nuibd 

L0l

of s.s in bolh th€ Pudd &d B.ng.l silh Mullin mtjotily poPnlaiion q* giv€n lo 

hdi. They .l$ bclia€d tb.t tlE h.rd {olk! of c$k which m to iriga.e Prlktdi 

lmd w@ 8ud.d to lldia !urbd@r., rh. dlo.dion of a p.rt of disrricr ofcfldaFlr 

to ldi! povirlcd . @idd tt o!8h slicb n gol ...d ro K!sh4i.. 

TlD ql prcbld fin.d s!.n thc Colgs ladd d@@d€d rn if tnc 

couDtry B to b. dvid.d or @ltfutd b4, lbc Pudlb sd B.ngd snsH slso b. 

dividcd or rh. @€ un. Thc ida s lo FiShtd timch ffon d@dirg ?akisr.n 

Thcy r.houSl lhli deir demrnd p@ld put Jinoh in s .wk*dd potition. If h. .8reed 

to th. panitror ofrh. ttu n/tullim mjodty provinc*, thdc rculd be viol€nt @ctionr 

Aon rhe lvtusli$ of tbs. provitu$ md th.y @uld slop $ppo.ling Muslim Lelgu€" 

dd rh.t ws sn thilB Jidr! qodd dd wt. 

As exFcr.4 the ida of dlvidilg tlc Plnjsb ed B.nsal B tEdsly oPpo*d bv 

Jimrn. Hc .@ida€d it s u wit norc s n I bu.d @ tundaeir.lv rcDg nolior 

rb b.li6rd that rhe id6 6 0ot d with lh. int@lon of @dng @ndido6 in which 

MuliDs of tdir sn@B onlt b. grE! ! lDt rr.d or nulihte4 ootts€Ln P|kitte*. 

Hc 6mly stded thd n€ @uld .or .gte to dD pstilid of thc prcvitr@Jt dd sgg6t d 

tl[t tn pow slDutd b€ t!4f@cd to provin@! .! thcy €xist. l1o**r, he Fovid€d lhc 

oFioi fo! the p@inces ro Sroup togctld ot lo rt{iarn s.Pdate @oiding io th€ wishd 

of $. p€ople orc. rhe pannion i! doelr. 

Iimsn w€d rhe British govm.nt thtr t!. diviion of rhe I'udd dd Ben8.l 

eodd .rale mrc djffiontrd tur rh.6 tha. &y otha i!$. . hoP€d that MoDtb&er 

ed tlr Brilkh Gov@.ni muld nor 6Ml r bluad6 of dividi.S the trc pbvin6" 

!iN.u, Mouinbltro h.d Esd. up hb nind to drvid. thc Punjlb .!d BeDgsl in ci& of 

104

lhe psririor of India d.n beforc hc t@& ds s vi@roy. ltc diss€d thk idea wjth the 

Bridsh C.bi!.t s b&t s m Maoh 13, r94?ro. wl€o io dly April .timt! spp..t.d 

Moutbltt n to kep iDrlct ile r*o pdina on rn. b.!i! of their @nEo. lbbry Bd 

@mon Ey3 ollifq Moutb.n.n r@li.d thlt tlE .rgufudr Pr€*|ncd 

by J'rrah 3h@ld 

ds b. lppli.d d Ldi! s . rhoL". Im4 howlg, ugu.d ihar il wa ioFopd to 

.onpe thc pircipl. of th€ d.nsd of Pakbts witL the d.oud of Oe divisiot .f the 

prdiM'. MNtbllrd !tuck ro hi5 Ainio. ! ck rly told tinn I rh h. tould oot 

lgre !o lhc peririotr of tndia w$our lhe pdioon or rhe Pdjab ed Bcng.lrl 

Sulrlwlrdhy, thc ra$ Cbi.f Miniit r ofuit€d Bdgd edt€d to sv. th. uity or 

rhe !din@. Wnen it b*m. cl6 thit Molitbrtt n would not alow th. whole provincc 

lo join hli3i.q Sulnwdly ProPo!.d b 86d Dmition St&s to lh. Polift. ,oh! 

Tyso4 the S€ctdy to thc Govcmo! of A.n8 $pF Ld the idd in th. Gwcmolt 

Corfffic! on tn barb th.r if Bdsal B to h. P.rtitioncd n would @tr b@n . url 

3lun &d it wuld !.6 be sbl. to &td h5.ll&. B!mq! @sid€ted lhll E 3t B.t!8.t 

with@l Calcutta rculd not b€ 6oroni6ily vialdr. ASaiNt rh. dp@Ltion! of 

M@lb!na\ 4n Jinu! did nor oPpos rh. $8g6tion of & ind.Pcndd BdStlt 

Mou b.n.n to begin witb.lF lupponed dr. id.sr7 but lar.r on due to oPposition oflhe 

corgBt he chlg.d his nind ud drc& to hi3 p..vioq! dccision ofrh. divilon of 

Beng.l llong wih lhe Pujab 

h lds neting with Moui6.na o. Ise 2, 191?, Ina\ o! beh.lf of th. 

Worldng Comittee ofMuslin L4guq strongly opposed th. pannion ofties prcvinc.s 

ad dkcd M@ brnd ro hold t rcfd@tbs in th. tm Fovinc 

Mountbatren @dc it 

cl@ 10 linlr! tiat b. was not ddy to n kc.ny deodrn nl in ttc pltn unle$ il Es 

10t

ased by both Consrd md thc l!tullim tc!gu.r'. Iimh who tnw thst Conltds 

would mvd M.pt hi! propo$j, hld rc ctoioc bul 10 3@pt lh. ,ua. 3 Plm in lotd 

A@rdlng to rh. Ptc4 rh. rcn-Mullin n.jodty didrict of th. two Mqdim mjdiiy 

prcvi@ M. to b. in ludcd in Indi! provid.d th. mnbcB ofth. Prdincid !s*mbli.3 

rcpG!.tilg rhoic .@ deidld o'. 

A!@rdiog to th. Ju. 3 pl6 th. BcnSlt Alenbly rn l 6 J6. 20 .nd trE Puilb 

Asnbly hld ! occtil8 o! .Iuc 23. Thougn in thc joid !.!sioB of both th. Aebblis 

iIf, tujotjty votd !Sdn{ th. p.dilion of thc p@ine3 but thcn r@ding to l[e ,u. 3 

PL! ihe odbd rcpr6crtinS Muiin &d non-Mulin ea in tL A!*obli* htd 

s.Drntc siod. Itr both c..c!, 6. 3.cri@ rcpr.s6titt8 .6 Muslin ojditv rd 

opl.d for puirrioD whl.lhc MutliF ujodty |ru t!t.d |g!n!l th. p.niriotr"' sine 

borh Mu![b r.!gu. ltd Co!€6 hld !e.Pt d llc Junc 3 Pl.4 which provid.d rb'l if 

liDDle tujodty of qth< !.clioi! of 6. A!@bly st fo. p.nidon lbc previnq rbqnd 

b. dividd, n w d@d.d to p8dtiotr tlE ts MudiE dljo.itv prcvinGa 

wLn tlt d.ckio! of tL. divirion of tbc Pujlb @d B.ngd 6 $kd d!. rqt 

rr.p B to qpliin rh. sy3 .trd e.s of doins t in r Propq wrv lnnidv n a 

Fopos.d 

rhst U. r8l ofd.o{c|lilg tt boqluies ofth. Pu.jrt ed B.og thouldbc 

Aiv.. to dE Ulitcd NrrioB or th. htmdioi.i Coun of lunic I&.! $PPon.d the 

$gg6liotr bul N.hs oppo!.d n on rh. Pl4 

rhlr n w@ld inrclv. unduc d.lsv'! 

M@S.tt I! *ho ws lot reldy to & 4$niig .Srintt thc *i3hs of th. Co$r.s, 

dropp.d th. idq Jitu.h tha Prcposd tlst lht6judgca ofth.Iudicid Comittcc oith. 

rrivy Courcil in B.iiain 3h@ld bc Qpointcd $ lh. ncdbd of thc Bosdrv 

comklion. Moq blttd istin rcj€ct.d dN Propolal on thc gtound $al rh. .lldlv 

106

judgs wuld not be abl€ ro sdd th. hert of lldiu s@{6 

Momtb.tt . thd @e uP with thc fiid ide ol sppointing two EoudEv 

Comirlios in th6 !uj.b atd Bagrl. I td dcoi.Ld ttlll B@8tl comi$ion would 

.ls dcil wilh lse6. To 3di!q bolh lh. t!tii.s, Coigcs ed lttldid r:!eu., n B 

daftl.d lh,r! @h CoEnisor w3 lo t @opo..d of bu HiSh Coun Juda.q tm 

l&rliG u.l ts! n@M8liog udq th. cobmld of D E slbh MaCbtitlM Thc 

I\6r5li6 juds6 e@ io b. mDint .d b, dE Muli6 Lag!. td the rcFMuelid jud8.3 

by rh. Co!,grq!. It @ .lso .gt .d th.t oN ofthc te jdg€ @ninat€d bv the ConStc$ 

for thc Pwjlb CoDfrisior should be a Sik!* r'Ioutband ale $s8!tted rhat m. 

D.$.r should be appoimed s Chdms of both th! ComnissioN so thar he volld bG 

rbt. to !dj$t dr slidt lo$ o& srat il8lt hr{ to sffq in one pa.ticuld .r.r bv 

coEp.nrding n in @tbdt. 

AIrh. Pntitio! Comine 3 dtliog on J@ 26, 1947, Mountbrricn nooinlt d 

Cril Rltlcliff. fd thc joid cbriMhiP of bdh thc comi$ioB Borh conSt*.nd 

l rln rAguc 4.9t€d r! $gSE3.io! sirholn ey h.ritlrion b.lse of Rldcliff.! 

good lclurdion .!d hish judicid 3tlrding6r Th. tm pohiclt parti* nobidlr.d thci. 

mftin B a! th. B@b6 of lhe two ffiilsion! Mwlim L.ssle lominaled Abu S.lch 

Mohnn d Ak@ sd s.A R nma fot th. Bc.gll Bouddv comission sd Din 

Moh.m.d &d Mohroo.d M! for lb. Puljlb Bou et Comisons whilc 

Co!sr6! imiGtcd C BisM .nd a.K. Muliaji fo. UE B@srl Boudttv Co@is,ion 

|nd TGj Singh &d Mchr Ch&d Mtltje for tbc Pu!j$ B@d!v coMisio! Thu, th' 

two BMdary CoMisio6 wdc nndiz.d o! Jw lot. Mullio tag@ tulcd th' 

Cbdme of the BoudstY Comission lo .cl s t b4its! mdtr3Er Fthd th.t an 

l07

&tiFdo/r. tut thr! B t|ffi th. ce. Ihc B@(bty ColDision B io.mrded to 

d.@€& b

Comi$io sianed tuncti@ins'r Thi! show! that h. was altady briefed rb Mullim 

ed ion-Muslin Judgq wqu nsdly.g.@ on dythila ed lhus bdl will uhimt ly ftll 

iI hi! @!'! Ev6 oth.nis R{lclifl. did not wst to nat tLe benhd of lh. 

Comisio. 6 bG E @t @ch in f.su of @@lt tror tltu PhilosPht 

tu aF to b. 

.DridSd in . quotdio. he o@ @picd inlo hj! .ol|@!9t!& t@L, Tc tPdh ir 

.Li8ht s lo4 s h dc nor intrfc.c with tlE polic, of rlE aotllm.nr"t 

The Bengal Comission $l .t Cddtt. frod tuly t6 to 24 ed lgah Aon Algqlt 

4 1o 6 ed lh. Pujab Cotmi!$on rcn.ircd in ldlior .t hhore Aon tuly 2l to 31 

Ibdclife h.d bri€f visits to Cal@ti! md Lahorc bur h. .ctually 3.t up bis headqulrr.B 3t 

D.lhi Pro4.dirgs ofth. two Comi!€ioN qqc t.pon€d io hin on daily b$is 6d h. 

@Bid€cd ft $fficie to @d th. rc@d of $. CoerseoB *ssiod dd th.ir 

rcrpeaivc rctortsn A! expdt€d, rh. ditrd.@t !lo!. ber'r€6 the Mullin md M- 

Mulid n6obc and r lfuims deirion of lh. 6mi$io! be.d. F!.ric.!ly 

iEpo$ible .!d th. ioporle! of tn crrtiry vor! of U. Cbrifu frln!6 i!c@.d. 

Si@ tlc two Comi$iors qould nor MiE l! ! 6IM$5, i!. fiu] Aw!rd!, 

Me @i!ly erhorcd by Rldclitre M&y in l.tirrd btli.vc tn r thile d.medting th. 

bodes, Rldcliff€ fdlc{t to Fovide jugt oc. It thc ?unjab, uins ttE "odq factos" a a 

justificatio4 th. AMds gave vBt eea wilh Muslim najodliB to the 4sl of$€.ivet 

Rdi to hdi. IF t€lsih of G!rd.!!ur 6!d Batda in tltc ditttict of Gudapu wiih . 

Mwlid n.jotity of 52 r ls€sn &d 55 06 p..ccit t6p.cliv.ly, w. pl&.d it hdia 

Tt lde bappe!.d io l! Mrrho-b.joriy tchslt of Jullutrdr with 51.1 p.t6t 

Mslim popdation dd Natodu with 59.2 pdc@t Muslib Poputatio4 ir ,!Iund!t 

diltrict. Thc tch6G ofzin with 6t.2 pcMnt Mudin poPlkrion dd Fdozpu with 55 2 

109

Dd@I lrB[D lopu]ati@ w.n gvci 10 6. Et{ Punjab o! th. plo that the decisio! in 

frvd of P.li$s! *dld dbnd @@uicrtioN PNhrdnlot t.nlil .nd the ncl 

MNlii indulsi.l toM olEd.lt w@ gi6 !o lndir Es . p.n oflllde difiic-t 6 

bot@ otr as R dcliffo d-id.

giodu! *Ee i! tujdity. Mu.lib k{gue cl.in d thtl the sch6dul.d Casrq who lad ihe 

ddnivc vot , vu sliS!.d to lhc c.e ofP.Iitld. Jid.rh cls d.o!td.d . pL,bi$ . in 

thc cityu s thc Murlin L€lge G quh. 5uc tbd it would dult in tuvou of 

?skbr4t. Tooa&tncca!.of ileMuslinLagu.tu.ilEstroq itw!poi .nouttMt 

rt!. mljonty ofthe p€pl. liviig in tte sbsb! ofc.ldtta '@ do M!di@ 

The @nomy of Eln Bagal 6 btlcd @ rle city of Crlottt, wnich b.!d. 

b.inr thc o.ly mjtr Pott of tbc provircc s de th. q$. of industrv, @m@, 

.mnuoqtion and .ducationrt. To .dd to n $c citv wd d4.lop.d nainlv with th. 

reuc of ElBt Basd All the ru* mrtirl Dsi.lly jutcD, ,hi.h qs usd bv rh. 

oilb in C.lod. I provi.Ld b, E .t B..g.l. The pott wdtd 8d s nd torking in 

Cal@fia mosrly @. froh Esl B€oC. tn vid of l!. .bov. m.n6on d factq timh 

dways beli€ved thlt it *uld b. *omhically vcry diffcut for Eait 8.taal to tuncrion 

sirhour C.l@n! .!d thu mutd h..om | tud tlu in @. th. citv joited W.tt 

The i6ootld.. of Caloma fo. B$l BdC Rs .ls adnirEd bv lhe Bdtllb 

Hencq Bros sugg.lt.d lh.t in css€ of th. divhion of Bcoetl, Calortta should b. 

dclurlcd fiom borh rhc rst3 .nd.doini!t6.d bv t 6miler' wh.n Moulnbltto 

ej*l.d rh. idat, Bumws s.tn€d bid thd tb. ircluem of Cddtt! in wd B.n8.l 

{ould na}€ nhe situation tulthd @nPlicd.d in B€ngal bd miSltt @s rio$ in 

crl@tt!". Radcli$c hin*lf M .*e of lhc idpon.@ of cslotta for both rh' 

cNEis &d lbu di!@3.d rhc tda of dividinS the cnv b.l*s lhc tm std6 i! rh. 

oecinr of &e Bouoddy CoEiisio.* Howacr, in tnc a tll thc above *id factoE 

wc isnor€d ud Calcutts was a$arded |o lndia This lll shows thar Pudcliflcs 

llt

irncrplcririon of rh. pb6c, "o&d bctoa" did lot brclr P.tdsrd wtl. dawira ih. 

boddeies ar pla@3 he a!p[€n th. fomh of givins ror-Mqllin mdonty d*s to Indi. 

but d the othd pl.A h. u!.d rh. Fovirion of'otb6 f.clors for 8ivi.g Mulia 

b.jtrity !l@ to Indd Ar s@ d.6 n. drd thc boudlid on r!. hlir of qining 

dimicE while $ in6 he *n divided teblilr lrd ststchlils". 

Ralizins lnc snvity ofhb "a.ti*6@f, h. i.n Indi! befoc th. Autds *4 

mo@ed dd nft. cd€ brck. R.4hding to . qu6iio4 h. dticul.lcd that he tuuld 

nor r.dim to Indit 4n iftlE pdplc ofthe lad s .ksn.d. l|€ *4 m lhl h. would b. 

sbot d.d i@cdi.!.ly lt first righi by thc pq.plc who h.d sFcr.d duc lo his injusli@r. 

n {s dstroy.d ill hi! p.pd in comdtior wilh rhe boddry comision e ftlt th. 

6l rit! biSh tuc h. hom poblicxlfl. Wh@ a{.d by Z.II. Zlidi, rlE editor in 

cbi.f of the Quaid-i-Ae ?apd Ploj4l who vas $d siNyin8 at Lmdo4 in 1967, hc 

$id tln h€ bld d*troyed bn p.pss bcca!* hc $rtt.d to ke.p th€ ltlidity ofd. 

AMdII. Prcb.Uy hc tld th.t crpo@ ofrhe ftlt wouu nun in bgdity In .n 

i!t.rvi* *ih. ndspapd fw nodns b6for. hie dalh' h. did sbow hit disstisfadion 

lbdn phd tlppcn d i! rh. hrj& in 194?t. 

Nry th. qucstion si!.! thd *s n Rldclitfc slon eho wa t4poNible fot thc 

Mjun Awe& or 6 rh€e $mbody el* b.hild nim ss *.ll? Moutttband ln.d to givc 

rn. inDr6sion thlt h. new disoscd 1he bs with Ridclifc ud thut .cvd tricd to 

inllu.ne hin flosad, th. popub! bclicf in India at thc tihe of ddleation of th. 

Aqlrd! tu rbd Rldcliffe 6 ody foltowi.s Mourdband's ldvie ed th6 rbe Avads 

ws€ a @nnMd e.rformN.rs. sone of thc British ofiic4s also r€poncd tnar n wa! 

@Dootrty b.liw.d rbar Rdcliffc woutd do shlr.€ M@!rbat@ dirlltca to hid'or. 

i2

B6idca th. Mulim a.ab@ oftbc Bound.'y Comisiotr who b.lided thd it *a 

m@ly dE to idEucriod of Mdfrldd $d th. Atud! e* @i!.d ed alr.rEd in 

f.@r of India Th. noFMullin odbm dr..tnowl€dgcd lh.t th. @Mb$on El 

j!!t r ftrce ed thlt d6isio{s w@ actudly l*d by Moumbattotm. Orc ofrh. Erirish 

rocig! O6c. Fild r,Lo cldtu tha. Moudb.ttc. .h.r.d ihc Bsdlry Awrds r 

No dM.nt i! .Eil.ble ro shw $ti MoutbrtLn isru.d 4y wino instociioh 

ro thc Boudary Cofrni$ion. M.y be h€ P.! ioo @Niou .d ten to shN hi3 

isp.nial role in bitqy ud thd.6rc nc wa loo dctul nor ro l6w ey do@nl to 

prerc orhmi*. Ye1 thdc ec quite ! fq cvid@6 wnich Prow thc ilflud@ of 

Mdntbltto in dBfting thc Boud!'y A*d& As .Ltrdt diss4 rftd r€chitrg Delhi 

Rldcliff. *s giv.n 8$t bri.f68 by Moutltb.na'(, snd bit briefing h.d . gtc.r inp..i 

6 Rld.liffet tun)s sy ofi

Anoiha f&tor wnioh lrovB th. involv.tirmt of MNibdtm in il|lizing the 

Aur& m3 ttE irtctuiontl dcl.y i. thc Moun.d!'n of thc Awsd! l t oo rccord th 

th. !mb.B of th. Boutd..y Comi$ion lilc Iin n ud N.htu *atcd to soune rh' 

AMd5 bafoE lhc ifll.lcI(be. of Pltisa |nd ltdi.tor. Rldclific him.lf id.tdcd io 

tuilb hi Bigu.ir htdt by Augutt lO bes3. h. rcdizcd ihlt lh@ wa ! big tuk oI 

.lilordd il rh. Awuds $q! d.hv.d till th. lsv lrn 6lNicr@. Moutbrtt n hd t'le 

sppona

.nlndq bo*dq, itdstbdta it flcl ru +Prch.dtiv. ofrh' M$lin L€8€ile redion 

lo ih. "$jwl' Aw&&. H. tnd lh.t tn. M$tin lagu' sd wold b' l'ft sin 

'imd 

no olhd oFion but to ..o.pt rhe Aw{d! if th.v 9@ io b' mMced dd dD 

in&r.id6e of P.titht ud rdia. IIe fri.t!.i wt d to !* rhe .dditiond tihe to otkc 

$6c mE clr!86 in th. Awlrd! Ttc t6 Mltib ndbd of tbc Pujab bdld"v 

cmissio! .l!in d $!r Rldclitrc bd .ts.d in i rtat F6oz.roG Ed Zin tchn! 

qould be in.lud.d ii w$t Pudab'r6 AN Kholls ch.iroan, C.dtai WrlqMvs, 

IEigrliN ad Nsvigstior\ had ale r@dcd that Plddife s nind wr. mrkjng in th. 

.tir6rio! of cving !d4u .nd zin to 9.!irdr'7. Th. tm l.tlilt vw .le sh(M @ 

P*ilrei lidc of th. boritd in rhc Er! ud U. mr. of Ctngopha Bdnount'r'sIl bv 

Abcll to tenkis on Alsult 8r''. n& Mry .ls inoluded src P.n! of Gudapu in 

P*istsr'. ch.udtli M!hr4!ud ali also bld 3an inthe ofr@ ofl3 vamP,which 

lboqld th. r.bsih ofFaoz.litr ed Zi6 o. P*jst6's side'r' 

Th6 ch@gc of boqtlri* by Mambttio .r tbb l.r @trrclt w d6ig.€d 

bsi.rlty to ed!' con8ro$ .nd its l*d* NGhE *ote a lcn6 to hib on Augst 9 in 

*hich h€ iodicrt.d rhlt lodclid. ws wo*jng it th. dlBtion of .wditg ldoepur 

&d Zi6 tchlls ro Prhnrn rrrl r.q!..t d hiF to re rh. de.ition'u PcS,rditg 

Gud.lPu, Metr Chrtd l"r.hde rcvalcd in hi3 anobioSr4hy th.t @tding to U. 

Drowio.rl bound{ici th. .ntirc didncr ofcudupltr @ 8i8r.d to P.kttsnL! Bul 

siDc. Mo!fibatld ws dd@ined to Aiv. todia a 8lt*ay to Kahmir, ha d.cided ro 

drd Gord$ru to E n !unj!b. IIe bi clftold ih. Naw.b ofBhoPtl dd ahe Mtnerj. 

ofhilorc rh (ahnir @uld joi. dy of th! rwo Doeinio6 if pln of Gudaspu r@ 

givcD ro India by th. BoudEy Co@i$ioirra. 

lt5

Likwi*. th€ AMd of Svltd was ako ch0nged at lhe last sodent wl'o '$tice 

S.A R !l@ Dlad.d fi. ce for fte Mulin n.jontv e3 of KaiD Guj d'd 

Bahrpd for ?tlittl4 h. c r'w€d b, lndclitr tt3. the rd $odd bG oned'd 

wnn P*i3rd Hows, f.q diys 1li6, t[6 tlE Awr.rt! w* imuc'd ihc .@ w 

incbd.d in l!di.. Iulric. R no& w.! co.vinc.d thtr n tG de b $m' cndtl 

inilu*e' thrt id. Rldclifa chose hi! ditd"r. The swdd of Ctlqda to ltdia w 

sls duc b trm.nd@ prcs@ ofinc cong.Gs on Mournb.d@ .rd d$ di'g 10 rxe 

tiendship bltr6 fic two llc CongB Lrdd w@ quib 6'fid'nt th$ thc at:rd of 

Crl@na b Irdi! mltd n& P.tid& uvi.blc TbB ih.v @nsid6'd rhtl av slurion 

*hicn eie6 c.lcun. to lakbLtr wodd b. u labtc .ntl inFsclicalr:6 Moulbatld 

alwrF pleaded thc CoDSrds egumeds io his discu$ions with litnih on lbe i!$e of 

c6lcult!"7. Pltcl, in . public sp@h i! Catdn! @ tm.rt 15, 1950 lcknowl.dgld ih't 

Coner* t d o.ly &..flcd U. p.^nion o! th. @fllti@ tbt Ildlr would rct loe 

Calo.dt , beq* ro hib l6i!8 Crlorii * lik lolils bdia'' 

wLn rycry thhg was @dy to lh. 3ltisfaction of MountbltH\ hc a3ked 

?akhtmt ?rinc hinisr.r ro visit Delhi on Algwl 16, 1947 .lory with on€ ofhi! csbinet 

6ll.!sqd to dilcu$ tlE Boqd4y Ats& MBlim lague bv th.d hld got eme clue 

r!.r Rldclifrc ws soi.8 ro Site GutdsDu 10 Iidir Lilquar t d .ls dioss.d thc isse 

rih b..y rnd told him thrl if rhe onu w! @tr d rho n edd b. odiddd a 

' 

'grav. injBticc" snd "brcach of failh on lhc P!.1 of th€ Bdtkt" IiMv, howq, ddied 

lle cb{s€Jl'. On the inshcrios of lim.lr Chsudbri MulaEtud Ali abo tried to 

@vin@ Ismy on A4un 10, 194? lhd thc d.cision rc 8iE Gudapu to lndia would 

b.@ sri@s Epcicrsio$r$' bui aI b vti!. Lilqut .@rydi.d bv Fdu R lnaA 

u6

Jlnia Din Mohbbld dd Ch|ldhri Muhsn.d Ali div€d |l Delhi to di.cs 'h' 

nail.r in the m.eting ofjoint Def.n@ Cou.qiloflndia B€fore loving fo! D.lhi' Liaquat 

i! r ebi!.t hanilg BN. t!. !s.e th.t h. qodd noi .@tt ev nodiftoli@ of lb' 

AEd!' qhich sr not {t.6i .ly to r!. ldvel.g. of P!kin&'r' Hows in lhc 

dddng Moutb.ttd fud. it cl@ to Nebn tld Ulqur thtr th€v hd to othq opnon 

bdr lo &..rr lh. Ae.rd!. tlc de told ih.n rnrl ilE Awd5 g@ld b. pubticlv 

amuc.dthe n n day'r1. 

wl6 th. Aweds edc .l|t)Nc€d thc gde.l bdicf h P.listd w rnat rnc 

di! purpoe of lhc Aw& es lo pl4c Irdia by giviq vasl da vitb Mulin 

a.jonty 1o lndic. Th. had of th. Bou&y Coomi$ion wa diticiad in rakiste of 

goilg bcrud bl lqbs of Efere@'i Mlsli! rage'i noulltic€, lh. daily Dawn 

tcmcd the Aw.'& B "Tenirorirl Mudq'n!' Il claiocd that Pshstd vs chated 4d 

d@d\rd oflugc poni6 o{ thc Puija!, B.tad Ed Sylha wbicl in licDbl, belolg.d 

lo n"t. Jolri@ Murirt tun r@tion to thc Awsd! @ ihlt Indi! btlongld ro ile Btitith 

&d thcn Vieroy Irv. n lo wholll!@d rh.y wadcd"d Gt@nlu Ali dubb.d th. 

Avu& s bo3l unhir dd dilguning'r1 Nthi! cr&d n . p!.!ilg kirl by the Britirh':'. 

Chundrigar sle6ted that th. d@bion miSht t.te Pskilrd out of rhe Britkh 

Comionwslrh'!'. Tne ro*in8 Comittr of th. I!tuslim L.r8u. h B ah .ls 

@ndcm.d th€ ,4.weds for nr p.ni&lrty and .pp€al€d th. B.it8h Civcm.d ro radl 

Moumbfid s h. ws mrtjog s d amy of the Mulli@ h lndia'{. ltr a segncnt 

ofthc Erftisn ift.lli8.rtsh rcccr.d rh.t th. AMd! had .dv.s .tr ct on rn€ MBlids 

borc rbe any o$.r! .omurity'1' 

JinD! dccler.d thc Bourd&y A*ttt! a '1l!jusr', "ilcoDlrch.ttible dd mD 

ll7

.!daw" s. @Bida.d d@ision of thc Eound.ry C@bission a t bis bloe io d. 

.k ldy qisting Foblcns of P.ti$u E t.@d U@ 6 "!ohic.l" Awd! ad lot 

judicial or.. E€ ds t d th.l bBides nmy orhcr ld!.s, rhe t{&d of Calatit to lndia 

woold be th€ mst siour blw to P.Ihs !.d ii wuld be @nohictllv vdv difrcult 

60. Erd Bdgal lo tunclio *iitd$ rblr inPod&I ciryr{. Y.! 6@ h. hld pl.dgcd to 

M.pr tn. AM& of th. Co@isiotrr", h. $id $!r he .!d th. p.opL of P.kine 

would a@Dr the AM&'s. tinMi lri.d to dake the p@ple reli& tltd tn. Bolndev 

Co@isiont Awlrd! wc fnd ed q..ltdblc trd thus rhey lhould Dor r€.c-r to th. 

d*ition'". tt !dvi5.d hir @u!E}[.n ro bd up {fth rlis mLfo.n!. * dEg. and 

hoFr*. !6ple who hd prcfoud @pcd fd liman @e?led hh .dvi@ dd dd &t 

agnd. lgairut lhe Aw|J&'". 

Wll€! tn is. ofKdbnn qd bcing dktus*d i! tn Sc.urily Codcil ofth€ 

Unn.d N.tiotr!, I[. Britbh det.g.rid report d lo tlE CottmNalth R.ldioG 06@ in 

r4ndon thll GotmE.ln of Pd.ida ea thintiig of i.t oduiDg rlr i!s. of th. lln 

ninuro altdsloB i! th. Bldclitr aedds. Th.y ds h.d spprch.nriois thrl z.fatullt 

nighr lllk rbol Mouftbano's involv.6c.t in th. b$€ as ztf.dlb h.d told . nmb€r 

of r,\. Bn&h del.gdion in Fila,te thlt hc lud didae to prclc lhd lhe B@dtry 

A*ard! re t oldcd ard it! publioao! wr! intcfiioratly &l.y.dt{ T1F Bririlh 

Gov.lm.nl dei.Ld to disNage Zafnlh Em Bisilg thi! iss. it lhe Seuity 

Curil'd. L1 a @nndcntill nessage 10 Zdlslla, b. ws infom.d that sucn e scr on 

hb pdt w@ld @otcl lhc Brilish Go!!m@t to chaU€nge P*tt r'! staM s dre 

rll€8iois sould diretly afi-t &a bolou |,d r.pufiiot ofah. Kitrg't r.F*6tatir in 

ll3

ldiart. tu Pati$,n did not idad to &noy tb. British Govllm.lt .t thlr riD. 

Zaf@lla d.cidcd to dmp ln. ce .nd oor to .{e n in the Smtnv Co@il'rl 

Aby p@duclofthe divisio! oftn Punjlb wa! @nnund iot3, qtjch blokc od 

in tn rujlb .rd tu rci8lbouing .@ !t !t dne of P&drion Th* riots l.d ro lI. 

dsn of ! civit ru lite linsion and @nl9lclc @lta?* of llt societv Comuaitic., 

etich had livcd sidc by lidc witn p.e &d hmony for gd@tions, f€ll upon .rch 

ot[6 in . $ar. of brtd &d violce OLC ri.s ed g@d tiendly rcllti@nip .qporl.d 

TIE cslt e.s rhe wo6t of th. hom6, rh. cgion had €vd wi|n.sed Popl. vanted b 

d.slot .eh othd {ith bdboo!, hoct€y stick!, dagg6, clubs, twotds, h.mqs, brick! 

ed w!!t d6 Me in rheir h!r&. Killir& looting @d deslroying the propdlics ofthe 

!@pl€ b.longing to oth* comlnity bdih. ! mutine rond fl@dr€ds of rhowds 

w€r. butch.cd'i: and plopqti6 vonh nillioB of up€* w€i. burfl ft€ wolst Nfdss 

9@ rh. *omd *!o M! dishonorc4 6pcd |nd lb.luclcd. Dimbowlin8 of p..gtut 

m€r bffe s 6Mon Imo@t ldly bod cbildr€n we 3ts btut lly p't to 

d€aih Almost dery inhabitdt of rt l*$ the provin@ of thc P6j.b was dir.dly or 

indi.otly rf.ded by rhe riol!t'. Alt thb pd.d ! big cb.I.!sc for Ji .h O! th. 6e 

h.nd b. ud lis rdminbt .tioo had to rBloE Lw .nd o(Lr h rhe r*ly .n$lirh.d 

counlry while on the oth€r h.nd they wde ipprchesive about thc s.fety oflh. Mullins 

Thougn th€ nors cdually $Nrred in rh. 6r$ q..t of Mrch r94?, with rn6 

Bigr.lior of Khja rtuyar TiMna s ninbiry, they .emh€d tha clidax in llle nonih of 

Algusr It ws 8€ndally cxp6red tlut things wodd inn.diltcly inplovc *ith the 

est blihn nt of tm ird.g.dcit doDilion! of lndia and P.ltt& I{owd, conl'6r ro 

lt9

tbe eipdrlioG, th. situltion l)€w inpro€d bol tuttbd dtdiorated Comund hllrcd 

h,rl r@b.d lo rh. |uiltM tcv.l Ed popl. 6 botn sides ol rht wlv crn'd 

bod&nd bd rur !d ditv tu acb oth6 lt v muld rc'tion thc opDoln' 

@nouiny with h.trcd sd utd! . n.d. Plot! lo $ 

nd ofl'he si@ritv connunftv in 

dFir loMs 6nd villag4 eithd by elidimting $.m ill or bv lorcing lh'm lo niEde to 

thc oihd !id. ofih. botdq Fbn the outlc! rhc Ed.mc 

s ofboth th' @uitri$ hrd 

shoM dc.y d.idoi.ltion ro g6pplc with $c litudion in nund @p@!on bd dEn 

d@iios w@ tDl prop€ty inPlmd.d Ot *h !id. thc .dninistnrion *a *'{t ed 

ir.frcrcor wh.@ rhc rior

lilurid muld go out of cotol br lh. tdemali of both lldrs &d Ptidu T!' 

MuliD Ir!g@ lad@ ildludilg JiEd.t @ed.d for im.did. .dt of Tc Silg! 

&d otbd Si!! l4das, who wq! F.rhi!8 h.t!d '€ria{ O' Mulitdlr' rnlitlv 

Mollibdt@ rg!.

y .lioi@tin8 rn Muslim topulition. MNlb.tt G ldording to Gbdm *tuhdna4 

had orior idomarion lboln .I ihi! blt h. t@k no !!la!@ .o sop ir' Cot6l 

Ilv.nig.lioo Dcp.rtn@l rcpon! 9w p@id.d to hio &d l& Mlllib 6[agu.t in rh. 

..bi!cl rc uging bin to td

mh in Ldia till thc 'r)lloeemdt of rh! Arud!. S. dEy Me no1 willing b nov. 

rhcn vduablB &on the Punjab s @pir.l. Bu11h. @Ee it M amue€d dlt khore 

would b. includ€d in Patist.4 ddr ofrh.d hld no oplion blt to rush todd! Indb in 

p$ic ro ov€ rlrt liv€r lovinS b.nid N4 of th.ir DNdrou 6'. 

It w$ not posible &,r iimr! jurt ro pu! rh. @t[. blade on Moudb.rEn .nd 

kdclir. bd .it b&L r.lsiry. Wirh rL.6..rion of r nd rrlt , p*€ ud ords I I 

iaio3 @eE for Pltida capei.lly in Wcn Puljtb. Ma'y Muslis i Prlbt n 

@Bida.d $ n M r!.ir duty ro rlt rh. t4ng. of th.ir Mulin brctl&n,ho wdc 

bcin8 till.d by gindus ud Silhs in Indit }lcr4, in Etrliatio4 rhcy we killing Hiad!3 

dd Sikhs, buning tun prcpdtrcs md for€in81h.n to le*. Pakin& on Aug$t 14, 

Th. Pwjsb Boudary FoG'd wolk.B fouod tlrc bodi.r of thiny-Ev. Sik!! who wdc 

Lll.d ar t ior.6ilmy slatior Anothd uir of Budsy lore tudd t erouP ofHindu 

w@n who!. body-pans M€ strt!.uricrlly E|lgl.d hy MulliD laDtis On ih. niSltt 

of A|lgltl 15, a Lrsc !"{udio @b blrm U. @j! SiLh Gldqd in LlnoG *h6. 

hndFd! of Sitla re r€.ki4 atug. ion th. notngrs. Ii ws imp6$bl. ro cou rh. 

vidim! prcparly in th. ontu*tt hop of rubbl. ltd corPFlrr' Th. Musli of 

Shcikhupur. crptuEd a nunbd ofnind$ snd SiklB it ! big go'dom dd lhen Mullim 

rolio. dd &dr d€s.n6lollcd {l of thcElTr Ir Foc ces, howd, Hindus &d S d3 

€. off.rcd !n. choe of eirhd @ov.tulg to Idd or flc.ing 6oE P!ki$M't 

Ircn East Puj!! 6nim.d lh. itns of r.tusd wbo @nd.d th. tdibl. 

ltll)t:Mtr of th. ln@iti€s Bpe &d to!tuc @mittcd by m€d J.d]t: rin oryai2d 

sroupJ'. Condido$ itr R.*dpindi, cuddqd. rnd trtotc d.t dor.r€d npidlv d smc 

Murlins attlcked traire carryins Hirdw snd Sikh to India. rhev als bunn lhq plop.nv 

r2t

of tne &n-Murli4 .nd &streycd tbcn buria*J?' lt ! tle tbrr the @in s4 of 

di$rdr w W6t rwjab but thc ncl l!fuin th.t Erdus ed Sitl! in r!. Nonb-w6r 

loDria lrovi@ and Sind s@ rls not !.l| Though thc 'nt€dity of riot! in $o$ 

DrcviGs r{s Nch l.$d bul rtill s@ incid€n$ did ocd in wnict boting .nd 

nudqr toot ple in ditr@ &* ofl.lict& outddc W.d }uj.b"'. 

Tnc Indie Fa bl@cd ,iD!.h\ .xplohltion of cliSiNs sntiD.ds of ieMet 

Mullins rspdsible fo. bloo

orde .!d rdvis th. pople thlr duiy, h@. ud thc 'tlqqr! ofPtlislr! ddrnded t.@ 

ed DrcLctior ofthc dnoriti.! H. ursed hh p.oPle to rcrur c.ld durinS th. 8nv. 

!d.!t @t€d by th. daily lt4 of th. ofde! 6i€d ol.glinst Mullid it E{n 

Puj$ Hc alk d lhd to arcid @Amtnio4 oppKion .rd r ilg! a th* l!i!8 

rerc agrins the b$ic obiecd!* on wnich ?tliste ws &hicrcd Ile tppc.led for rn 

cfll to bl6dsh.d &d h*l€3ss s dly { Po$ibt.rn. 

A! agre.d io the n*dng of th. toirt D.fcne Courcil on An8$l 29, liDnan tncd 

ro t*. his Etion into co.6d.n*, H. r@q8d .tl @muitr.r iihabiri.g Prttutd rhd 

rn Govc@ab of P*isra! Ed bdi! Gc d.tcmin€d to doP liolena 1|. d$ Aokc 

of hi3 d6p distr€ss al 0t€ comu!.l lduinSs ed cdl€d for th. cesalion of the prdailinS 

viohM. lI. @rhdzcd rh.t t.Iitte bld be. !.hid.d wirhout bloodv w.i ald bv 

D.tc.tul neans ud .sked his p@PL rct to sPoil this greatdt lchi.v€mdt bv tenonng to 

''toE , $Bgery dd buichst'rn A@rdilg to hi- tiolde w al$ @filrry to th' 

rehings of hLo lnd in${d of helpilg tlE intr61 of th. Msli@ ii hdi' wuld 

qc.t. prcbL@ for th4ra. tI. tunnd ebbod.d tb.t Isld tlk d e*rv Mu,lin to gja 

proc.ri@ d6 lo hi. non-Modid eighboB .!d ro rh. biditi4 r.e!rdl$ of c1(. &d 

cccd. To hi4 r.iltidion snd violation of hw &d ordd wodd ultiBtelv mh in 

vskding rh. nuc apini 5d f@ddi@ on wbicb Prkht6 B &hi.vcdrL H' 'ls 

st65.d th.r ?.lddo hs lo b. golqn d bv 8ol!lm6t ed "Nt bv cliques! fifth- 

@lumb$, or ! nob" rlJ 

Jimaih otdqld tlE P.linin drhoritict to tltc d.ty D..le rlllt rc in itr 

opeily to stop rioting in the counby dd hiftself sup@h.d sll llmgcncnts for 1hc 

efc cro

Mudi. pho w doing his utnd to hclp silds go .@!s the bdd6 in . pc@tuI 

nted''. or hn .dvie Go'drern of w.sr !uj$ @ $k€d ro @d clon of tlE 

@mu..l distubeq lo th. Minjnry of For€i8n AS.ir ud P.&iJr!o t qigh 

Comilsion in lndia on brseBy b.!is instcdd offoriDigitly bsilru It ws d$ rhe 

duty of th. W€n !uj.b C!\@n€ b o@rd $e ruooB, which iocq$d h.t .d fo. 

rtrid6 &d Sill!!, by n$iry comiiqual'. nc.l!o skcd wen Puljtb Gwclm.ni 

nor to plbtsh &d dbidbute r!. doqe.!t5 @€.ting tlE Sik! ed Rlsbniy. s*!td 

Sq* ssngl pl@ ag.idt ih. M8linsln. Th. Chief Mnht6t me in$tud.d ro 

pdsnltly vhn thc riot! .f*Ld .rss rnd ty to g.t d.ry lhing undcr @ ol'"' In rhe 

c$in€t mcdils 6 SeFcnbd 9, it M deid.d rhat fi. GoEMdi ofPalj$& sould 

.n blish I crlin r Comin* udd lilEhlo mlitor rhe goltmot cfonlto r.d@ 

f,od'. Thc Cosditt* deid.d to uk. prcDtt ltd dnstrc .lllon to colh hwl.sn* 

wh.F€r it occ6€d Folloqing the inet uctros, s lagc nunbd of MNIin law 

b!e!!6 wBG shot or d*led it Pikbi!.r'l 

In oe ol&. d*titr$ of Clbin t Co@ittc, Idoh 8tc.l rh. njnhtd lo Lv 

doh a pls on which dty 3!@ld told Frblic oetinsE .!d pB 6dd.lB Tbev 

'4 

ask d ro @nvin . th. Mwlidt lo fficis. r.st aint &d not rctdi.te al &v 

daidio fton lhit polioy would med $ppon for dE cu3. ofthe cndi.! ofPlkbie 

H. .ls sgg.ncd rhnt a foreiltt j@li5l of dtndlng lhould bG $t.d lo wiL t b@k @ 

rhc aitudon'q. O. Iio.ltt tdlie, FoDin m le.d6t sriad46,ta' Ptt .ad tkM 

als .&lr*€d @nsrcgtioni !n6.irru Pdyd! 

&d ldvi3ld Mulid to a!6t!i! 6oE 

loo! dlon ed iudd 6 aU thcle e& wc lbloht.lv aslinsi th. t@hing of hlm 

Thcy dso Bted th. p.oPle to dtod @op. rion to lhe Gov@h.nt in thc proc'ss oI 

t26

nsr6!8 p@ .ad ordd in rlE coit y's. Th. Govanmdt of w.d Puljlb d*l|j'd dl 

dbiricts of lh. ptovinc. .s "dhntb.d {4" e thal it @dd asune po{.. to puDlh th€ 

@lDdlsrq. Ghdahr Ali ts sign d to *it diEdot sd of W.tl P.tjsrd.td to 

d. $L@ unddrlkilgs fiob th. Mslic ofttt !rq! hc !i!it..l to Prorcd tn. livd tid 

propsdes of tn. tiinds .nd tne si*n!"t nikhMd-Dh lna hb lod of Eat Pujab 

drl !o@ of tbe Prio@ly St.re c.@uiq!.d io l[. ftlkati Pubtic thrt Mullitu in 

Est Pujlb bad enl th€o a h.s.a. to stop .ll ad5 of lgali.tiotr lgai8t tn' diffiiti* 

in Pakid.n fot the !in! ofdE oon-Mutlio mjoiry in Indi!''" 

Dr& to i!. tiDaly ryP.ds ud FotPl &lio$ t t6 by f6t\ th' C$in'r 

Comin* ed th€ rcLEt circl6 of P.tlsit4 the lirldion w$ qulctlv bm€it uldd 

coni.$l't. By ihe cnd ofyeu 1947 the nots {Gr€ r€duc.tl to ! 8r..r 3.d' Bv nid 1948 

t!. thil8' hld imp.od ro $ch o an m lhll t SirS Ja,ru offftv F3@ ef'lv visit'd 

hhoG to noE c*rcd.r d ! Sikt tbire of lrqa sthibtm. t w du! to l1F 

'ffods of 

lim.rr that d!d!s thc .iott, th€ silu.tion in P.kist$i capit l, udikc hdtu' r'run'd 

ur.t6 o.lrol. ttdc s m diltntee i. Kttuhi qccPt ottlv two icrllB oftiol@ 

o@n d in S@t.bb.r 194/0' ud i! Jduarv 1948 but wc quicklv pur 

bv the 

'loM 

ltrols &don ofethofties Sa.a p.r$s {to *m dnerb iDvolv'd h viol'n* wc 

3hor d6dd. Jinsh .lo.g *ith f!ti@ tilitcd ed sFptlhied *ith th' !&'1€d 

polosto3. The dedil ofF.oe in C.l@na is gladally sttnbutGd to Gsdhi Eow.s, in 

viw of tn fld $.t rhe Boudary Comission bv rqe.ting ih€ Mulini cltio ed 

roded Csl@th lo Ldlt, ii sess @G logi.d to giv. the d'dit to Muli@ utd'i ibc 

t27

Jinrah hd thll itupit ofal his ptudert s6sr.s th. iolence in lakislan @uld 

HNF Dy tis. unl.s rh. drri-Mulin riots in I!di! totdly 6ne to ! .mplcte dd'i 

tL bcw rlal wh.Bq storiB of viol@ lgailr Muslins (lcbcd P.tist t, rhe 

Mullid in Palirld would bcon.6orio l &d not hetirrle to Llc l4.8c of tn n 

Mwlin brothd'3 bl@ddt d Indil fto &'xindts tcre @r€ cbd8.d b@us motl of 

rh. D@plc lEd rn n bldd rdarios in India .!d wh€ndd Iws of violcnce @e ro lhco 

rh.y q@ hiStty p.rtnn.d &d !.ff.lly @!.@€d .bdlt th{ swivd ln d cpisde 

4r $@ junior crolllmdt ofrci.b w6c ao mch didr6sd ttit th.v n@.d 

Gotdocca@l'5 8r.dd pdty id hond ol th. Shc&n of (uwtit on S.F@bcr 7, 

l,4? ed demandcd d dly .v!@rion ofthei f.bili6 &om lldir& 

Jio.h sd his govamat did FSra th. ircid.nls *tich w@ l}utiig in WBI 

Pujrn but belield th.t tcy 9@ f.wd .d L$ sioB ttu tLe 4.d5 h.lpaning in 

Es$ runjsbM. Jimah also iscd i n6eg. r€j€cting the ida th!,t rh. 3in$jot in 

Pskirte *as on s parallcl rith India od apln ton Wqt Punj.b, lh. p.3cc &d ords 

*s relly iArif..tory i. tbc rcal ofrtlindd. Son Bltrrh offi6 opattng in Sdlllt 

Alir.le !g!ed snh tinat'3 Fint ofvis. Thcy vi*.d rh.t th. rd!.16 oa Sith! ud 

Bindu @!voy! in West Puj6b wec oorc in fo@ oI ret lisriotr lor 3tit k! o. Mqlio 

cofloys in the Elst Ihnilb'z8. Com.ndng on the situtio4 T W R4s Coltmndd of 

th. Pujlb B@nd.ry forc., slid that thc only *av to sop viol6c. in Wcst Puj.b wq 

ro rrop liolc@e in Eist Pujab''o. 

h lbis titultioA Jinu! .!sed the pcople of ?.ki$a ltal hls Sdamenl wa 

doirg .ll i! its pow to iv€ suppon PJi.t to $. M&aJifte, 4d wa rlso lllitg to 

^nd 

llch $e Mlslin! non thc rndiln tditory dd ?'ie.lv St.r$, to migtlt to ral(i3ts:r' 

r28

H€ rlsc, infom€d thcn ihd his Gov€mmetl *!s ittlng lo p€tluad€ the Indiln 

Govfuent lo $o! thc t.wlqlBe ed dal *it! thc !or@ micdy'r1. IG md Liaquat 

uLd.d to ftit E n Pujab ir ordd to study .nd coPc *ith the 3inrdon vbicn nd 

wouSJlr havoc upontheMurliD ofEsl Punj Nely b€&( tley wreMsliNrrJ 

wr.o the r.DorB of nots in ti. Sild sl!r6 il E$t Pujab t@U linn b' h. 

imcdiatcly rpp€Icd !o th.ir 016 ro pmvi& Prot .tio! and ..nety to the M!5lim2''. 

Jinnai $gg!tLdth pe@ night b. Btor€d if SikI l4dd5, p.ni@ldlv Td Singh .d 

th. Mudin l.!dd in the w4l Purjab w@ lo mp@tc in th. r@Ptlnce of Boud.ry 

Ae.rd5 Thc Co'ff.nrs of E !t !d we. P!nja!3 woul4 of @lrc al$, hlw to bG 

s$d .d in this tslk':tr. IL dso $pDo't.d th. ids th{ the Prio. Mini3tds ofP*istd 

dd l.dia shoqld bu rlE llrilldt e.s ofth. "tm'lujalt io help lind en fomuh 

io rBrorc p.e .d ordd. Bur dl th.* cftn! 6il€d 3 Ncttu't o(L$ l@ not p@p..lv 

iipl.D. .d in rndi. dd evcrynins h.d soi. 

a.krowl.rtge tt thb p.opL had gon n!d". 

beyond codrol:'6 N.lw hins.lf had ro 

Ildec4 tn litstion in lldit E tu me tb8 wl'!r B b!pFni!8 @ t!. 

Pstislari iidc. fte nain r.sn s ile pslhioi do@ agaiist th. qiehe! of bdirn 

p@pl. who wrnted to raain Uniled India. CoiSres wd tul di@!v involved it the riots 

tor oIld 6nnic Hisdu orS.nizllioc oPdly .doitt d t[4 inrclvdcnt in $. !.1s of 

viol@. ThG Eird! Mt!4abha clli@d thrl rodi! w of sld i.divbiblc ..d lhd. 

would nevs bc p.aoc in the counlry udds dd util th€ s.pu.t.d &*s wde broughl 

bsck inro th. Indian u!ion2't. Lik*ie Rlshtrivs smt@ S4€k S.!8!t id.ologv s3 

.brM aob d. b.li.f th.r thc wholc of th. Ildis sb.@bnqn belong.d to th. IIrd!3 

rho hrE lived in il for lhoullnds ofyds and !h€ Mulin! in ihis part ofthe wotld tcrc 

t29

lorcignds dd idrudds'?r'. It ws d,mq fot ud to digst rh. Plnition of "Moth€. 

Indi!" dd to gire a p.n ofit ro iI. "forcieffi.nd intlud€B" It b t@onad $al lhev nd 

orSEi4d killing !qu!s dd 6!i$r.d tLm to obbin tLe liti! of lvtullim an s..d 

stldrdcs Aoo th. locd niion d@14, $ tbr lhet @qld silv b€ r.rgd.dto Nehfl 

als. ldnitt d thi! fact dd sid i. . Fist aoNdedon that @Mu l hltr.d i! lot th. 

.od c.e of rLc ptut lrobl. but tn 'qt c.W b undsrtond displi* .l@enl! 

wo*iig on lscist p ncipl. ofsindu hdit'' 

Sikh 6muniiy, eho 6uld play s Esjot relc in United Punjlb & 3 $lid 

dimftt, did not tik the divilios rh r rylil th@ &oD tlF c€trc@. Tl|cn ladd3 

threrd€d, .@ bcfor. th. Da.tilion toot pl!€, that ifNa.ios Srhib vd rct ilclud.d 

in Ball Pdja\ tlDy would c$t to violsr tes to !tu it:!. Th.v .leclscd tlBt if 

6. d!.,sion w nldc.s.ind rhe wilh6 of thc Sikhi tbE @!!lNitv sodd 8iE 6v 

ydifi@ to vildiol. the horcr of th. Pdrir'' Th.v tnr.al.n€d ttd ln v would go 

viol. if th€v {@ lol 3ni!6€d with th. l*dd of the Boud.rv Comi$ion dd 

ctli.d dlt tn Sitn! had ! de to .|!oi!g. @lMic||ro4, c6.t rytt G' hadqortx 

erc.'1r. h rs beau!. offi. vioLnr b.hrvior ofr!. Silds tnAl E 5t ?sjqb EMin€d lhc 

nolt turbulenr ofall th. pdirc€6 of Indi! &d lakinu 

Murd6, lootiD€; !e|! 6tc o. tur otr dlrc ttv 6im. tbd ID'e nind @ld 

thiik o@B! in E!$ luj.b snd th. *hol6 of rle provire @! b4.ne a soc orruin 

rnd d60it. nde wB hedly dy Mullin villa€e in th€ provilc. vhich va not bnnt' 

Es rh@ who ni.d to nc. to Ptlilte w(! not t!&d All rlol8 thc rcad5 &ev wc 

tr.p!.d &d killed by thc sd€d Silh. ltos *ho tr.El.d bv train Mc nore sqoed a 

all the traift w.lligeted by ened galgs . l the old voung ud ohil

ithout dy disqui tion'? No irain cm. to ldtotc without mimcd and Dunhtcd 

d6

di*ribuling dms to th.m b d5o 8!v. pltsicat suppon by 4kiog th€it mi6 to let hell 

lo@ upo! {E M$tis living in tn i. t6irdy. the rula ofPattal., l.tidlot, N.bh!. 

Ji4 Bnq !u ed Alr& .iih.r kil|d .ll th. MGli4r ir tncir stata or foft.d rh.d lo 

lqrc !!d @fiscar.il ltl rh.lud dd p@p.ny of thc MuslnJ:'. By the end of 1947, 

ihd M rct cm ! 3i.gl. Mulin bn ir thc sn. of K.pdh.lt, wbich b.foE th. 

in&pad6@ of lndi! B s Mulia @jodty st t.. ,@oding to u aliErtq 6. 

.mber of Muslim who wec killed ir tle Statc olPaliala alotc wd. 4tinal.d rt lboul 

trc hund&d .nd finy tholsd. Itr th. Sl:t of Na!h., it $@d .i fQt in!us!d'' fta 

v!v. of rh. Punjab dot! 3pqd ro tbe Eighbdins prcvirc .nd rh. 6thn.l 

3it!dio! 6 ldjsthd w .qudly badllr. 

The si$ation tutlq dd@o6t d s th. tiois.sd.t d th.Indiu @Dittl A5 dly 

s intn tbnd *et of A4|ln Si*lq *ith.rlcd mrds in thct b.dr, pat d intont of 

rhe nllslin hou6 lhouting lh. rlct84 "Blood for Bl@d 136 The RSSS rc*G.s w. 

dgsgcd h codpilinS r @npl.t€ Dlp of Dclhi ltd dj&.ln vilhgca and Mk thc 

Mu{io lous &d ih. nunbd of FlM3 tivi4 ri@in6'. Si@ th* tuc of 

o@lrught *a. rct lNbd by th€ D.Ur Adnitindion at th. dly 3t gcs tuU_fl.dgcd 

rioh ?tupted in th€ b.ginniDg of ScpteEbcr 1947 Lik Edt Punjab, Durdq, Iooting, 

.ls $d r.D. btue s @omn F.qi.e i! rh. lndiu cqirli Th.t. m no fiea itr 

thc Mlltio qu.it $ of the cily qhich ws rct 6[€d with d.rd bodica Th* ea 6 orc 

to no* rhos bodi6, whici vcre "bcin8 d.n by eows dd wltuct':lr' 

At la$ 13? nosques in Delhi wqe $!!iled 6d dlntg€d Of,c @!9u., wnich 

ws ldd€d t6 the ! nilc .ld . bllf tsy non Neho\ Coucil Cbmb6, ta 

@N.d€d inlo a leopl. rith idols pbc.d b il Mdt M$lim sttins and tonb!, ircluding 

t32

tltzdr B*lntu K.ti 3 to6b, s@ ciptl!.d by th. m-Muslisf'. Nehru hi$.lf 

6dbar.d ffty thouard to or. hunlr.d thou$ld Murlibe tudd.d in the.ity of 

Dclhji'. B.$d6, l!. Mu.lis-nrjo y sbub! ofhnrsunj, K&olb.gh, Lodhi coloD, 

slbzi M.!di .rd Sa

I}.Indi6 C@tu.rt su et givi.g iL bun&ed pdcdr b dcd *itb ih. dd 

wMirg 3itudion'?I. Thjr snitude of hdid G@.nt in delirg viln rh. ami 

Mulid dot3 in Indb Ms @ugh ior lim!! b belidc thd tn denndio. ol p.opqiy 

md brut.l and iDnutM htling! M p.rt oldE ]rdim d6ign to d.stdiliz. rld dipple 

Piljnd dd bring aloul its @llipsert. In hk dission wirh I3nay, hc f@!d dtrl 

itlolgh hd .€eligae fiG lrdi6 Gotqm.nt .ih.d rte dartucdo! of P.rhu!:t. uc 

bcli.v€d N.ttu B a fg@ b.!d !!d Ptt l 6 rh. r.d cbdr(lq who d.lib.6tcdly w&t d 

d$ *odus of the M8libr tom India DurinS hh m..ti!8 with IsEry in nid- 

Sepr@bcr, IiMh mndded as to hw ey civilizld gov.ronent co d p.dil luch . 

d!i.of atrri.sihltw6prEilingirhdirx' Bew!ps.:dd@wnddingthat hoe 

mdd hc kn* tblt tL. rd6irid..rion E doing ir! ormn to Proi€.r th. n/tudiG dd 

On Sept nbd ?, Liaquat roo qptdcd his disppoi.,tnilt d fin(. of inprovinA 

th. @nditions oi lhe lndi& lidc of thc bod.'. IIc wis @nvi.@d that Gw@m.lt of 

hdi! B oot doing tF lrm31 to @inti! llw 6d onlq |nd d.sib.d thc atunion.3 

"undel.tld e:1' .g!i r Pltido. It vs .t$o!b.d by tbe m! @pq{ioa ofth. IndiAi 

Gov€m.nl in .v@ating Plbnei o6cial! lnd thcit Llili* AoD D.lhi to Kt.cni 

Th.y wd. noi !revided witn l'.iB and trditr gwds, !o sir movabcn w4 kn 6 thc ollv 

option H€ claimcd that hds oficiab eft @n$dtly obstrucling their morcmcntr'6 

Undcr tn.s. odd cinm!td@!, Pt*j!ta! Calind in i$ n .ring h.ld ot 

S!rt€ob.. 9, 194?, de.id€d lEt thc GovaM'G@di shdld r.l. lle Brirish 

govdioent ilto @!Sd.nc. .nd tle infom the go!!tm.!ts of olhs Co@orw4[h 

@ntDes aboul lh. .letrimcnlrl lituldon in Indi. B*id*, . teleetam wa! sd to NebE 

t34

infomiag him thd the law ed 6dd rinudoi in Ldit h3B tq.h€d tho s1lge wh@ the 

High Coo@soF ofr.[i3r!! w forced to bc . pd$M i, hi3 om r.sid.M So dE 

litultion rcn{d.d ih€ sd., P.tht4 eould vitndrN il! gigh ComisioDd Aoh N* 

Wh.! @ po$riE sp@F s l@itd AoD N.hru Li.qurl fquan€d Aftlc for 

rhc int€o.nlio! of Comonw..lrb for rhe $lulion of rhc p.obl4:'. rhit s tullo*€d 

by JiN.h s a!p.d ro rh. Cott@Nqft dltrie ro helP Patistu in ail8 tha 

luffdin$ ofde Mwlitu in Indiare. They wce infom.d thai *erv retugc who qm. 

tDn lndi! had lona @@nB of sffainSt .nd loss hc $fr4.d or obss!€d Th6e 

t .gic &Elopbdr! platd . 8..n .ob il Dgnotitg &guish tld .goav ofrle Mltlitu 

ftoughout Pltirl.4 ed sp.ciallt in W.st Pdja! Evcnrwlly, it beddc indqdiglv 

difEont for rhe Govm.nr to chdk at liiro.y @qe. ttruh tn d nis urtusr to @t 

doM tlE chlrgld .tmsph@ ard b tiis connedion he wol. I kntcr lo Altl.e or 

o.rob€ l, oggdting thd the only sy ro d4l *ith thc litu.tion w4 lo @on!t sikns 

qi|h s notr b.nd. tidlh p6€iv.d thd if CoogB cr)ld6cd ir bdi. frilql ro 

ohinge it! st!tudc rhe r.tatioB bctweo th. trc d@idoB woutd d€l6oBdd' 

llo*ffi. @ poliri€ rcspoE @. ioD ltdi.4 Lirqulr s8g!'tld rbai botb Paliste 

6d Irdis should $t rhe Utired NltioN to *nd ob8dd to *arc! ct)lmudl 

dcv€lopmcnts in both th. countliB. Howevq, N€hn rj€.1eil rhc id€a with thc crcuse 

thlr n sould t!r. lnc for th. obs@s to c.6. &d urddlrdd dE ,iruriond 

Th. di.61 ..snr of @muol riolt ws v8t nigdtion too ldie lide to 

?.Iist& od vi@v.M. No doub! in@gltrlon w*.xtded duc to th. pltinioq y.t !o 

body lltd cE r.di2€d th. idaity of th. Phcnoln@. timllt .tliciplt d th.t lhe 

135

Nnbd of Mwli@ coding tom Indi. rculd iely bc the sme a3 th. rMbq or ion- 

Musliis going from ?akid.nB Bo!t€, th. thuation b.6e roLllv diilddt 

Ahrdirg to s .slidlre apponmt.ty sir od ! hrr niUion6r tcnu4! cb. into 

r.Iind\ m. the 6v. oillio! of in n 9@ ton rn. Eest Pu+b od th. Eighborug 

Stdet whi& $re hltrded dd liny $o@d .!@ ton D.lhl ?@ine. Aptn Aom n 

'uy 

Muslim! w. mcrciL$ly kiU.d on th.n *ay lo Ptki$e and emal died ot rhe 

rcad oft of sb^ttion ud disc*F In rctun $oui nw 3d ! bltf nillion &ndu &d 

Sills, living in wer P.ti$t\ 1.ft l!. dni.ylt Elo thc &Intr Bnlith ofii@ wft 

u.ad !t th€ hu8€ runbd dd ad4ittcd th|t it ed pcrhrp3 th. bi88.!r nigntion in tlle 

hkbry of th€ {o.ldd. Furth.rmrc, misradoD l@k PLe 

'l,J@, 

in u unpbined atd h.ph@d 

r$lring in finsci.l lo$ of $ nay fdili6. Th. tuobd v@ld cdt.inlv hre 

t@ ouch leg .!d thc @.ltirios doch b.tld had U. Bould.tt Astd! bd jun &d 

fair ed bad rh. i!t@$ty of @mu!d riot! bd &llcvirred m t@ 

Th€ Foblcn besm€ .crne for th€ siNrc ofltlilrd $ de 1o rh. iiSntiot' ine 

poplfirio of dE @utry d i!q6t d by .@ lhd ! oiuionb Th. t !* of fe'ding; 

dorbjlg, .d r.n bilhlting th..e ninioB, *e rliiS! beyold r|. i@gi$rion of ihe 

P.Lfutej o6.ials, who did!1 lcbw ehd ro do witt the tinitcd tc..uc* ed lit !6r 

!t!& ofPakiste'! €dnohv. Howdd, ft€ 8r!1 siSr6ent *B to lcl the hugc runbq of 

rctusec! 6ts rh. !t!tc. A.@dilg rotq Tw$ ol b,rb,t' t'{'otihar'lv lwo hu&'d 

rhousnd Mulio rcnrgc on bo.tut db daKls on s.pt@!a 3,19?a ltB 

dp.dcd that t@ of $dsndJ' vould nol den IM.g. to @!h then d6tilalion td 

di. on thc ro.d of '3t N.iion ed disd!."tt' Tbe sitution qs so b.d thd the 

lr6

Go@e of latinM cwn dlo*rd the Roysl lndid Ai. fot@ t4ttPort squAdn6 io 

ny i. it! tdiroriB ifrhct dcsircd ro t8'pon Mdia rctua6 froh tndiat. 

The rirulrion h.d b@@ @rc @ollicared fot Pttitr.n as th€ tujority of th. 

Mulinr wno nig.r.d to Pllina 9@ poor p.Mn$ !!d did rct know huch .x@pl to 

oftivlrc laldm. O. th. oth6 IEA th. ltr tu wlo lci Pltbrdi tditori6 9w eldy 

efiopL.-!.(, cloic€l nt6 dd Diddlcdo Th. qdr B laio6 drslo.stion of lh. 

€corcmic 

Banks, tclegftph otrt6, hc1oti6, iniSadon s6fli6 @uld f,ot tundion 

'if. 

PloFly d @j@ty or rhe p6Ple Pho *@ o&aging n h.d rtrQ

o&q Einist€ts ro tou thc @uty, @ilactitg rctug*s and frcilitaing th€n it 6ing 

tneir probLms and k cping tn t mol. high. tle .ls $ked Li!+at to go &d meelln. 

rctusd in Delhi, if pdsibha. Ee d6ilqt $tl. brnd of volutsv worLd slDutd bc 

orgeiz.d to kDt lnd th. obfdL, clo$in8 ud f.cdi!8 of thc r.tugd lt als vdn d 

b r..p ih. rcdrSd irfo6.d !b@t tn d.p! nrt@ lor rh.ir $dfr. bv rlE lpv.@cal 

s |b,i! rh.y @sn| fel stisfodD. tillah him.lf vh.d $vqd r.tug* mp3 in 

relchi and Lahoie 4d sp€nt a nunber of day! in Lahore in @nrcclio. wirh the 

ehlbilitation rotk Th€ 4.rgi.3 he put i4 slong tith tn h€tral tolion thlt h. felt fot 

ihe $E@ng5 of ft€ rctu8*szt', r-r a tow tott on tr leall\ whiqn mntu€d lo 

.terdior.& r8pitc ofhis pod hallh h.l@ bireriDforn d oflhe En€6 $frails! 

. l .dvis.d rhe @nc.rtdt o6ci.k to povid. tho llxiNo Ecilitie it th. @pte' 

Duing U. 6rst f€w wk anq tbe indcr. .@, Flulilitatro' of Efues * 

dall bv the C.@ent of w.n rujab, whjch h.d mnia.r.d rft&h@ddin a d'e 

ninin.r coomed. Ho*.vd lim.h son Gtlizcd thal th. rctu8e i$u. rcd€d nore 

dtcndon and fom.d the tull fl.dg.d Mni3try ofR.tuSEes ed &eh.bilittion al cdntq to 

l@k rftd th. Ftu8c on rheir .rivd hitialtv, rdditioul chdg. ofih' binkttv E 

siv6 ro thc !'j'i$a of iltdid, rt'ilu RihEd:6 Ho'wd l.td potdoto of Food' 

Agrialturc &d q.alth w@ trra blck ton Gbu&mr Ai ed the Gponlibilrrv of 

Eblbilitlrion of Efu@s .lorc s Lff eith hin s thlt h. @uld @oPl.telv foos on 

tbe ise. Gh@rfs Ali *ork d dourd U. cl@k lnd cltablbh.d r.tuge crnps Itc 

vind thca. cmPs pdsn.lly and $p.frbed rle d.trils rc8iadiIg t'tug6 

r6.rdcBdfg. An Eodgcncy Comin6 of thc obina qE .ls 3ct up to d'd *iih rhc 

lJ8

In a nccri4 ofth. Emergeey Comitte oftnc Cabiret h.ld on Octobq 13, 

'l 

M decided th.t a Sp€cial comitt€e c.ll.d P.idst o'Pujab R.tug.B Council be set up 

at hhdq Thc Coucil Bt btkhed 6dd $. chdtuhip of tne ?!oc Mi.i3lr, .lso 

included Gov@r Dd Chi.f Mnisrd of w6r Puj.b ldd the letubtd 6r R!tu94 of 

Pr&ilrln .!d W6r Punjtb. th. C@cil w! giv6 dintutdi.l pow6 & rhd n @uB d..l 

*ith rhe Etuee prcbl.n ir atl ns 4p.c!:tr. On drc .dvice ofJinnlh, Lilqu shin d nis 

cabinet sr.triar to L.hor. on te4po!.ry blsis h thal he @uld Npwi& tbe 

Fnrlilitltior mrk palo$Ir ll'i! !.!r{Diny rtifrirg of th. hadqudd helped in 

dir6r $pdjsion of th. r.t bilit!.ion of ctug.c& To eq.dit ahlbiliod@ pro6 

rim.l hid$lf nov.d ro Llhore, wh@ h. Etnlin.d for rtirty 6v. d!yst6, peeolly 

Ihe Govffi.nt 6d papL of Patilte w6G w.U rwe of th. f.d thr. in ord€r 

ro n a the ll.r@l.ln t rk of &eding clorhirg dd rd.ttlilg $. .ctug*n ! l&9. M of 

fllle ru rcquir.d. K.!!ins h vid rh. tlecid Ettrd4 it wu dc.id.d ro proo& 

tund! by lueniry | public 6p!is!. Im.di.t.ly .fte the ceioi of Pd&r!4 IE 

!,Ltor ofldorc, Mie Aniiud-Di4 orguircd Mlyor ofl-lhore'r lund cMpaign .nd 

!p?6led to th. p6pL ofth. city io do.rtc s mct e posiblc for thc rcli.f of €tugq 

c@i!s trom hdi. O! hi3 call the pquic $ w.n s n6y ladcB or w6r Adjrb 

including Khd Inikhd Huein Mlsdor Dd Mia Muntti2 Mul[llmd (hb Daut@ 

contributed gdtroully?t. 

hlpircd by th. $c@ of Mryo. of Lahorc'! lud or ! s ila I.reI, ,iDalr 

d*id.d to hucb. widc{pud tund{isiry cspiign for tlE rehabilirdion ofrcArg€s 

.r o{ionrl l.v.l |trd rhu iot odu.€d qridi-Azd's Reli.f Fund. tlc r.qucsed t 

ll9

p.opl€ of Pakilte to doBtc brg-heldedly ard ob$Ne $e pnnciPle of aundry, in ods 

b prcvid. r€qulirc ftod!tuf.rd clothiig fot t!. reli.f ofthe t tugd'd a tlrion wide 

dliw ws ldnoh.d for glrhdirg n@cial s!isLft.. The p@pl. r6pond.d ro iimr!'r 

€U {ith €nthiliM ald dclodoo. TIE p@plc ofP.}i(d eillinSlt ead. sifici by 

oirt:iliig den oM food .nd cloth lhowing th.ir 4rl ro ...@nodAi. Ucn hodcls 

ed nc.dy br.tl&n. Within days mrc thln tltr6 hlndrcd End ff,y thtuhd rupe.3 w. 

Both Comod n $6 and prcni!.r,t pdronilili4 including the Nim of 

Eydc6b.d, Amir of Britsrlplr rd tn Wdi of SMt @nnihuted ch&itdly ro |!e 

.cnlae tund To help 6i* tundr ug..dy, Agbr Kbe m of*cd io nortgrg. his 

prcp.nrier in Kechi dd udiotr his e. hoffs He alorc @rnributcd hrlf a niuion 

rup€ itr rn tuDd&. Libd.l do rioB l@ @ivc.l h sh.!d titrd, Aon Mwlic dl 

ds $c *dld. Th.y lrld.d ar ldr t€n nillion dpe* 10 Quid-i-Azu,s Fund,,' 

Pditivc BpoB. wa lko Meivcd fiom Bma, Unit d St.ta, U.it d Kingdor\ tl@g 

K@9, so'lth Atic., Aurdia .nd Ir!4 liDlr! eeirlly |9pFiltd the 8.F6 

@rtributions by rh. p.opL oftdlt'z In aggrcg.r€, ioe rh6 thiny million rupq w@ 

Fo. diMilador $d u of rhe tulds nied for thlr sp@ific purpos, €els 

I@ lct !p at . nunbd of plEee to previd. tc f@d ed clothi.g to th. retuge.! $ rhey 

.@ in. Thc Gd.fu.m took thc BpoBibility of p@idins r.rio! to 6e rcfus ir 

tt csEps:". Young studdrs Aon ne{tic{ colLges volurtes.d then !wi@s dd bi€d 

tnar .!ay singl. p{son who @mB ovd $. bord€r eas a jol of ad ohotaa !.mtJ 

Ar tic wirnd va lgpnding ft , tlE cwo@cir $r.gcd o! pnolity bdis u alch

tulica s posibl. ro tl! cfud i.1he ehptF. El&k ts\ quils.nd v@ cloihinS 

vd. ale puch.!.d it ldSe qMtili$ In on dotth's tiE€, hundred lhoBrrd quilts 

w€ 4DnDlly &!rgedt. 

Bdidcs th. Govhncnl sohc &ciAl welfe otgEni" tiont also mde mdisum 

€troru b gd tn. rctugd Ebllihli.d R.d cbs si.ty opcn d up th.L chaFd in 

!.Ii!ur dd D.i$!d.d ih. Bnrbh &d Abai6 rclicf |gprci.t ro sd P.r$oel dd 

sppli*M. Th.y got .londion of tw€fty tho$rd pour& froh th. Bfiish Coitm.nq 

but wh.n it prowd iNfiidcd ro !E t lhc..quiMr. of tL r.fues thet ldnch.d a 

tund nising camp.ig! in $e Uaitod Kingdoms. tid.n ws owheln.d witn th.it 

efotu rtd rptreisred $.ir $b{utid Fi€o. N.li@l Clrinie Co@il of tidi. 

and The Socicly of Fri.ds dso did a lot ol r.lief mrk in rabltan. Th.y dlblished 

c&p3 a1!d o.dic.l uni! dd org&jzld a Lrgc @Dbd of mn n rclu.rec ro ue rhe 

$ct sd thc woulded $'. Mulin Stud.lt !.rLolid al'o g!v. .v.ry possiblc $ppon in 

Ning ldDini*.tjon ofth€ elief crnps !&t col€.l.d food 8nin!, 

othd neahid of lift for tt€ rc6lg.Jd. 

clothca, ut@!il! !d 

.tidd apprdiatcd .ode.vo* of the both public ad da prilale s.cror ro hous 

etue4s Eo'w

of Hindu .nd Sikn5 who hd Li w.lso lncit d for th. r.tu8ees"'. [ @ de 

d@id.d to run @h prcerimca ro impan tmiring ro lh. r€tug*3 vith sob. 

qualific.rion s blrrds, cl6k! !'d |!.@lrm! e rlDr rhcy @ulC im€diar.ly $.tr thcir 

ife wnh bod !trd disnity dd @ntribut€ to th. @@mic !& of$. @ulry s w.llr6. 

Jindh ale ujl.d th€ rich p.opL ro invclt in irdusFy $ rbal job opponuidq @ld ba 

As don ofthe rctuge* w@ @ning fion Eat lunjab t n f.st piionty wF ro 

ga thds€lv6 !.dLd in Wc$ Itljr! s thlr lhey @uld live in @ltft clo* to thd of 

tn.n oE Mrndor Mini$ry in wcst Pujab tii.d to &@nmod.t. th€ mximun nunbf 

ofth@ Th.y .llon d lix .nd . h.lf !6a of lsd to msr of thc fdilie. on ow3hip 

ba.siger. Howe, therc wu nor sufiicieit l&d fd aU th. rctug.B in w6r Punjlb36 and 

@ls.quently !*q.l hudcd rhousDde olrhcn wa. lat ro othd orevines vh@ the 

M noft posibiliry of bringing trd led rodd @ldrdion. Erc.pt si4 ihc redirins 

prwiD@s shoy.d 1hen willinSca to lmmod.re th. rctugB. Sind gom.nt m!d. 

a Dlq lh.l 3i@ ! vsy lsge lMba of cfu6 hrd @@ to Sild fio6 Krlbi.w ed 

R4pute!, a limhed tunbd ofrctu8*s 3hould be sn! f6 &rUcmclt io rh.r povirc.:'o. 

ti.!d hins.lf inldecdrl, ald dE to hir .fois l!tc. o! Sind cov..i'tdt dh 

aclcpl.d the dccbion ro dlos tn retuge.s to !.nte in thc provincclz. 

To a@modd. th. rctu8q a h!9. 'm! Fas providcd ro rlE !rcvilci.l 

G.v.mdrs duing 194748 dd t!.n tun& wcc .]!o rlloclr€d to thd i! thc budS.1 of 

1948-49 1o facilirde iv. axl . h.lf nillion r.tu8.6 in W$t Puoj.b, thrty nillion liv. 

hun !t.d and rixty eigll ihousd rupes *crc giq to the Fovitui..l go@en u, b 

Mdoh 31, 1948 6d budgd ofthidy nillior nine hundEd aod nty sn rhosd orccs 

t42

s 6x.d for th. noc Efln.ial ya Sin4 which r@iwd dourd trc hun&€d thoumd 

r.6lg6 got oft nillion two nudftd and forty *En rh@end tupd duirg 194748 

ed fony drousd tupe! duing 194849 For 6ny lhousdd cfu6n Govmncnt of 

Nord-W*r Fbrliq Pditre gol sci hltdrcd od tw@ty cigh t[ou$nd tuDG itr 

I94t-48 od tn@ huldrcd Md fiiy d@!!d rup.e in 194849 Th. Minist.t for 

R.tugc6 tuggestad $rt thc non€y rnodd bc !p6r only on oh@r rh.t h.e. bco ot 

wil b. .pprcvcd by the toi R€tug.c Co@illtr3 

Inspite or.ll tnesc €fons &ou!d flvc hu.drcd iho$hd surplue r.tus.4 wde 

nill siting in Etu8e @F as mc of th. p.@irci.t gwmncnrs w ddy to a!$rb 

th.d In thii ritullion of "gnve dqg*/ , ,idal b!u.d . pr@Lm.rioa undd S.{rion 

102 of thc Civmd.trr of India Acl 1935.nd.nforccd €ndSdcy in tlE Cou ,']' on 

r$8 t 21 1948. The r€&r 8iE fo. rh. d*r.n!on of .mdga.y wc rhlr ln. 

@mnjc lifc o{ la*isi6 wB "tluar@.d by ci@ffitmcd &isirg out of ih. @s 

noid. of populntion tom and inro P!tiste",'1. Undd tl& proctdatior of 

.d.rgc'Ey, lle C.ntnl6otqm.il d6id.d lo sd r*o hudrd ttouerd rcfrgB to 

Sin4 on hudrcd th@Dd ro Notih-Wei Frcdiq proviM bd eothd on h6dr€.t 

dDlsd b Bcluchkrd Aghcy, Blhlwdpu .nd Kn irpu/rJ Tris d of rlE civlmc 

Gaad hclp€d $lvc dG Drobld 

Sobcof the retugcc!w€rc snl lot srbfiedrhde! .Gov€@€n lelt no stone 

urtu !.d for rn.n rch$ilindor IlEy d@ghr ttsl IiMt rnd th. Govm.,n w@ rcr 

k..pirg.br€.t of th. plight of trrc refu*rr6 Th.y uiricized th. lnitudc of the 

ruthoriti.! who, rc.o.di!8 to rher! wee d.ating h.tred rh. ha.ts ofrcfug.B rordds 

'n 

tltc lM powr/'?. Eow.G, r v*n @jodry of lbeD w quir. lri.fi.d .!d thDtd ro 

'! 

143

tid'! dd $c Govmnat ofratbl4 for dl th.y ha{t dore for thdn'tr tnan hjnselr 

onsidsad thlt the r.tugce ptobhn nld b€en t!.tl.d eith .dnn.bb .Mgv .nd hc t@k 

pidc in ih. gr.t n..!s of $c4$ std rhc f..i that slmiEst .tion of P.ti!t!! h.d @r 

brokm dom rt uy nomcnr'rt 

P.kin a *ltich M cdiilc.ld .codMicdty unvirble by tMy, tld to 6@ 

eoths dononic blow vhd it qN delriv.d of ns shd4 bo|n il cssh bald@ a3 w€ll 6 

milibry dou Ii Bniilh polict ofdelaytug tlE F.pultion 

for divkion of*s.l! till tnc 

la$ hop. of p@in8 &c unny of India, infrcl, fad.d in Jurc 1947 dd left linL dn€ for 

forofttingtt ddlil! of divisio nor ro r.lk !!0!r it3 inplco.ralion$ E€n thd little 

pqiod of ldstry th.cc d.t!, whil. maioitrg logeih€r in rhe I dim Goe€mment the 

sifrlatio! wa $ bd th.r se. n.mb€6 oftnc l!t@r Govcment bllongirg ro Mudim 

L€guc rnd Congrd! w@ @t am on t ltilg t@. wirh cllh orhr In thb lm,'io l!. 

.sr.ts ofB.itirn lrdi. s@ divid.d in de nFd hasty ud bNy brrtu 

Ai.r tlte Mour€n€nl of lure 3 Plao, thc lanidon Cohnin* s3 3.t up 

Hads, tlrc 6mit.. be!r. cff61irc ody wn6 w$ giv.n the @e of P.rtitior 

C@mil on Iee 27, l9?. Psritid Co@il! 9@ .l$ sct for ih. Puj.b, Bcng.l and 

Al@. At tb. C.!t G, Moudbdd * th! cbri|lu of lhe Cowil {hil. ,im!h ad 

Liaqd v.rc iftludcd to rcprc@t I!tullin Lqgue Nisbtd *$ m{)@cd a e 

.ltael. r.prMbiivc of MNlin laAuc. Likcwi*, P!t.l Md Rljcrdra Irahrd *@ 

{re EF*dafvd of Coiga lrd Rljarop.laq!&i ws th. dlmi. I& C@cil 

-ort€d tktugh ! d..ri.g @min* @.r,!ting of trc ciril swets, H. M. larel dd 

Ch.udtti Muh.ooad Ali. T6 dpdt omitte wc .ls forcd ro si$ rn n*lirg 

comitt6. They *.r. lo loot rftq thc djvisid of med fores, adninbtatilc

orgdt lioii, r@rds pdsmd, sets dd litbilili4i ptoblcnt rcladng 10 @tracr' 

t6de ed *onomic @ntrol .tc The duty of $. nding @mid€ *a to @ut. lhll th€ 

€xprrt codnjn6s @m. up win std ph$ sd th''r t@ within sp.cifi.d iib. ed thm to 

idpl@6t rhdt . An Arbilrl TnbuDrl, witt r foree Cbi.f ,t$tic of Bftith hdi4 

htrick Spcnd, s its p6id.nr, E Fr up to tskc d6Gios on unl@lrtd i!$.! Ana 

rhe i ependco@ of P.Iisto 8d hdia, a reoGirtured @mmitte coskdng of two 

cpr.grlliv.s aah &on Pr]tut& ed Indi! wls sig!.d b lmk tnd th. srt of the 

Th. .xdn @omittc.s' @. uD wih a Nnbq ol fornub bln .lmost dl of 

in@ w.rc fod ueor&.bl. By tnc dnc ofind.pe.dc@.o lg€Mt hld b.@ 

ro.tcd out. Ilu!ft.e, r.&rcn* ws drd. to llbitrrlrion Stfi! qs prd.il.d for th. 

nexr lh@ mnrhs 6d thc! tlc C'ovem.ni! of Patistd 8nd India deided 10 rc$ne 

dned a€otsr@ ften rcpe*ndivd discs3.d thc probls !t lcndh Tb. 

djisgred.nt ws @idy otr tn quBtiotu r.ldilg ro th. dl@ti@ ofPrkittr't thre 

ed rhe noddities for rh. rcpaFdrt ofPalite'r !h@ ofBritish hda'8 d.bt Dd tnus 

tu d4i!io! 6 tjed dI th! ildep€odc@ of P&i$4 ald Indir'z ot tlE da!. oft!. 

p.ltirior of Ih. $b@!ti!cd th. *h b.L@ *ib rhe Gom.nt of l!di. ea eud 

fd billion rup6s dd stsling bald6 of nine hundrcd ..d twdqi fiv. nillion. 

Kcpila i! vi@ the fa.-t thrt Prlilta w ro nln Aoo *r.to\ Plkbtdi cprcstttiws 

altcd for rlloetion ofom billior op6lo Ptlbt r Th.lndia trnlornid oppo!.d the 

id6. A @npreh.mive agrces.it ws signed in D@enber, .c@rdrng lo whioh 

'1 

.lecidcd thrl &v.r hun

hudrcd niuio. rup43 and t$qtt .ielt nillion Bntrsh Poun& th3r B attddv 

all@tcd to PakisLn in rh. Pdniijon CNcil mctilg on A!8un 4 194/t 

Ana rislitg tbc .gncdd! thc te! got@ddi! withdtd all r'fdQ@3 ro 

ehitrltion lndi!" whlch hrd rh. adv@Lgc of hwing oon olth. srets i! ns Phvlictl 

po!s!io4 rs unlair in retaining buch of Ps*ist6'3 3hd.* lt refri*d to p.v 

h!i!te3 sbse of fivc bundr.d ud 6Av oiUion tupe or the Pl.! tbd r3ljstu would 

e thd eout in p@btling ms lo fist[ '€!tct hdit i. thc Punj$, Sin4 xrshnk' or 

B€ngal"t The go@.nt of P6kbld h.d vdy little hop€ that Indi! would €vq pav thc 

lgFd d@n i! qsh bale.Ju. ,imrn ws qor.d 3 dE nd d!r. bld only two 

hlid..d nillion rupa in it! ttaery whilc 6. oltrrndilg bilk w6. 'onb dould fo6 

bundt d nillion rup6tr'. Eowd, duc to rh. irtaf@M of G.ndhi who faLd fo. 

ldcrlly t9o nos, th€ Rc!.rc Bank of India t.&!fd.d fiv. hundrad nillion ruP..3 to 

P.lid& on JsMy 19, l9l8rr. Fiffy Dinion tupd 9@ niu witbh.ld bv Indi! a e 

.dwc. .djusrr€m of6i.in clai@ .glirtr P!tnr.! 

Thc othd Foblcin w!! GSardiog thc p.ynar of d6l!, whioh w€re inhdit d a a 

Ii.lilily of tle w sutc In !h. ce olP.i&t4 tne l.bilids lw !r@ thrn $!.t 

wbil. I!di!, 6 drqdy dirdrteA hld ody sivd five p6@m olrbe 6h bdle ro 

?*ji!a th.y Ei€d to mke P.kkle &c.fl liability for twdty Pe@rl of r!. total 

d.bf:' P.tiBtan oppo!.d Indid noE @d poposed llat il wa! the .nq of Indim 

gotsnncnt to asE. lilbility for thc afic dcbt llddd, Ptlittlt oEs.d ro Ply it3 

nEc oftt rol.l dehr to Indisrr:. o! thi! !.lcl d.mdd€d th.l Ptlinm sbould rc'|v tL 

losn as *ell !s th€ intcr4t to l!di. in ffty .qul iBt4lneots, with a Sraoe peliod of folr 

146

nve y*s. Jinrdh nade i clcd tlut thc rcpaym.nt of d.br a v.ll a |iie itt€r€$ on the 

d.bi w@ld be lh. joim r€sposibility oflndit sd !a&i!re!'r' 

R€gdding r.cords, n ws d@id.d to giv. hldltm such dotunem! th.t 

sclurv.ly condoed th. new stlt , ed sls dupliota of $o* of comor int4.st 

Actlally no t!d& .s&did for th. opalrion of th. v&iou minisirid.vd @.hed 

Kdehl No douh onc ofth€ Mjor Ee wB thir ihe {!rc linL data.men$ lo 

duDliote rh. 6les &d rc@rds in D.lhi:rl. B|n l.ck of othusiBm to Prcvid. thb t@rd 

to Palisr@ o. ine D.n of Ildie Govcm.nt qls utdoubt.dlv s ffitlQ of negltile 

alitude of ih. Indie Covffidl towd. Ptli3t& In @nn@iion tirh efte linple 

@rlds ircludr!8 dlrrd lit! th! oitizcd pots.$ina p.ltporu, th. Indi& 8d€Me 

dd rcr d.liq rhc p.p@ ,nd lhc gdotunt of P.li3la nld ro mr& win@r rhe 

aE ss.ry idomdiofrr. So ohy d@@ntt *hich w@ Ptrt lo l(a&bi ftoo D'lhi 

v@ d.nroltd by th. dol4 s thcy bur d tlF tnin \rl!h no r@.d! io sft a 

FE dd! @trd go@.tt .l K.fuhi td to clrt fiod $. b.8rmi!g- Tti.l &d tr 

bccdc thc lom for ltlEinidditg thc .mr of t!. lda 

Rlgrdilg biln{y 3he of P.Lidla it wd deid.d rh|t Edv a3'i! bd'6 mc 

tRo DoDjnior bc drvid€d io tnc propofriot ol littv folr Pd..nt 

Fr@t 

io lndia ald thirtv 3it 

ro !d

P.tind's !h&c ofnilitdy sssets. Irdi. displtqhcd nor noE lne tm p.r6t ed 4n 

m:m Dd @6!riti@ 9@ sfl. 

th@8h Pri&tdt !h.E ol ti. dod B lufitred ed 3idy t6in lo.dt oa 

nilit!ry .9uipm.Dt sd w.4or's, bur whlr il .oru.lly @iv.{t ws a rcninll ot.r:' 

Pakjstb only r.@iv!d ttrsty ttuF tloused tqo hudr.d dd wcrtv fw. out of ot 

lDldr.d .d liny thouEd roc of o.d@e ttoG!; seity tuu out of orc thoMd 

fou hundrcd od 3ixty orc $ft rchicl*; Ntu ol' of teo hDdt d ad b.tv Din. 

@Mcd v.hicl6: l:@ out of b.ry tldsld to dtay tnol|sd tG of .llNnitiot\ ed 

otu thousld oie hudd&d &d rPEty .igltl toB od of on€ hundr€d &nd eEoly tht6 

th6md to.s of .neiodina !t@ iicludiDg m.hinerv{ Inpoltml mt ud 

dulition w.rc noi !r .ll gi!e. io P.kisLt lltc shlte of lank!, Sllnt 

and kosport 

rhicte .lon8 wirh their 3!6rc pcrtt n@d @hcd P*istd:1t tndia otly r.lsed 

uellr.d dd oddncd n@! iebdiDg Fsd .quiPde,t .itLd t@ sdl or t@ bia 

for rh. e of !.lisrei eldi6:o. NMhq of p!.king css, thich *@ st to 

ralidlr! vcrc tuu orbncksj ttoG &d wct d.q!ipsqf'. 

Conm.ntine on the p.msl dMsior of military .quipmdt, Alcbillcck in . Lna 

ro Atil*. infomcd nin ih.r th€ opioid ofth. Eritbh nilitaty p€donnel *a d.tcmjned 

lo ci.[@9. O. g.nd.l pdlcipL fo! lhc divilio!. To hiE, sin@ ttc !!dct&nd.n@ of 

Ildia th. l6da of th€ countt, Ca!i!.t Mnitt4, Civil oficirls .id othds re 

@tniMNly lrtrig to obsuuct tn rclt of pdliion of Arded Forc with thc rid to 

DBclt !.krmn Aon reeiving its jun !h!rcr{ Cluiltophd Addieq lhc Sccrctrry of 

Stal for CoidoMrlth Relatiols, sls poitned oui tnst the task of sar.€d .llo*rion of 

148

!106 belw*. thc two Itoninios ws bcing d& Pn tic5llv inposibl. bv dclibdr' 

ob$sdior of lhc Indian c{vem.nlrr. 

Pikiltsi authoritie& ho*ev€r, esntcd ! fdt ed propoirod€ division of ,!$tg 

and li.biliri€t tccordirE to th€.utss Auchinl.ck addtt.d tlDl t!. aninrd' ofPikinu 

h.(l b6n sld.blc &d dPsdrc througbodlt But th. Prebt@ 

vith tidah &d hi! 

govamdr ru ihar tlEy hlrl tu Po*6 to.ofpcl Ildiato gr* Paljst n nt duc ah@ of 

Bra! Th. only opriotr len wi$ lhd @ lo infom lhe vodd bv i3$ing nll.ffil! 8d 

rh th.y did Cnuld Mutta@d in a Prc$ onfcEe o. I!rc 8' 198 Rentd that lnc 

Indian urhoritics hnd hte.fead*ilhltt Rc!d. Bot ofIndit on its di&lEg' ofduti's 

bw&d! rhe Govruent olPtki$.;4r. Lirquat d*l&.d rhal it wa due to the n'gaiiv' 

ssitu& of t!. Rlsd€ B..k of lldia of hotding Patistot shes of cdt b'Ln@s thlt 

Govdi.rl of ?.!ixtd ha

or Darenenl! wlrsc tin sheds $@ @tu1@t d in a hnv to gddt€ otr* 

.@onDodation. It wa6 ! @nnon $8l to $e fiv. 6 sx offr.€6 including hislFBnkirg 

officds, sitting in on !E.ll I!@ Houing .nd holel lho lge vs .ho @d' Tnd' 

@ $nry rsid.lnrri '@@oddion a{ihbl. for th. gov6@"t 'Eplov€'q tDst of 

elod h.d @@ Aos Delhi or Sibl. Fnllict of sdid of6@ *@ livirg iD ore 

r@m, @ohns thcir ndls outlid. i. ih. sn cl! Evcn for e@ nini$crt ofthe Centril 

cov@€n $ec wa. no hou!.J' 

Dring ih. .&ly d.ys ofPaltut c ofiie turiitu. m rathd d' naidv bc@se 

!ali$a! s str. s sithllld by th. bdie Govmcnt Th.c w' rcl .@ asgl 

chlis md raucs for lh. adninktrati€ st|fi ltd a€n s@ of thc Dini$6 unliz'd 

l@dm box.s 4 th.t rableC". Ghulsi MuhloFaa fMd onlv on' i!!le 4 lhe 

.q!ipn6t for hb ofii@:r4. The bsic n€@!siti.! *€te .loost ni$i!8 in llE o6c6' 

TtT. si&rs &d r.lcphorc3 s@ bardly lh6c. EB Jidlh did nol hlE rh' ct?[d 

fldlirv ed @ld noi di.@!y dMuniot with t!. @otud'rlth @atlid ed rbe 

King$r Pds, Fncih dd paPds we a 6e @ndoditv Tho4r wlo u*d lo !e pt!6 

i te.d of 6limn pi . EE the Goldor4acrd did not hM his oM lcttcr h"d for 

th. 6rst few Doirh3. It ws i! Mrch 1948 tlut Ilptddi dq'd th' n'tionev it@ Ior 

,i'n !'s u3.!{. Clqt! mllgst to biing rh.ii n tion tv &on lh.i. om P@r'd" r4d 

puchds of f$in!! lnd sladooEy *6c scvd .d'qutc to n@t th' rcquitd deMds 

Lisqusl tlso ldsitt.d it ud tenatt€d thlt .t th. tin' of $' d4tion of Pttista4 the 

o6ca l&k€d cbliB, p€ns, p.@ils, inlBl4d!, papa ud thlt tho tar$ bouding lE sutr 

Dd r@rd! s

Wh.lelr was atlorGd lo Ptkisim iom the Vicdegal Lodgc in Nd Dclhi B 

droldat, bret q ed m3dy t fr!. Th.y.M t!fts.d lo d.s a d@ w for the 

cowr€.nsal of P.l&id tinnan {* 8iv.n ih€ old jrlopv ihlr M u*d bv 

Lhlilhgow d!.ing ns fttut s Vieoy Siiildlv Prine Miristd of Ptjtuta sa 

.IotLd m old d th.t w lcdilg eiih ldbli.d f.!hjt. Ttc $tution {s s bld thtl 

ddns the viln of Mou$.nd ed his lt.ff to paniciPltc in rh€ Indcp'Id*e 

elebhiiotu, th@ *@ only two @3 to c.n dqvone dound Tle c6ffi@t of 

P*istan hld b hne tdit 10 sot$ lhc Prcbho Dlitg th. tl!l' dnw Aofr Gotlmr 

G.bqal tloue to the building ofth. Cost$6t As6blt Jintah and Mou baftn rcde 

s @!€nibl. Rou!-Roy@ whi.h ws borcsld &od rh. Na*ab olBa!a$dF/& 

P.tirt ,r. u.litc hdi.. hld ro e$$lih I w qpittl To 66ttud ' rd cttv' ta 

nor polsibl. it tnose odd dr@tulan@s Th. mosl $it.blc plee dong tha existing 

. ns m Llhot. s n 6 r!. onlv chv of md .td tigtfict@ th!' *s i!l6ird! bv 

Ptin4. hhorc Drcw.d s.dori* of UF Sloriot Mwliid p'st 'Id * &l'rg a 

E€tropolis ofrh. ioport nt Pwince ofthc Pujab for cdturiB Hov€g fi' top nost 

Dobl@ *ith t$oc *s d.ftne s ih. citv *6 lsv ctotc to rhe lndis botdd 

Mo@v6. t ttotc @ut.l lho bv. n

and b&&ks @uld b. N.d io .@Mod . otrcd for rhc c'nir'l Sometn IiD@h, 

hovw6, rcj.ded the idd ed d*id.d to opt for Kd&!i e th. clPhtl olPaktrd Some 

p@ple b.lid. tL.1 3sl61iotr of K&r.hi s lh. clPit l w3 beeF of Jimttr's dorio'il 

.ti.chn nt with the cny'6' Hovdd, l& qplaincd th'r tc hld gr€tl lovt ed rcsrd for 

X!&hi er oily b@!. of hit oM llsidiod with i! but tls b64F n bd a$nad 

re th€ btrlh-DlM of thc ao@ign .nd ind@cnddt rd. of P.tisnn To him K@hi ms 

d d oldindy tos. Be pcdiclcd a grd tun@ fot lh. citv in the 6eld! of l6de 

i.du$ry, bu!in6s, ac.rdr olhs imDonad !€en for sl*tion of K|r&hi ta dBt sind 

ws th. only p@in@ in W6l P.rha! th.! h.d Mu&lim t ,gu' gov.lm6r b'foa 

ild€p€ndac. .nd rlllt too *l@ecd ih. cdti.l govm.'n *ith op" am atd of€r€d 

lo 3hdc il! r@t& r\]- n u \Qon ald hnbou. Xi&bi tld e e5v a@s ro the 

odside vond &d @ld dso q.r(e tint betl*! Est &d W€ri Pilittdl6r' Nlturc hld 

dio b.rN.d upon K8s.hi qccPtional advst €E! which Pdtidlslv sft'd no

epNr.t.d ftoft Sind lnd fede.al capilal comprilcd of an &a of 6v. hundred dd 3ixrv 

sii lqut Dilca s . !.?mt. rddinisl!-arirc unn, the @modrnion DrcbLn *a v.t 

not poperly solvcd!". B$ideq thc w.t6 in Krebi @ not hvgienic Even boilirg did 

d .ts. !d.qui. ptoL.ti@ for sro@h reubL *s ! 6dmn pt@@nmrt. 

The situ.tion h rhe Dmvincd wd nol difrqmt fiom th. a r. All the Fovinq.s 

tt t b6.G pdr of Patilte w... b&ketd 8d th. wholc lioclu€ of th.ir go@trt 

ha

probl.n ard $ar nii idtrudioo! w. dMr cl€&4t dd 6ncis€. lt' wa rell atrc 

of th. snvity oflh. Prclt@ 

md thus irstdtt of d@ading oqtigh slutior fron hh 

adnlni$ation lclt tis cool ed toldr.d the d.l&vs witn patioc.3a' Al t!' see lid', 

h. slr of lh. iid rhlr it wond b. lNi$ b !!3l@ rhtt ihc wv ot @uld b' ebicvcd 

tor gonc rioe o omcr?a 

Th. rBt ibrond! ttlk for ilE @ r.ofP*i3l{waropllit$oMhowif, 

ords i . ih€ int@l oBolid*ion of tte oorv!'5 !o. rhis purPoe, lh' ltte had to 

ddb€ thc adbinbtrstirc Behjn..v qp.bl. ofp€rfominS dl th' tunctioN of r nod"n 

aovc@c.t 

A slil bu@cdcri. !!t up @uld [!vc bstgcd i' skc d l4$ sofu of 

tn !rcbLn! @mtry ws facing, if nol m3t of theE Though in iict the covtued of 

Brnirh hdit @ buicsllv @.d qitb b!..rud&y'%, Jti P!rin'! ih' dm' of ir! 

ddior had to s.t up its civil lnvi4s aon $c lcnlch. ft' thing! i @uld get aor $' 

Bniilh buadatlc l.tlcy Fq 10 et th. 1..!t, tln n grtrvB of tn' q3td rh' Bftkh 

t d !.naly fmhtcd d ldminidnd!. rvta$ thd8tr rdich f@ign ru16 '!c to 

@otuld then Dtivc 6ubje.B bv !si.g cxtnodinT powas od goiog b',odd ih' 

3p€ific tutcs rld P.oc.dwf' Nl tn r.E@c q.ojrilq otrin{d ed jldicid 

povor! w.rc wned in the b4& of. sitgl. oftic. s ih. id.. M to ule th6t ofic'$ thc 

!s! of @tral sd.im€lt at p@i!ci.! dbtric' ad lo"l ld'lJ" Sincc tlae rs no 

ti. for rle owly catsblisb.d Gwtu€nt of Pskid'n to inrodu@ ' tohnv w 

rdnititlt.tive s$rc!r! nosr of th. i$titltioE1 Fo'edlc lnd policie Iur 9@ s'd bv 

th! Brtish io preind@cld.a* Itrdi. 9@ Nto tiqall, inhmted bv PtlktaJ' 

ttk of Muslis civil *dets in lhc pr. idePod'nce Eddsh 3dministratio! 

ptulrd lo be dothd bis bl li.sp lr h.r, ou of otu ild$td o!' hutttcd and f'frv 

r54

sen ofEc6 in thc lndis Civil S.'vice dd th. Iidie ?olic. swic. onlv hudr.d dd 

one rerc Muslins snd 4n.ry fiv. olt of tb.F had optcd &r !aki!ta:' Most of lh€n 

9@ roug ed did nor hold ioponlm lotitioN. 

Thde ws onlv onc Mwlib S.d.ldv 

rnd fou Muslin Joilt Ssdsi€J" tilflia, i. @!t othd wic*' lhe numbd or 

thoe qho opi.d for P.tiltan *i md! .sf@idlv in tlE hiSbd c!dr6. Not mt. the 

fiva or lix o6c6 of fi€ Audil sd A@ut! Sdvi@ of lndi.6€ to P.bst4r!1 Otry 

dND Mlslio 9d e.rvic qndidld oDr.d b. P.kilt ltD Shon AG of 066 tutlhd 

aggdsl€d some as fcw of tha lidian Civil Scni@ ud Andii sd Ac@unts ScNice 

Muslio Omcas, I.ft th.n jobs ro .s|l@ idPott&r pohic.! ssismct[l! 

Mor. thlr h.lfofthe ofriccs vho en. to lakistd b.long.d to the &eas which 

w er ielud€d in rh. aq st tc ttd rbus h.d rc ftn b&d bsldg. of llF l.nd d€v 

w.to ldmidsrq Otlv two out of nin€tv fivc Mulim Indie Civil Sdmls ud lndiu 

Polr@ S.M@ ofrdt b.lo.g.d to Edt B@stl tb! Eost FPul.t d prdin€ of 

?.!i$..nJ. Futhmor. n$t of thc M$lid oEd who hld optcd for ?*itim wrc 

3tdion d i. N.p D.lhi Thet lr nsf.r to Prlilt t at . id. w!4 tillilg ed looriig Pa 

.tl doond wd nor e 6v tst L fltt I ttn ortns P€llom| 

of thc !!kistt! 

Govad.u &on D.lhi to K{ebj ws bomb.d atd ddilctl nd Bhttida on Aurun 9, 

194t6. L tbis incid.nt fou osE q@ riU.d dd mund tqgtv w@ injur'd Itis 

..$lied in tt $splmion of ttulPortltior of govflncd p'6ontcl by irain On lhe 

ilntucliod of tidal! th. Go!!@@t of P.h!t& ltldh'd Oldrdo! Pddtt$'to 

mssl. its aov€mncnt o6ciah froo lndid da.s Th.v hired twnly{ix AOAC Pland 

to !.lp *vo thousd P.kittan Gov!@.d clnplor*t .nd th'n fmili'! to fly ot of 

Delhi AnodEr !.v.tEm thouMd cmplov*s snd d.it fMili's wac !@porr'd to 

ltt

Kdschi by ser ftom Bodbay This sll took a long dFe dd lh' l8t batct of tt€ 

govm.nr.oployd r@hcd N!&bi not h.fore Dcdb6 ie fdr @nrhl and U' 

ind€pcnd.tr@ of Ptkiildrt. 

h ldditioc doost aI th. lon-Mullin Civil Sqvsdl3, *ho bdorc ide!'ndcD@ 

w qo*ine in d!. !]6 th.t lai.r @tutinn.d P.}jltu opt'd fo' Indi! &d bn rh'n 

06@3 wilholn haditg ovq cblrge 10 e6@rc. Adudlv wh'n rtc Plrtition C@tcil 

m dilNiog rh. is. of r!. divi.ior of thc folM .nPtov6 of rhc Gollmot of 

rrdi!. Pstcl urg€d dl Eindu ofiioials not to o$ for Ptliste fie ida ws to cr'rte a 

sinltdon in etich thc sdbidlrr do! of l!. @ c@lrv *dld bttl dom a Hildu 

r* ocoupying tn. bult of inpottet politjons in th. Oo@'nl S@ie3r! Thc 

linBIi.i of Bitih 066 ru .o .liEerdt A@rdin8 to rbe fites of ln6o 'ratlv a 

!ni.k d Bndsh offici.k {@ s.ding in tne Punjlb in .elv l}|?, bul bv th' b'ginnins 

of S.pr.obd .I bur tix [d bn th.k job!]s As . re$lt @sr of tb! inpontlt 

adbhinrsiive posts in lakhrn bsDc v.cul Evm *he tt! st!fr w!! !'dlabl'' lhe 

n ob4oftt natrw4 totdlv unfdilit to o@ sdthd 

Uldd tlw oi@m!turc.., Goutdctf ofPltiio had io dv upd thc iuior 

Mlslin .ivil srEnts. A Ndbd of theb ffic givo nI8' rsPocibilili's a @mpatd to 

rlN ojoyirg upon th@ in Pcildep.nd.te d.ve Clqi"l st'fi a p@oord to 

otrccr cldt ed mnv junior omcds !@ d. inchdg' oftheir dsPlttEEtu' Yct lh' 

rrobld3 sw nol elved Mulid t tr @ld @r €6 filt i! ihc rcquir'd pGiiloD! oI 

stmogtlph.G ed tt?istJs, not !o t.lk aboui omceB E6 whd' 3tttrM avlil$lc it 

tu mr dpable to Pdfom rh. |4nticst &ti6 Th' L'w d'pdtn'nl Lck'd r'!i!Gd 

drd3n ! lnd thus dr.frils of bill! ald ordi$nc4 b"!nc I big iscr" 

tt6

To mcd rh. d.ticidcx Oovm€m of Patist n ws agd ro rctu or fot ilur 

hntq nie Bridln ofticd oo @ntrudt. A!@t 8ftv Indie civil swies Briiish 

ofi6 w.r. .skcd to @nritue th4 worl for tha rdoinidirio! ofP'Ika Mav morc 

vg. hircd on conlrsct ro ill thc post! in Ue @drat 4 well 's the p'dimial 

got@s@!' It ltgacy to ga tdi!.d Dritkh ofi6 $rs s 8t c iht' Mudic ru 

|oLC thrt .ny Brilkt ofricd hc rclld t@Dhdd fot ! job wuld b' ibb'dialclv 

rdfuir.ds. livc F.d.6l Sddsi6 of th. Pltilte G@en i@luding S*t.'rrv of 

riioce. Food md Agtioltur, md Ev&u im ed Ret bilir'ti@ w"' ani16n oftl@tr' 

Bdtilb om@ wc givdk y psilio4 in rh. p@inci.l8o@'it3r'a 

Thca. Bridth officials 6ll.

To osconc the ltobhft. Gov6nc.t of ldkisle amodc.d its policv for 

r6ruillndt of lhc C@trrl SuFio. Snie3. A.ordiig to th. potc, .ightv five pqem 

of dD v&.nci* wdc to b. @dil.d by opd cx@itution, for thich hold4 of Patidd 

domicil. 9@ eligibl.. No .gc linn @ 6tcd. ft. llminhg 6ft6n pd4nt 9@ lo be 

bk@ Aom the cligible otdidlid $ho e nol dobicil.d it P.hsta4 undc. a p.oc.durc 

to bc $mdc€d ldd Tnb P.ovision vs ddigled io abso.b ptonising Mullim 

@did.!.5 Aod India T!@ *@ rc 6@td sat! br nindni6 .eept for thc 

eh€dul.d cdi3 who 8ot s; ps4!t of tn vlceci.s si thc opd compctition. E 'h 

Sdi4 es to luvc a lingl. 6lr&l c!dr. for both th. Cdtr od tbc prdin€ An 

inr@lting f@lurc h thnr aU offccs of thc Adeinbtndvc dd Polico swi@s wq€ 

r.q!ir.dlo stes} Utdu.!d B.ig.lied htd lo 3p@d.! l.tn lix @ h! oftteittr iliry 

ir th. eing of P.Iiste to which thcy did not beloigd wth the via of ddeloping 

tonogd.ily in .

lcy tuld tunll tnc d.sis of th.ir @ni4 se !5t d lhd 10 {dl hoGttlv 8d 

sinerely dd be hithtul &d loyd to P!}hL!{r IIe vdtcd adminht.tron to bc al.n 

od did Dor w.!n thcm to oa€l i'on tinn h to @n. b thcn !tg.u 

Ind..d, Jim.h did mr h.vc ti4e or t sutc6 b refom thc bul@orrlic order 

inldit d Eoe tt BdlB[. Nd.$G165, hc mt o! to P@ad. th. hu.a6rcv to 

clurg€ its aftitudeer. Hc @nlitu.d lo 6Ninc. rl.m thlt the rimo h gone wt'cn rhe 

c@Ini4 qdc nn.d by bu@c.t! llc nFtiv.r.d lh. .ivil srsds Aon thc top 

hid.hy to the bonom, to ad .s rhc wd$ of the stlt wiih rhe aim to w. th. P@ple 

ud .rcmL th.n wlfe E wilh.d rh.b ro os d 1! i! pov6 s . "eqEd lrrr'* 

Wlilc dclliog rith th. p€opl€ hc w.nted then to marntlin th. bjglt€st $adNid of 

ho@r, irn.gritt juslic! tnd fai. pl.y" Th.y w@ dpet d to b€b!v. win th. p.opl. 6 

if they *4. their nicids dd w.ll s!n€6 !o $.t peopl. @uld b!v. @dide@ lnd tr'rst 

in rbe6. He $gg6rcd tn@ tut dd in e! of dis.gr46eIt with d€n cl.nl lhct 

3hold show Drrie.c. sd should not ler th.n go *ih th. felitg th.r th. offr@r 6 

"ofdiirc or dis@utid!'@ 

h lia of rh.it eulc$ @ies to th. @monitv, Jin&! a$rd rhd $f.guid 

!i 3€wity Wlm th. Govlrm.nt of ?skittlt l&k d tuod! ro p.y !d&is of thc civil 

elwl!, Iimlh bimslf .sk€d dtc citE G of P.l8t t to @ftiblr. s tb.l civil 3'Nt'n3 

could c61itu€ ro o.rfom rleir duli.s witl$d 6@i.l wodd in lh.i. oind{'' wld 

rhc @db.' of gorcdndt wsts h ih. lo@ edt6, who bld opt'd for ?!li*t! 

.xc..ded b.vord tn. nM.ial ..ttr.inrs of th. P.lide Gom.nl' the Gov'm'rt 

d6i{t d to t@idt. th.it sdies Th.v G. di!.h.t8.d ton llct dqtv d A!$d l0 

1948@. Whcn Jimah got to know that th.y l6t thcn jobs onlv beause of.qoloiic 

1t9

!!ec and not b6es. of dy fet of theirx h. otdd.d tnal tn re should b. no ft4h 

rdoirbot to rh. Cdnsl Sdic.! urr tnq. Pd!@ *@ rea!$bcd''0 

Being . beli.vd in ddo@tic du.!, ,iMh tdd Mitcd to givc politi*l 

poEs to bul@arcy. on th. @d...y b. wLd lb. civil !.|@l! !o r.qin .lmf fiod 

politican' Ilc c.tcSoric.Uy lold th.m thll Govcmd$ cohe ud go but thcv w@ld 8t.v 

on !d ad s rhc s}lbol of @nti@ity. So lhcy sh@ld rcr $!. 3idc wirh.rv polniol 

p.ny or polithisr, o. h!v. t go to itvolve thcnseh.s in politicst" tlc asted tt'* to rry 

ro cirt th. pl6s@ of potiticidd ad do& in FE fo. doiDS sltedtin8.8.jtd tn. 

l.w. Hovd.r, he dpound.d fiat it w th. duty oft bur@@l to be o.h.oi* loval ro 

rh. Gwctm.nr in povq !!d e € ihlt cn!.@.d for thc tib. b.ing c s..ds'rr Hc 

tnoulhl th.r tn€ duty of SpvqN.ol !4uB M to oforc. rh€ policv of ln. 

Gw.menl .nd brk tuc rlal$. policy w tbotolgllv @i.d old a@di.g to 0t 

be3 lrd tuls 6:m.d by rh€ g

,imrn &d Mulim Leglc duing Plldstb Movencni .nd th.y had onPt€te hith dd 

To sel up and head tte admirist aliv. sttucturc of lakjst3lr . p@t of Sccr€ruv 

Cq@l ws inrtoduced. I1r. chi.f duty of$. ome w to..t a li.i$n hd*car th. 

c6Erl obia€t snd lh. rddinistrstior i! th. @Etrv. Tt Sqctrv G.t@l us.d to Lold 

n6ting! of th€ S.crltaic! on w*kly b.sb litc cabin t metinSt held on ldsitkt'niive 

bsbe. Thc $lutios of nost ofthc inpotttnt prlblcE e!i. 6rtl diessd lhde .nd 

fid w{c pr€s.it.d ro lh. csbi'el for appov.l"' Th€ offi* s! ako i.ao ibl. fo' 

th.pdting ofcivil sant ! it th. @nne ed in the provires ltd $ !d s rh. Prircipal 

dccilion brts on .ll nrl|ed io do wirn rh. ldDintfinon'! O! ihe r@@enddi@ of 

lintull thc oftq. of S.ct.ttly G4cr.l wB isigt€d to om of th. lenior tusl Mudin 

cMl wei! in t!. pa indelcndae stdidtt6tio4 Chtldltv Muh'fu.d Ali 

Md,mrd Ali ds h€ld tt postt of Cabin t Serct tv, Endlishn.d Se.t!ftry rnd 

ldvi3or to the Ptis. Minktd. h@h h.d $ firch @nfidcdco in Muhtnn.d Ali thal he 

ws rtlo{rd to F bim .r ey tiDc &d Od t@ {ithod Prior |!Fi ocnts. Thc two 

ucd to h.ve loog lc$ions of dio$ion on ndlds of iEFrt!@az3 

Th. sdcrlty Gq*rl ud hi3 t rtt tdli4d $at thct B ! big chdlenge in 

tod of rh.n TlEy 94 rol onty $ppolcd 1o $lv€ th. PrcbLht 

of i!. wlv 

cstahlihcd @untry but als h.d to nullit dl those notioro mng which laid thir 

P.Iind vould bsk dom h a fc* mnrhs Th. .dnioistqdve s4'up $ot d grcdd 

.4ilidc. rhd whlt ws cxD..t.d of it atd the dklocadons sowht by painbtr Th' 

Civil S.lwts dbplay€d spl..did @mnitmdt add .ncr8t atd worked lotg hous ed 

d.ootrirneil th. id.d foo of .6ci.!cv, @nac, ddotion .nd MlioD.t slinr' In t 

L6l

npid tin roi only requir.d pdsonD.! w.rc r€mitedlt' but oflic. acdmodrrion for 

dsy nilbtry !d det..tmc.t ru ds fouid or hastily @aFuci.ds. Ev.t rh. mrst 

6ili€ h!v. to .dni tbar fic ldsinjlt.tio! t6k sb. nes$ry @s|c to n*t lhe 

ddgd of ilt€m.l 6sis':5 C@lcquendy, 0ire a.!t! $se biPpctjng at s 6pid Pacc 

Dt@tr d*isiou, $tich i. !@rl tine reid h.* t|t6 dlys ud dd tet! of 

@Nid.6riotL wcr. tatcn in noq$", $ the bur.!u&y !t iinB u$d loG 

ertr&djn|'y po*6 lo coF with deSencia &d otrstrcphcs. Ya, oe rling is 

did.rt th.t dNng de day3 of tidsh 3 Govchor€.i6a! but@dt t ! poo4 Ee 

@na cd Aom whn it M .njoyins dwine lh. d5ys offi. R!j. 

FighinS rrrjrst all thos Irrve .!d odd prcbLns &d .l@n $lvilg @h oe of 

tn€i lo ! gred .xtent in | $hon spm of lc$ th.n thiftEo montbs ws4 indee4 r 8tcnt 

&hidd..r or linn.L sp€ially w[@ d GolaoFo@qd h. hld to l@k lno 'av 

othd isDortel .ffans inctudilg lh. vqy 6npli6t

vnil. djlbioa th. dns d lb C@-Cfftl Ilde i! K!..bi @ bL rtrvtr id d. b.ildrn& 

,i@h bld lj6i'h Sl( Atrlo, Do yo rsr, I fr oedd b e F$id' n' Ey licri4 w. 

IEv. lo b. Ery g.niJ 6 d fn {hd w tm !biw.n". qlbd i! B$&p|@q J,n at did rr. 

CBdtan oJPohtu, lm. lrs *\Nol!.+nnnat af Pakm.l3a 

rR.bbea 

/ u Ir'. Aadi' ,(DC, .t 

r7'.Pchfu?rrr^!gd3'197 

'Cllldr &d leiaG FE dr,! d Mdi!*( !l,l-35 

?drd, I arL Qtdd stDol6lr23 

!lr'@rr'5 P.lwl R4.d, A!!a 15, lrf, r,'Pcvgl23 

oD rh. PEd Poiiti@ i! Ildn fm M.y 7 b ADla 2q 1947, 

"net 

'Sq\4 Mohtu d At' tvo^, 3tt 

163

'!hjnip6 

T.ltol l@ 6 ldi@ of Ctu worid Ahils Algd lr, 194? i! Ku! ?tu U,&d 

'car6Nal,qe Fadaq d Mhsh4ta. 

'fd llr d.trt! or |n. mry e t'. Parrtu ?)d, Arsd 16, D.t 

' Fd $. rd of d. Ki!!l Frlldiu s.q Fm Kilt Go4. rb. sid b .tinsL PRoi Do 

oTd orr!. oi! of coff-c.6t NDc rcF/47 

.\frbui I vs Th. Qtdas aDc, w 

'rilEnt sDdh n r hbnc tudins d mtu M.ii.a D!.b, Mrd I, l9rq h Jr,er: 

$...ta 6dgM. rat-rs2 

'yffi .xpds.d br Azd id bn4id b.lw thurb.tu dn Az4 ADdl l4 1911 ir 

Mdrs\.d it!,*f a/Po{r, vol )(Is'tl 

_Jlnsr! sr@l M.t ., 19.1. PRo, Fo l7u6r5rl 

_Mi@.f116.g ot v@q rtt I!dL! L&.r nc 1 19.?, OL L/P&rlodl 

- Miairk h Mlmb!4 "Jinot\ S@tw M.y L l9l7 ^!r PRO. FO l7v63tr l. 

orlvd.sof lv|tnlso llituqEdlt lt|!l[ lr, r9.?, ioR. r./PA.rror! 

3., te11,6M@c!4. rrytfu olpMt.vot x,&133. 

'MM 

'' l@w bcia Mddlfu .d J@[. Ar.r & 19t7, o 2!6, .a, Jmd' pq.x. Vol. L per 

::JinMh! seM M4 4, le4?, PRo, Po r7l5r5rl 

'1@wbard Mrus.b rd l[o\ Ar.ir n r9a?, r Zidi.d, Jd,, pryr., vol I, prr 

-Mmk or c@@! cofti@ ^Frl lr, 19.r, lo\ L?or6lltl 

"NoE d' chnE. A!'n :t. re47, r Mitrlss\ d .rb'*t aI PMt,vot y\ 1574s3 

lvidby! P.enrr R+oa AI' 2.,Ie{7,IOR,uPo/5r't21 

"itodba@ d!d.d Gars! ^b.[ b tu& | 'frs rbi s.]rn dr ! rb. atE E rhd h. 

erd dis rh. 'rk * n hin u dant Hof,w, ilb 4 h. dlpFd d. ida oa dr@ns dE is 

rN.ktr h.,icnd llal tldsn d. !ri@ mtd b. qlqt id.pod.d i. rh. !.8ir"-g !! n bd 

rtr i! tqdi6 ftr P.rir.& !d . ny rqtd !. En$.d ro ti.k n r n pdaid le ll@id 

Bcw4 Modt€tu bdNdr\ Arril,2, 1911, i^l'!@d4.d,, f @l t oJ ptut, \ot. x,16t.j6t 

'jvieE ! p.tu t RlFrl J@ J 19.i, IO& L/PO6/ t)l 

'?d tux 6 d ln. St|@ d I Jr tr.?, E MrrF!\ qt , Ir6re, of pN,vd n" ss- 

'rJ$a CoddFrey AEhiq vot !,t rn6-43, ,r :1.23. 19.? (Bldot K6nS 

Pnblado6 LuiEd), 36t9 $Dcd by ft'u lChd Ch6na pdb'td! D.t e pahct. t9.7-td 

(Ir .d:M.cMilL!PEsa 1990tr 25. 

"'llid!g C.d.qcaty ArdirE4 vol. \4 t9,t6-aq ,e 2&rult t l9a7 (&iot K!.dnS 

Pubi€lir Linr.d,, 3696 qmld by lbrd 

_.rn'Ir.x.JolrE@' M3,, k/r/' Modbrr4 124. 

lodsL l1tt .tu Dptd.. 14 &A N\ FE@ {P.htu,2u. 

"Ir 6 rld{ir rhd rb .-HEl''.-d.f r..9.d â--- f.r Asa hrd @ d.jrr. 

Midlgof vkN/r sbt Mdne. re 25,re4i,^r@\d,,rdtt o!pm', vot )a,634{16 

nrtuk of vrffiy I t1|lt6r.!@ ns!g. J@ ll. 194r, r rbl(l , 120-t2c. 

_Mt@ of rh. starr co-r.f lh t'6& c.bd ,e 16, t94?, E ltid, 650{57. 

:tuur 

ro Mortu&{ Jd ?4, r 94?, ro& RD/rlJ? 

-"Th. cu4 of Id!E&.rd@y Nor6.tuq lm 10,t947, to( tu3 l/lJt 

'r@* bqla rtdr lrd Li{.!r lE !0, tqa?, toR nrrylJT. 

.e6d, c.t fr, rut'7, teo. 

'.[tohasd lra KIul! ",r P.ia. FE dM: /1 Hittotkot s@.t ot uE potth.dt TE^ds nd 

ca'dua8 Izr.ImS b kepad.M anl6. Bhrt ol PatteM dd at t rJ

1'rbJ Ktts )n4 thda l "s FE..t'm: 1. AttabiosEptical Nodtvr @ay: ar;a 

l?rdcld. @ ilo r F$n|| iEd d [,lddb.h 

'vmy! P.mnd tulo( J,ny r I r r.7, IoR. rr"o/6/ur. 

tor Ddlt E 'udi.. D! lvbb@r* t@! q'r.,id br M!h.m.d z.edr ft.a "Th. 

Raidjc'E or sir Mnb@d ?idL t(bD-, q!6li!H @i!( 4 otrl l[&iy, R€Eh 

Ofi6, Colunnia U.l*E E, Nd Yor( 293.30r 

?e* FM.\ ,r.'r * D.dt L'd.t t@, b lr&eaue aa oad@ @a.wrya 

co|ror P!brid6, 197), r2l, 

Sviunlt cirel r . Idsdr.he: arrrr ldo 160l-/r,/2 (k{d.c Hrdrh nrrd.o. lt5), 

! 

?r, ?r!6 nxr, Ausus 19, 194?. 

_zriiri,.d, Jb., Pryi vol v- 179. 

oft. l@ bt tn ildld w dr rh. drid E oqtd.t, ot t d rm wd B.!Srl. 

coffi4djd Rlpon for s4bry or $.l. to' collMrallh R.fu6 on rhc EEI! in hd! and 

Prrio4 Anad I t-)0, 1947. IOR Wll.rl! AddEE 6 tttrdr!.r4 rb. rt t Un d t[. !.orL or 

|n. l||llrld d.r.d.d [Fn Es Bauar yElrrFd$rl R4o( ansq t6, re.?, to& utot6/nl 

'.ltd.tbo@ b Sd.rrJ orSe for tdl r..1047, 

ûgd pRO, D.O r33/tc 

-z,ini\ d. th," PM yd 

rs,i'ru 

v 

P4&rd /iu3. ra. iko ^' s c|lsbcx.Jdu@ lrrsd M'r rMdda, rr 

eKP-yDt|'" PoLn..t L.Att oJt,.ah ojd,.d: pdr@ MGts lzsuq I cB5). 63. ^re 

'-t t\ E&aM of P.tttu,1m 

:s.h.JL Aryt$Paktu R.ktdr, \o 

'?l* j@ w rh. dlor .ro d E3! Bag|i &d rb. dory ot $. @ didy d.rdAd ild 

!\.reoy .scd iirh Jinqn li.r rh. "r!.lbqLn" pbrjtu wG dmlr E@t bL, bd rilt w rll 

h. 6Jd dB hiD t oftE, r p{c o rh. mx v|j ry of prbtu by 

.,\'l1l1* trrm Zdo! ed 

Mcholl4 @dudd rht dr,Mdty I -dr..&_ p,hdo ould D. tud. @ 

I@iw 

*r*. 

bcne Mou6,@.!d rtu\ ald 10, t91?, r ad{ .d ttuoh pqq, vot \prn n 

'Nc by Che, A!fit ,7, rx7, D MdsStr e, fid'J.r of p@r, vot ,l t51455. 

_i&d!.d b Btrlel A$I 23, t9.1 ! Ib*l. {7t-a72. i{dblb.@ w Ftrt.bt} ir.nis b 

s. F*idm ilrh 116 s'tr! i,hd !es.n FeE 'n.d.io. bdetr d d;fr@ s.w;! 

h qdto! *rdte c d b perio B..ssr tuld otrly b. d.od.d b, , qjdty * or bdh 

:g9l1l4 r ::g -9.9. b h& rir sdglr !dr.d r!. c!.stB ro.d r;ry |sij,! ( 

c ruFoc 4r3r 

'rmt! 

de d ort b tfui. 6jrd 

"vidolll lerunrr ntoo4 rrrry j, 1947, tO( L?O6/D] 

'Crni R.&lift d sdit Awli o Eagrj. Altd rr, t9.t?, i. SlFw4 .d, p.*rtu 

R.ehtton b Poldtu. r6t.263 

"'Jose Do MlbDDd d n ddfBed4 A,r{ o h. hEj$ D bd, ,r.zs 

.lth.J.!,7r. L4d D@ otHrn R4.roo 

. A!d.x R.t tu. Eold Chu.bttl$ (rdd.o wad.rndd Ed Nioots( l9q4) 9? 

-z\d\ d, Jtud, P%E,vol. v. u 

J-@n Lh.ry a' D..dt,33o 

'."Ih. E *n Tket. anF62a, t917 

'_1 M Sho^ b Sbt rd oirtc Alrq J, t0.7, pRo, c^l, t27n ro 

'"M.rE cb.d Mdqjl4 z.or]4 dr 7r'.,44b,€,qp,t (!onbr). As plbrrrtu€ lttur. 

rdsa F,r. No lo.o/rr5 F.trsr d, t9a!, pRo, Fot?I69?06. 

'-\/jdoy\?!rcnrrltro4 tuj' rr,lt4?,IO& t o]f/ul. 

'"'R d.rjft se rhr E6'@d b anhr H.ldan Ndr-BdG ,lpodd rh! u | @ b ^!roc 

F.an rr !6, l9.q to& LtP& tlotr9 

''M.urb@ b li@r, &ir I 194s, Mr5 suR L III, 724 

"N@F,d^knh ttt 

'"veF ! P.&"d iilor! J"ty I L le17. lox- t-@/6/l:3 

t65

irr.d!.tu b n d.lift , ,!t 4 1917, Ior, rlvvltt. 

rrrE@ Jqric lo k'n! Md'$obq l\Fr ?, r9$, ron. lr&/10/ll9 |le c vrsyt 

Pssorul R.F( Aud 16, 1947, Ion Um/6/l B 

, rM6n! oj lI. obrd lkld d P,da, a4a lt, 1947, rr l0 d ca No tua?. NDq 

'rrsir cFlgo cwi.sh! Dtuy, 194?43, 165, EoR D. 670/41 

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Cbrpter 2 : Problens At Birth te O cl6k i.tn. hot $d windy !nel@! of ...

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