CHAPTER 2 2.0 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT - Department of ...

CHAPTER 2 

2.0 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 

2.1 Physical Environment 

This aspect of the document covers the biological environment, both marine and terrestrial; the 

physico-chemical environment, vis-à-vis issues of sea-bed conditions and water quality; the 

physical environment including issues of topographic, hydrographic and socio-cultural issues. 

2.1.1 Climatology 

Belize lies in the tropical to sub tropical belt with a pronounced wet and dry season even though 

there are significant variations in the weather patterns in the region. Mean annual temperatures 

range from 16-17°C in winter to 24-25°C in summer, in the South; and from 23-26°C in winter 

to 28-31°C in summer, in the North [See Fig. 2.6]. Mean annual precipitation fluctuates between 

1500mm to the north and 4000mm to the South. A dry season characterized by strong easterly 

winds, runs from January to February and May to June. Strong winter storms blow from October 

to February, often as 'northers' which bring cool temperatures, heavy rains, strong winds and 

rough seas. In the summer there are occasional strong squalls with winds up to 48kph. The 

hurricane season runs from June to November but peaks between August to October in Belize. 

Ambergris Caye, which is located in the subtropical moist ecological life zone of Belize, is the 

driest region of the country getting < 60” of rainfall per annum [See Fig. 2.1 & 2.6]. The caye 

has a bimodal rainfall pattern with the main dry season extending from December to May and a 

wet season from June to November, with the highest concentration of rainfall from September to 

November. 

This somewhat arbitrary division of the rainfall pattern is usually interrupted in August when 

there is normally a short dry spell. The evaporation rate is contingent on the seasonal patterns of 

rainfall and humidity throughout the project corridor [See Fig 2.5c]. In the rainy season when 

there is high humidity, the evaporation rates are lower (about 80 mm. per month) to the dry 

season when they are significantly higher due to the lower humidity index of the atmosphere 

(approx. 160 mm. per month). 

Temperatures at Ambergris Caye show a slight seasonal variation with normal temperatures 

varying between 21.0º C and 32.0º C. There is a more noticeable temperature difference between 

night time and daytime temperatures than between seasonal norms. At coastal locations, 

temperature differences are moderated by the warm offshore waters. Nevertheless seasonal 

extremes can fall between 13.75º C and 35.75ºC. Temperature differences are often accompanied 

by a change in wind direction, with the predominant winds coming from the east and southeast in 

the warmer months but sometimes shifting to the north and northeast in the cooler season. 

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Fig. 2.1: Belize Mean Annual Isoplets. 

2.1.2 Oceanography 

As part of the physical environment, the following oceanographic components are summarized 

as part of the receiving environment for the proposed btl FOC project. These components are 

directly related to the constant physical outline of the coastal areas of the aforementioned project. 

2.1.2.1 Regional Hydrographic Profile 

Based on the hydrographic provinces (Purdy, 1966), the Ambergris Caye rests on the Barrier 

Platform. This is relevant to continental shelf in which the project site is located on the outer 

most ridges or shoal of such shelf. The area of the Continental Shelf running from the back-reef 

of the main barrier reef to the eastern shore line of cayes has been referred to by Purdy (1975) as 

the Barrier Lagoon. 

The waters between this first line of cayes, including Ambergris Caye, and the mainland have 

been referred to by Purdy (1975) as the Shelf lagoon. Purdy has sub -divided these Lagoonal 

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systems on the basis of a Northern Shelf Lagoon and a Southern Shelf lagoon – the dividing 

point being at the Belize river delta in Belize City. The Northern shelf Lagoon running from 

Belize City to San Pedro and including the Chetumal Bay is relatively shallow with depths not 

exceeding three (3) fathoms. 

The Northern Shelf lagoon is shallow and flat, being interrupted by relict drainage channel and 

sinkholes caused by Pleistocene erosion (Purdy 1974; Scott 1966). One of these channels the 

English Caye or Eastern Channel, makes a deep undulating cut of about 30 meters in depth 

through the Barrier platform. This Channel probably represents an old streambed of either the 

Belize River or Sibun River. Other noted drainage channels in the reef includes – the Saint 

George’s Caye Channel and the Caye Caulker–Caye Chapel channel. 

2.1.2.2 Bathymetry 

There has been published data on the depth profile and bathymetry of the proposed project area, 

which was done for the BEL Power II Project. The Tunich Nah Survey Team in its April and 

May site surveys did some limited work in this area. This survey was undertaken mainly to 

provide information in regards to the route of the FOC [See Figs. 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4] and to verify 

that the data collected for the BEL Power II project is still valid and could be utilized for this 

project. 

The oceanic bathymetry of the near shore environment near Ambergris Caye along the project 

corridor site is best described as a shallow lagoonal shelf (See Fig. 2.3 & 2.4). This description is 

not applicable for the southwestern portion of the general marine area that comprises the Boca 

Chica Canal (Hol Chan Marine Reserve boundary) which has depths of ten feet and with strong 

oceanic currents. 

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Fig 2.2 Depth Profile of project area for Stage 2 Phase 1 

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Fig 2.3: Depth Profile for Stage 2 Phase 2a 

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Fig 2.4: Depth Profile for Stage 2 Phase 2b 

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2.1.2.3 Winds and Waves 

The coast of Belize is subjected to southeasterly trade winds that average 10-18 knots. The 

greatest trade winds are experienced in July (Stoddart, 1962). The coastal regions of the 

country including Ambergris Caye, get the majority of the winds. The southeasterly trade 

winds are the prevailing winds in the tropics, blowing from the high-pressure area in the 

Horse latitudes (Subtropical High) towards the low-pressure area around the equator. 

The prevailing winds [See Fig 2.5a] are the main driving force for waves and surface currents 

in coastal Belize and by extension the project area, especially eastern portion of Ambergris 

Caye. During the periods when the southeasterly and easterly winds prevail, maximum wave 

energy are developed in the deep seas, which are dissipated at the crest of the barrier reef, as 

well as over the barrier platform, with the breaking of these waves. During these times the 

waters surrounding the caye become richly oxygenated – which bodes well for the flora and 

fauna in the area. 

The coastal lagoon portion of the project site is not subjected to the strong wave action and 

therefore remains relatively calm throughout the year. This is primarily due to the water 

depth and associated bathymetry of the area as well as the prevailing winds as mentioned 

earlier. The wave action of the lagoon area however, is suffice to generate localized erosion 

over time as can be seen in several back dated maps of the area. This is especially important 

when the prevailing winds shifts to the northerlies and the shelf lagoon’s current intensifies. 

Further outwards, the wave action intensifies as the waters become more exposed to the 

winds and head towards mainland. This dynamic process is a continuous cycle that is 

dependent on the prevailing winds, its direction and the wave energy generated by the current 

influxes. 

The general wind pattern for the proposed project site is that of a east-southeasterly wind 

during the dry season, easterly winds in the rainy season and occasional northerly winds 

during the cooler months (October to February [See Fig. 2.5b]). In the period March-June the 

average wind speed is highest but the average wind-speed inland is considerable lower than 

along coastal areas. 

Fig. 2.5a: Wind Direction 

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KNOTS 

% 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

84 

82 

80 

78 

76 

74 

32 

GUSTINESS 

PHILIP GOLDSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (1962 -1996) 

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY 35 JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

Fig. 2.5 b: Annual Wind Speed and Gusts-PGIA 

Relative Humidity & Bright Sunshine 

Philip Goldson International Airport 

77 

9 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

2-8 

32 

83 

Relative Humidity Bright Sunshine 

Fig. 2.5c: Relative Humidity and Sunshine. 

2.1.2.4 Tides 

10 

8 

Hours 

6 

4 

2 

0

The world's oceans are in constant flux. Winds and currents move the surface water causing 

waves. Ocean levels fluctuate daily as the sun, moon and earth interact. As the moon travels 

around the earth and as they, together, travel around the sun, the combined gravitational 

forces cause the world's oceans to rise and fall. Tides vary from day to day. As the earth, 

moon, and sun orbit, their positions constantly shift, causing slightly different gravitational 

effects. This causes the tides to occur at slightly different times. Tides also vary from place to 

place. Geographical position determines the level of tide. 

Belize experiences semi-diurnal tides with amplitudes in the order of 0.5 M during normal 

weather and about 0.8 M in variation during the cold fronts. Another phenomenon affecting 

tidal amplitude in Belize and at the project site in general is the “Sun Tides” in October and 

March, in any given year. During these times the ‘migration’ of the Sun to and from the 

southern hemisphere has an additive effect on the tides, which are otherwise primarily 

dominated by the gravitational pull of the moon. 

During these times both the high tides and low tides are higher than ‘normal’. These 

variations may be on the order of 8 inches to 1 ft. The highest sun tides are experienced 

during the full moon and new Moon phases of the lunar cycle in which the high tide is 

referred to as “Higher High Water Spring Tide” or HHWS. During these times the low tide is 

referred to as “Higher Low Water Spring Tide” or HLWS. During the lower tidal cycle, 

which occurs during the 1 st Quarter and 3 rd or Last Quarter phase of the lunar cycle, the high 

tides are referred to as “Higher High Water Neap Tide” or HHWN: The low tides are 

referred “Higher Low Water Neap Tide” of HLWN. 

The ‘Sun Tides’ can have a severe inundating or ‘flooding’ and erosional effect on low lying 

areas. During the times of the sun tides and in markedly rough sea states, some of the coastal 

portion in the vicinity of the project corridor can become waterlogged and inundated by the 

sea. This is especially important were the mangrove swamp land extends from the coastal 

areas into the project site. The reduced elevation and gently sloping profile of the beach in the 

coastal area of the project site is a function of low tidal amplitude and the reduced energy 

efficiency. 

2.1.2.5 Current 

Ocean waters are constantly on the move. Currents flow in complex patterns affected by 

wind, the water’s salinity and heat content, bottom topography, and the earth’s rotation. The 

currents influencing the depositional and erosional processes are derived from both winddriven 

and tidal sources. The wind driven currents are greater in magnitude and are in general 

more influential in affecting the dynamics of the coastal ecosystems. 

The marine section of the project comprises of approximately 24 km, thus the current flow 

differs from area to area. As can be seen from Fig. 2.7 and Fig. 2.8, the current direction is 

constant in the open sea, which is influenced by the prevailing winds which exert a dominant 

influence on current directions, resulting in a South to South West movement, except for 

points #1 and #4. The current at point 1 is near the coastline, and due to the contour of the 

coast, the current goes out. In the case of point 4, this effect is influenced by the area known 

as Bulkhead Shoals that exist to the north of the project corridor, thus the under currents tend 

to follow the contour of the shoal, forcing the current to go in an opposite direction due to the 

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off-shoot. 

The prevailing winds also result in marine wave action moving predominantly towards the 

South Southwest. The pattern then changes the closer we get to San Pedro, this being 

influenced by the contour of Ambergris Caye. As can be seen from Fig 2.8, the current flows 

to the south southeast which is caused by the influence of the emptying tides. In the shallow 

San Pedro Lagoon, the currents are also influenced by tides due to the fact that the deepest 

area is no more than 2 to 3 feet. Currents in the Lagoon system flow primarily from the 

North-Northeast towards a South-South westerly direction. 

The prevailing water movement entering the Caribbean is the wind-driven Guiana Current, 

flowing from southeast to northwest; this becomes the Caribbean Current, flowing through 

the Lesser Antilles with the majority reaching the Yucatan Strait (Hanson & von Twistern, 

1996). The current breaks at Rocky Point, northern Belize, to form a small gyre that drives 

the sea off Belize to flow from north to south (Perkins, 1983). 

While the prevailing current flow moves from north to south, powerful northerly winds 

during cold fronts or other storm events may generate temporary strong currents that may 

carry materials such as sediments as far as the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS). 

These currents do not only affect sediment transport but also the distribution of sessile 

organisms including grasses and algae. These currents vary seasonally and, though charted in 

general, have not been studied in detail (Hanson & von Twistern, 1996). 

Wind driven currents in the Belize City areas have been recorded at 1 - 1.5 knots at the 

immediate sub-surface depths and 0.2-0.6 knots at a depth of 1.8 meters (FAO/UNDP 

unpublished report, 1983). For the coastal portion of the project corridor, the currents of the 

Laguna de Boca Ciega and Caribbean Sea vary throughout the hydrographic profile from 

0.36 ft/s to 1.08 ft/s. Float patterns collected as part of the overall field data for the Laguna de 

Boca Ciega indicate speeds of .72 ft/sec or .43 knots around the coastal portion of the project 

site (Information gotten from South Beach EIA). 

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Fig: 2.6 Data for PGIA (Closest site data for project site) 

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(Courtesy Met Dept) 

Total Rainfall(mm) Avg. Min Temp Avg. Max Temp Relative Humidity(%) 

Sunshine 

hours 

Jan 127.2 69.1 82.6 82 6.9 

Feb 113.8 73.0 85.3 78 8.6 

Mar 99.9 72.5 84.7 80 8.2 

Apr 8.7 74.8 87.3 74 9.7 

May 115.1 78.1 89.6 76 9.0 

Jun 480.7 77.4 86.9 83 4.1 

Jul 119.2 77.5 88.0 80 7.1 

Aug 96.3 77.7 89.8 78 8.4 

Sep 258.2 77.0 89.6 81 6.4 

Oct 558.7 73.9 84.9 86 4.0 

Nov 7.5 68.2 84.0 75 8.0 

Dec 79.3 69.1 82.6 80 6.2 

Table 2.0 Monthly weather data for 2008 at Philip Goldson Airport (Courtesy MET Dept)

Fig 2.7: General Current Flow Pattern and Direction 

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Fig: 2.8 Current flow for phase 2a of stage 2 of the project (Taken from South Beach EIA) 

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2.1.2.6 Vulnerability to Tropical Cyclones 

The results of storm hazard analyses for Belize City can be used to characterize the site’s 

vulnerability to tropical cyclones. The average frequency for tropical storms or greater is 3.7 

years, for category 1 hurricanes or greater was 12 years. The development site lies in the path of 

most tropical cyclones that threaten Belize. Due to this it is at risk every 20.75 years for a 

category 3 or greater storm every 40 years. 

During the last 78 years (1931 – 2009) the highest frequency of recorded landfalls was near 

Corozal and Punta Gorda Towns, while the lowest was near San Pedro and Orange Walk Towns. 

At least 3 tropical cyclones made landfall in the general vicinity of the development site during 

the same period. Cyclones crossing the general area vary in strength and winds were reported as 

high as 120 knots [See Fig 2.9]. 

Tropical storms are the most frequent cyclones that impact the development site. TAOS Model 

Simulations 1 for an average strength tropical storm [48 knots sustained winds & NE Quad over 

site] impacting this site, indicate that maximum winds of 19 m/s and storm surge of 1.1 meters 

would impact the area. Therefore for the proposed project it will take place during the dry 

weather season, which also happens to be the period void of tropical storms and hurricanes. 

Locatrions of Hurricane Landfalls 

1 

Simulations conducted by The Forecast Office 1953-2004 of The National Meteorological Service 

Frequency 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

3 

5 5 

BELIZE CITY COROZAL PUNTA GORDA SANPEDRO STANN CREEK ORANGE WALK 

Fig. 2.9: Locations of Hurricane Landfalls. 

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1 

3 

1

Maximum winds associated with hurricanes range from 35 m/s for category 1 to 75 m/s for 

category 5. The entire corridor site is impacted for these winds. For a category 1 hurricane, the 

wind field extends 12 kilometers inland while for a category 5 hurricane it extends 10 kilometers 

inland. 

Belize lies within the hurricane belt and is often targeted by significant tropical weather. The 

hurricane season lasts from June to November, more or less coinciding with the rainy season. 

Hurricanes bring high winds, heavy rains and tidal waves in the case of the bigger ones. Because 

of the risks posed by hurricanes, it is recommended that important structures (at both landing 

sites, and the marker buoys) be designed to withstand high wind speeds. 

Designing for higher wind speeds depends on the project tolerance for risk or an analysis of the 

cost of alternatives such as appropriate insurance coverage. It should be noted that the Caribbean 

Uniform Building Code (CUBiC) gives a 50-year return period hurricane wind speed of 121 mph 

for Belize based on 3-second gust; however it should also be noted that storm activity in the 

region has been higher in the past 10 years or so than in the preceding 50 years, and Belize has 

experienced 2 storms with wind speeds above 130mph in just the past 5 years. 

Sustained periods of heavy rains cause flooding during hurricanes and tropical storms. In the 

case of San Pedro, however, flooding as a result of rainfall is unlikely to be a major factor 

because of the interconnection of the internal bodies of water with the sea and lagoon, which 

means that water levels will always tend to that of mean sea level, but is prone to flooding in the 

Northern Belize district area. On the other hand, the project area would be highly vulnerable to 

inundation from storm surge in the event of hurricane for both San Pedro and Northern Belize 

District. Because of the fairly small geographic extent and the flat topography of the area, such 

inundation would likely affect the entire Ambergris Caye in a very short period of time. 

2.1.2.7 Water Quality 

The physical water quality parameters are the functions which modify and influence the 

structural and biological elements of the barrier lagoon and by extension the proposed project 

corridor site. With this in mind several water samples were collected as part of the water quality 

assessment and monitoring plans ( See Chapter 6). The analysis were conducted primarily to 

determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the receiving marine environment and to 

formally establish a water quality data base. 

In this token, the EIA preparer took 2 sets of water samples (See Fig. 2.10). In the first 2 set, 7 

water samples were collected and taken to an accredited DoE laboratory for testing. In the last 

set of water samples 7 samples were collected and analyzed in-situ. The following summarizes 

the water quality of the project site. 

Transparency 

The waters coming from the ocean and flushing over the Barrier Platform are clear and largely 

free of turbid influences. The clarity of this deep ocean water is attributable to its nutrient-poor 

status and consequently low primary productivity. Cumulative results of the turbidity, suspended 

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solids and total dissolved solids reading indicate that the Laguna de Boca Ciega along with the 

portions of the Hol Chan Marine Reserve that are close to the project corridor are satisfactory. 

Turbidity readings for the project site were very low indicating crystalline and transparent 

conditions 

The Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved Solids values for the different in-situ and analyzed 

sites showed a similar pattern and in fact are directly correlated to the turbidity readings. Both 

these parameters were very low and indicative of crystalline waters with very fine suspended 

solids and silt content. There was little variation between the sampling points for both parameters 

which could implicate that there was little deviation from the normal concentrations. 

Transparency is an important component in recreational waters and as such is the first visible 

indicator of anthropogenic pollution. The relative low ranges for these three parameters, 

especially for the leeward side of the project site, can be attributed to the calmer sea states (wave 

action and energy) and ocean currents within the entire project area. 

Nutrients 

The nutrient levels (nitrates/phosphates) for the different sampling sites were low and indicative 

of low- induced impacts and/or flow through circulation as is common in non-stratified water 

columns. The total phosphate value ranged from 0.02 mg/l to 0.05 mg/l which is low by DoE 

standards for any water body. Samples 1, 2 and 7 had the highest readings for this parameter at 

0.05 and 0.03 mg/l respectively (See Fig. 2.10). These values can probably be attributed to the 

effects of the Bay of Chetumal, although other factors can be considered as well. 

Conversely, the nitrate concentrations for these two points were low as compared to the other 

sites. The nitrate concentration ranged from 6.60 mg/l to 8.36 mg/l which is normal for these 

types of water bodies. 

In regards to the oxygen concentrations, the results were very encouraging as the values were 

more than7.58 % which indicates a good saturation mixture. The oxygen concentrations ranges 

are important in maintaining a healthy marine environment. 

Salinity 

Salinity varies across the Belizean continental shelf in a north to south direction, as well as in an 

east to west direction. The variation in salinity along an east to west axis generally shows higher 

salinities as one proceeds eastwards or away from the mainland influences, which is a function of 

the decreased riverine freshwater inputs. Thus oceanic conditions with relatively high salinities 

(3.0-3.8 %) prevail in the more distal waters of the shelf lagoon, as well as the barrier lagoon and 

reef system. This situation is accentuated during the drier months. Thus oceanic conditions are 

normally experienced in the deep sea and across barrier lagoon, the barrier Platform and the deep 

sea beyond the reef. 

The salinity range recorded by TNCE during the field visits were uniform and within range of 

the aforementioned oceanic conditions. The range varied from 24 ppt at the back of the Laguna 

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de Boca Ciega to 3.18 % at the windward side facing the Hol Chan Marine Reserve [See Fig. 

2.10]. This area registered the highest concentration averaging about 3.19%s whilst the lagoon 

portion registered a lower range. 

This pattern also holds true for the conductivity values which are similar across all the sets taken 

as well as for the total hardness concentration. 

Similarly, the temperature ranges within the sample sites remained constant averaging about 23 - 

24º C. However, the area closer to the mainland registered slightly lower reading for all 

parameters. The results however [See Fig 2.10] are still within the acceptable range and will not 

have any major impact on the project. 

2.1.2.8 Heavy Metals 

Reviewing the results provided by Pace Analytical Laboratory [See Annex V], there were only 

four heavy metals that were detected in the 7 samples sent for analysis. Four heavy metals were 

detected at the sample site 1 which was the closest to the mainland. Sample sites 2, 3, 4 & 5 had 

only two heavy metals detected, while sample sites 6 and 7 had three heavy metals detected. Of 

the four heavy metals detected, only two were present in all samples, namely Arsenic and 

Chromium. 

All samples had Arsenic present in quantities that are within acceptable limits. Uncontaminated 

marine sediment contains a level of 5 – 40 mg/kg of Arsenic. It must be noted that Arsenic 

originates from volcanic and hydrothermal sources, along with pollution from mining, 

agricultural runoff and several other anthropogenic sources. It is therefore noted that the range 

of Arsenic detected in our studies, from 1.57 to 5.29 mg/kg, is well within the acceptable limits 

for marine sediment [See Annex V]. 

Chromium was also present in all samples. Based on Alternate Metal Standards (AMS) the 

highest acceptable limit for Chromium is 22.0 mg/kg. The detected amount of Chromium was in 

the range of 1.37 to 4.83mg/kg, which meets standards [See Annex V]. The highest reading was 

at sample site 1, and this could be attributed to the influence of land based runoff and also from 

the Bomba, New River and Rio Hondo Rivers that empty into the area, combined with the longshore 

sediment drift. 

Selenium was the third heavy metal detected in the samples; however this metal was only found 

in samples, 1, 6 & 7. These three samples are notably at the beginning of the corridor, and at the 

sampling site in the Boca Ciega Area and in the San Pedro Lagoon. The acceptable range limits 

for Selenium is 0 .046 to 10.65 mg/kg [See Annex V]. The results had a range of 3.52 to 7.86 

mg/kg, thus well within the allowable and safety limits. It is considered that the three areas with 

detectable limits of Selenium are due to the fact that Selenium can be cause by runoffs of sewer 

ponds and untreated liquid/sewage waste (anthropogenic sources). Considering that the last two 

sampling sites with the highest readings are located behind San Pedro Town [See Fig. 2.10b] and 

close to the sewer lagoons, the result can be attributed to the effluent of the sewer ponds. 

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Finally, Zinc is the last detected heavy metal of all the samples, and it was only detected in the 

first sample at a level of 2.49 mg/kg [See Annex V]. According to AMS the allowable limit of 

Zinc is 90.0 mg/kg. Thus as can be seen, the detected level is way below the allowable limit. 

Therefore, as can be determined from the results of the analysis, there is no potential danger from 

the re-suspension of heavy metals into the water column by the project activities proposed by btl. 

For a more detailed report, see Annex V. 

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Fig. 2.10: Water Quality Results 

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Fig. 2.10 (b): Heavy metals sampling sites and Results 

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2.1.3 Geology 

The geological component will consist of a geological history of the area along with the relevant 

geomorphology and subsurface geology. The components also describe northern Belize to a 

larger extent. Much of the geological information obtained for this section was extracted from 

geological studies undertaken by Dr. S. J. Mazzullo on Ambergris Caye, which can be viewed at: 

http://ambergriscaye.com/pages/mayan/Sedimentology-mazzullo.html and also Holocene 

Sediments of the Belize Shelf by Dr. Clif Jordan,2002. 

The geology of Belize is divided into two (2) principal types of consolidated rocks. These two 

(2) rock types are the younger, Cretaceous age thick limestone and non-calcareous rocks, and the 

older unfaulted Paleozoic sediments and igneous intrusions of the Maya Mountains (Dixon, 

1955). 

The Yucatan Peninsula is comprised of a large geologic area known as the Maya or Yucatan bloc 

(Donelly and others, 1990). The entire Yucatan Peninsula, including Belize, is included in the 

Maya or Yucatan Bloc. 

In Northern Belize, the Cretaceous to Eocene limestone bedrock is the principal geologic unit 

dominating the region (Ower, 1956). 

During phases of the late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous periods, the Yucatan Peninsula underwent 

deposition of carbonate material consisting chiefly of limestone and dolomite. Limestone 

deposition occurred during the late Cretaceous period (Donelly and Ramos, 1990). 

Flores (1952) and Ower (1956) have described these limestones as ranging from Cretaceous to 

Eocene in age. Limestones in Northern Belize are inter-bedded with sediments such as 

siltstones, sands and clays (Ower, 1956). 

The rocks of Northern Belize are classified primarily into two (2) principal groups: 

(a) white marls and associated deposits, and, 

(b) Limestones. 

2.1.3.1 Geological History 

Ambergris Caye and the northern part of the Belize mainland, lies within the geologic area 

known as the Yucatan Platform. The geologic history of this area before the Cretaceous Period 

(some 140 million years ago) is only partially understood. Apparently the Yucatan Platform and 

presumably the Ambergris Caye area was land 195 million years ago and between 195 and 140 

million years ago (during the Jurassic Period) the area was slowly inundated by sea waters and 

sediments began to be deposited on the platform area (Mazzulu, 2000). 

By 140 million years ago the platform was nearly all under water with limestones being 

deposited all across it. The conditions responsible for relatively continuous deposition of 

limestones have persisted until fairly recently, from a geologic point of view. This has resulted in 

the formation of a thick sequence of limestones that underlie Ambergris Caye and the northern 

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Belize. In recent geologic time the area of and around Ambergris Caye has alternated between 

being a shallow sea floor and being exposed as dry land. 

In other words the glaciers alternately advanced and retreated across the continents during the 

Pleistocene Period, from 1.6 million to 10,000 years ago. As they advanced and ice built up, 

global sea level dropped and exposed the limestones on the caye to rainwater, which resulted in 

the formation of the many caves and sinkholes (cenotes) on the caye and throughout Belize. 

These features are known as "karst". As the glaciers retreated global sea level rose and new 

limestones were formed. 

On Ambergris Caye, the oldest rocks exposed at the surface are Late Pleistocene and Holocene 

in age (See Fig. 2.1). The youngest limestones on the caye, such as at Reef (Rocky) Point, are 

125,000 years old and they were exposed on land until about 6,100 years ago when sea level 

began to rise again to its present stand. These rocks also have karst features. 

2.1.3.2 Geomorphology and Sub-surface Geology 

In geological time the project corridor area and Ambergris Caye were created by the deposition 

of sediments, consisting of calcareous materials (sand and mud), which were overlain above a 

limestone ridge [See Figs. 2.11 & 2.11(b)]. The formation of this ridge started about 2 million 

years ago during the Pleistocene era and continues into the present period. The various sediments 

overlaying this limestone are found in different areas of the peninsula but a general pattern is 

clear. Along the beach berm the sediments are predominantly sand derived from fragments of 

coral formations and allies. 

The sands in the lagoon system behind the reef and within the reef system itself are also derived 

from this source. In the region east of Ambergris Caye in the area referred to as Chetumal Bay 

there are also deposition of sandy structures but the source is different. These sands are derived 

primarily from 1 cell protozoan animals often referred to as “Sordid Foramifera”[See Fig 

2.11(b)]. As a general rule these sands are much finer than the sands derived from the coral 

formations and are not as much sought after for recreational purposes such as tourism resorts. 

The Bulkhead Shoals [See Fig. 2.11(d)] are practically in the midway point of the project 

corridor, and this area has effects on the currents and material makeup of the area. Due to the 

muddy areas [See Fig. 2.11(b), there are approximately 8 to 12 inches of mud/silt on top of the 

sand on the seabed. 

Further North West near the mainland and in the Cangrejo Shoals area [See Fig 2.11(c)], these 

minute sediments get even smaller, being derived primarily from the breakdown of microscopic 

“Miliolid Foraminifera”. As a consequence of small particle size these sediments are 

characteristically muddy in texture. 

In certain areas there are exposed limestone outcroppings at various location interspersed with 

areas that are covered by sediments. In these areas the limestone is close to the surface and it is 

between these exposed ridges that sediments settle with depths ranging from 0 – 2 m. Along with 

2-22

the beach ridge these exposed limestone areas support the major terrestrial plant and animal 

communities of Ambergris Caye. 

Areas not part of the beach ridge or the exposed limestone areas fall into the wetlands region, 

which comprise a large area of the Ambergris Caye peninsula. Although not used for residential 

or tourism development these wetland areas are vital to the well being of the marine ecosystem, 

providing a variety of services, including filtration of sediments, nurseries for juvenile marine 

life forms and protection from storm damage. 

A typical cross section of Ambergris Caye and associated areas is shown in Fig.2.11. The figure 

shows the main geological formation from Chetumal Bay to the barrier reef including the main 

sediment formations between Ambergris Caye and the mainland and Ambergris Caye and the 

Belize Barrier Reef. 

Fig. 2.11: Typical cross section of the geological formations underlying Ambergris Caye and 

associated areas. 

2-23

Fig 2.11(b) Classification of Sea-bead for the country of Belize 

2-24

Fig. 2.11(c): Map showing the Cangrejo Shoals area 

Fig. 2.11(d) Map showing location of Bulkhead Shoals 

2-25

Fig. 2.12 Geological Map of Belize 

2-26

Fig 2.13: Geological Chart for Belize 

2-27

2.1.3.3 Seismology 

According to the seismicity of Central America and the seismic intensity map of Belize, much of 

this activity is located to the west in the mountainous provinces of Chiapas, Mexico and the south 

in neighboring Guatemala and Honduras [See Plate 2.1 and Fig. 2.14]. For Belize, earthquake 

hazard increases steadily from the north to the south and in addition, as can be seen in Fig. 2.14, 

the project falls in the < 5.0 magnitude scale (Richter scale). Earthquakes that affect the country of 

Belize occur in the Gulf of Honduras which is the plate boundary zone between North America 

and the Caribbean. Belize, on occasion would experience mild tremors as the one experienced on 

November 26, which occurred in Chiapas, Mexico and was registered at 5.8. 

Ambergris Caye is located parallel along a major fault line or zone as can be seen in the Geological 

Fault Location map, (See Figs. 2.15, 2.15(b) & 2.15 (c)). This cannot be said for the entire length 

the modern barrier reef as it sits atop a prominent fault that separates the shallow platform to the 

west from the deeper Caribbean to the east, where water depths progressively approach 13,123 feet 

(4,000 meters). Turneffe, Lighthouse and Glovers Atolls all sit atop major fault blocks ("horsts") 

that formed as a result of the eastward sliding of the Caribbean plate past Belize and the North 

American plate. The major NE-trending faults shown in the accompanying map are "normal faults" 

that include portions that have dropped down on their eastern sides. The nearly EW-trending fault 

on the south is the boundary of the North American and Caribbean plates. 

With this in mind and based on the different geological maps, the proposed project is prone to 

some seismic activity. It is necessary therefore that the cable is buried at an appropriate depth, and 

that the casing of the cable be designed to withstand any such activities. 

2 - 28

Fig. 2.14 Seismic Intensity Map of Belize and project site 

2 - 29

Fig. 2.15 Geological Fault Map of Belize 

2 - 30

Fig 2.15 (b) Map showing the Motagua Swan Island Fault 

Fig 2.15(c): Map showing the regional faults, plates and movements 

2 - 31

2.1.4 Soils 

The soil profile of the proposed project was determined based on the geological history of the 

area as well as data obtained in the field by the consultancy team. The soils component, which is 

a part of the geological description, will consist of a soil profile describing the effects it will have 

on the project activities. 

2.1.4.1 Soil Characterization 

In the land classification scheme Ambergris Caye falls within the Northern Coastal Plains land 

region (King et. al., 1992). The landform in this region is characteristically flat to undulating. At 

Ambergris Caye four principal land subtypes are identifiable, but often in combination with each 

other. These are: 

a) Corozal Saline (ZY) – Soils of the Corozal Saline region contain Shipstern and Ycacos 

soils, which support different vegetation types depending on their associations or 

isolation from each other. In some areas scrub savannah vegetation will be found whereas 

in other areas tree savannahs are found. In purely Ycacos soils mangrove formations and 

herbaceous swamps will thrive. Ycacos soils are highly saline hence favoring salt tolerant 

species. The parent material of these soils, are hill wash and wet alluvial. 

b) North Ambergris Plain (AL) – Contain Shipstern Soils, which on the North Ambergris 

Plain are shallow calcareous sands over ancient coral. The Shipstern parent material is 

beach sand. These soils are characterized by limited moisture content, having limited 

water available to plants during the extended dry season, which is typical of this region. 

These soils support primarily beach type broadleaf forest. 

c) West Ambergris Plain (AN) – Like the Corozal Saline, soils of the West Ambergris Plain 

also contains Shipstern and Ycacos soils. Not surprisingly, these soils are often found at 

the intergrade between the Corozal Saline and the North Ambergris Plain System. 

d) Ambergris Strand Plain (AB) – Contain the so called “Ambergris Soils”, which dominate 

the windward side of the peninsula and are formed from the accumulation of sandy 

sediments which were deposited by the southerly flowing long shore currents that flow 

parallel to Ambergris Caye. 

2.1.4.2 Bedrock/Resistance Probing 

A series of rod perforations were done to bedrock on the project site, especially Stage 2 Phases 2 

a & b to determine the different soil layers and to determine their depth, structure and suitability 

for the proposed project. These perforations were done along the proposed project corridor and 

although there were some variations in depth, a general picture of the prevailing bedrock pattern 

emerged [See Figs. 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4]. These probing were done to in order to determine the ease of 

access to the required 3 feet for cable burial into the sea bed, and the type of material that will be 

encountered. 

2 - 32

The profile shows that along Stage 2 Phase 1, there won’t be any need to penetrate into bedrock, 

as there is sufficient sand material along the proposed project corridor. The material in the 

section tends to range from clay with sand to sandy silt with small gravel and shells as the 

corridor moves East towards San Pedro. The lagoon water column depth behind San Pedro 

varied from 0’ – 4 feet with the upper horizontal layer of the lagoon bed consisted of decaying 

inorganic matter mostly from plant debris (peat) with some fine sediment, clays, and sand. This 

layer was readily distinguishable on the basis of appearance, having a dark black color. The 

upper horizon layer varied in depth from one locale on the property to the next but mostly fell 

between 0 – 3.5 feet. 

Such peat formations are called Cyclothems. A cyclothem is a unit of peat and clastic sediments. 

The clastic sediment is the accumulated remains of broken rocks and skeletal remains of dead 

organism (detritus). Beneath the peat layer is the limestone bedrock, which as was previously 

mentioned can protrude to the surface along the coastal ridge. 

2.1.4.3 Soil Sample Profile 

During the study, soil samples were collected at 4 locations and analyzed (See Fig.2.16). The 

results show the samples collected at the different sites are composed predominantly of clay with 

sand to sandy silt with small gravel and shells as it travels towards the East. In other words, fine 

to coarse sand that is mixed with calcareous (carbonatious) materials. The results also show that 

the composition of sand in the total makeup decreases as one move away from the coastline. The 

proposed project will therefore look for this type of sand in order to carry out the project 

activities. 

2.1.4.4 Recommendation of Soil Study 

The main trust of the geotechnical study was the performance of determining the bedrock 

elevation by coring at selected locations in an attempt to determine the soil profile. Due to the 

fact that the soils were highly silty, this sampling was difficult. However, it soon became clear 

that the soil profile is very consistent along the proposed site, and especially down to a shallow 

depth that is typical of Ambergris Caye when drawing near to San Pedro. 

2 - 33

Left: Sample A showing mostly clay with sand and some prop roots. Minimal peat material 

being excavated nearby. Right: Sand mixed for the first 2 ft with Sandy silt being the remaining 

18 inches [See Fig. 2.16] 

Plate 2.2 Examples of Soil Conditions along Project Corridor for Stage 2 Phase 1 

Left: Sample C showing mostly silty sand and sandy silt with some sparse shells. Right: Silty 

Sand mixed with sandy silt and Small gravel with shells [See Fig. 2.16] 

Plate 2.3 Examples of Soil Conditions along Project Corridor for Stage 2 Phase 1 

2 - 34

Fig. 2.16 Sediment Sample Location 

2 - 35

The probing of the project corridor reveals low bearing capacity soils to a shallow depth over 

Stage 2 Phase 2 a & b. Refusal was encountered in all locations at relatively shallow depths 

which indicate a large shallow bedrock zone [See Figs. 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4]. As can be seen from the 

soil testing results described, the soils in the upper levels on the project area have low bearing 

capacity. Because of the type of soils encountered (organic silt and some sand) it is not advisable 

to place floating or strip foundations for significant structures to bear on these soils. Not only are 

the bearing capacities very low, but also the properties of organic soils are unreliable and often 

change over time as matter decays. 

Recommendations 

Based on the results of the bedrock probing and the soil sampling, it is recommended that the 

water jet plough be used for Stage 2 Phase 1 of the project, while a backhoe or similar equipment 

be utilized to complete Stage 2 Phase 2 a & b due to the high emergence of bedrock. 

2.1.5 Displacement of Materials 

The project activities for the proposed project will be carried out in by a series of forecasted 

project activities. With this in mind, the aforementioned component will involve two (2) phases 

that will be broken down to smaller sub-phases as the development progresses. Therefore, the 

activities process will involve the burial of Stage 2 Phase 1, which is 19.15 km of mostly sand, 

clay and silt, and then Stage 2 Phase 2 the last 4.11 km the proposed project which is comprised 

of some sand and bedrock [See Figs. 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4]. Considering these forecasted activities, the 

project has no plans to utilize the excavated materials (spoils) for any purpose. The material is 

expected to fall back naturally. 

In the general view of the forecasted activities and considering the project site, the development 

plans to utilize the spoils to backfill over the SFOC, especially along the bedrock areas [See Fig. 

1.6]. 

2.1.5.1 Types of Cable Burial Equipment 

There are many factors in choosing the correct and appropriate equipment for the proposed 

project activities. One of these factors is the type of material, depth of water, the location of the 

activity and finally, the deposition of the dredging spoils or materials. There are a variety of tools 

or dredgers capable of being used for such a project. So all these issues may play an important 

role in economic analysis, but ultimately, if the work is to be accomplished by contract, the 

competitive bidding process will often serve as the final decision mechanism (Herbich, 2000). 

With this in mind it is anticipated that the proposed btl FOC project will utilize a Jetting Plough 

for the major portion of the anticipated. This type of equipment uses a jetting system that forces 

out water at the base of the plough, thus liquefying the sediment, the plough then easily digs the 

substrate to the desired depth. Immediately behind, the FOC is laid, and due to the liquefied 

material still in suspension, the cable sinks easily into the material that was disturbed, which 

resettles covering the cable. This equipment is towed behind a barge or supply vessel [See Plate 

2 - 36

2.4 & 2.5]. 

The other mechanism will include the use of some sort of excavator and grab type machines [See 

Plate 2.5] for the Stage 2 Phase 2 a & b section of the project, due to the fact that bedrock is 

inches of the sea floor. Little can be done to mitigate direct effects of activities in this type of 

environment, but due to the fact that it is mostly bedrock, the sedimentation problem will be 

greatly reduced. This compiled with the operation only occurring during incoming tides, the 

possibility detrimental sedimentation occurring to sensitive areas south of the project will be 

minimal. Choosing a method and environmental circumstance that minimizes damage is the 

ultimate purpose of the project. It is therefore important to note, that since the burial of the cable 

will be contracted, the equipment utilized will probably change, but if that is the case, a complete 

report on the methodology used will be submitted to DOE as it becomes available. 

2 - 37

Platform Supply Vessels 

Plate 2.4: Types of Supply vessels used in cable laying operations 

2 - 38

Left: Example of a back hoe outfitted with a crusher on the bucked. This assists in breaking up 

the bedrock so that it can be used as back fill. Note the rotating crusher on the stern of the 

bucket. Right: Sketch of plough jetter used in soft areas [See Annex III]. 

Plate 2.5 Examples of Equipment to be utilized 

2.1.5.2 Volumes of Displaced Materials 

Based on the calculations [See Table 2.2] of the forecasted events (Stage 2 Phases 1 & 2), the 

proposed project will disturb an estimated 7,781.50 cubic meters of material that will not be 

extracted, but instead will be used to cover the SFOC. Based on this methodology, the volume 

of material displaced will be adequate to cover the SFOC providing additional protection. 

Of this amount, it is estimated that Stage 2 Phase 1 will displace about 7,011.21 m 3 of material 

and Stage 2 Phases 2 a & b will displace 770.29m³ of material. The entire area to be disturbed, 

with dimensions of approximately 3 ft deep by 1.5 ft wide will measure about 2.11 acres. The 

seabed profile for this site consists of an uneven floor with several undulating mounds where 

material can be obtained for fill [See Figs. 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4]. Other seafloor profiles of the site 

indicate that there is ample sand depth in the first Phase, however, for Phase 2, due to the 

emergence of bedrock; another methodology will be utilized. 

These volumes are modest given the scale and magnitude of the proposed project. It is 

anticipated, as explained previously, that much of the material will consist of sand, clay, gravel, 

shells and peat. The activities conducted in these areas will not impose major environmental 

impacts that can and will be mitigated by means of engineering controls and monitoring (See 

Chapters 5 and 6). 

2-39

Table 2.1 Anticipated disturbed volumes of material caused by the proposed project 

LOCATION SUBSTRATE 

TYPE 

LENGTH 

(km) 

2-40 

WIDTH 

(m) 

AREA 

(acres) 

A to B Sea bed 19.15 0.38 1.80 

B to Channel Bedrock 1.28 0.30 0.10 

Channel to Sediment & 2.83 0.30 0.21 

Landing Bedrock 

TOTAL 

(break down) 

2.11 

Length (m) Width (m) Depth (m) Material (m³) Total 

Rock 

1280 0.31 0.91 361.09 

2200 0.31 0.6 409.20 

770.29 770.29 

Sand 

2200 0.31 0.31 211.42 

630 0.31 0.91 177.72 

19150 0.38 0.91 6622.07 

7011.21 7011.21 

Landings 

142 0.31 0.91 40.06 

9.14 0.31 0.91 2.58 

42.64 42.64 

GRAND TOTAL 7824.14 

2.1.5.3 Project Activities 

This activity will involve the use of engineering controls to safely operate in the area where it 

will be utilized. As described earlier, the operation will take place during daylight hours, which 

during the months of February to August have the highest amount of sunshine percentage [See 

Fig. 2.5c] and only during incoming tide once behind San Pedro. 

As mentioned previously, the project corridor runs for approximately 24 km from the mainland 

coast of Belize to San Pedro, Ambergris Caye [See Figs. 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4]. In considering the 

project corridor, the proposed project will need to utilize two types of equipments, one a plough

jetter and the other a back hoe with stone crushing capabilities [See Plate 2.5]. Noting that the 

spoil will be used to fill back over the SFOC, there will be no need for the transportation of the 

spoil material to any other destination. The material will resettle naturally, especially in Phase 2, 

which will then be used to cover the SFOC for further protection. This will aid in reducing 

navigational hazards, especially at night. 

2.1.5.4 Sedimentation Control 

In view of this, there is also no need for a containment mechanism. Taking into consideration 

the nature of the project and the methods to be utilized, the material will naturally settle over the 

SFOC and consolidate itself, providing protection to the SFOC. In other words, once the SFOC 

is laid, which is immediately after the plough passes; the material will settle and naturally 

compact itself. This is a very cost effective method for backfilling over the SFOC. 

This method has also been used on the BEL Power II Project that runs from coastal Belize to San 

Pedro, basically the same route as the btl SFOC. Subsequent to this activity, a visual survey is 

made of the entire cable route to ensure that the cable is indeed buried. If not, then sand is either 

obtained from another source or it is left for time to backfill by virtue of the currents and 

sediment transport from the rivers that empty into the area. 

Sedimentation or siltation for that matter will be generated during the project activities. In 

addition, these factors can be generated during the project development and more importantly 

during project operation. In view of the potential impacts this process can have on the 

environment the following practices will be taken into account along with the appropriate 

mitigation measures (See Chapter 6). 

The project activities will be done in phases. There will be a sufficient time between each 

phase for any suspended material to settle. 

All activities will be done in calm sea states thereby minimizing the potential for 

sediment dispersal. 

The activities behind San Pedro will only be done during the incoming tide. This will aid 

in avoiding the sedimentation plume to affect Hol Chan. 

2.1.5.5 Fire Control 

The section of the Overhead Fiber Optic Cable (OFOC) will be the only section of the cable that 

is vulnerable to fire. As can be seen from Fig. 2.17, the fire risk for the area is large, with a 

small section being extreme risk and the other sections low risk. It is therefore of utmost 

importance that the corridor be maintained and cleared, especially during the dry season, when 

fires are more abundant, which is from April to June, however, there is also a “maga season” 

during July to August that sometimes is also as dry. Due to the fact that btl will be using the 

transmission poles belonging to BEL, it is BEL’s job to maintain the corridors clean and clear of 

any debris that might be considered fuel for fires. 

2-41

Fig 2.17: Fire risk chart 

2.1.6 Ecosystem Profile 

This profile is described in detail in Section 2.2 along with a description of the flora and fauna of 

the entire project corridor. The ecosystem of importance to the project site is the Hol Chan 

Marine Reserve which is south of the project corridor. This marine reserve was declared a 

reserve by S.I. 57 of 1987 on the 25 th July 1987, and amended by S.I. 100 of 1999. The reserve 

is comprised of four zones, the Preservation Zone, the Conservation Zone, the General Use 

Zone, and Shark Ray Alley. It was again amended to include the Cangrejo Cayes by S.I. 116 of 

2008. 

Hol Chan has so far been the most widely visited reserve in the country (BTB 2007), and has 

been used as a model not only for the other reserves in the country, but also in the region. The 

reserve is well funded, and has its own trust fund that has been utilized to maintain and upgrade 

not only the park itself, by installing moorings within the area, but also to upgrade the reserve 

offices which are located in San Pedro Town. Thus the Reserve is not fully dependent on the 

budget of the Government of Belize. 

2-42

Due to the nature of the Reserve, the Fisheries Department is the Governmental agency 

responsible for all Marine Reserves, but due to the fact that the Reserve has a trust fund, there is 

a Board of Directors that manages the finances of the reserve, while the staff, under the 

directives of the Fisheries Department is responsible for the day to day activities of the Reserve 

and its operations at sea. The reserve has so far been one of the main reasons why the San Pedro 

Community divested their interest from Fishing to Tourism, and has prospered. It is with this in 

mind that the residents of the island are so protected of the Hol Chan Marine Reserve. 

2.1.7 Land Use 

It is anticipated that the land use for the project corridor and related surrounding areas will 

involve the use of traditional utilization coupled with the growing tourism sector as summarized 

in the following sections. 

2.1.7.1 Land Use of Project Site 

The project area is relatively an undeveloped zone except for the BEL transmission lines and 

submarine cable. Most of the developments around the area is tourism related. With this in mind, 

the proposed project will venture to further enhance tourism related business by offering fast and 

reliable service along with a host of related amenities and services that will sustain the project. 

Therefore the site currently has no agricultural value and considering the fact that the OFOC 

section is being accommodated by BEL transmission poles, the project won’t interfere with any 

activity planned for the area. 

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in Belize next to oil and generating substantial 

income for the country while requiring much more servicing that any other industry. As the 

main attraction of the Belizean tourism industry, this area continues to attract capital and new 

investments, which in turn provide opportunities for new settlers, migrant laborers and service 

providers who come to share in the windfall. Considering the potential land use of the project 

site, the proponent will not affect the planned use of any of the area that it is utilizing, due to the 

fact that stage one is overhead on existing poles, and stage 2 is underwater, in an area that for the 

most part has a low biodiversity value [See Fig. 2.11(b) & 2.19] and stage 3 is joining up to an 

already existing underground network that exists in San Pedro. Furthermore, the developer will 

construct and install the necessary support services and amenities that are required for such 

project. This will eventual give rise to an increase in the economic flow to San Pedro Town and 

to a greater extent, the entire Ambergris Caye. 

The project site is a component of already cleared corridor for the OFOC and marine (seabed) 

area for the burial of the SFOC. The project site runs basically NE from the coast near Bomba to 

San Pedro Town. The area will traverse areas that are already in use by a similar project, the 

BEL Power II Project Submarine Cable, and then traverses a small section utilized by 

commercial barges that either transport sugar from the Sugar Factories in the North to Belize 

City or carry cargo to and from San Pedro Town. Additionally, there is traffic by tour operators 

and guides in the area, which they utilize to reach other destinations such as Bomba, Maskall, 

Corozal, or when the weather is rough, they utilize the leeward side of Ambergris Caye to go 

north to Bacalar Chico. 

2-43

Basically as mentioned earlier, the section that comprises Stage 1 is being done on an area that is 

already in use by the BEL Power II Project, and the FOC will be going overhead from Maskall to 

Bomba and then to the coastline on the existing transmission poles that are in use by BEL. 

In the case of the FOC landing in San Pedro Town, btl presently has an underground network 

that will be utilized to avoid having the FOC overhead. This will also assist in case of storms 

and hurricanes, alleviating the problems of down lines due to heavy winds. 

2.1.7.2 Land/Seabed Tenure 

On the OFOC section, the land tenure issue is of no consequence since it is already being utilized 

by BEL project transmission poles which the SFOC will be utilizing. 

Since the area to be utilized has already been used by a similar project, and the major Stage of 

the project is the burial of the SFOC in the sea-bed, combined with the fact that the landing site 

in San Pedro is on a road access near an already existing manhole, the issue of Land use is of no 

major significance. 

Additionally, the marine area to be traversed by the project site is used by two main types of 

vessel movements. The primary, which has been the use for many decades is as the barge route 

See Fig. 2.18(b) used by Belize Sugar Industries Ltd. to transport sugar and molasses to Belize 

City and the awaiting ships in the harbor. 

The second use, which has increased within the last decade, is as a route for the barges that 

transport materials from Belize City to San Pedro Town, whether it is construction or food. This 

is one of the important routes, since it is the supply route for the town, and if this route is blocked 

or shut off, San Pedro could be in dire straits [See Fig. 2.18(b)]. 

2-44

Fig. 2.18 Protected Areas Map of Northern Belize 

2-45

2.1.7.3 Land Use of Surrounding Areas 

The area adjacent to the project corridor consists of areas that are primarily used as fishing 

camps that are either leased or privately owned. Some of these areas are a part of the Hol Chan 

Marine Reserve and are subject to protection according to the different zoning schemes of the 

reserve. A few fisher-folk and their staff utilize the back area of the lagoon for several fishing 

activities, both recreational and commercial. As can be seen from Fig. 2.18, no section of the 

Hol Chan Marine Reserve will be disturbed by the project activities. 

2.1.7.4 Zone of Influence 

The proposed project coupled with the increase growth in the tourism sector will undoubtedly 

affect both the social and receiving environment. It is anticipated that the zone of influence will 

not be limited to the development zones within the project site but will extend the entire breadth 

and length of the greater Ambergris Caye. This also includes the navigable areas of the project 

site and the neighboring Hol Chan Marine Reserve [See Fig. 2.18]. 

In the immediate vicinity of the project site all the settlements occupy a narrow band along the 

east coast. Indeed the prospects for settlements further inland (west) at this location are severely 

restrained by the presence of the Boca Ciega Lagoon and its surrounding marsh and mangrove. 

This lowland aquatic system essentially restricts development to a narrow strip along the east 

coast. There are no other land use in the immediate vicinity of this proposed project besides 

residential and tourism enterprises. It is anticipated that the proposed project will not influence 

other users of the area in terms of water and energy demand as well as wastewater and solid 

waste generation. In considering the project, the development will strictly be influencing the 

tourism sector and the Belizean population. It is anticipated that as the development unfolds, the 

information technology and traffic activity between San Pedro Town, Belize City and the worldwide-web 

will increase, thus increasing the exposure of not only San Pedro, but Belize on a 

whole under the guise of tourism potential and preferred destination. 

2-46

Fig: 2.18(b): Map Showing Traffic routes 

2-47

2.2 Flora and Fauna 

2.2.1 Vegetation 

Stage 1 of the project site is characterized by sub-tidal or permanently submerged aquatic 

vegetation and emergent inter-tidal herbaceous and woody flora, as well as terrestrial forest 

stands [See Fig.2.19]. The ‘rooted’ or attached sub-tidal vegetation of the site are a combination 

of sea grasses and macro-algae. 

Both the nearshore and offshore marine areas have patches of sparse sea grass beds. These sea 

grass beds are comprised almost exclusively of the Turtle Grass - Thalassia testudinum. In some 

areas the Turtle Grass foliage is punctuated intermittently by shoots of macro-algae such as the 

Shaving Bush Algae (Penicillus pyriformis), the feather-shaped algae ( Caulerpa cupressoides) 

and the Green Chain Algae ( Halimeda copiosa) [See Table 2.3]. In the nearshore areas and 

shallow consolidated sand banks of the primary coast, the presence of the Manatee Grass 

(Syringodium filiforme) is noticeable. 

The inter-tidal emergent vegetation and terrestrial flora near the project corridor at the beginning 

of the SFOC is dependent on the forest type or vegetation assemblage. Much of the area 

immediately landward of the mangrove ‘zone’ of the primary sea coast was characterized by a 

littoral forest [See Fig. 2.19]. This area was a relatively high berm and beach ridge [See Plate 

2.6]. This area contained species such as: the black poisonwood (Met opium brownei), the wild 

grape (Cocoloba uvifera), and the coconut (Cocos nucifera) [See Table 2.3]. 

The landward or western extent of the littoral forest was characterized by open grasslands and 

internal ponds which were for the most part rain-fed. The higher elevations of the corridor was 

characterized by the presence of less mangrove trees and scrubs and more woodland tree species 

such as the Gumbo Limbo (Bursera simaruba), the May Flower (Tabebouia rosea) and the Oak 

(Quercus anglohondurensis), as well as open grassland punctuated by isolated pine trees (Pinus 

caribaea) [See Table 2.3]. 

The shoreline of the primary coast was colonized by mangroves [See Plate. #’s 2.7 – 2.9]. There 

was the typical zonation of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), followed by Black (Avicennia 

germinans) and White Mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) [See Table 2.3]. 

However, due to the fact that both the starting and the exit point of the FOC will be on land 

already developed, there is no need for the clearance of any vegetation, but there are marine 

fauna, however not in a healthy distribution as in the fore-reef areas. As can be seen, the sea-bed 

is silty and muddy [See Plate 2.12]. This type of substrate basically promotes the growth of only 

sparse seagrass distribution and some algae as shown in Plate 2.10 & 2.11. 

2-48

Fig. 2.19 Land and Seabed Classification (Courtesy J. Meerman) 

2-49

Table 2.2: Aquatic and Terrestrial Vegetation Found in and around the Project Area 

Common Name Scientific Name Source 

& 

Abundance 

Sub-Tidal 

Manatee Grass Syringodium filiforme Common 

Patchy distribution 

Halimeda Halimeda spp. Occasional 


Green Algae Penicillus spp. Rare 


Red Algae Laurencia spp. Rare 


Brown Algae Dictyota linearis Occasional and patchy distribution 

Shaving Brush Algae Penicillus spp. Occasional and patchy distribution 

Mangroves 

Red Mangrove Rhizophora mangle Abundant 

Definitive stands 

White Mangrove Laguncularia racemosa Sparse 

Does not occur in distinct zones 

Mangrove Associates 

Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus Rare 

Isolated Distribution 

Black Poisonwood Metopium brownie Rare 


Sea Grape Coccoloba belizensis Occasional 


Woodland Vegetation 

Coconut Cocos nucifera Occasional 


Oak Quercus anglohondurensis Occasional 


Cockspur Acacia cookie Occasional 

Random Distribution 

Australian Pine Casuarina equisetifolia Occasional, limited distribution 

Palmetto Schippia concolor Occasional 

Patchy Distribution 

Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba Occasional 

Random distribution 

Mayflower Tabebouia rosea Rare 

Isolated distribution 

Bay Leaf Sabal mauritiformis Common 

Random distribution 

Saw Grass Cladium jamaicense Common, landform specific 

distribution 

2-50

Plate 2.6: Saw Grass Thicket adjacent to Plate2.7: Dwarf Mangrove Stand – Note 

Transmission line corridor (Mainland:ML) Moss- Dominated Forest Floor (ML) 

Plate 2.8: Primary Coast adjacent to Project Site Plate 2.9: Primary Coast adjacent to Project 

on ML, Downstream of project corridor corridor on ML, Upstream of landing site 

Plate 2.10: Sparse seagrass found in corridor Plate 2.11: Shaving brush algae 

2-51

Plate 2.12: Substrate along project corridor, note depth of silt, at least 12-14 ins. 

(note the divers hand is in the silt to his elbow) 

2.2.2 Aquatic Fauna 

2.2.2.1 Invertebrates 

Stage 2 of the project corridor was characterized by the presence of a number of macroinvertebrates: 

Prominent among these were the crustaceans and molluscs. Familiar crustaceans 

encountered during the field survey or reported otherwise were the Blue Land Crab (Ucides sp.), 

the Fiddler Crab (Aratus pisonii), the Blue Crab or ‘Raati’ (Callinectes sapidus), and the Soldier 

Crab (Calcinus tibicen) [See Table 2.4]. The most abundant of these invertebrates on-shore were 

the Blue Land Crab (Ucides sp.) and the Soldier Crab ( Calcinus tibicen). The Blue Crab 

(Callinectes sapidus) and the Red Land Crab ( Grapsus grapsus) [See Plate 2.16] was fairly 

abundant in the nearshore areas of the primary sea coast. 

The Lobster (Panulirus argus) and the Caribbean King Crab (Mithrax spinossisimus) occurred in 

commercially exploitable quantities in the offshore areas. 

The mollusks that were prominent in the area included: the Queen Conch (Strombus gigas) [See 

Table 2.3], Horse Conch ( Pleuroplanca gigantea) [See Table 2.4], the Mangrove Oyster 

(Crassostrea rhizophorea) [See Table 2.4], the Faust Tellin (Acraphagia fausta) [See Plate 2.14], 

the Common Atlantic Vase ( Vasum muricatum) [See Plate 2.11], and the Tulip Snail 

(Fasciolaria tulipa) [See Plate 2.10]. The Common Atlantic Vase (Vasum muricatum) was the 

most abundant mollusk and occurred in significant quantities in the near shore sea grass beds 

south of the outfall of the Mid-Winters Lagoon Estuary. The lobster (Panulirus argus) and the 

conch (Strombus gigas) were found mainly in the offshore waters of the project site near San 

Pedro. 

2-52

The other invertebrate group found in the area that is noteworthy of mention is the echinoderms. 

This includes the Sea Star (Oreaster reticularis), the Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber (Holothuria 

mexicana), and the Sea Urchin (Tripneustes ventricosus). These animals were found mainly in 

the offshore sea grass area [See Table 2.4]. 

Table 2.3: Marine Macro-Invertebrates Found in and Around the Project Corridor 

Common Name Scientific Name Observed During 

Survey 

Blue Land Crab Ucides sp. 

Fiddler Crab Aratus pisonii 

Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus 

Red Land Crab Grapsus grapsus 

Hermit Crab 

(Soldier Crab) 

Calcinus tibicen 

2-53 

Reported Anecdotally 

Caribbean King 

Crab 

Mithrax spinossisimus 

Spiny Lobster Panulirus argus 

Slipper Lobster Scyllarides 

aequinoctialis 

Barnacle Lepas anatifera 

White Shrimp Peneaus schmitti 

Snapping Shrimp Gonodactylus oerstedii 

Queen Conch Strombus gigas 

Horse Conch Pleuroplanca gigantean 

Tulip Conch Fasciolaria tulipa 

Common 

Atlantic Vase 

Vasum muricatum 

Faust Tellin Acraphagia fausta 

Buttercup Lucine Anodontia alba 

Caribbean 

Thorny Oyster 

Spondylus caribaeum 

Periwinkle Littorina angulifera


Survey 

Mangrove Oyster Crassostrea rhizophorea 

American Oyster Crassostrea virginica 

Brittle Star Ophioderma 

brevicaudum 

 

Sea Urchin Tripneustes ventricosus 

Sea Star Oreaster reticularis 

Donkey Dung 

Sea Cucumber 

Holothuria mexicana 

2-54 

Reported Anecdotally 

Plate 2.13: Tulip Snail – Fasciolaria tulipa Plate 2.14: Common Atlantic Vase – 

Vasum muricat 

Plate 2.15: Unidentifiable Artifact Plate 2.16: Barnacle – Lepas anatifera

Plate 2.17: Faust Tellin – Acraphagia fuasta Plate 2.18: Tulip Snail – Fasciolaria 

tulipa [Left] & Hermit Crab - Calcinus 

tibicen [Right] 

Plate 2.19: Red Land Crab – Grapsus grapsus Plate 2.20: Grapsus grapsus [Ventral 

[Dorsal View] View] 

Plate 2.21: Caribbean King Crab - Mithrax Plate 2.22: Caribbean King Crab – Mithrax 

spinossisimus [Dorsal View] spinossisimus [Ventral View] 

2-55

2.2.2.2 Fishes 

Plate 2.23: Caribbean King Crab – Mithrax 

Spinossisimus [Left] & Red Land Crab Grapsus 

grapsus [Right] 

The fishes found in the surrounding areas of the project corridor are diverse. Although no 

biomass studies were done in relation to the current undertaking, anecdotal evidence indicates 

that the area has historically been productive [Pers. comm. Roy Swasey]. The diversity of fishlife 

in the surrounding areas of the beginning of the marine section of the project corridor is in 

large measure attributable to an estuarine influence on the habitat [Pers. comm. G. Myvett]. 

The fishes also reflected a range of forms in terms of feeding ecology, as well as in relation to 

ancestry and adaptability to saline influences, or indeed the lack thereof. In relation to the issue 

of feeding ecology, there was the presence of piscivorous stocks such as the Barracuda 

(Sphyraena baracuda), the Crevalle Jack ( Caranx hippos) and the Bull Shark ( Carcharhinus 

leucas), as well as herbivorous browsers such as the Atlantic Spade Fish (Chaetodipterus faber), 

the Least Puffer or ‘Mutruse’ (Sphoeroides nephelus) and the Mexican Molly ( Poecilia 

mexicana) [See Table 2.5]. There were also carnivorous benthivores present such as the Southern 

Sheeps Head ( Archosargus probatocephalus) and the Mayan Cichlid or ‘Crana’ ( Cichlasoma 

2-56

urophthalmus). Species such as the Sea Bream ( Archosargus rhomboidalis), the Sprat 

(Harengula clupeola) and the Thread Shad ( Dorosoma petenense) that are carnivorous 

zooplanktivores were also noted [See Table 2.5]. These fishes generally feed on minute 

inverteberates and larval fishes suspended in the water column [See Table 2.5]. 

There were no ‘primary’ freshwater stocks found in the area. The freshwater stocks found were 

‘secondary’ and ‘peripheral’ species. The secondary freshwater stocks, which are species that are 

fundamentally of freshwater origin but with some evolutionary history associated with marine or 

brackish water, were limited in the area. These included the Crana (Cichlasoma urophthalmus), 

the Mosquito Fish (Gambusia luma) and the Alligator Fish (Belonesox belizanous) [See Table 

2.5]. The ‘peripheral’ freshwater stocks, which are marine species that are known to penetrate 

freshwater and low salinity environments, included the Bull Shark (Carcharhinus leucas), the 

Tarpon (Megalop atlanticus) and the Crevalle Jack (Caranx hippos) [See Table 2.5]. 

The general area was also inhabited by euryhaline stocks and stenohaline marine species. The 

resident euryhaline stocks, which entails species that have adapted to live in brackish water 

somewhat permanently [Pers. comm. G. Myvett], includes: the Black Snapper ( Lutjanus 

buccanella) [See Table 2.4], the Common Snook (Centropomus undecimalis) [See Table 2.5], 

the Caitipa Mojarra (Diapterus rhombeus) [See Plate 2.24], and the White Mullet ( Mugil 

curema) [See Table 2.5]. The stenohaline stocks, which are marine species that have evolved in 

full-strength seawater and that are incapable of withstanding or adapting to low salinity waters or 

freshwater, include the Mackerel ( Scomberomorus maculatus), the Barracuda ( Sphyraena 

barracuda), and the Bluestriped Grunt (Haemulon sciurus). 

Table 2.4: Fish Species Found in Project Area 

Common Name Scientific Name Captured or 

Observed 

2-57 

Reported 

(Anecdotally) 

Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis √ 

Sprat or Scaled 

Herring 

Harengula clupeola √ 

Tarpon Megalop atlanticus √ 

White Mullet 

(Mullet) 

Mugil curema √ 

Blackfin Snapper 

(Black Snapper) 

Lutjanus buccanella √ 

Gray Snapper Lutjanus griseus √ 

Dog Snapper Lutjanus joco √ 

Mahogany Snapper Lutjanus mahogoni √ 

Crevalle Jack 

(Jack Cuballi) 

Caranx hippos √

Common Name Scientific Name Captured or Reported 

Observed (Anecdotally) 

Permit Selene vomer √ 

Permit Trachinotus falcatus √ 

Mackerel 

Scomberomorus 

√ 

(Spanish Mackerel) maculates 

Barracuda Sphyraena barracuda √ 

Jewfish Epinephelus itajara √ 

Bluestriped Grunt Haemulon sciurus √ 

Burro Grunt Pomadasys crocro √ 

Bull Shark Carcharhinus leucas √ 

Sting Ray 

(Tingre) 

Dasyatis Americana √ 

Striped Mojarra 

(Stone Bass) 

Eugerres plumieri √ 

Caitipa Mojarra 

(Mojarra) 

Diapterus rhombeus √ 

Sea Bream Archosargus rhomboidalis √ 

Southern 

Archosargus 

√ 

Sheepshead probatocephalus 

Star Drum 

(Drummer) 

Stellifer colonensis √ 

Threadfin Shad 

(Shad) 

Dorosoma petenense √ 

Atlantic Spade Fish Chaetodipterus faber √ 

Least Puffer 

(Mutruse) 

Sphoeroides nephelus √ 

Needle Fish 

(Long Guard) 

Strongylura notata √ 

Mayan Catfish 

(Catto) 

Ariopsis assimilis √ 

Mayan Cichlid 

(Crana) 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus √ 

Mosquito Fish Gambusia luma √ 

Mexican Molly Poecilia mexicana √ 

Alligator Fish Belonesox belizanous √ 

2-58

Plate 2.24: Mayan Catfish – Ariopsis assimilis Plate 2.25: Gray Snapper – Lutjanus 

griseus 

Plate 2.26: [Top] Gray Snapper – Lutjanus Plate 2.27: Caitipa Mojarra – Diapterus 

griseus; [Bottom] Dog Snapper – Lutjanus rhombeus 

joco 

2-59

Plate 2.28: Mahogany Snapper – Lutjanus Plate 2.29: Sea Bream – Archosargus 

mahogoni rhomboidalis 

Plate 2.30: Burro Grunt – Pomadasys crocro Plate 2.31: Bluestriped Grunt – 

Haemulon sciurus 

2-60

Plate 2.32: [Top] Atlantic Spadefish, juvenile Plate 2.33: Gray Snapper - Lutjanus 

- Chaetodipterus faber; [Bottom] Atlantic griseus 

Spadefish adult – Chaetodipterus faber 

Plate 2.34: Lookdown – Selene vomer Plate 2.35: Blue Striped Grunt – 

Haemulon Sciurus 

2-61

Plate 2.36: Yellow Stingray – Urolophus Plate 2.37: Collection of fish sampled by 

jamaicensis Cast Nets 

Plate 2.38: Close-up of fish sampled by Cast Nets 

In general much of the stenohaline species were found and/or reported to be seen or harvested in 

the off-shore areas or alternately in the nearshore areas of the primary coast or seashore proper. 

The offshore waters are in general a part of the ‘shelf lagoon’ lying between the barrier reef 

platform and the mainland coast, and are for the most part undiluted or of ‘oceanic quality’, 

which is characterized by high salinity. T he salinity of the nearshore waters along the primary 

coast are influenced by two (2) opposite effects, viz the high salinity inputs from offshore 

sources, and low salinity inputs or freshwater influences from upland areas. 

The high salinity influences in the nearshore areas depend on the season of the year, or more 

specifically the amount of freshwater run-off impacting the area, and the specific phase of the 

daily tides. During the rising tide, the nearshore areas is inundated by oceanic quality water with 

high saline content from the wider marine environment; during the falling tide these areas are 

influenced by the waters with relatively low salinities from the internal lagoonal systems of the 

overall Mid-Winters wetland system which are exiting the area through the outfall of the estuary. 

2-62

The degree of saline influences is dependent on the season of the year, with the greater 

freshwater or dilution influences accruing during the rainy season. 

In general the stenohaline oceanic species would inhabit the nearshore areas of the primary sea 

coast, the lower end of the internal lagoons and the area of the outfall of the estuary during the 

rising tide. Much of these stocks would be the larger predatory species such as the Permit 

(Trachinotus falcatus), the Mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) and the Barracuda (Sphyraena 

barracuda) [See Table 2.4]. 

The areas of the outfall of the estuary and internal lagoons are inhabited by secondary freshwater 

species and euryhaline stocks such as the ‘Crana’ (Cichlasoma urophthalmus) [See Table 2.4], 

the ‘Catto’ (Ariopsis assimilis) [See Plate 2.21], and the Look Down (Selene vomer) [See Plate 

2.31] during the falling tides and in general during the rainy season. The secondary freshwater 

stocks that adapted to lower salinities and wholly freshwater systems include: the Mosquito Fish, 

the Mexican Molly and the Alligator Fish - these species are more prominent in the supra-tidal 

internal ponds of the mangrove system [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

2.2.2.3 Other Vertebrate Fauna 

2.2.2.3.1 Amphibians 

Only three (3) species of Amphibians were found in the areas adjacent to the project corridor. 

These included the Marine toad ( Bufo marinus), the Common Mexican Tree Frog ( Similisca 

baudinii) and the Mexican White-lipped Tree Frog (Leptodactylus labialis) [See Table 2.6]. This 

paucity in species diversity is typical of mangrove-dominated areas. 

Table 2.5: Other Vertebrates Found or Reported in or around Project Area 


2-63 

Survey 

Reported 

Anecdotally 

Reptiles 

American Crocodile Crocodylus acutus √ 

Morelet’s Crocodile Crocodylus moreleti √ 

Black-bellied Turtle Rhinoclemys scripta √ 

Narrowbridge Musk Turtle Claudius angustatus √ 

Boa Constrictor Boa Constrictor √ 

Black Tail 

Indigo 

Drymarchon corais √ 

Green Vine Snake Oxybelis fulgidus √ 

Green Tree Snake Leptophis ahaetulla √ 

Central American Coral 

Snake 

Micrurus diastema √ 

Striped Basilisk or Cock 

Maklala 

Basiliscus vittatus √ 

Wish Willy or Spiny tailed 

Iguana 

Ctenosaura similes √


Survey 

Green Iguana Iguana iguana √ 

2-64 

Reported 

Anecdotally 

Amphibians 

Marine Toad Bufo marinus √ 

Mexican White-lipped Tree 

Frog 

Leptodactylus labialis √ 

Common Mexican 

Treefrog 

Mammals 

Smilisca baudinii √ 

West Indian Manatee Trichechus manatus √ 

Bottle-nose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus √ 

Gibnut Agouti paca √ 

Mexican Porcupine Coendou mexicanus √ 

Yucatan Squirrel Sciurus yucatanensis √ 

Common Opossum Didelphis marsupialis √ 

Raccoon Procyon lotor √ 

Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus √ 

White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginiana √ 

Striped Hog-nosed Skunk Conepatus semistriatus √ 

Quash or White nosed 

Coati 

Nasua narica √ 

Grey Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus √ 

Northern Tamandua Tamandua mexicana √ 

Kinkajou or 

Potos flavus √ 

Night Walker 

Tayra or Bush Dog Eira barbara √ 

Collared Peccary Tayassu tajacu √ 

2.2.2.3.2 Reptiles 

A number of snakes and lizards, as well as turtles and crocodilians were also present in the areas 

adjacent to the project corridor. In the case of the latter, both the Morelet Crocodile (Crocodylus 

moreleti) and the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) are known to inhabit the area [Table 

2.6]. The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) has been observed in the lower areas of Mid- 

Winters Lagoon near its junction with the sea. The Morelet Crocodile (Crocodylus moreleti) has 

been observed in the mangrove channels, ostensibly where there was a greater of freshwater 

inputs into its habitat. 

Familiar lizards in the area included the Cock Maklala or Jesus Christ Lizard ( Basiliscus 

vittatus), the Iguana (Iguana iguana) and the Wish Willy or Scaly Iguana (Ctenosaura similis). 

These animals were found throughout the ‘terrestrial’ range of habitat of the corridor.

The snakes that inhabit the area include the Boa Constrictor ( Boa Constrictor), Black Tail 

(Drymarchon corais), and the Green Tommy Goff (Leptophis ahaetulla) [See Table 2.6]. 

2.2.2.3.3 Mammals 

The surrounding areas of Stage 1 of the project corridor are fairly rich in mammalian fauna. 

These included those associated with the mangrove and littoral forest environment such as the 

opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) and the Coati (Nasua narica) as well as those associated with 

pine ridge and open grassland such as the White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginiana) and the 

Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) [See Table 2.6]. 

Aquatic mammals were also reported in the general area. These included the Bottle-nose Dolphin 

(Tursiops truncatus) and the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) [See Table 2.6]. It is 

noteworthy to point out that the area has not been identified as being of any singular importance 

for the manatee (Trichechus manatus), relevant to for example the Belize City area and Corozal 

Bay. 

2.2.2.3.4 Birds 

Point counts and transect census of the proposed development site produced a total of (40) 

species of birds [See Table 2.7]. The birds were recorded during a (24) hour monitoring period. 

The bird surveys was conducted on the three main habitats identified on the property, they are 

Mangrove mixed with Littoral Forest, Coastline and Lagoon. The lagoon and coastline survey 

was done using a Fiber glass canoe and the Mangrove survey was done on foot. The results 

show that a number of North American migrants have arrived, and are using the adjacent areas to 

the project corridor as feeding and roosting grounds. 

Table 2.6: List of birds identified on the site 

Family Name Genus Species English Name Abundance, 

Seasonality 

Pelicans Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican v-V 

Cormorants Phalacrocorax 

brasilianus 

Neotropic Cormorant v-P 

Frigate birds Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird v-V 

Herons & Egrets Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron c-V 

Ardea Alba Great Egret v-P 

Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron v-W 

Egretta Tricolor Tricolored Heron c-V 

Butorides virescens Green Heron c-P 

Nyctanassa violacea Yellow Crowned Night 

Heron 

f-P 

Ibises Eudocimus albus White Ibis l-W 

Spoonbills Ajaia Ajaja Roseate Spoonbill f-W 

2-65

Family Name Genus Species English Name Abundance, 

Seasonality 

Vultures Coragyps atratus Black Vulture v-P 

Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture v-P 

Plovers Pluvialis squatarola Black-bellied Plover f-W 

Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover f-W 

Chararius vociferus Killdeer f-W 

Stilts Himantopus mexicanus Black-necked Stilt l-P 

Sandpipers Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs f-W 

Triga falvipes Solitary Sandpiper f-W 

Catoptrophorus 

Willet u-W 

semipalmatus 

Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper c-W 

Calidris pusilla Semipalmated Sandpiper l-TL 

Limnodromus griseus Short-billed Dowitcher f-W 

Gulls & Terns Larus atricilla Laughing Gull v-V 

Sterna caspia Caspian Tern f-W 

Sterna maxima Royal Tern c-V 

Pigeons & 

Doves 

Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern v-V 

Columba cayennensis Pale-Vented Pigeon v-P 

Columba leucocephala White-Crowned Pigeon u-P 

Swift Panyptila cayennensis Lesser 

Swift 

Swallow-Tailed f-P 

Hummingbirds Anthracothorax prevostii Green-Breasted Mango u-P 

Woodpeckers Melanerpes aurifrons Golden- 

Woodpecker 

Fronted 

Flycatchers Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee v-P 

Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher v-P 

Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird v-P 

Vireos Vireo pallens Mangrove Vireo c-P 

Swallows Tachycineta albilinea Mangrove Swallow c-P 

Mockingbirds Melanoptila glabrirostris Black Catbird l-P 

Mimus gilvus Tropical Mockingbird c-P 

2-66 

c-P

Key to symbols for Abundance: 

v = very common c = common f = fairly common u = uncommon 

r = rare o = occasional l = uncommon locally but absent in districts 

Key to symbols for Seasonality: 

P = Permanent Resident S = Seasonal Resident V = Visitor T = Transient 

W = Winter Resident X = Known from only two records. 

2.2.2.4 Methodology 

The methodologies employed for the result of the above surveys are delineated in Table 2.7B. 

The Reef Fish, Creature and Coral identification books by Human and deLoach were utilized to 

identify all marine life, while the bird list is arranged in accordance with the sequence and 

nomenclature of the American Ornithologist Union. The Key to Symbols for Abundance and 

Seasonality was adopted from Checklist of the Birds of Belize compiled by Lee Jones and A.C. 

Vallely, 2001. 

2-67

Table 2.6B: Summary of methodologies employed in characterization of bio-physical environment 

Subject Purpose Methodology Output 

Fin-Fish Census of species Snorkel survey of 6areas with a diameter of 100 m transects, List of species found, outlined 

characterization within project area which comprise of the entire project corridor. A diver tow 

method was also utilized at intervals in between the 7 selected 

in Table 2.4 (Fish) 

sites so as to encompass a wider survey area. 

Output is qualitative in 

Within the lagoonal area, due to depth and mud constraints, 

visual surface surveys were conducted. 

orientation 

Invertebrate Census of Epi- Snorkel survey of 6areas with a diameter of 100 m transects, List of species found, outlined 

characterization benthicmacro- which comprise of the entire project corridor. A diver tow in and Table 2.3 (Inverts) 

invertebrates method was also utilized at intervals in between the 7 selected 




visual surface surveys were conducted. 

orientation 

Aquatic and To record presence Engaging in 2 boat surveys of the project corridor comprising List of species and nature of 

Semi-Aquatic of species within of a captain and spotter. 

environment in which found, 

Mammal and project area 

outlined in Table 2.6 

Reptile 

(Mammals) and Table 2.5 

characterization 

(Reptiles) 


orientation 

Aquatic Plant To record presence Snorkel survey of 6areas with a diameter of 100 m transects, List of species found, outlined 

characterization of species in project which comprise of the entire project corridor. A diver tow in and Table 2.2B (Sub-Tidal)) 

area 

method was also utilized at intervals in between the 7 selected 




visual surface surveys were conducted 

orientation 

Bird 

To record presence Conduct sea, lagoon and land based surveys along the coast, List of species found, outlined 

characterization of species in project encompassing the fringing mangroves areas, and the project in and Table 2.7 (Birds)) 

area 

corridor. 


orientation 

2-68

2.3 Conservation Issues 

The conservation issues in regards to the proposed undertaking relates to both conservation areas 

and species of special interest. The Hol Chan Marine Reserve is one of the oldest and most 

visited Marine Reserve [See Fig. 2.18]. Relatedly, in terms of the issue of ‘conservation area’ 

status, some of the neighbouring marine areas have been identified as important recruitment and 

nursery sites for a number of economically viable species. 

There is also the Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve and National Park, The Caye Caulker Marine 

Reserve and National Park and the Swallow Cayes Wildlife Sanctuary which are either in close 

proximity or relative to the development site [See Fig. 2.18]. Taking this into consideration the 

developers of this project have ensured that all conservation issues are addressed to the fullest. 

As a matter of fact, it is these same resources that attract the end users to the Country, thus to the 

development being proposed will provide service to encompass hotels, villas, private homes and 

much more. 

It is therefore, of utmost importance that the project not degrades the environment to a state that 

it will diminish the resources that already exists within the area. 

2.3.1 Endangered Species of Special Significance 

There are a number of threatened and endangered species. These include sea turtles, crocodiles, 

marine mammals and birds. 

The sea turtles of relevance are the Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas), the Hawksbill Turtle 

(Eretmochelys imbricata), and the Loggerhead ( Caretta caretta). There are no documented 

nesting sites of any of these species in the project corridor. 

The Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is listed in the CITES Regulations which means 

that the species is threatened with extinction and is or would be affected by trade. Trade in the 

Hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata) in compliance with the goals of the convention, must be 

accompanied by the strictest of regulations to ensure that the species is not further imperiled, and 

should only be authorized under exceptional circumstances. The Fisheries Regulations were 

strengthened in 2003 in regards to the Hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata) and sea turtles in 

general: SI 66 of 2002, Reg. 2 prohibits the harvesting of sea turtles. 

Prior to this amendment in the Fisheries Act, harvest was regulated by size limits and closed 

season. In addition to the issue of the harvesting and trade, the nesting sites the Hawks Bill 

Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) are also protected. SI 66 of 2002 Reg. 3 prohibits the taking of 

turtle eggs or the interference with any nesting site(s). The CITES listing of the Hawksbill 

(Eretmochelys imbricata) and the follow-on national legislations derives from a recognition of 

the reduced number of individuals in the wild and the inferred or projected continuation in the 

decline of the population. The perceived decline and degradation of the habitat of Turtle was also 

a valid consideration in relation to the subscription to principles of CITES and the consequent 

strengthening national legislations. 

2-69

The proposed project will not in any way impact or erode the integrity of the nesting sites or 

aquatic habitat of the Hawks Bill (Eretmochelys imbricata), or indeed in any way to contribute to 

any perceived or real decline in the abundance or distribution of the species. Apart from the 

CITES Designation and national legislation, the Hawks Bill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is 

listed as “Critically Endangered” by IUCN. 

The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) is also listed in CITES. All of the provisions relating to the 

Hawks Bill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in regard to CITES as well as national legislations 

also apply to the species. Allowances are made however for the utilization of the Green Turtle 

for cultural reasons: SI 66 of 2002 Reg. #5 stipulates that permission can be obtained from the 

Fisheries Administrator for those parties that would qualify. It has been reported to be taken 

occasionally by fishermen in offshore areas. Apart from the CITES Designation and national 

legislation, the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) is listed as “Endangered” by IUCN. 

The American Crocodile ( Crocodylus acutus) was not seen during the survey efforts by the 

Tunich-Nah Team, however, sitings have been reported throughout the year due to the fact that 

its ecological range certainly embraces the area. The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) 

has in fact been reported to range all along the Belizean coast and coastal lagoons, including the 

islands that are situated between the mainland and the barrier reef. The American Crocodile 

(Crocodylus acutus) has been listed in Appendix I of the CITES Regulations. The Forest Act 

also prohibits the hunting or exploitation of this species otherwise. The American Crocodile 

(Crocodylus acutus) has been listed as “Vulnerable” by IUCN. The proposed project is in no 

way designed to destroy, erode or to otherwise negatively impact the populations of crocodiles 

that may be found in the area. 

Manatees (Trichechus manatus) have been reported generally in all areas around the projects site 

including the barrier lagoon. The Tunich-Nah Survey Team did not have documented sightings 

in the project area during the site-specific survey. The latest aerial surveys by the CZMA/I also 

identified all areas around the project area and the barrier lagoon in front of the site as a habitat 

for manatees. The presence of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in the project area may be as a 

result of the fact that the area is thoroughfare for manatees to reach their prime habitat located in 

the swallows caye area, of which was declared a sanctuary for the species. The Manatee 

(Trichechus manatus) has been listed in Appendix I of the CITES Regulations. The Manatee 

(Trichechus manatus) has been listed as “Vulnerable” in the IUCN Registry of species. 

In the zoological report for the “National Protected Areas Systems Plan for Belize” [Miller and 

Miller, 1995], mention was made of the vulnerability of the Black Catbird ( Melanoptila 

glabrirostris). This bird is a regional endemic species with a narrow range that is limited to the 

east coast of the Yucatan and northeastern Belize [Phillips, 1986]. 

American Crocodile – The range of the American Crocodile (C. acutus) extends from Central 

Mexico and South Florida to Northern South America and the Caribbean Islands. This specie had 

been exterminated over most of its range and although it appears to be on the rebound the 

evidence is too tenuous to warrant a re-designation at this time. 

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In Belize, there is general confusion over the identification of this specie and C. Moreletti 

resulting in frequent misidentifications. In general C. acutus is found along the coast and 

offshore cayes, while C. moreletti is most often associated with inland waterways. To compound 

this confusion, the population of C. moreletti appears to be rebounding faster than C. acutus and 

may be invading traditional parts of its range. As a result a sympatric association with C. acutus 

has evolved (Platt and Montanucci, 1993). 

It has even been suggested that there may be miscegenation between the two species, resulting in 

hybridized offspring (Thorbjarnarson, 1994; Platt, 1994). Crocodiles have always inspired fear 

in people who have an innate fear of being preyed upon or losing domestic animals to the 

feeding habits of this animal. 

With effective conservation measures, populations have shown a remarkable capacity to 

rebound. Indeed C. moreletti is now ubiquitous in Belize, penetrating even into densely 

populated areas, in the process raising the ire of the citizenry, who consider it a threat and are 

calling for firm measures to control its populations. 

Sea Turtle ( Chelonia midas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Caretta caretta) - Although all six 

species that are protected by the Fisheries Regualtions pass through the territorial waters of 

Belize on their annual migratory routes, three species stand out as known endemic species, their 

names indelibly etched in the popular imagination, having earned their place within the fishing 

industry and offshoot industries which depended on their exploitation. In the IUCN Red Listing 

for 2000 all three species, Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) 

and Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) were listed as endangered. 

Every year throughout the Caribbean thousands of these turtles are accidentally killed in 

abandoned nets and other fishing gear, while untold others have been deprived of traditional 

nesting sites due to coastal developments and the destruction of feeding habitats (UNDP, 1995). 

Still others are threatened by oil spills and chemical seepage into the coastal environment. 

In Belize, turtle numbers have experienced a continuous decline under pressures of over 

harvesting as evidenced by the decline in number of catch per unit effort and the readily 

observed decrease in the average weight of the landed catch (60% from 1982 to 1986) (CZMAI, 

1995). 

Hawksbills are the most endangered of the resident sea turtles, (IUCN listed as critically 

endangered), preferring instead the southern waters of Belize. The specie however, depends on 

the entire reef system of Belize for its survival, where it forages extensively on seagrass beds and 

coral reefs. 

Important threats to sea turtles are, beach erosion, native predators, feral animals and wading 

birds, offshore predators and the disease fibropapilloma (Smith et. al., 1992). Illegal collection 

and sale of eggs also take their toll as does collisions into motorboats and drowning in nets. 

Other hazards can be found on the beach. These include construction of sea walls and dredging 

works plus hatchling disorientation from artificial lights, which may prevent them reaching the 

sea. 

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Manatees ( Trichechus manatus) - Belize is reputed to have the largest concentration (not 

population) of manatees of all the countries which are inhabited by the Caribbean Manatee 

(Trichechus manatus). After a reduction in numbers in 1996 following a mystery disease that 

killed some 200 manatees it now appears that the numbers are on the rebound. 

In the aerial surveys conducted in 1995, the survey team obtained an index of relative abundance 

(IRA) of 12.48 manatees per hour of reconnaissance effort. In the January 1999 survey the IRA 

value had increased to 27.81 manatees per hour of effort (CZMAI, 1999). The same 1999 survey 

resulted in the highest number of calf sightings ever recorded in Belize. More significantly, the 

number of calf sightings per total manatee observed in the dry and wet season was 13% and 

12.32% respectively. This number was significantly higher than the 7% usually taken to indicate 

a healthy and growing manatee population (Rathbun et. al. 1991). 

This however should not be cause for complacency. In 1999 there were 19 reported manatee 

strandings of which 36% were human induced while 41% were complications of reproduction 

such as aborting of calves, abandonment etc. The remainder succumbed to poachers and boat 

propellers, while the cause of death for others could not be determined due to the advanced state 

of decomposition of the carcasses. 

Major efforts are underway nationally to cut down on the mortality rates of manatees and to 

improve on their monitoring and surveillance. The CZMAI had a collaborative project with the 

Wildlife Preservation Trust International to tag manatees and to track them using satellite 

technology. There has also been created an organization called the Belize Marine Mammal 

Stranding Network, which is a group dedicated to the study and conservation of marine 

mammals. 

The network consists of 4 district teams augmented by localized sub-teams, who operate in 

specific areas and a group of veterinarians who are available to offer their services. This network 

gives the CZMAI area coverage and expertise in every major coastal region of the country 

enabling quick response to manatee stranding emergencies. Manatees have been reported from 

the back reef lagoon area of Ambergris Caye, although this area in general does not appear to be 

prime manatee habitat. In the 1999 aerial survey an adult and 2 calves were sighted in the 

Chetumal Bay but none were recorded near the San Pedro area of the project corridor. 

2.3.2 Conservation Areas 

In the Belize District, marine, coastal and terrestrial influences converge to create a complex and 

productive ecosystem. This ecosystem is a crucial component in the list of attractions that keeps 

visitors coming to Belize and has helped to propel this region to the forefront of the national 

tourism industry. Unfortunately this initial success has resulted in an accelerated pace of 

development that now threatens the viability of the very ecosystem that made Belize a tourist 

attraction in the first place. 

This trend shows no signs of abating any time soon although its deleterious effects have not gone 

unnoticed. Conservation minded individuals and organization have pushed for initiatives to 

protect other areas of the coastal and some inland areas, and to incorporate them within the 

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National Protected Areas System. Although all are well aware of the need for concerted action 

on the environmental front, and are doing their part, the establishment of these protected areas 

puts their management on a more solid footing ensuring that their carrying capacity is not 

breached, and “secures” their long term viability. 

2.3.3 Social Environment 

The social impact that the proposed project site will have on the receiving environment and 

surrounding community is considered as both beneficial and detrimental. There must be a 

balance between the impacts in order for the proposed project to get underway. It is anticipated 

that the development will provide economic opportunities on the longer run. The following 

sections describe the social assessment. 

2.3.3.1 Introduction 

Projects in the coastal marine ecosystems always produce impacts that result in temporary and 

permanent changes in the environment, traditional/ cultural resources and recreational uses, as 

well as introduce ethnic and demographical migration and dispersion. These projects modify the 

social and cultural environments; depending on the size and type of the project, they create or 

enhance economic, health, education and other benefits that are valued by society. Projects can 

also enhance positively the entrepreneurial and service industries, supply and demand of 

construction materials, demand for cultural entertainment, offer employment, etc. Social 

infrastructure on a whole will be impacted as this project will address the needs of all of 

Ambergris Caye residents, visitors and workers. The traditional users (fishers and tourism 

ventures) of the biological and physical resources of the area may be the most affected if 

mitigation measures are not addressed adequately. 

The proposed btl project targets the business’ that require a fast, reliable and easy means to 

infiltrate North American and European markets of retirees and tourists, as well as the 

educational system. Additionally, it will aid in local reception, by increasing the ranges of the 

mobile phone, and allowing real time downloading of programs such as the nightly news etc. 

This project has been programmed to be completed in three stages over a 15 week period. On 

the positive side, the project will create an increase in the demand for goods and services, such as 

transportation, marine and agricultural commodities, skilled labour and unskilled labour, as 

required with any project of this nature. It is expected, at its inception, and throughout the life of 

the project, that it will create long-term economic employment and investment opportunities for 

the area, the region, and the country on a whole. 

The assessment identifies, analyzes, and evaluates those social impacts the proposed project may 

have on individuals, social groups, traditional users, and other social users of the area during the 

construction phase and final development phase. 

While the proposed project to be undertaken does have both positive and negative social impacts, 

the foreseen positive impacts for the local community and the region include increased 

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employment opportunities, potential for additional local entrepreneurial initiatives, increased 

regional economic spin-off for local businesses. 

Benefits will mostly accrue to the tourism industry. Additional positive impacts would be 

realized if a number of proposed environmental and community benefit options are adopted. 

Likely negative social impacts include traditional user accesses, increased water traffic in and to 

the area, increased noise, and to some degree, night lighting impacts on the biodiversity of the 

area. 

2.3.3.2 Health Services 

Potential Impacts 

Pressure on health facilities by migrant worker populations 

Existing health facilities are inadequate to serve large groups of migrant workers as these 

services are already limited in the area and region. 

Mitigation Measures 

Locals can become marginalized during all phases of installation depending on the level and 

needs for existing services. Due to the time frame of the project, there will be no long term need 

for Health services. Access to health services will be provided by the developer to either Belize 

City or San Pedro. However, on a positive note, due to the time frame of the project, the 

pressure will be for a short period of time. 

2.3.3.3 Labor and Employment 


Skilled labor from the area not employed 

Employment opportunities of all labor types 

Operators of equipment and machinery not fully trained 

Because of the size and needs of the project, it is anticipated that the project will employ small 

numbers of workers as well as other technical expertise not available in the immediate area. 


Employment of individuals from the area is encouraged to strengthen local community and 

regional skills. Locals will learn skills in all labor types. Developers should abide by the Labor 

Laws of Belize 

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Worker populations should be provided with adequate services and facilities such as drinking 

water, basic sanitary services, and safety equipment. Workers should be trained in safety 

procedures. Skills transfer will be encouraged. 

2.3.3.4 Economic Impact 

Potential Impact 

increased temporary employment 

increase in business sales and products and profits 

During installation stages, there will be increased employment in the nearby villages and San 

Pedro. Indirect economic impact will also see a domino effect with increases in sales of services 

and products in the area of influence. Internet services sold at the resorts, cafes etc will also 

further increase incomes and profits of which a proportion will be re-spent in the local economy. 

Additionally, economic benefits will be generated by direct expenditure of additional visitors to 

the country utilizing our resources, e.g. tours and bus operators, visitations to the various sites 

and auxiliary services such arts and crafts, souvenirs, food and beverage, taxi service and other 

popular products. 

2.3.3.5 Project Activities 


Transportation of materials 

Safety of workers 

Access to the area of the proposed project 

The location and size of the project activities for the most part are twofold. One is on land where 

the FOC will be installed on existing BEL poles, while the other is the cable burial from the 

coast on mainland to the coast at San Pedro. During the installation stages, trucks, boats and 

barges will be hired to bring in materials to the project corridor, which based on the project, will 

change on a daily basis. 


Because of the location and size of the project, transportation of materials and equipment should 

be planned in advance so that it does not coincide or disrupt traditional marine route users. 

The safety of workers during and after all phases should be built into project design. 

2.3.3.6 Disturbances (Noise/Dust) 


Operation of machinery and equipment 

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Disturbance from dust and smoke to neighboring facilities of the project corridor 

Potential air pollution from boats 

Construction activities may create problems with dust, noise, emission and vibration generated 

by construction equipment, vehicular traffic, work vessels and other similar sources. As there 

are no nearby communities to the project site, these impacts will affect only the construction 

workers at the site. 


Transmission of dust, noise and vibration are limited by the distance from their sources. Noise 

could be considerably reduced by adoption of low noise equipment. One of the main methods for 

controlling dust emission is water scattering along the project corridor. 

Air pollutants from boats are generally not yet regulated. To reduce the boat emissions, the use 

of type-C heavy diesel oil is recommended. 

2.3.3.7 Visual Impacts 

Potential Impact 

Visual impact of the project corridor and the shoreline and related lighting by vessels on 

the biodiversity of the area 

The likely visual impact in the area of the proposed project would be the extent of additional 

night lighting such as bright lights that can affect the local flora and fauna of the area. 


Mitigation measures include shielding of lighting systems that will minimize the intensity of 

light emissions on the shorelines of the mainland, lagoon and the sea. Additionally, the buoys 

will be lighted and the vessel lights will only be short term. 

2.3.3.8 Marine Traffic 


Increased number of boats to the area 

Increased number of marine vessels to the area and the region 

Disruption of traditional user activities to the area 

Disruption of traditional transportation route 

Site development activities will have major effect on existing marine traffic. However, all user 

activities to the area will need to be mitigated. 

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Use of all marine traffic through and near the area will be regulated and management systems 

such as buoys and markers will be positioned and fitted to facilitate day and night vessels and 

users to the area. All marine vessels should be serviced and maintained in proper working 

condition. During all phases of construction the developers should maintain open 

communication with all users of the area whether marine or land based. 

During marine phase of the project activities, alternate routes should be established for regular 

local cargo; safety measures should also be established for all users and workers. Areas of 

activity for traditional users should be avoided. All (types) materials transported over water (as 

necessary) should be properly covered. 

All these issues are further discussed in the Impacts section of the document. 

2.3.4 Regional Demographics and Population Related Issues 

The Belize District is among the four larger districts in size with an area of 1,663sq. miles. The 

2000 Population Census showed the district had a population of 68,827 representing 20.0% of 

the total population of Belize (240,204) and a population density of 28.9 per square mile. The 

mid-year estimate for 2007 for the district population is 93,200 (29.92% of country total estimate 

of 311,500) and a density of 56.1 per sq. mile. The national population density in 2000 and 2007 

figures were 28.2 and 35.1 per square mile, respectively. 

In 2007, the population of the entire district was 93,200 with 45,300 males and 47,900 females. 

In discussions which most community leaders, it is reported that there are 18,000 to 22,000 

people living in San Pedro in 2008 of which approximately 18,000-19,000 are residents. This is 

twice the population estimated by the Belize Institute of Statistics for mid-2007. It was also 

noted that there are only 5,600 registered voters, less than one third, of this total residents 

This district had a growth rate of 19.6% over this last inter-census period (1991-2000) while San 

Pedro had a growth rate of 143.3% over the same period. 

In 1960, there were 600 persons living in San Pedro and by 2000, 40 years later, there were 

4,500 which represents over a 750% increase. Between 2000 and 2008, there has been a 231% 

increase in population, according to the BIS figures and 44.4% according to community leaders. 

San Pedro is one of the fastest growing municipality in Belize and this can create problems in the 

use of the resources of the island and its surrounding fragile ecosystems such as the reef, the 

mangroves and lagoons on the west side of the island. 

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Table 2.8 National Population by District, Mid-year Estimates 2007 

DISTRICT Area in Sq. MALE FEMALE TOTAL % of Population 

Miles 

Total Density 

COROZAL 718 18,150 18,215 36,365 11.6 50.6 

ORANGE 

WALK 

1,790 23,985 23,160 47,145 14.8 26,3 

BELIZE 1,663 45,335 47,880 93,215 30.5 56.1 

CAYO 2,006 36,340 26,147 36,985 23.6 36.5 

STANN 

CREEK 

986 16,360 15,820 32,180 10.1 32.6 

TOLEDO 1704 14,495 14,755 29,250 9.4 17.2 

COUNTRY 

TOTAL 

8,867 154,665 156,815 311,480 35.1 

Abstracts of Statistics, 2007 (February) 

A brief description of San Pedro Town follows: 

San Pedro Town 

San Pedro Town was developed by the clearing of mangroves and sand dunes for settlement 

establishment by the Mestizos fleeing from Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico in the 1850s during 

the Caste War. The higher grounds of the island were cleared for subsistence farming in the past 

and later for coconut cultivation for copra production. Commercial fishing was vibrant during the 

1960s when the Caribeña Fishing Cooperative was the main intermediary to export fish, conch, 

lobster and shrimp. Since the mid-1970s, tourism development began and opened the real estate 

sector which is flourishing today; there are approximately ten realtors in San Pedro Town today. 

It is estimated that only 40% of the current population of 18,000 to 20,000 are the original San 

Pedranos with the remaining 60% being from other districts. The issue of the migrant population 

integrating into the traditional San Pedro society has been rather smooth, even with an increase 

in crime that is now becoming common all over Belize. Those who come for seasonal 

employment only have learned to adapt to the rhythm of life in the island. Their income levels 

determine the type of housing they can rent and the schools and health services they can use. 

Those who are professionals (teachers, nurses, etc.) or skilled labor (mechanics, carpenters, 

plumbers, etc) do have a better standard of living. 

The main economic activities of the residents of this town are tourism businesses, many services 

and lobster fishing by some 25 fishers who also are involved in tourism. Their main concerns 

were: 

the project’s activity, namely the sediment plume, is too close to Hol Chan and the 

activities may “destroy the main attractions ( Hol Chan, Shark Alley and sport fishing) of 

the island; once Hol Chan is destroyed the tourists will not come to San Pedro thus 

resulting in total economic loss; 

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impact of activities to this area of flats where most of the sports fishing is done by the 

tour guides; 

the activities will destroy the habitat for the three important species of sport fish, namely 

bone fish, permit and tarpon; 

The sedimentation can affect the juveniles of the three main sport fishing species and also 

others such as snook, jewfish and cubera snapper; 

the noise of the project will “scare and chase” the important sport fishing species and will 

destroy the sea grass beds in the lagoon and probably even affect corals on the reef; 

the resulting sedimentation of fine silt can possibly affect spawning aggregation sites, 

especially for lobster; 

displacement of sport fishers from their current tour guiding grounds due to the project 

activities thus resulting in loss of their traditional livelihood; 

the project may cause restriction of traffic to fishers; a buffer area may be “buoyed off” to 

prevent fishers and tour guides from using the areas close to the corridor; 

the increased boat traffic during installation phase will create bilge pollution; 

While the stakeholders made it clear that they are not against the project, they want to see that all 

protocols (permits and other GOB requirements) are followed. They also want this type of 

development to follow the Coastal Zone Development Guidelines that were developed by the 

Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute during operation. 

2.3.5 Social Infrastructure and Services 

2.3.5.1 Labor and Employment 

The Belize District and especially San Pedro is highly dependent on several activities such as: 

tourism, small farm agriculture, manufacturing and services, and some fishing. Tourism visitors 

to the Belize District and San Pedro are attracted for its cayes, the Belize Barrier Reef close to 

San Pedro and Caye Caulker, Altun Ha archaeological site and its world re-knowned Blue Hole. 

National employment rate in 2005 was 89.0% and in 2007 it was 91.5%. In the Belize District, 

the comparative employment figures were 88% % in 2005 and 91 % in 2007. Male employment 

for the 2005-2007 accounts for four points less than that of females during the same period. The 

unemployed rate for women was higher than that of males in 2005-2006 but was reversed in 

2007 with only 48.2% of women unemployed. The proposed development will contribute to the 

development of the tourism industry in the district and the country in general. 

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There may be the need to give on-the-job training to some of these unskilled job seekers while it 

is also expected that skilled workers would come from outside of the country to fill in the jobs 

that require skilled expertise related to the project. 

In 2007, employment in the Belize District by these industries in 2007 is as follows: 

Table 2.10 Employment Data in the Belize District during 2005-2007 

Employment Situation Total Male % Female % 

Employed- 2005 



Unemployed-2005 

Unemployed- 2006 

Unemployed- 2007 

Source: Labour Force Survey by BIS in 2007 

58,996 

61,891 

65,001 

4,387 

3,099 

3,729 

2.3.5.2 Communication and Cable TV Services 

2-80 

27,651 

29,711 

31,666 

1,832 

1,275 

1,930 

46.9 

48.0 

48.7 

41.8 

41.2 

51.8 

31,344 

32,180 

33,335 

2,555 

1,824 

1,799 

53.1 

52.0 

51.3 

58.2 

58.8 

48.2 

Communication and services are well established in the area with public and private telephones, 

fixed and mobile cellular phones, fax and email, and internet facilities. However, the goal of the 

project is to provide faster, real-time and more reliable 24-hour communication services. San 

Pedro has only one cable television provider, Coral Cable Vision, and they seem amenable to the 

idea of utilizing the services of the project. 

2.3.5.3 Transportation Routes and Options 

The project corridor and surroundings can be reached by boat or road. The traditional sea routes 

used to transport mainly cargo to and from San Pedro are close to the project corridor. The routes 

for the transportation of cargo to and from the island are already set by the traditional cargo 

shipping agents or businesses. It should be noted that this is the same route used by the sugar 

barges coming from Tower Hill through the New River and the Corozal Bay. Safety issues need 

to be put in place to prevent accidents on this route. 

2.3.6 Economic Activities in the Area 

The following economic activities are currently being undertaken on the island. 

2.3.6.1 Tourism Activities 

In 2007, of the ten destinations identified by the BTB, the Belize District placed first in number 

of hotels and rooms, in number of beds, in number of tour operators and in number of tour 

guides. Comparing 2005 and 2007 tourism statistics between the San Pedro and Maskall/Bomba 

destination and the rest of country, San Pedro as well as Belize rural North has grown at very 

high rates in the tourism industry. The numbers of hotels, rooms and tour guides have had a

slightly higher growth rate than the national figures. There was a decrease in the number of tour 

operators and a slight increase in the number of tour guides. 

The number of employees in the hotel sub-sector has increased by 25% while the national figures 

have decreased by 15% between those years. While these figures are good indicators for the level 

of investment, the BTB does not have segregated visitation figures for each of the ten 

destinations being monitored in order to determine market share. During the period compared, 

there has been an increase of 8% contribution to GDP and a 6% increase in overnight visitors 

while the country experienced a 22% decrease in cruise visitors. 

2.3.6.2 Fishing Activities 

The fishing activity in San Pedro and surrounding areas has been drastically reduced in volume 

and value since the 1970’s when there were approximately 136 fishers and members of the 

Caribeña Fishermen Cooperative Society and who were mostly engaged in lobster, conch, 

shrimp and scale fish. Today there are only 15-20 members who are solely involved in lobster 

fishing. Today over 90% percent of the members of the fishing cooperative are involved totally 

in the tourism sector as tour guides, specifically in the sport fishing sub-sector. Even some of the 

older fishers are being trained this year to do sports fishing. 

The total catch in 2007 was between 15-20,000 lbs of tail which were sold to the National 

Fishing Cooperative Society in Belize City for processing and export. The local tourism market 

also buys tails from the individual fishers and the Cooperative outlet for their daily consumption. 

The lobster is caught with traps and shade devices while the conch is caught with hooks. The 

project corridor and nearby surrounding areas are not a major fishery site, but may be affected by 

the project activities. In the vicinity of the proposed development, it was reported that there were 

only four older fishers, not engaged in the tourism sector, who are still involved in trapping scale 

fish for home use and the local market. 

As mentioned earlier, the area in the vicinity of the proposed development are the Bulkhead 

Shoals and the flats in the lagoon near the South Beach area which are sport fishing grounds for 

bone fish, permit and tarpon. There are approximately 125 tour guides involved in sports fishing. 

Again the guides mention that the sedimentation of the project can possibly affect the sea grass 

beds and will “chase these fish”. These guides are represented by the San Pedro branch of the 

National Tour Guide Association. 

2.4 Legal Environment 

Current national environmental policies are based on the need to take an integrated approach to 

environmental management and the need to work towards the goal of sustainable development. 

The Government of Belize through the Department of Environment, Coastal Zone Management 

Authority and Institute (now defunct), the Department of Fisheries, and the other government 

institutions are the regulatory bodies of the various instruments. 

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2.4.1 Policy Review 

Current national environmental policies are based on the need to take an integrated approach to 

environmental management and the need to work towards the goal of sustainable development. 

The Government of Belize through the Department of the Environment, Coastal Zone 

Management Authority and Institute, the Department of Fisheries, Forestry Department and the 

other government institutions are the regulatory bodies of the various instruments. 

Of importance to the proposed development is the need to identify those regulations and 

legislations which will need compliance for development activities in respect to the area and 

region of the proposed development. In light of the fact that the area and region of the proposed 

development is within an area of significant importance in terms of its tourism and ecological 

importance and proposed planning regime, it is also important that development activities strike 

a balance between development and the environment. 

This section is aimed at reviewing relevant environmental resource and planning legislations and 

regulations to ensure that the “development project” meets policy and legislative criteria, and 

that relevant requirements are built into project design and implementation. The policy review 

also outlines specific procedures and measures to be carried out before, during and after project 

development. It is important to note that the anticipated development site borders the Hol Chan 

Marine Reserve. Specific conservation zones have been established for all user activities within 

the marine reserve. 

2.4.1.1 The Environmental Protection Act SI 22/1992 and 328/2003 

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT established the Department of the Environment. Under 

section 3 (3) the Department has the responsibility to monitor the implementation of the Act and 

Regulations, and to take necessary actions to enforce the provisions of the Act and Regulations. 

This enabling legislation provides the Government and the Department with the comprehensive 

environmental protection authority it needs in order to address modern environmental pollution 

problems. The ACT also grants the Department of Environment broad regulatory and 

enforcement authority for the prevention and control of environmental pollution, conservation 

and management of natural resources, and environmental impact assessment (EIA). 

The Environmental Protection Act entrusted the Department of the Environment with a broad 

range of functions relating, but not limited to, the assessment of water pollution, the coordination 

of activities relating to the discharge of wastes, the licensing of activities that may cause water 

pollution, the registration of sources of pollution and the carrying out of research and 

investigations as to the causes, nature and extent of water pollution, and the necessary prevention 

and control measures (section 5). The Department is also empowered to approve EIAs. 

Under the revised edition 2000 Part III 7 (1) it states that: (d) specifying the standards in excess 

of which pollutants discharged into the environment shall not be discharged or emitted; (e) 

formulating environmental codes of practices specifying procedures, practices or releases limits 

for environmental control relating to works, undertakings and activities during any phase of the 

development and operation, including the location, design, construction, start-up, closure, 

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dismantling and clean-up phases and any subsequent monitoring activities and (f) environmental 

quality guidelines specifying recommendations in quantitative or qualitative terms to support and 

maintain particular uses of the environment and (j) the control of noise. 

Under the Act, no person, installation, factory or plant shall, unless specifically permitted by the 

Department, emit, deposit or discharge or cause emission of any pollutant or contaminant into 

the atmosphere or environment in contravention of the permitted levels. Every person, 

installation, factory or plant emitting air pollutants is required to maintain and submit to the 

Department, records of the type, composition and quantity of pollutants emitted. 

Schedule II (Regulation 8) of the 2003 revised edition specifies projects which may require an 

environmental impact assessment or environmental impact study depending on the location and 

size of the project. These include but are not limited to coastal land reclamation involving an 

area of more than 10 acres; resort and recreational development in terms of construction of 

coastal resort facilities or hotels and development of tourist or recreational facilities on small 

islands; and infrastructure projects such as yacht marinas. 

No person shall cause or permit the extracting, crushing, screening, handling or conveyance of 

materials or other operations likely to give rise to airborne dust without taking reasonable 

precautions, by means of spray bars or wetting agents, to prevent particulate matter form 

becoming airborne. 

Furthermore any person or undertaking exploiting the land, water resources, seas or other natural 

resources shall ensure the protection of the environment against unnecessary damage or from 

pollution by harmful substances; and no person shall emit, import, discharge, deposit, dispose of 

or dump any waste that might directly or indirectly pollute water resources or damage or destroy 

marine life. 

2.4.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations SI 107/1995 and 25/2007 

The Environmental Impact Assessment (1995) regulations describe in detail the processes 

involved in the preparation and evaluation of environmental impact assessments. The 

regulations divide projects or activities into three categories. The first category consists of those 

projects that automatically require an environmental assessment based on the sensitivity of the 

surroundings or the nature of the undertaking. 

The second category comprises those projects that may require an assessment to be carried out, 

but with some modifications based on the location and size of a project. The third category 

encompasses activities or programs that do not require an assessment to be conducted and which 

may not have significant impacts on the environment. In March of 2007, amendments to the 

regulations were published in which by each category or schedule would carry an application and 

processing fee. In addition, an environmental clearance (schedule III) fee was also instituted 

which should generate considerable income for the Department. 

The Environmental Impact Assessment Part V - 20 (4) stat es that every project, program or 

activity shall be assessed with a view to the need to protect and improve human health and living 

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conditions and the need to preserve the reproductive capacity of ecosystems as well as the 

diversity of species. Under 20 (5) when making an environmental impact assessment, a proposed 

developer shall consult with public and other interested bodies or organizations and under 20 (7) 

a decision by the DOE to approve an environmental impact assessment may be subjected to 

conditions which are reasonably required for environmental purposes. 

2.4.1.3 Effluent Limitation Regulations SI 94/1995 

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EFFLUENT LIMITATION REGULATIONS came into force in 

1996, at which time the Department of the Environment commenced enforcing the Regulations. 

The Regulations are intended to control and monitor discharges of effluent into any inland waters 

or the marine environment of Belize. 

2.4.1 .4Pollution Regulations SI 56/1996 

The Pollution Regulations of 1996 addresses issues of air, water and soil pollution, including 

noise pollution. Part III – 6 (1) deals generally with the emission of contaminants into the air 

where no person shall cause, allow or permit contaminants to be emitted or discharged either 

directly or indirectly into the air from any source. 

Part X 31 (c & d) deals with pollution of land generally that could be harmful, or potentially 

harmful to animals, birds, wildlife, plants or vegetation. The Department of Environment is 

responsible for the enforcement of the Pollution Regulations Act. 

2.4.2 Coastal Zone Management Strategy Chap. 329 2000 Revised Edition 

The Coastal Zone Management was legally established in 1998 with the passage of the Coastal 

Zone Management Authority Act (Act # 5 of 1998). Under section 5 (1), the main functions of 

the Authority include (i) to advise Government on matters related to development and use of 

resources in the coastal zone in an orderly and sustainable manner; (ii) formulation of policies on 

coastal zone management; (iii) development of a coastal zone management plan and revise it as 

needed; (iv) commission monitoring and research of coastal areas (v) promote public awareness; 

and (vi) prepare guidelines for developers. 

The Coastal Zone Management Strategy seeks to facilitate improved management of coastal 

resources, and to ensure economic growth is balanced with sound environmental management 

practices. The Strategy seeks to review and ‘enhance existing laws, regulations, ‘policies’ and 

guidelines relating to conservation, resource management and development controls in the 

coastal zone area.’ 

These support a coastal area management framework that addresses the need for management 

approaches in location between, as well as within, Coastal and Marine Protected Areas, and 

special requirements for management development and conservation in the barrier reef region, 

particularly the cayes. 

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2.4.3 Cayes Development Policy – CZMIA/Fisheries Department 1995 

The Cayes Development Policy has served to consolidate existing legislations, and to promulgate 

regulations and guidelines applicable to the development and sustainable management of all the 

cayes within the coastal zone of Belize. The Policy calls for a detailed planning system to control 

the use of land, and water development to cover the entire coastal zone. The policy also 

demarcates/recommends zones and a system of assigning development codes for the cayes. 

The main thrust of the document is to articulate the type of actions and initiatives that must be 

undertaken by all the various stakeholders in order to ensure sustainable use and long-term 

protection of natural and cultural resources and development within the coastal planning regions. 

The policy addresses such areas as caye ownership, protected areas management, land use 

planning and development control, extraction of materials, infrastructure and transport, shipping 

and the use of marine vessels, waste disposal and fuel storage, fiscal incentives to encourage 

responsible practices and incorporation of actions within the national strategic planning 

framework. 

2.4.4 Solid Waste Management Authority Act SI 224 of 2003 

Under the Act, the Authority shall devise ways and means for the efficient collection and 

disposal of solid waste employing modern methods and techniques and exploring the possibility 

of recycling waste materials. Under the Act “construction waste material” includes building 

materials from construction, alteration and remodeling building or structure of any kind, such as 

lumber, concrete, steel roofing, etc. SI 13/1991 established the Solid Waste Management 

Authority and gave it broad powers for the collection and disposal of solid waste. 

2.4.5 National Institute of Culture and History 330/2000 

Under section (4) of the Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act, all ancient monuments and 

antiquities however situate, whether upon any land or in any river, stream or watercourse, or 

under territorial waters of the country, and whether or not before the date of the commencement 

of this Act in private ownership, possession, custody or control, shall absolutely vest in the 

Government. Under section (12), if any person finds any ancient monument or antiquity he shall 

within fourteen days of such findings report the details of the findings to the Minister. 

2.4.6 Belize Water Industry Act No. 1 of 2001 

The Water Industry Act repeals the Water and Sewerage Act, Chapter 185 of 1971 Laws of 

Belize. Chapter one of the Act deals with controlling disposal of wastes generated from sewer 

treatment. The Act makes new provisions with respect to the supply and control of water and 

sewerage services in Belize. 

The Water Industry Act also establishes the responsibility of private entities to provide facilities 

for the final disposal of sewerage taking into consideration Chapter 36 of the Environmental 

Protection Act 1 of 2001. 

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2.4.7 Belize Public Health Act Revised Edition SI 40/2000 

Under Part VIII of Offensive Trades 128 (1) b the Minister can make regulations relating to 

nuisances for the prevention, control or reduction of pollution or contamination of air, soil or 

water caused by any activity or condition resulting in the emission of a pollutant or contaminant 

into the environment. The Act also specifies restrictions and regulations for nuisances from 

factories or other industrial developments, and incidental provisions relating to offensive 

businesses. 

2.4.8 National Lands Act (No. 6 of 1992) and SI 191 of 2000 

The Act is designed to establish a framework for the management of national lands. The Act 

applies to all lands (other than Reserved Forest) not already "located" or granted, including any 

lands acquired by or ceded to the Crown. They are classified as town, suburban, rural, mineral 

lands and beach lands. 

In Section 28, where the sea, or any sound, bay or creek is described as forming part of the 

boundary of any national land to be granted or disposed of, then high water mark shall be 

considered to be the property boundary. Under the Act, the seabed defined as the land extending 

seawards from the high water mark of ordinary tides, is National Land owned by the 

Government of Belize under the authority of the National Lands Act. 

2.4.9 Crown Land Rules SI 60 of 1939 

Under Crown Land Rules (Statutory Rules and Orders 66 of 1939), a 66 ft wide strip of land 

along all water frontages, measured from high water mark, is designated as public easement, but 

lands titles prior to 1930 included the land to the high water mark and in some cases, below the 

high water mark. 

2.4.10 Mines and Minerals Act Chap. 226 of 2000 

The Mines and Minerals (General) Regulations provide a general framework for the 

implementation of the Mines and Minerals Act. These Regulations cover a range of topics such 

as application, duties, terms and conditions and failure to comply with the conditions of a mining 

license. Under the Act “land” includes land beneath water. The Act also addresses dredging 

and sand mining, which is essential in avoiding destruction to coastal habitats such as seagrass 

beds and the coral reef. 

2.4.11 Forests (Mangrove Protection) Regulations, SI No. 52 of 1989 

The Forests (Protection of Mangrove) Regulations, 1989, prohibit any "alteration” (which 

includes cutting and defoliating, but does not include "selective trimming") of mangroves on any 

land except with a permit (R eg. 4). Alterations which involve dredging or filling can be 

authorized only in "exceptional circumstances." 

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Factors considered for issuing or denying permits include the proximity of the proposed project 

to coastal and reef areas known to be of outstandingly high ecological value (Reg. 5(2) (i)), and 

the existing or proposed plans such as the barrier reef regional management and development 

plan. The Mangrove Regulations were amended in 1992 to increase the level of fines and 

sanctions. 

2.4.12 The Forest Act SI 213/2000 

The protection of all mangroves fall under this Act via the Forest (Protection of Mangrove) 

Regulations. Mangrove clearance may be permitted under this Act. In most cases a permit to 

clear mangroves is issued after a multi-agency assessment is conducted. This Act includes the 

establishment of Forest Reserves which may include mangroves, littoral forests and water 

bodies. However, no specific regulations exist under this Act that address littoral forests. The 

Forest Act is currently being revised. 

The legislative basis for conservation of national lands is defined by the Forest and Wildlife 

Conservation Acts. The Forest Act provides for the protection and conservation of all mangrove 

forests on both private and national lands, any alterations to which require evaluation and permit 

by the Forestry Department. 

2.4.13 Fisheries Act (HCMR) Chap. 210s/2003 

The protection of the Hol Chan Marine Reserve falls under this act. The Hol Chan Marine 

Reserve encompasses a small area but includes all major ecological zones of Belize's coastal 

ecosystems. This SI introduces the zonation of the marine reserve into four distinct areas namely 

zones A, B, C and D. Each zone is tasked with having their particular practice, restriction and 

rules. Due to the nature of the Reserve, the Fisheries Department is the Governmental agency 

responsible for all Marine Reserves, but due to the fact that the reserve has a trust fund, there is a 

Board of Directors that manage the finances of the reserve, while the staff, under the directives 

of the Fisheries Department is responsible for the day to day activities of the reserve and its 

operations at sea. 

2.4.14 Ambergris Caye Local Building Authority 

This ‘body’ has been given the task to oversee, monitor and regulate the civil engineering, 

architectural, coastal and land management activities for any proposed development on 

Ambergris Caye. These principles are embodied in recommended “Guidelines for the 

Development of Ambergris Caye” – a study which was originally produced around 1993 and 

continues to be reviewed. These guidelines along with good Engineering and Architectural 

practices are the backbone of the requirements for our development projects. 

Developers are therefore required to obtain legal permission for their projects prior to 

implementation through submitting plans to the Local Building Authority. An Impact Fee is 

charged for the purpose of mitigating what minimal impacts cannot reasonably be avoided from 

the developers projects, as well as for institutional management; and penalties as well as other 

legal means are in place to regulate these development activities To this end a recent review of 

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the Impact Fee Schedule (Permit Fees) is being published for information and comments of the 

building/engineering industry in Ambergris Caye. 

2.4.15 International Conventions and Agreements 

Belize is signatory or party to many international conventions and agreements, and is a member 

of many regional organizations involved in the management and protection of biological 

resources. 

(a) United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) (ratified 13 August, 1983). 

(b) World Heritage Convention (ratified in 1990). 

(c) Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 

(CITES) (ratified 1976). 

(d) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (ratified in December, 1993). 

(e) Central American Biodiversity Convention. 

(f) Convention for the Conservation of Biodiversity and the Protection of Priority Areas in 

Central America. 

(g) Agreement on Cooperation between Belize and Mexico for the Protection and the 

Improvement of the Environment and the Conservation of Natural Resources in the Border Zone 

(signed 20 September, 1991). 

(h) Protocol on Specially Protected Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) 

(I) Land-Based Sources of Pollution Protocol (LBSP). 

(j) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (ratified September, 1994). 

(k) Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) (ratified 12 May, 

1995). 

(l) International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (signed 1982). 

(m) Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on 

the Law of the Sea of 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish 

Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (signed 1995). 

(n) Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of 

Bacteriological (Biological) Toxins and their Destruction (signed 1980). 

(o) Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission (WECAFC) (1985). 

(p) Latin American Organization for Fisheries Development (OLDEPESCA) (1997). 

(q) Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider 

Caribbean Region (The Cartagena Convention). 

(r) The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats 

(RAMSAR) (Signed 1971). 

(s) International Dolphin Conservation Program (IDCP). 

(t) International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) 

(u) Inter-American Convention for the Conservation and Protection of Marine Turtles 

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CHAPTER 2 2.0 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT - Department of ...

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