1 CHAPTER 1: AMERICAN INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION AND ...

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administering programs with little to no Indian input. Over time, Native peoples, utilizing the skills they developed through working with OEO, successfully gained greater control over BIA programs and transformed the agency into primarily a grant-making and advising agency--much like the OEO. 94 Most if not all of these points have been made by scholars and others who write Indian policy studies and tribal histories. This study attempts to build on these works by combining their insights with archival sources and oral histories to provide a series of case studies of American Indian participation in War on Poverty programs. Each chapter focuses on a particular type of antipoverty program--economic development, community and social services, health care, and education--and how selected tribes' involvement with that type of program advanced one or more of the Declaration's components of self-determination. This is not meant to deny that there were many problems and challenges associated with Native American participation in the antipoverty campaign. For example, the influx of funding often encouraged corruption with tribal governments and exacerbated political divisions within certain communities while failing to fundamentally alter Native American economies. 95 Nevertheless, the War on Poverty of the 1960s, 94 Echohawk, interview; Felix Cohen's Handbook of Federal Indian Law, 184. 95 Clarkin, Federal Indian Policy, 128; Robert Burnette, The Tortured Americans (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971). For a case study of intra-tribal divisions, see 44
y moving the government in the direction of more fully meeting its trusteeship responsibilities, planted the seeds of self-determination that would grow and blossom in the 1970s in the form of the legislation designed to enhance Indians' rights and opportunities to determine their own destiny. Robert L. Bee, Crosscurrents Along the Colorado: The Impact of Government Policy on the Quechan Indians (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1981), chapter 5. 45
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Page 3 and 4: Anthropologists Sol Tax and Nancy L
Page 5 and 6: Nevertheless, the Declaration ident
Page 7 and 8: Such sovereignty was often recogniz
Page 9 and 10: While tribes possessed an inherent
Page 11 and 12: in exchange for Indians ceding thei
Page 13 and 14: fashion. Instead of working with In
Page 15 and 16: cultures was necessary for tribal g
Page 17 and 18: produced intratribal conflict. Neve
Page 19 and 20: communities on trust lands were not
Page 21 and 22: new Commissioner favored the eventu
Page 23 and 24: By the late 1950s and during the 19
Page 25 and 26: activist protests in the 1960s and
Page 27 and 28: Indian nations to administer progra
Page 29 and 30: constituted an important part of Pr
Page 31 and 32: esponsibility to open up opportunit
Page 33 and 34: chance to participate in the econom
Page 35 and 36: the economic and social conditions
Page 37 and 38: address by Hubert H. Humphrey, a De
Page 39 and 40: through states to access funds and
Page 41 and 42: fight against termination in the 19
Page 43: Access to and control over such fun

1 CHAPTER 1: AMERICAN INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION AND ...

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