Passage to a Ringed World - NASA's History Office

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Participant Nations* * First flag in each row represents nation of Principal Investigator or Team Leader. A MISSION OF DISCOVERY 7
Cassini will take nearly seven years to make the long trip from Earth to Saturn. Gravity assists from Venus (twice), Earth and Jupiter will give Cassini slingshot- 8 PASSAGE TO A RINGED WORLD connaissance of the magnetosphere over a variety of locations and the observation of the rings and Saturn at various illumination and occultation geometries and phase angles. The spacecraft will be injected into a 6.7-year Venus–Venus–Earth–Jupiter Gravity Assist (VVEJGA) trajectory to Saturn. Included are gravity assists from Venus (April 1998 and June 1999), Earth (August 1999) and Jupiter (December 2000). Arrival at Saturn is planned for July 2004. During most of the early portion of the cruise, communication with the spacecraft will be via one of the two lowgain antennas. Six months after the Earth flyby, the spacecraft will turn to point its high-gain antenna at Earth and communications from then on will use the high-gain antenna. Following the Jupiter flyby, the spacecraft will attempt to detect gravitation- TAKING THE LONG WAY ROUND type boosts that will hurl the spacecraft on toward its July 1, 2004, encounter with Earth Orbit Earth Swingby August 17, 1999 Saturn. It may take a while, but Cassini will get there! Venus Swingby June 22, 1999 Venus Swingby April 21, 1998 Venus Orbit al waves using Ka-band and X-band radio equipment. Instrument calibrations will also be done during cruise between Jupiter and Saturn. Science observations will begin two years away from Saturn (about one and a half years after the Jupiter flyby). The most critical phase of the mission following launch is the Saturn orbit insertion (SOI) phase. Not only will it be a crucial maneuver, but it will also be a period of unique scientific activity, because at that time the spacecraft will be the closest it will ever be to the planet. The SOI phase of the trajectory will also provide a unique opportunity for observing the rings. The spacecraft’s first orbit will be the longest in the orbital tour. A periapsis-raise maneuver in September 2004 will establish the geometry for the Huygens Probe entry at the spacecraft’s first Titan flyby in November. Launch from Earth October 6, 1997 Huygens’ Encounter with Titan. In November 2004, the Huygens Probe will be released from the Cassini Orbiter, 21–22 days before the first Titan flyby. Two days after the Probe’s release, the Orbiter will perform a deflection maneuver; this will keep the Orbiter from following Huygens into Titan’s atmosphere. It will also establish the required radio-communication geometry between the Probe and the Orbiter, which is needed during the Probe descent phase, and will also set the initial conditions for the satellite tour — which starts right after the completion of the Probe mission. The Huygens Probe has the task of entering Titan’s atmosphere, making in situ measurements of the satellite’s properties during descent by parachute to the surface. The Probe consists of a descent module enclosed by a thermal-protection shell. The front shield of this shell is 2.7 meters in di- Saturn Arrival July 1, 2004 Jupiter Swingby December 30, 2000 Deep Space Maneuver January 20, 1999
Page 1: Passage to a Ringed World The Cassi
Page 4 and 5: On the Cover: A collage of images s
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD This book is for you. You
Page 8 and 9: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book would not
Page 10 and 11: Three separate images, taken by Voy
Page 12 and 13: descent to the surface. The Huygens
Page 14 and 15: address the challenges of the missi
Page 18 and 19: PROBING A MOON OF MYSTERY Huygens
Page 20 and 21: TOUR T18-3 TARGETED SATELLITE FLYBY
Page 22 and 23: SATURN CASSINI-HUYGENS MISSION SCIE
Page 24 and 25: Cassini-Huygens designed to determi
Page 26 and 27: In this diagram from his book, Syst
Page 28 and 29: This Voyager 1 image shows Saturn
Page 30 and 31: An Extended Atmosphere From Liquid
Page 32 and 33: Haze layers are also observed above
Page 34 and 35: IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER Taken fr
Page 36 and 37: This spectacular view of the edge o
Page 38 and 39: the interaction was described as a
Page 40 and 41: have a signature of a tone decreasi
Page 42 and 43: CONSTITUENTS OF THE TITAN ATMOSPHER
Page 44 and 45: The processes of plate tectonics an
Page 46 and 47: tan was accreting, it is possible t
Page 48 and 49: Surface Science. The highest resolu
Page 50 and 51: This enhanced Voyager 2 image shows
Page 52 and 53: Voyager 1 captured this striking im
Page 54 and 55: Prometheus and Pandora, two tiny sa
Page 56 and 57: In the stellar occultation experime
Page 58 and 59: scattering than are larger particle
Page 60 and 61: In fact, Saturn’s rings — as we
Page 62 and 63: The satellites of Saturn comprise a
Page 64 and 65: Before the advent of spacecraft exp
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The bright surface of Saturn’s mo
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Galilean satellites. Most of what i
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duced that one hemisphere is compos
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patches on the surface. Although it
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Artist’s conception of Ithaca Cha
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An artist’s rendition of Saturn
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The MAPS Instruments Coordinated ob
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field reverses direction across the
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SATURN’S MAGNETIC FIELD Saturn’
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Solar Wind Magnetosheath Titan neut
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per atmosphere. Energetic particles
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and plasma wave emissions from narr
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CHAPTER 7 Space mission design aims
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(SOI) propulsive maneuver to initia
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the tour cannot continue. Of course
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crease inclination to this value. T
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This illustration shows the main de
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discussed earlier) and data handlin
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of the spacecraft! Below the oxidiz
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• Opening or shutting thermal lou
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management subsystem and the Probe
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falls below its storage temperature
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The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft stan
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The Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)
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• Map the composition and thermal
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cise distance between the surface f
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• Study the interaction of the ma
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• Study the erosional and electro
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midway out on the magnetometer boom
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The RPWS instrument will be used to
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altitudes down to 40 kilometers abo
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dex. A group of platinum resistance
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CHAPTER 10 Mission operations are t
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PLANETARY MISSION OPERATIONS Functi
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two low-gain antennas 1 and will pr
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During much of Cassini’s orbital
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articulation control subsystem’s
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AFTERWORD It has been said that in
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Developments tied to the Cassini-Hu
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APPENDIX A Command. A data transact
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APPENDIX A 138 PASSAGE TO A RINGED
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APPENDIX A Plasma wave. A wave char
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APPENDIX A 142 PASSAGE TO A RINGED
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APPENDIX B H O 2 + Water molecule w
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APPENDIX C 146 PASSAGE TO A RINGED
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APPENDIX D 148 PASSAGE TO A RINGED
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APPENDIX D 150 PASSAGE TO A RINGED
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APPENDIX F 152 PASSAGE TO A RINGED
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APPENDIX F 154 PASSAGE TO A RINGED
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APPENDIX F Peralta, F. and S. Flana
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National Aeronautics and Space Admi
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