Balloonvine Biology and Control in Soybeans - Auburn University ...
Balloonvine Biology and Control in Soybeans - Auburn University ...
Balloonvine Biology and Control in Soybeans - Auburn University ...
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ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION<br />
Moisture stress<br />
Aqueous solutions with osmotic potentials of 0, -2, -4, -6,<br />
<strong>and</strong> -8 bars were readied by dissolv<strong>in</strong>g appropriate amounts<br />
of polyethylene glycol <strong>in</strong> a quart of distilled water. <strong>Balloonv<strong>in</strong>e</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> soybeans were moistened with 2 teaspoons of the<br />
appropriate solutions. Germ<strong>in</strong>ation counts were made every 2<br />
days for 14 days. Naked balloonv<strong>in</strong>e seed (seed coats removed)<br />
were also tested. Germ<strong>in</strong>ation was evaluated after 3<br />
days.<br />
Temperature<br />
Thermostatically-controlled <strong>in</strong>cubators were set at 59 ° , 68 °,<br />
77 ° , 86 ° , 95 ° , <strong>and</strong> 104°F. Petri dishes conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the acidscarified<br />
balloonv<strong>in</strong>e seed were placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>cubators at the<br />
designated temperatures. Germ<strong>in</strong>ation was determ<strong>in</strong>ed daily<br />
for 7 days.<br />
Scarification<br />
<strong>Balloonv<strong>in</strong>e</strong> seed were scarified <strong>in</strong> concentrated sulfuric<br />
acid for 1, 2, 3, <strong>and</strong> 4 hours. Germ<strong>in</strong>ation was evaluated daily<br />
for 7 days.<br />
Oxygen<br />
The effect of oxygen on balloonv<strong>in</strong>e germ<strong>in</strong>ation was determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>uous gas flow <strong>and</strong> acid-scarified balloonv<strong>in</strong>e<br />
seed. Either compressed N2 (nitrogen gas), compressed<br />
air, or compressed 02 (oxygen gas) was used to establish<br />
oxygen levels of 0, 21, <strong>and</strong> 100 percent, respectively. Seed<br />
were placed <strong>in</strong> 1-<strong>in</strong>ch diameter petri dishes supported by a<br />
cyl<strong>in</strong>der above the 1 p<strong>in</strong>t of distilled water <strong>in</strong> the 1-quart,<br />
wide-mouth jar. Each dish conta<strong>in</strong>ed germ<strong>in</strong>ation matt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
paper <strong>and</strong> a cotton wick extend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to the water to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><br />
seed moisture. Jars were sealed with stoppers hav<strong>in</strong>g air <strong>in</strong>let<br />
<strong>and</strong> outlet holes. Air flow was approximately 5 milliliters per<br />
m<strong>in</strong>ute, figure 9. A controlled environment chamber with an<br />
alternat<strong>in</strong>g 86°F day <strong>and</strong> 68°F night temperature <strong>and</strong> a 14-hour<br />
day was used. Germ<strong>in</strong>ation was recorded after 3 days.<br />
Growth <strong>and</strong> Development<br />
Several experiments were conducted <strong>in</strong> a greenhouse or<br />
growth chamber to determ<strong>in</strong>e the response of balloonv<strong>in</strong>e<br />
seed to plant<strong>in</strong>g depth, soil pH, <strong>and</strong> soil P <strong>and</strong> K. Field experiments<br />
were conducted to study balloonv<strong>in</strong>e biology <strong>and</strong><br />
competition with soybeans. All experiments were replicated<br />
<strong>and</strong> repeated.
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