Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? - Federation of American Scientists

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68 I Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? cation techniques will discriminate friend from foe on the bases of subtle differences, but will require expensive, hence perhaps scarce, equipment. If this equipment is unable to examine all possible targets, then cooperative question-andanswer systems could concentrate efforts on ambiguous targets. For example, only those targets that do not respond to a cooperative IFF queries would be examined by noncooperative techniques. Currently, the technology required for cooperative question-and-answer IFF systems is more developed than that for most noncooperative systems. The Services see the advantages of noncooperative IFF but that longer term goal should not erode efforts to improve the reliability of cooperative question-and-answer IFF by the application of technology that is near-term or in-hand.
A 11 of allowed conservative rules of engagement in those the U.S. fratricidal casualties in the Persian Gulf War were among land forces. Near-absolute dominance of the air and Iraq’s inability to project power to sea media, which avoided accidental attacks on friendly forces except in a couple of cases that did not result in casualties. The fratricide of the Persian Gulf War was unusual compared to that of past wars. As pointed out in chapter 2, the most striking aspect at first was the apparently unprecedented high fraction of total casualties resulting from fratricide. In addition, however, the importance of each type of fratricide was different from other large mechanized land battles. In World War II, for example, the most deadly fratricide were the result of aircraft bombing friendly troops. Surface-to-surface fratricide resulted most often from indirect fire in which artillerymen fire at a target that they could not see, The Persian Gulf War, in contrast, had an unusually high fraction of fratricides from direct-fire weapons, such as tanks, shooting mistakenly at other land targets. Most of the U.S. personnel were mounted in vehicles; thus, not surprisingly, most of the fratricide occurred when vehicles were hit, so that current emphasis is on protection of vehicles, not on that of individual infantry. Helicopters are included in this chapter; although helicopters are aircraft, their operation and employment gives them more in common with surface vehicles than fixed-wing airplanes, at least as far as fratricide technology and equipment are concerned. The next sections discuss general approaches to avoiding fratricide of ground targets, a number of specific technologies available to implement these approaches, and some of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and technology, 69 Avoiding Fratricide of Land Surface Targets 5 [ ~
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Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? June
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T he recent Persian Gulf War focuse
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1 2 3 Introduction, Findings, Issue
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— — America’s recent combat i
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A [ , . I \ Figure l-l—Total Casu
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The rules of engagement strongly af
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n November 12, 1758, during the Fre
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The attack was delayed a week by we
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Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? - Federation of American Scientists

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