Biological important nucleotides Nucleic acids

Biological important nucleotides
Nucleic acids
for students of General Medicine
Ďuračková Zdeňka
Department of Medical chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,
Komenius University
Medical Faculty
Bratislava, 2010

NUCLEOPROTEINS
PROTEIN NUCLEIC ACID
(protamíns, histons)
nucleosid
Purine and
Pyrimidine bases
nucleosidase
(polynucleotid)
mononucleotide
Phosphoric acid
Saccharid
ribo/deoxyribonuklease
mononucleotidase
(phosphatase)
2

OH
N
N
OH
Tautomeric forms
OH
laktím laktam
N
H
N
O
O
N
H
N H
O
5

Nukleoside Nukleotide
11

β-N-glykosidic bond
NUKLEOSIDES
12

Nucleotides
• supply for NA synthesis
• biologicaly activ nucleotides
18

ATP
AMP
ADP
19

The function of polyphosphates in
the organism
ATP - universal energetic metabolism
GTP - metabolism of proteins, proteosynthesis
CTP – metabolism of lipids
UTP – metabolism of saccharides
22

egulation:
• synthesis of peptide
hormons
• immunological proceses
• lactation
• secretion of stomach juice
23

+
P
24

NAD + + 2H NADH + H +
25

Co-operation of
NAD +
with FAD, FMN
26

alloxazin
ribitol
FMN
H +
H -
FAD + 2H FADH 2
27

Panthoteic acid
Thioethanolamine
28

NUKLEIC ACID
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
29

P
P
pentose
P
Sequence of nucleotides
base
pentose
P
base
pentose
P
base
pentose
base
5´- end
3´- end
32

5’-end
3’-end
P
P
P
P
Complementary chains
deoxyribose adenine thymine deoxyribose
deoxyribose thymine adenine deoxyribose
deoxyribose guanine cytosine deoxyribose
deoxyribose cytosine guanine deoxyribose
P P
deoxyribose thymine adenine deoxyribose
P
P
P
P
3’-end
5’-end
33

G
A
DNA
T
A
34

Structure of DNA
2 April 1953
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
J. D. WATSON, F. H. C. CRICK
NATURE,VOL 171, page 737, 1953
Nobel price 1962
35

Chargaff rules
• DNA isolated from different animal species contains the
same bases (A, G, C, T)
• The relative proportionof individual bases is species
dependent
• The base abundance of individual species’ DNA is
independent of age, diet, gender, or environmental changes
• A/T = G/C = 1 A + G = T + C
A + T / G + C = 1,3 – 1,5 at higher animal species
36

Mutual possition of purine and pyrimidine bases
in double helix of DNA
Mutual possition of bases and ribose
38

Double helix
of DNA
39

The possition
of basis
Base pairs
per turn
Helix
Different kinds of DNA
B-DNA A-DNA Z-DNA
Zik-zak
Perpendicular Skewed skewed
10
Right-handed
11
Right-handed
12
Lefthanded
41

Superhelix
DNA
42

Nucleosoms
(H2A, H2B, H3, H4) 2
H1
44

Arrangement
of DNA in
nucleus
DNA
Chromatin
DNA+His
Superhelix
Chromosom
46

NUKLEIC ACIDS
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
47

Minorit basis
and nucleotides
in RNA
49

Phosphoribosyl chain
RNA
50

m-RNA
DNA
Exony
Introny
hnRNA polyAAAA
mRNA
52

-RNA
53

Ribosom of eukaryotic
cell
54

3 ’ -end
5 ’- end
Anticodon
t - RNA
CCA –AA-binding site
55

t-RNA
O
Ester bond between
-COOH of AA and
-OH group of ribose
O
P
O -
O
Bonding of AA to 3´-end of t-RNA
CH2
O
O OH
Cyt
R
O
P
O -
C
O
NH2
N
CH2
C O
aminoacid
NH2
N
O
O OH
N
N
3´- end of t-RNA
57

Codon - anticodon
complementarity
58

Codon - anticodon
complementarity
Ala
59

Codon - anticodon
complementarity
Ala
60

Ending of
translation translation
61

1977 – Primary structure of bacteriophage
Nucleotide transcription in DNA 1 page
Nucleotide transcription in DNA of E. coli
1 book (800 pages)
Nucleotide transcription in human DNA
800 books
62

Lenght of all DNA in human
• 1,2.10 10 base pairs – 4 m long chain in 46 chromosomes of one cell
• Number of cells in the organisms = 10 13
• Lenght of DNA in the organisms of all cells = 4.10 10 km
• Distance of Earth from Sun = 1,5 . 10 8 km
• The lenght of all DNA in human is 100x more lenght than
distance of Earth from Sun
63