4-1 chapter 4 flora and fauna 4.1 - Department of Environment

CHAPTER 4 

FLORA AND FAUNA 

4.1 Historic Situation of Proposed Project Property 

The entire western margin of Caye Caulker was originally dominated by seasonally flooded Red 

Mangroves. Habitats located approximately 50-100 m south of the runway, adjacent to the land 

proposed for the project, are known to contain standing water for several weeks of the year up to 

0.5-0.75 m in depth. These seasonally flooded mangrove habitats have been designated as “least 

suitable for development” based on ecosystem services loss and potential for marine pollution 

due to the low-lying nature of the land (CZMA/I, 2000; McField et al, 1996). 

However, by late 1992 mangroves were being systematically removed from land south of the 

runway without legal repercussion (Darnell, pers. com.). An EIA for that property conducted in 

dry season claimed that 6 inches of fill was sufficient to render the property habitable (Eden Isles 

EIA, 1997); however site visits before and after the fact during the wet season revealed large 

areas of deeper water (to 0.5 m) (pers. obs.). 

The entire Pelican Point property was originally this habitat type. From its initial state it was 

transformed into its current state according to the development actions described in Table 4.1 

Permits were acquired from relevant Government agencies for these actions. 

Hurricane Keith (2000) shocked mangroves on both shores of Caye Caulker. In some cases 

regeneration—mainly occurring from the base of the trunk—did not occur for over two years 

after the hurricane (McR ae, pers. obs.). Many mangroves were cut shortly after the storm as 

most people believed them to be dead (McRae, pers. obs.). 

Table 4.1 Historical benchmarks on lands proposed for project. Data from Ross (pers. comm..); 

Year Event/Description 

~1970s Original dredging at South channel associated with airstrip. 

1997 Initial removal of vegetation on Property-first 10 acres except 

line along shore 

1998-9 Completion of vegetation removal-remaining property. 

2000 Hurricane Keith (Category 4) 

2003 Digging of canals 

Late 2004-early 2005 Most recent dredge activity offshore; fill of property 

2005 First attempt to place a marina on the property 

4.2 Biological Investigation 

The following sections deal with the biological investigation of the project properties, proximate 

(within 1 km) terrestrial and marine habitat, and lagoon and reef habitat located within nearshore 

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(3.2 km) runoff influence of the proposed project. Due to the incorporation of an injection well 

into the project design, the area of reef and seagrass data was extended some distance from the 

project site. 

4.2.1 Methodology of Biological Investigation 

Visits were made to emergent sections of the proposed project site and surrounding areas on 2, 3, 

8, 16, 28 March and 8 May 2007. 

During these visits the following observational data was collected: 

Plant species/abundance; 

Plant distribution; 

Terrestrial invertebrates; 

Bird species/ abundance; 

Bird habitat affinity; 

Bird migration; 

Other terrestrial vertebrates. 

Additional trips were made 1 and 13 April and 8 May, 2007, to observe marine habitats and 

species. On 1 April one offshore sample, including current, bottom grab samples and other 

oceanographic data were obtained, while several castnet throws were made in the northern canal 

and its westernmost branch. 

On 13 April, observations were made using snorkel by the biological consultant, exploring the 

proximal recent dredge scar, the old pier area, the seaward margin of the mangrove peat wall 

lining the shore, and several more offshore samples along the north canal line. For the latter only 

observations of bottom type, percent cover and species identification were conducted. Seagrass 

blade length was assigned to one of 3 general categories on the basis of estimation: Short (less 

than 15 cm); Medium (16-30 cm); or Long (> 30 cm). 

During terrestrial walks observations were made of fish and invertebrate species from the banks 

of the northern and southern canals as well as the sinkhole located near the southern margin of 

the property, into which floodwater from the rest of the land surface has been pumped since the 

dredge/fill of the property in late 2004-early 2005 (Ross, pers. com.). 

Site locations visited are presented in Table 4.2, along with information about site type and 

method of observation. Figure 4.1 represents these sites relative to the project area, including 

marine sites. 

Plant and animal species were also noted in land and outside the proposed project areas; along 

the adjacent runway; and in nearby lands containing mangrove and littoral forest/thicket habitat. 

Information regarding proximate reef and seagrass areas located within 3.2 km (classified as 

“nearshore” in terms of runoff dynamics-LaPointe, 1992) is also presented. Referenced sources 

of data for reef organisms are: Caye Caulker Reef Fish Survey raw data (Aug 2006-May 2007), 

and selected sites from the REA for CCF/MR Integrated Management Plan (McRae, 2004) for 

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Table 4.2. Sites visited for Pelican Point Marina & Yacht Club EIA, Biological Assessment 

Date(s) 

Site Description GPS Method 

Visited 

(UTM) 

2,3, 8, 16, 28 March; T1 SE corner, project areas. Canal edge and roadside near sunken pool. 0390185 Visual* 

8 May 

1961014 

T2 Land N of sunken pool 0390184 

1961040 

T3 Inner canal branch side, N of sunken pool 0390204 

1961058 

T4 S section, Eastern-most branch off North canal near old dredge machine. 0390155 

1961102 

T5 Junction of E-most branch canal and Northern main canal. 0390157 

1961146 

T6 Northern Canal at junction of newly-plowed sand with original fill surface. 0390113 

1961158 

T7 Northwest corner of project area (junction of north canal with sea) includes a 0390004 

bit of W shoreline. 

1961200 

T8 Central portions beach –area W of main house 0390035 

1961067 

T9 Beach along deep S canal & landbridge to filled In: 

0389957 

canal area. 

1961044 

Out: 

0390152 

1961001 

1 April M1 Waters of westernmost branch of north canal Castnet 

M2 Offshore 

Snorkle; 

Visibility ~4.5 m 

Grab sampler 

13 April M3 Seagrass and dredge scar margin W of old pier. 

0389907 Snorkle 

Depth 1.75-2 m; Visibility 8 m 

1961080 

M4 Old pier pilings-Depth 1-1.75 m; Line shoreward In: from outer point of old 0389907 

pier 

1961080 

Out: 

0389962 

1961065 

M5 Peat wall ~line alongshore proximal sand bottom : In: 

0389962 

D-1m up to wall 

1961065 

Out: 

0389975 

1961200 

M6 Off north canal-Depth 3m; Visibility 8 m 0389860 

1961267 

M7 Near 1 st Balisa-offshore north canal-Depth 4 m; Visibility 4.5 m 0389758 

1961295 

M8 Between 1 st and 2 nd Balisa-off north canal D~ 4.5 m; Visibility 3.5 m 0389646 

1961336 

M9 Near 2 nd Balisa-off north canal; Vis~3 m; D - 5m 0389521 

1961376 

8 May M10 At offshore balisa off S canal line; D-4 m; Vis-6 m 0389539 

1961097 

M11 Line from off house: In: 

0389603 

D-3 m; vis-6 m 

1961127 

Out: 

0389625 

1961136 

M12 At balisa in white hole area 

0389684 

D-3 m; vis -6 m 

1961102 

M13 Line off old pier to W edge of dredge scar: In: 

0389757 

D-2 m @ W edge of dredge scar; D-2.5 @ entry 

1961109 

Out: 

0389846 

1961081 

M14 Line as above; crossed dredge scar In: 

0389846 

D-2 m entry; within scar 3-4 m; At eastern edge 1.5 m 

1961081 

Out: 

0389907 

1961080 

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Fig. 4.1. Sites visited by consultant during biological survey, 2 Mar-8 May 2007. 

both invertebrates and fish. 

Literature consulted for terrestrial vegetation included Kaplan (1988), Scurlock (1987), and Bell 

& Taylor (1982). Additional saltmarsh and littoral forest/thicket plant species identification was 

confirmed via samples reviewed by Dr Daniel Atha (4 March). Marine algae species were 

identified according to Littler et al (1989) and Kaplan (1988). Non -coral marine invertebrates 

were keyed using Humann 2 nd Edition (2002a), Kaplan (1988), Warmke & Abbot (1961), while 

coral was identified using Humann, 2 nd Edition (2002b). Fish were identified using Humann 3 rd 

Edition (2002), Greenfield & Thomerson, (1997), Bohlke & Chaplin 2 nd Edition (1993), and 

Stokes (1981). Bird speci es were identified according to Jones & Gardner (2003), National 

Geographic 2 nd Edition (1999), Dunn & Garrett (1997), and Howell & Webb (1994). 

Rare, threatened and endangered species, commercially important species, and keystone and 

threatened ecosystems were reviewed. 

Interviews were conducted with the following persons regarding land use, history and flora and 

fauna: Elizabeth Ross (landowner); Immer Medina (employee 2 years); and Greg Wade, friend. 

Interviews concerning marine flora and fauna including lobster catch information were 

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conducted with Earl Smith, Sr. (lobster trap fisherman in territory offshore the proposed project 

site, 33 years). 

The activities of the project were assessed with reference to marine and terrestrial biota. The area 

of potential impact was enlarged to accommodate the decision to incorporate an injection well. 

Primary and secondary impacts were analyzed in time and space; cumulative impacts are 

included. Pertinent literature was reviewed and consulted, including some websites. Impacts 

were summarized and a matrix was constructed for their optimal presentation. 

4.3 Vegetation Description 

The following sections summarize the vegetation classification and types of the proposed project 

site and adjacent areas relative to the development. 

4.3.1 Current Situation-Emergent Property 

The area proposed for the project today consists of low-lying sand fill overlying mangrove peat 

(See Plate 4.5 A). The land abuts a housing development having the same ownership as the 

proposed project site. Soil samples and boreholes, taken 2 March 2007, are discussed in Section 

2.2.3 and Chapter 10. 

The property’s surface appears to have been recently smoothed by the heavy equipment stored 

on-site, featuring varying stages of nascent vegetation (Plate 4.1 and 4.2). Save the immediate 

area of the house and outbuildings, growth of vegetation on the property has proceeded without 

interference between 2 March and 8 May, 2007. 

The water table varies seasonally from 0.7 m to above the surface of the land, resulting in long 

periods (weeks) with sheets of shallow standing water. To combat this, a shallow (~ 6 -8”) 

drainage ditch has been excavated from especially low sections leading to a sinkhole located on 

the southeastern margin of the property—site of the proposed small-boat marina. The area’s 

climate and rainfall may be reviewed in Section 2.4 while hydrology may be accessed in Section 

2.3. 

Plate 4.1. Typical view within central and 

western sections of emergent property. 

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Plate 4.2. Typical vegetation in eastern 

sections of property.

Bordering the proposed project property to the north and south are two canals incised into the 

substrate averaging 2.2 m and an estimated 5 m depth, respectively. The northern canal extends 

an estimated 100 m past the project site, extending into the surrounding housing project property. 

The deepest point of the northern canal is 3 m at its extreme eastern point as compared to 1.75 m 

adjacent to project area, undoubtedly contributing to the observed low DO and high fecal 

coliform noted in that portion of the canal. 

The southern canal is considerably deeper yet shorter than the northern (an estimated 50 m), 

terminating at the level of the sinkhole; however this communicates to a shallow trench running 

along the northern perimeter of the runway, continuing to the eastern terminus of the housing 

project property. The property’s history including habitat alteration, landfill and the two canals 

may be reviewed in Chapter 1 and 10. 

Adjacent Land Systems 

To the immediate east of the project site lies terrain of similar character which has been 

subdivided into lots of the Pelican Point housing project. To the west lies the Northern Shelf 

section of the Belize Barrier Reef Lagoon. The shoreline is bordered by eroding remnants of 

mangrove peat and roots of removed Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), approximately 2-7 m 

in width. Vegetation on adjacent lands to the project site both north and south consists mainly of 

regenerating Red Mangrove approximately 5-8 m in height surrounding low areas with seasonal 

and year-round ponds (Plate 4.3). Considerable dead wood is present in these areas, a relic of 

Category 4 Hurricane Keith (30 Sep-2 Oct 2000). This is particularly evident along the western 

margin of the island—the direction from which wind and storm surge originated. Other 

mangrove and associate species ( Laguncularia racemosa, Conocarpus erectus) occur in high 

spots within these properties. 

Located toward the distal eastern part of the Caye is Littoral Forest (Plate 4.4) and Thicket 

habitat. These habitats generally occupy ground of only slightly greater elevation than mangrove 

forests—generally beach ridge and associated calcareous sand accretions (McField et al, 1996; 

Chamberlain, 1994). The bulk of Caye Caulker Village is built on land formerly occupied by this 

vegetation suite, while the windward margin was historically occupied by a narrow band of 

fringing Red Mangrove. However, the recently-opened (2002-3) Bahia Puesta del Sol section is 

of similar ecosystem origin to the property proposed for the project—basin and fringing 

mangrove (cf Zisman, 1992). 

4.3.2 Terrestrial Vegetation 

In central areas of the property proposed for the project, vegetation consists predominantly of 

recently germinated saltmarsh vegetation. Along the shoreline and into the central section of the 

land predominant vegetation is very young shoots of Southern Glasswort (Salicornia perennis) 

and Seaside Purslane ( Sesuvium portulacastrum), with occasional Red Mangrove ( Rhizophora 

mangle) seedlings. 

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Several Coconut palms ( Cocos nucifera) and two Australian Pines ( Casaurina equisitifolia) 

appear to have been planted on the property in northern central areas. More Coconuts are found 

along the north canal. More mature examples of the salt marsh vegetation suite as well as young 

mangroves lie along the periphery of the southern canals and in eastern project areas. 

Vegetation in this area consists of Fimbristylis sedges and carpet patches of Purslane (Plate 4.2), 

along with small patches of other saltmarsh plants (see below). 

Plate 4.3 Red Mangroves surrounding all-year 

pond. Note the CITES Appendix 1 American 

Crocodile (Crocodilus acutus) resting on the 

pond shore in the foreground. 

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Plate 4.4. Mature littoral forest habitat, Caye 

Caulker. 

Along the perimeter of the northern canal and its two southward-projecting branches vegetation 

is more mature. Young mangroves 1-3 m in height and saltmarsh vegetation line the canals, 

while associate plants species occupy nearby strips of land left unplowed (Plate 4.5a,b). 

Most common among these are, in addition to Purslane carpets; sedge patches ( Cyperus and 

Fimbristylis), Saltmarsh Fleabane ( Pluchea carolinensis), Sea Primrose ( Ludwigia octovalvis), 

Saltwort ( Batis maritima), with some Buttonwood ( Conocarpus erectus) and the mangroves 

Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, and Avicennia germinans. This is the most mature 

vegetation on the project site. 

Overall the suite of vegetation consists of highly salt tolerant plants reflecting the property’s 

history as essentially a Rhizophora mangle monoculture.

Plate 4.5a. White Mangrove, Buttonwood, and Plate 4.5b. Interface between plowed areas 

Pinchehuevos along the northern canal. and north canal vegetation. 

Current designation is salt marsh, with a nascent mangrove community lining the north canal. 

Along the shoreline recently-generated Salicornia and Sesuvium with occasional Rhizophora 

seedlings occupy the eroding land. Plate 4.6a-b show these young plants, sandbags along the 

shore with relict mangrove roots and peat bank extending offshore generally 2-6 m. 

Plate 4.6a. View looking south along 

shoreline toward old dock. 

Plate 4.6b. Section of shoreline showing young 

Salicornia, sandbags and mangrove remnants. 

A complete list of vegetation including that found on project property, adjacent areas and marine 

habitats within nearshore (3 km) distance appears in Table 4.3. Views of important 

representative salt marsh species appearing at the project site are shown in Plate 4.7a-f. 

Representative littoral forest species appear in Plate 4.7g-h. 

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Plate 4.7a. Seaside Gentian (Eustomum Plate 4.7b. Sea Primrose (Ludwigia 

exaltatum) octovalvis) 

Plate 4.7c. Mat Seaside Lavender Plate 4.7d. Saltwort (Saliucornia perennis) 

(Tournefortia sp). 

Plate 4.7e. Seaside Purslane (Sesuvium Plate 4.7f. Conyza bonairensis- Salt marsh herb by 

portulacastrum) early growth over bare North Canal. 

land. 

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Plate 4.7g. Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco). Plate 4.7h. Xocoi (Pithecellobium keyense) Littoral 

fruit Littoral thicket. thicket-forest large shrub. Berries eaten by birds. 

Plate 4.7 Plants of project area and environs. a-f: Small salt marsh species; g-h: Littoral forest 

plant species. Photos: Ellen McRae/CariSearch 

The following table is a plant species list for Caye Caulker with reference to Table 4.2. This list 

includes those viewed and specimens collected 3 March 2007. Species ID confirmed with Dr 

Daniel Atha, New York Botanical Garden, 4 March 2007. Marine species observed 16, 28 

March, 13 April, 8 May 2007. Column description: 1-Project areas (with reference to Table 4.2) 

as follows: 1a-T6; 1b-T5; 1c-T4; 1d-T2-3; 1e-T1; 1f-T8; 1g-T7; 1h-T9; 2-Present in other Ross 

property and near environs, including South canal, eastern boundary road; 3-Present in Caye 

Caulker littoral thicket and forest habitat; 4-Growing in canals, pilings, and on mangrove peat; 5- 

Growing on sea floor in area of proposed marina; 6-Appearing in reef and associated seagrass 

areas. Abundance: C-Common; O-Occasional; F-Few; S-Single; P-Patches. Blank space- not 

present. 

Table 4.3. Plant species list Caye Caulker. 

Species 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 1g 1h 2 3 4 5 6 Comments 

Glasswort – 

Salicornia perennis. F O O C F F C Salt marsh indicator 

species 

Saltwort – 

Batis maritime 

C O F P O Salt marsh indicator 

species 

Pinchehuevos - 

Cladium jamaicense 

C P F- 

Salt marsh indicator 

species 

Seashore Saltgrass 

–Distichlis spicata 

Sedges –Cyperus & 

Fimbristylis 

Mat Seaside 

Lavender- 

Tournefortia or 

Heliotropium 

Blutaperon 

vermiculare 

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C 

O P P C Salt marsh indicator. Near 

edges 

P C C F P P 4 species. Salt, wetland 

indicator 

P F Salt marsh indicator 

species. Many plants near 

southern canal-succulent 

mat-forming plant. 

F O Succulent saltmarsh 

species


Seaside Gentian- 

F 

Eustoma exaltatum 

Verdulaga - 

Portulaca oleraceae 

Seaside Purslane- 

Sesuvium 

portulacastrum 

S 

4-11 

Small flowering herb near 

Southern canal 

Near southern canal- 

Saltmarsh/beach 

Succulent 

F C C C C C C All along southern canal 

periphery; Salt marsh 

succulent vine. 

Sea Primrose - 

Ludwigia octovalvis C Along northern & 

southern canals sides. 

wetland indicator 

Saltmarsh Fleabane 

–Pluchea 

carolinensis 

C C O C F F F F Aromatic herb. Along 

canal sides. 

Conyza bonairensis F O F Along canal sides. 

Upright spindly herb. 

Red Mangrove- 

Rhizophora mangle 

Black Mangrove- 

Avicennia 

germinans 

WhiteMangrove- 

Laguncularia 

racemosa 

Buttonwood- 

Conocarpus 

erectus 

F F F F C C O Seedlings/young trees in 

project areas; historically 

the dominant plant of the 

entire property. 

F F S F C F Seedlings/young trees in 

project areas; Flowering 

individuals (1b) 

F F C Seedlings/Young trees in 

project areas. 

F F C S F C F Seedlings and small trees 

in project areas. 

“Spikeweed” 

Coconut Palm 

F F C O F Unknown low saltmarsh 

succulent 

Cocos nucifera* 

Australian Pine 

Casaurina 

equisitifolium* 

Seaside Lavender- 

Tournefortia 

Gnaphalodes 

F O F S C *Introduced species 

O F O *Introduced species 

F 

Woody littoral 

thicket/shoreline shrubsilvery 

leaves 

Varied grasses C C C Pioneer vegetation in 

central and windward 

areas. 

Unk Shrub S Photos taken 

Cimarron- Lantana 

involucrata 

Scarlet Milkweed- 

Asclepias 

curassavica 

Island Ziricote- 

Cordia sebastena 

O 

O 

C 

Littoral thicket shrubaromatic 

leaves, berries 

edible to birds 

Herb growing in 

disturbed areas/ 

regenerating sites 

Shrub/small tree; large 

orange flowers-fruits 

edible by birds

Species 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 1g 1h 2 3 

C 

4 5 6 Comments 

Sea Thatch (Chit)- 

Thrinax 

Radiata 

Ix-canan- 

Hamelia patens O 

Seagrape- 

Coccoloba uvifera 

Gumbolimbo- 

Bursera simaruba O 

Mul Che- 

Sideroxylon sp. 

Fig- Ficus 

Crassinervia 

Cherries- Erythalis 

fruticosa 

Red-berries- 

Crossopetalum sp 

Beach Morning- 

Glory- Ipomoea 

pes-caprae 

Seaside Oxeye- 

Weddelia trilobata 

3-lobed Green Chip 

Algae-Halimeda 

incrassata 

Narrow Green Chip 

Algae- 

H. monile 

Merman’s 

Shavingbrush 

-Penecillus 

capitatus 

Turtlegrass- 

Thalassia 

testudinum 

Shoalgrass- 

Halodule wrighti 

Feather Algae- 

Caulerpa 

sertularioides 

Flat Feather Algae- 

C. mexicana 

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C 

O 

F 

C 

S 

C 

C 

Caye Caulker’s only 

native palm—attractive 

leaves + seeds eaten by 

birds 

Large shrub/small bushy 

tree having red tubular 

flowers attracting nectar 

feeders, and berries all 

year. 

Littoral forest tree; edible 

fruits in summer 

Littoral forest treemedicinal 

properties; 

produce fruits 

Littoral forest tree-dense 

branches, large dark 

berries 

Large individuals have 

hanging root bunches; 

produce much fruit 

Littoral thicket shrub; 

small black berries 

Recently discovered 

littoral thicket species 

Strand vine-showy purple 

flowers. Can run on 

trellis/fences 

Strand vine, yellow, 

composite flowers. 

Pioneer plant, may be 

trained on fence/trellis 

F F Growing singly and in 

patches on sea bottom 

F Occasional on bottom 

F Occasional on bottom 

C C Major bottom cover 

lagoon, patches in 

backreef 

C O Replace Thalassia 

inshore in water 1-1.2 m, 

patches 

F In Southern Canal 

F On piling 

C. cupressoides F On peat, sand


Palm Algae- 

C. paspaloides 

C On peat, adjacent sand 

Laurencia 

papillosa 

C Tufts growing on pilings 

Fan Algae- Udotea 

F F On bottom-seagrass beds, 

flabellarum 

backreef 

Thick Bubble 

Algae- 

Dictyosphaera 

cavarnosa 

F On pilings 

Mermaid’s 

C On pilings, on conch 

Wineglass- 

Acetabularia sp. 

shells 

Scroll Algae- 

Padina sanctaecrucis 

F On peat 

Batophora oerstedi F On peat, old roots 

Porolithon 

C Encrusting coralline algae 

pachydermum 

on dead coral 

Turbinaria 

O Brown algae on reef flat- 

turbinata 

dead coral 

Dictyota spp C Brown algae on dead 

coral 

Amphiroa rigida O Branching coralline algae 

Jania adherens F Finely branching 

coralline algae 

Halimeda opuntia P Green chip algae 

Littoral vegetation is characterized by tough dense low salt-tolerant plants for which the 

principal ecosystem function is dispelling the current flow of hurricane overwash events, and 

maintaining the presence of groundwater on the caye during dry season (McField et al, 1996). It 

is also characterized by a seasonal succession of fruits supporting a diverse selection of resident 

and migrant birds (McRae, unpub. data). 

Plants of this severely restricted habitat, occupying less than 2% of the total land area of Belize 

in 1995 (cf McField et al, 1996), are still common on Caye Caulker. A list of littoral forest and 

thicket plants noted within 1 km of the proposed project site includes a variety of species ranging 

from trees such as Mul Che ( Sideroxylon sp.), Bearded Fig ( Ficus crassinervosa), Seagrape 

(Coccoloba uvifera), and Chit ( Thrinax radiata) through shrubs such as Red-berries 

(Crossopetalum sp), Xocoi ( pithecellobium keyense), and Cimarron ( Lantana involucrata) to 

saltmarsh and strand herbs such as Saltmarsh Fleabane ( Pluchea carolinensis), Conyza 

bonairensis), Caribbean Sedge (Cyperus ligularis) and Macrantha sp. Buttonwood (Conocarpus 

erectus) occupies transitional ground between littoral forest/thicket and mangrove habitat. 

4.3.3 Terrestrial Fauna 

Due to the very early stage of vegetation in project areas, terrestrial fauna is limited on the 

project site. Most organisms noted were either associated with canals or the sinkhole, or were 

overflying the property. 

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4.3.3.1 Invertebrates 

Limited observations were made of invertebrates within proposed project areas. Lepidoptera 

was the most diverse insect order represented with three species. A small unknown butterfly 

feeding on Sesuvium flowers; Julia (Dryas iulia) and Monarch ( Danaus plexippus) Butterflies 

were observed over adjacent habitat, in mangrove and disturbed littoral forest, respectively. The 

latter appears due to the occurrence in disturbed littoral thicket areas of its host plant, Scarlet 

Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica). 

Additionally, two dragonfly species, a doctorfly, a cricket, a small black wasp, and a colony of 

biting black ants were observed during site visits. Africanised Bees (Apis mellifera) were also 

noted at work pollinating flowers. Terrestrial invertebrates were noted ancillary to plant and bird 

observations 3, 8, 16 March and 8 May 2007. 

The nearby refuse disposal site is a source of Houseflies and other insects that could potentially 

provide a nuisance to the project residents. 

Table 4.4 Non-avian terrestrial organisms: 

Species 1 2 3 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Order Odonata 

Species 1* O O O 

Species 2** O 

Order Diptera 

U Doctorfly F 

U Housefly F O 

Order Hymenoptera 

U biting black ant C 

U small blue-black wasp (1 cm) S 

Africanised Honeybee (Apis mellifera) O 

Order Lepidoptera 

U small grey butterfly# C 

Monarch (Danaus plexippus) S F 

Julia (Dryas iulia) S F 

Phylum Chordata 

Class Reptilia 

Lepidosauromorpha 

Spiny-tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) F F 

Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei) C 

Crocodilia 

American (Saltwater) Crocodile (Crocodilus acutus) S 

1-Observed in project areas; 2-Observed in Pelican Point; 3-Proximate habitat within 1 km (runway wet mangrove 

canal; pond; entry street Bahia Puesta del Sol to back street-included corner disturbed littoral habitat). Dates of 

observations: 2, 3, 8, 16, 28 March; 8 May 2007. U =species unknown 

4.3.3.2 Terrestrial Vertebrates 

The principal terrestrial vertebrates noted were reptiles and birds (Classes Reptilia and Aves, 

respectively). Amphibians do not appear on true cayes (ie, those historically disconnected from 

the mainland) except by accident of importation within building supplies, observed by the author 

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at several times during Caye Caulker’s history. Survival is low, and populations do not become 

established as there are insufficient numbers of individuals present, and sustained freshwater for 

reproduction is lacking. The sole examples of Class Mammalia have been introduced onto the 

island by humans; these include dogs (Canis familiaris) –four of which are resident on the site— 

; feral housecats (Felis catus), and Brown Rats (Rattus rattus). No native mammals exist. 

Reptiles 

The sole reptile species encountered within the project area was a colony of Spiny-tailed Iguana 

or Wishwilly (Ctenosaura similis), occupying a rusted machine at site T4 (Plate 4.8). 

Plate 4.8. Spiny-tailed Iguana male in colony based 

in old dredge-north canal branch, project area. 

The common Brown Anole is frequently observed in mangrove and littoral forest habitat at 

Caye Caulker. In surrounding lands including the Pelican Point lots and adjacent land owned by 

the project proponent, the runway area and proximal Bahia Puesta del Sol are found examples of 

American (Saltwater) Crocodile ( Crocodilus acutus). Individuals were noted in a nearby pond 

(Ref. Plate 4.3), and in the Caye Caulker Dump (Plate 4.9a). Along the runway, several drag 

marks of different sizes were noted within peripheral ponds (Plate 4.9b). 

Plate 4.9a. American Crocodile at Caye Plate 4.9b. Crocodile tracks along Caye 

Caulker solid waste disposal site. Caulker runway, showing trace of animals 

of two sizes. 

4-15

Reptiles noted in other parts of Caye Caulker may move into project lands once vegetation is 

established there sufficient to provide them sustenance in terms of prey and shelter. These 

include the uncommon “Garden Lizard” ( Cnemidophorus sp.), and species of Gecko 

(Phyllodactylus, Aristrelliger) (cf Meerman & Boomsma, 1993), including the diminutive, 

introduced Asian House Gecko ( Hemidactylus frenatus) noted on Caye Caulker only after 

Hurricane Keith (pers. obs., 2001), all insectivores. The Boa Constrictor ( Constrictor 

constrictor) is also resident on the island. 

Birds 

A total of 28 bird species, and 752 individuals, were detected in proposed project areas. 

Detections are presented as opposed to absolute numbers, as the return visits likely recorded an 

unknown number of individuals more than once. Most of these detections were either associated 

with the sea or flying over the territory. Only 4 species utilized land areas extensively—the 

transient migrant Western and Semipalmated Sandpipers ( Calidris mauri and C. pusilla, 

respectively), appearing in large numbers on the flats (Plate 10a); and Black -bellied and 

Wilson’s Plovers ( Pluvialis squatarola and Charadrius wilsonia). The former, a seasonal 

resident July-April annually, roosts on the northwest shore following feeding in surrounding 

territory until departure for North America. Approximately 30-40 individuals of the latter appear 

to be breeding on the project site (Plate 10b). 

This has been ongoing for at least three years; a nest with eggs was noted on the property in 2005 

(author observation). The species utilizes open marine wetland flats such as the project site in its 

current incarnation as its preferred habitat (Jones & Gardner, 200 3; Jones & Vallely, 2001). 

Courtship and territorial behaviour was observed and described on the 16 and 28 March site visit. 

This is a species of conservation concern (Miller, pers. comm.). The five most commonly 

detected species for the project site are as follows: Western Sandpiper (n=278); Wilson’s Plover 

(n=130); Laughing Gull ( Larus atricilla) (n=95) ; Black-bellied Plover (n=73); and Double - 

crested Cormorant (n=63). 

One migratory bird species—the Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor) was observed 8 March, 

foraging in low regenerating salt marsh vegetation near the southwestern margin of the property. 

Though the species appears routinely during autumn, winter and early spring as a seasonal 

resident on Caye Caulker, the habitat in which the individual was detected along with lack of 

subsequent sightings renders it likely that the individual was a transient on a stopover. 

Shore and sea birds were associated with the property, including shoreline, perching on the relict 

dock projecting some 80’ from the southwestern point of the property. Representative species 

include Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalus), Double-crested Cormorant, Laughing Gull, and 

Royal Tern ( Sterna maxima). Heron species, White Ibis and the Common Black Hawk were 

noted overflying the property from either mangrove area to the opposite side. Roseate 

Spoonbills are reported on the property during wet season (Ross-pers. comm.), and a few have 

been observed in adjacent areas by the consultant annually. 

Incidental sightings were made 7-13 July 2007 of Least Terns (Sterna antillarum) feeding in the 

Southern Canal. This species is listed as Endangered in parts of the US due to declines. 

4-16

Breeding populations exist in Belize (pers. obs.). At least one nesting colony (Cocoplum Caye) 

was destroyed when the sandspit on which the birds habitually nested was removed for use as fill 

by a developer (pers. obs.). During July a small nesting colony has taken temporary opportunistic 

advantage of the open territory represented by the project site as is. 

Plate 10a. Mixed Western and Semipalmated 

Plovers on low flat central portion of the land 

Plate 10b. Wilson’s Plovers on open terrain 

More bird species (n= 55) were identified in surrounding habitat within one km of the project 

property. These include proximate Pelican Point land, the shallow section of the southern canal 

that stretches between Pelican Point and the municipal runway, the pond to the east of the 

property, the nearby dump, including a small disturbed patch of littoral vegetation. 

These portions of Caye Caulker contain habitat types closer to the original vegetation on the site 

(Ref. Section 2.5.1). Most proximate in surrounding areas is seasonally-flooded Rhizophora 

mangle forests, visible in the aerial photo in Plate 4.8a. These show extensive damage from 

Hurricane Keith (2000), with dead trees projecting through the regenerating canopy. Species 

diversity here is greater due to habitat diversity, including sand flats, early and mature mangrove, 

shallow channels, ponds, disturbed habitat and littoral forest. The five most abundant species in 

these areas include Great-tailed Grackle ( Quiscalis mexicanus) (n=147); Least Sandpiper 

(Calidris minutilla) (n=35); White-winged Dove ( Zenaida asiatica) (n=30); Wilson’s Plover 

(n=29); and Barn Swallow ( Hirundo rustica)(n=26). Notable also are concentrations of the 

Yucatan endemics Black Catbird ( Melanoptilus glabirostris)—preferring littoral forest—and 

Yucatan (Red-vented) Woodpecker (Melanerpes pygmaeus), most frequently noted in mangrove 

habitat. These species were detected 9 and 7 times during the site visits, respectively. 

Great-tailed Grackles and White-winged Doves dominate the avifauna associated with the refuse 

disposal site. Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) and seasonal shorebirds may also be encountered at 

the site (McRae, unpub. data). 

As this skews the results, the species with subsequent elevated detections are herein discussed. 

The next most abundant species –more evenly distributed throughout the area than Grackles or 

White-winged Doves—is the Mangrove Warbler ( Dendroica petechia erythacoides), with 24 

detections principally in mangrove and littoral forest habitat. This is the sole warbler species— 

actually considered a subspecies of the migrant Yellow Warbler—that breeds at Caye Caulker. 

Following this species, the permanent resident and Yucatan endemic Yucatan Vireo ( Vireo 

magister) and the occasional seasonal resident (December -April) Yellow-rumped (Myrtle) 

Warbler (Dendroica coronata) tie for fifth, both having 19 detections. 

4-17

Table 4.5 Bird Species and number of detections in Project Area and Selected Areas 

Bird Species 1 2 3 4 T 

Family Pelecanidae 

Brown Pelican -Pelecanus occidentalis* 18 1 5 24 

Family Phalacrocoridae 

Double-crested Cormorant –Phalacrocorax auritis* 63 1 13 63 

Family Fregata 

Magnificent Frigatebird –Fregata magnificens 2 6 1 4 13 

Family Ardeidae 

Great Blue Heron –Ardea herodius 1 1 2 

Great Egret –A. alba 3 2 5 

Little Blue Heron –E. caerulea* 9 9 

Snowy Egret –E thula 11 11 

Tricolour Heron –E. tricolor 8 8 

Cattle Egret –Bubulcus ibis 5 5 

Green Heron –Butorides virescens 6 6 

Family Threskiornidae 

White Ibis –Eudocimus albus 12 12 

Family Accipitridae 

Osprey –Pandion haliaetus 2 1 3 

Common Black Hawk –Buteogallus anthracinis* 3 4 2 9 

Family Rallidae 

Clapper Rail –Rallus longirostris 12 12 

Sora –Porzana Carolina 1 1 

Family Charadriidae 

Black-bellied Plover –Pluvialis squatarola* 73 4 75 

Wilson’s Plover –Charadrius wilsonia* 130 29 121 

Semipalmated Plover –C. semipalmatus 12 4 16 

Killdeer –C. vociferous 15 4 19 

Family Recurvirostridae 

Black-necked Stilt –Himantopus mexicanus 3 3 

Family Scolopacidae 

Greater Yellowlegs –Tringa melanoleuca 1 1 

Willet –Catoptrophorus semipalmatus 3 3 

Whimbrel –Numenius phaeopus 6 6 

Ruddy Turnstone –Arenaria interpres 4 2 13 19 

Sanderling –Calidris alba 2 2 

Western Sandpiper –C. mauri 278 278 

Semipalmated Sandpiper –C. pusilla 3 4 7 

Least Sandpiper –C. minutilla 2 35 37 

Short-billed Dowitcher –Limnodromus griseus 4 11 15 

Family Laridae 

Laughing Gull –Larus atricilla* 95 12 95 

Royal Tern –Sterna maxima* 16 16 

Sandwich Tern –S. sanwicensis 2 2 4 

Least Tern –S. antillarum ** 20 

Family Columbidae 

Rock Pigeon –Columba livia 16 16 

White-crowned Pigeon –Columba leucocephala 1 8 9 

White-winged Dove –Zenaida asiatica* 3 30 18 18 69 

Family Trochilidae 

Green-breasted Mango –Anthracothorax prevosti* 3 9 5 17 

4-18

Bird Species 1 2 3 4 T 

Cinnamon Hummingbird –Amazilia rutila 1 3 3 7 

Family Alcedinidae 

Belted Kingfisher –Ceryle alcyon 1 1 2 

Family Tyrannidae 

Brown-crested Flycatcher –Myiarchus tyrannulus 1 1 1 3 

Tropical Kingbird –Tyrannus melancholicus* 4 5 9 

Eastern Kingbird –Tyrannus tyrannus 3 2 5 

Family Picidae 

Yucatan (Red-vented) Woodpecker –Melanerpes pygmaeus* 7 7 

Golden-fronted Woodpecker –M. aurifrons* 7 6 4 17 

Family Vireonidae 

Yucatan Vireo –Vireo magister* 19 19 

Family Hirundinidae 

Barn Swallow –Hirundo rustica 26 2 28 

Cliff Swallow –Hirundo pyrrhonota 1 1 

Family Mimidae 

Grey Catbird –Dumatella carolinensis 3 1 4 

Black Catbird –Melanoptila glabirostris* 9 17 26 

Tropical Mockingbird –Mimus gilvus* 4 6 8 18 

Family Coerebidae 

Bananaquit –Coereba flavida caboti* 4 6 1 11 

Family Parulidae 

Northern Parula –Parula Americana 2 2 

Yellow Warbler –Dendroica petechia 2 4 9 1 16 

Mangrove Warbler –D. p. erythacoides* 3 24 3 3 33 

Magnolia Warbler –D. magnolia 1 1 

Prairie Warbler –D. discolor 1 1 

Cape May Warbler- D. tigrina 1 1 

Black-throated Blue Warbler –D. caerulescens 1 1 

Yellow-rumped (Myrtle) Warbler –D.coronata coronate 7 19 1 27 

Palm Warbler –D. palmarum 2 4 6 

American Redstart –Setophaga ruticilla 2 2 2 6 

Louisiana Waterthrush –S. motacilla 1 1 

Northern Waterthrush –S. novaboracensis 1 1 

Unk Waterthrush (voice only) –Seiurus sp. 2 2 

Common Yellowthroat –Geothlypis trichas 6 1 7 

Hooded Warbler –Wilsonia citrine 1 1 2 

Unk warbler 3 3 4 10 

Family Thraupidae 

Scrub Euphonia –(Euphonia affinis) 1 1 1 3 

Family Emberizidae 

Rose-breasted Grosbeak –(Pheucticus ludovicianus) 2 2 

Indigo Bunting –(Passerina cyanea) 1 

Family Icteridae 

Great-tailed Grackle –Quiscalus mexicanus* 4 147 21 38 210 

Hooded Oriole –Icterus cucullatus 1 1 1 3 

Orchard Oriole –Icterus spurius 1 1 

TOTAL: INDIVIDUAL DETECTIONS: 772 550 134 155 1593 

FAMILIES: 13 19 15 14 24 

SPECIES: 21 55 29 23 71 

1-Project areas; 2-Proximate areas, including mangroves and a small portion of littoral forest; 3- Disturbed littoral 

forest/thicket with sparse housing; 4-Caye Caulker Village (high-density housing with exotic and local patches of 

4-19

vegetation; T=Total number of individuals. Observations: 2, 3, 8, 16, 28 March; 8 May 2007. Note: Number of 

detections of species include several visits to same site, therefore numbers of certain resident or seasonal species 

may reflect multiple detections of individuals; these are indicated by * Exact numbers are unknown. 

** Opportunistic sighting 

Top Left: Yellow-crowned Night Heron observed routinely in Caye Caulker mangroves including 

dump area. Top Right: Royal Tern on dock. Middle Left: Double-crested Cormorant common on 

relict pier . Middle Right: Short-billed Dowitcher in shallow extension of South Canal. Lower Left: 

Osprey consuming fish-near Pelican Point housing development area. Lower Right: Tricolour Heron 

hunting, South canal shallow extension. 

Plate 4.11. Birds noted in proximate areas to that proposed for project 

4-20

Species with over 10 detections occurring within intact caye littoral forest during the rapid 

assessment are the Great-tailed Grackle (n=21 detections); White-winged Dove (n=18); and the 

Yucatan endemic Black Catbird (17). Also notable were Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), 

the seasonal resident (September-May) parent species of the resident Mangrove Warbler, with 9 

detections; and the White-crowned Pigeon ( Columba leucocephala), a large seasonal resident 

(January-October) utilizing mangroves for nest and fruits of the littoral forest for food. 

4.4 Current Situation—Submerged Areas 

Nearshore submerged lands consist largely of flat lagoon bottom typical of the Northern Shelf 

Lagoon dominated by moderate to high density seagrass with occasional open areas. Bottom 

sediments are composed of a range of fine to coarse-grained muds and sands (cf Chamberlain, 

1994; Perkins, 1983). Principal among seagrass species noted was Turtlegrass ( Thalassia 

testudinum). Secondarily in marginal “white hole” (blowouts or bare areas within seagrass beds) 

spots, Halodule wrighti (Shoalgrass) mixes with sparse Thalassia or forms sparse recentlysettled 

areas on the periphery. This grass is also dominant in a longshore band at depths of 1- 

1.25 m. Bottom sediments were collected in a grab sampler (Plate 4.12). 

Plate 4.12. Bottom sampler, offshore project area. 

Photography: © Ellen McRae 

The principal use of this area is as the territory of a single Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus) trap 

fisherman. As in other fishing territories, trap locations are marked with White Mangrove poles 

(balisas). Approximately 300 traps and 75 shades are placed annually upon the entire site, with 

an estimated 25 (>10 %) located within the direct zone of influence of the proposed project, but 

perhaps 85 % placed within the zone of indirect influence. The latter includes lagoon bottom 

areas located downcurrent of proposed project-related activities such as dredging and effluent 

within approximately a two-mile (3 km) radius. Traps are run using an outboard skiff, visiting 

each trap on a weekly to bimonthly basis. This fisherman has used this territory for the past 33 

years. Other fishing territories are located downstream within this radius. 

Other boat traffic was observed (13 April, 8 May 2007) moving along the leeward shoreline of 

Caye Caulker, primarily passing over lobster grounds between the first and second balisas 

(between sites M6 and M8), with some passing closer nearshore. Boats were roughly 70-80% 

passing as general traffic north and south of the project site, with 20-30% stopping at the Ross 

4-21

fuel dock to refuel. The latter is on the increase, however, as Northern Fishermen’s Cooperative 

has a defective gasoline pump. 

Included in the discussion of submerged territory under potential impact of the project also are 

downcurrent habitats deemed susceptible to runoff from the project area, extending to a distance 

of approximately 3 km. This consists principally of offshore lagoon bottom stretching to meet 

coral patch reefs and barrier sections located southwest of the south point of Caye Caulker. 

Surface areas and ground water (cf NJS, 2000, Weiss & Goddard, 1977) become susceptible to 

pulses of water laden with runoff product during heavy rains with northerly and westerly winds. 

Observations from a Lighthawk Flight (2002) during a powerful cold front revealed narrow 

plumes from Caye Caulker and its neighbor to the south, Caye Chapel, projecting eastward from 

the cayes, then turning south, then east again, finishing upon the reef. The sources of these 

currents were a cleared area of mangroves (Caye Caulker) and poorly-placed dredge spoils (Caye 

Chapel) (McRae, pers. obs.). 

The zone of potential impact has been further extended to incorporate an even larger downstream 

area due to the proposed use of an injection well for disposal of reverse osmosis hypersaline 

brine, along with an unknown amount of treated effluent from the treatment plant. According to 

research a similar limestone bedrock, high water table area (Shinn,1994), the proposed use of an 

injection well to dispose of effluent from the package plant and brine in an area of fractured 

limestone extends the distance of project impact at minimum by a factor of two to three. 

4.5 Marine Vegetation 

The most common vegetation type noted in nearshore sites was Turtlegrass ( Thalassia 

testudinum). Blade length of Turtlegrass was noted as short (< 15 cm) in all sites visited. Cover 

was moderate to dense, with 50-80% of bottom occupied by the species. A limited variety of 

algae, principally Halimeda spp., were scattered singly or in clumps. There are dredge scars of 

varying ages offshore, in various stages of recovery (Plate 4.13a). Closer inshore at depth of 1- 

1.2 m, the grass species shifts to a narrow band of Shoalgrass (Halodule wrighti). Plate 4.13b 

depicts project area shoreline, showing seawater discoloration to brownish indicating the area of 

peat alongshore. 

Plate 4.13a. Aerial view of project area. Note 

dredge scars on sea floor. 

4-22 

Plate 4.13b. Shoreline of proposed project. 

Dark area adjacent to shoreline is peat bank.

The nearshore line consists of sand bottom with algae and large numbers of Codakia clam shells 

situated to the immediate west of a mangrove peat wall 1-1.2m in height. This structure leaves 

0.1-0.3 m of water over the surface all the way to shore, a distance of 2-6 m. The peat is brown 

in colour, spongy in texture and is riddled with holes occupied by a variety of marine life 

(Hydrology- Section 2.2.2; Water Quality Monitoring Program Section 5.9.2). Much of the 

surface is covered by fine turf algae, beige in coulour, occasionally overgrown by green algae 

such as Halimeda and Caulerpa spp (Plate 4.14b). 

Plate 4.14a. Mangrove peat wall section. Plate 4.14b. Caulerpa paspaloides growing on 

From left: Orange Mangrove Sponge; Variegated peat wall and sand bottom. 

Feather Duster Worm; Ringed Anemone (Bartholomea 

annularis; Palm Algae (Caulerpa paspaloides) 

Bottom sediments consist of fine to coarse sand with many calcium carbonate chips from shells 

and the calcareous algae Halimeda spp (Green Chip Algae) (Chamberlain, 1994). The latter 

were evident at all sites, particularly at M9, where dense patches of H. opuntia were associated 

with sponges and fish aggregations. In other sites individual Halimeda plants were noted. The 

bottom was moderately to heavily populated by bioturbation organisms, most particularly 

Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) burrows (Plate 4.15a). Other algae on the lagoon bottom includes 

green species such as Fan Algae (Plate 4.15b) and the Merman’s Shavingbrush ( Penecillus 

capitatus, P. dumetosus), Feather algae (Caulerpa sertularioides) and, attached to pilings and 

balisas, the Red algae Laurencia papillosa. 

Plate 4.15a. Lugworm burrows in seagrass Plate 4.15b. Fan Algae (Udotea flabellum) 

with juvenile Schoolmaster (Lutjanus apodus). 

4-23

Principal species include H. opuntia (growing in dense clumps with sponges); H. incrassata; and 

H. monile (growing as individual plants). Also present was the green algae Penecillis capitatus 

(Merman’s Shavingbrush), scattered about the sea bottom. 

Several macroalgae algae species were attached to balisas and the remnant pilings of the old pier. 

Dense tufts of Laurencia papillosa and smaller patches of Caulerpa mexicana, Acetabularia 

spp., and Dictyosphaera cavernosa occupy pilings. 

Algae associated with the peat bank included Caulerpa paspaloides, C. cupressoides, Batophora 

oerstedi, and unidentified turf algae. Though snorkeling was not attempted within the canals 

once their fecal contamination was known, a number of species were observed from the banks, 

or came up in castnet samples. 

Large seagrass meadows cover a wide expanse of the lagoon bottom to the south and east of the 

island. Prevalent vegetation is again Turtlegrass and Manatee Grass ( Syringodium filiforme) 

(Plate 4.16a). Some of the algal species noted nearshore to the project site are also noted within 

these seagrass meadows. 

Species of algae encountered only in the reef include such calcareous Rhodophycophyceae as the 

very common encrusting coralline Porolithon pachydermum, and the branching forms Amphiroa 

rigida and Jania adherens. Also common on the reef flat is the brown algae Turbinaria 

turbinata, having pyramidal gas bladders, and species of Green Chip algae ( Halimeda spp.) 

(Plate 4.16b). Refer to Table 4.3 for a complete list. 

Plate 4.16a. Turtlegrass and Manatee Grass Plate 4.16b. Lavender Thin Finger Coral 

in barrier platform lagoon off Caye Caulker. (Porites divaricata) surrounded by Turbinaria sp 

(Top); Halimeda sp. (centre) and pink 

encrusting pitted-textured Porolithon 

pachydermum. 

4.5.1 Marine Fauna 

The area’s fauna is discussed in the following sections, separated by habitat type. Principally this 

includes canals on the target property, the nearshore peat bank and old pilings, and nearshore 

lagoon bottom. Invertebrates are presented in Table 4.6 and vertebrates in Table 4.7. 

4-24

4.5.2 Canals 

Marine fauna in canals was not examined in detail by snorkel due to water quality issues (cf 

Section 2.2; monitoring programme Section 5.9.2). However utilizing two alternate methods – 

castnet and observations from the banks, 16 species in 4 taxa were noted. Invertebrates included 

only a single Lugworm ( Arenicola cristata) burrow, with several Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sp) 

observed in South Canal; while a pair of Upside-Down Jellyfish (Casseipoeia xamachana) were 

cast-netted from the Northern Canal. Fish observed included two species in Northern Canal 

(juvenile Schoolmaster and Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), while 12 species were noted in 

the Southern Canal. Most abundant among these were Silversides (Family Atherhinidae), 

showing hundreds of individuals, while the Mangrove Molly ( Poecilia orri) and Yellowfin 

Mojarra ( Gerres cinereus) also showed respectable numbers (over 20 each). Species having 

occasional to few (2-9) individuals include Schoolmaster and Grey (Lutjanus griseus) Snappers; 

unknown juvenile grunts (Haemulon sp), needlefish (Family Belonidae) and jacks ( Caranx sp), 

and numerous juvenile Barracuda ranging from several cm to half meter in length. Single fish 

were noted of the Silver Jenny ( Eucinostoma gula), Ocellated Killifish ( Floridichthys 

polyommus), and Checkered Puffer (Sphaeroides testudineus). 

Not surprisingly most fish noted were juveniles, with the exception of the small brackish-water 

species (Killifish, Mosquitofish and Mangrove Molly —the latter of which showed family 

groups) and the Silversides, which also showed all ages. The only photo of a fish species in the 

canals was a Silver Jenny, collected with a castnet from Northern Canal (Plate 4.17). A juvenile 

Schoolmaster with Fan Algae may be viewed in Plate 4.15b. 

Plate 4.17. Silver Jenny Eucinostomus gula 

collected in castnet in northern canal April 2007. 

Looking into the sinkhole revealed a group of Mosquitofish (Gambusia sp) that unfortunately 

could not be obtained for specific identification. 

4.5.3 Peat Bank and Relict Mangrove Roots 

The most abundant life observed within the immediate project area was associated with these 

structures (n=57 species, n=8 phyla). Of these, 25 species were fish and 32 were invertebrates. 

Numerically dominant invertebrates included Tiger Lucine (Codakia orbicularia), a bivalve with 

4-25

abundant dead shells, undoubtedly a relic of the most recent dredging; and three species of 

anemone, common on pilings and within peat (Plate 4.18a). 

Most common of fish were clouds of mixed size Silversides, a sizeable (200+) shoal of Redear 

Herring ( Harengula humeralis), juveniles and initial phase individuals of the wrasse Slippery 

Dick ( Halichoeres bivittatus) (n=40), juveniles of the damselfish Sergeant Major ( Abedefduf 

saxatilis) (n=30), and a variety of juvenile grunt species (Haemulon spp) (n=24). Rounding out 

the top 10 fish species among relict pilings and the nearshore peat bank were the small forage 

fish Slender Mojarra ( Eucinostoma jonesi); juveniles of the common reef fish French Grunt 

(Haemulon flavolineatum); the small inshore and rubble zone Damselfish, the Beaugregory 

(Stegastes leucostictus); juveniles of the planktivorous reef damselfish the Sergeant Major 

(Abedefduf saxatilis); and the small, common Striped Parrotfish ( Scarus croicensis), most 

abundant of reef-based parrotfishes. Also present was a specimen of the bizarre Shortnose 

Batfish ((Ogcocephalus nasutus) (Plate 4.18b). 

Plate 4. 18a. Two anemone species in Plate 4.18b. Mangrove and peat bank fish, 

the peat wall: Top: Pale Anemone the Shortnose Batfish (Ogcocephalus 

(Aiptasia pallida); Bottom: Giant nasutus) with Halimeda sp. 

Caribbean Anemone Condylactis gigantea). 

4.5.4 Proximita Seabed 

Water depth in offshore sites investigated ranged from 2-5 m. Water was progressively more 

turbid with increasing distance from shore, ranging from 8 m at Site M3 to 3 m at Site M9 on 13 

April; however, on 8 May visibility had improved to 6 m even in offshore sites such as M10. 

Most organisms were associated with the lagoon bottom. Green chip algae clumps with 

embedded sponges and/or small finger coral colonies (Porites divaricata) tended to feature more 

associated fish than open seagrass meadow and/or sand/mud bottom. 

Balisas—used by the fisherman to mark location of traps—were utilized where possible as site 

markers (n=4). This assures more replicable monitoring, although one or more balisa may 

ultimately be removed if the project proceeds as planned. Some species were only noted 

4-26

associating with, or attached to, balisas (Plate 4.18). These included invertebrates such as the 

Mangrove Tunicate (Ecteinascidia turbinate), Orange Mangrove Sponge (Ulosa ruetzleri), and 

others. A few juvenile jacks were associated with some balisas such as that in Plate 4.18. The 

most frequently noted invertebrates in proximate seabed habitats were the seasonal Thimble 

(Linuche unguiculata) and Warty Jellyfish ( Pelagia noctiluca), abundant and common, 

respectively. Both of these species were noted in the April field session but not May. Also 

common was the infaunal species, the Lugworm ( Arenicola cristata). Less common but 

occasionally sighted were the Tiger Lucine ( Codakia orbicularis), Rose Coral ( Manicina 

aureolata), small colonies of Thin Finger Coral (Porites divaricata), and the Frondose Upsidedown 

Jellyfish (Casseiopeia frondosa). 

Table 4.6 Marine Invertebrates 

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Phylum Porifera 

Black Chimney Sponge –Pellina carbonaria F F 

Red Finger Sponge –Amphimedon compressa F 

Blue Finger Sponge F 

Chicken Liver Sponge -Chondrilla nucula F 

Orange Mangrove Sponge –Ulosa ruetzleri F F F 

Phylum Cnidaria 

Class Hydrozoa 

Encrusting Fire Coral –Millepora alcicornis F C 

Crenulated Fire Coral –M. complanata O 

Fern Hydroid –Pennaria tiarella F 

Class Scyphozoa 

Warty Jellyfish -(Pelagia noctiluca) C 

Thimble –(Linuche unguiculata) A 

Upside Down Jellyfish –Casseiopeia xamachana F S 

“ “ -C. frondosa O 

“Glass Jellyfish”- [*] F 

Class Anthozoa 

Giant Caribbean Anemone-Condylactis gigantea C 

Ringed Anemone –Bartholomaea annularis C 

Pale Anemone –Aiptasia pallid C 

Green Zoanthid –Zoanthus pulchellus O 

Thin Finger Coral –Porites divaricata O O O 

Club Finger Coral –P. porites O 

Mustard Hill Coral –P. asteroids S C 

Elkhorn Coral –Acropora palmate O 

Staghorn Coral –A. cervicornis C 

Knobby Boulder Coral –Montastraea annularis A 

Mountainous Boulder Coral –M. faveolata O 

Starlet Coral –Siderastraea sidereal O 

Rose Coral –Manicina aereolata O O 

4-27

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Smooth Brain Coral –Diploria strigosa C 

Knobby Brain Coral –D. clivosa O 

Labyrinth Brain Coral –D. labrinthiformis F 

Thin Lettuce Leaf Coral- Agaricia tenuifolia F 

Low Relief Lettuce Coral- A. humilis O 

Pillar coral –Dendrogyra cylindricus O 

Golf Ball Coral –Favia fragum O 

Cactus Coral –Mycetophyllia sp. F 

Common Sea Fan –Gorgonia ventolina O 

Corky Sea Fingers –Briareum asbestinum C 

Sea Rods-Pseudoplexaura spp. O 

Sea Plume –Peudopterogorgia sp. 

Phylum Annelida 

O 

Lugworm-Arenicola cristata S F C O 

Christmas Tree Worm –Spirobranchia gigantea C 

Spaghetti Worm –Eupolymnia crassicornis S O 

Split-crown Featherduster Worm 

O 

–Anamobea orstedi 

Social Feather Duster Worm –Bispira brunea O 

Variegated Feather Duster Worm –B. variegata F 

Phylum Mollusca 

Class Gastropoda 

Vase –Vasum muricatum S O 

Melongena –Melongena melongena S 

Stocky Cerith –Cerithium litteratum F O 

Middle-spined Cerith – C. algicola O 

True Tulip- Fasciolaria tulipa O O 

Queen Conch –Strombus gigas F C F 

Flamingo Tongue –Cyphoma gibbosum O 

West-Indian Chank –Xana Americana O 

Long-spined Star Shell –Astraea phoebia O C 

Imbricated Star Shell – A. tecta F 

Common Dove Shell- Columbella mercatoria O 

**Brown Moon Snail –Polinices hepaticus S F 

Virgin Nerite –Nerita virginea F 

Round Turban –Tegula fasciata F 

Angular Turban –T. lividomaculata F 

Coffee Melampus –Melampus coffeus F 

Bubble Shell –Bulla sp. C 

Class Bivalvia 

Tiger Lucine- Codakia orbicularis A O A 

Cross-barred Venus –Chione cancellata O O 

Buttercup –Anodontia alba F F 

4-28

Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Rough Pecten –Aequipecten muscosis F 

Alternate Tellin –Tellina alternate F 

Atlantic Thorny Oyster –Spondylus americanus S 

Short Macoma –Macoma brevifrons 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Crustacea 

Cirripedia 

F F 

Mangrove Star Barnacle –Chthamalus 

F 

angustitergum 

Isopoda 

Biting Isopod - F 

Anomura 

Green-striped Hermit Crab- Clibinarius vittatus S 

Conch Hermit Crab –Petrochirus Diogenes S 

Brachyura 

Blue Crab-Callinectes sp. F 

Arrow Crab-Stenorhynchus seticornis S S 

Green Reef Crab –Mithrax sculptus S O 

Palinura 

Spiny Lobster –Panulirus argus O 

Stenopodidea 

Banded Coral Shrimp –Stenopus hispidus S O 

Astacidea 

U. Burrowing Shrimp - O 

Phylum Echinodermata 

Asteroidea 

Cushion Sea Star –Oreaster reticulate S 

Ophiuroidea 

[U. Brilliant Red-armed Brittle Star] S 

Echinoidea 

Reef Urchin -Echinometra viridis C 

Red Rock Urchin –E. lucunter F 

Long-spined Urchin –Diadema antillarum C 

Slate Pencil Urchin –Eucidaris tribuloides S 

West-Indian Sea Egg –Tripneustes ventricosa S 

Six-holed Sand-dollar –Leodia sexiesperforata S 

Phylum Chordata 

Subphylum Urochordata 

Mangrove Tunicate- Ecteinascidia turbinata F F 

U. Giant Black Tunicate- S 

Key: 1-Observed from bank, south canal; 2-Observed from bank, north channel; 3-Captured in castnet, north canal; 

4- Observed snorkeling, nearshore mangrove peat/pilings; 5-Observed snorkeling, offshore Western side, 

seagrass/lagoon bottom, including on balisa; 6-Reef (patch and barrier) and lagoon sites in nearshore runoff zone 

4-29

from Rapid Assessment (McRae, unpub data Oct-Dec 2003) for Caye Caulker Forest and Marine Reserves 

Integrated Management Plan and Reef Fish Surveys (Jan 2005-May 2007); 7-Represented in dredge spoils on land 

and nearshore (indicative of in fauna originally inhabiting dredge scar). Dates as follows: Visual from bank: 8, 16 

March; 8 May 2007. **Egg Case 

Plate 4.19. Juvenile jacks (Caranx 

sp) on a balisa, proximate seagrass. 

As previously noted, fish distribution was largely clumped around specific bottom structures 

including dense Halimeda clumps with sponges and small Porites colonies. Size of fish was 

small, largely presenting juveniles of species that will later migrate to the reef, or organisms that 

remain small throughout their lives. The most commonly noted species were small unknown 

gobies distributed over the bottom, in the latter category. The other most frequently noted 

organisms included juveniles of the Damselfish species Sergeant Major (Abedefduf saxatilis) and 

Beaugregory ( Stegastes leucostictus), and groups of unknown juvenile grunts ( Haemulon sp.). 

Refer to Table 4.7 Column 6 for fish in this habitat. 

4.5.5 Barrier Platform and Reef 

The caye’s underlying bedrock is composed of limestone of marine origin, cracked, fissured and 

riddled with a very large cave system (Hettel, Bounting, Dawson, pers. comm.). The 

Smithsonian Institute sent an expedition to collect samples from these caves in the late 1980s, 

including the unique primitive cave-adapted Arthropod class known as Remipedia (genus 

Speleonectes)—nowhere common. A new species of copepod was also discovered within this 

cave system—termed “Giant Cave” by the author and by the few divers who have entered this 

dangerous cave system (Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1991). 

Offshore Lagoon 

Some areas of lagoon bottom habitat were most recently visited during a Rapid Assessment 

undertaken as part of the completion and update of the Integrated Management Plan (IMP) for 

Caye Caulker Marine and Forest Reserves (McRae, 2004; McRae, unpub. data). Most of the area 

is covered by mixed seagrass including Turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) and Manatee Grass 

(Syringodium filiforme) (Plate 4.16a) and the algae Halimeda incrassata, H. monile and 

Penecillus capitatus. One deep area contained sparse Halodule wrighti and bare sand. Fauna— 

4-30

not obviously abundant—noted included the Gastropod mollusks West-Indian Fighting Conch 

(Strombus pugilis) and West-Indian Chank ( Xama Americana) and the Echinoderms Meoma 

ventricosa (Biscuit Urchin) and its symbiotic Pea -crab ( Dissodactylus crinitichilus); Leodia 

sexiesperforata (Six -holed Sand Dollar); and the Conch or Giant Hermit-Crab ( Petrochirus 

diogenes). The only commonly noted invertebrate was the Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) in its 

many burrows. 

Even less common were fish. Two wrasse species—the Green Razorfish ( Hemipteronotus 

splendens) and the Slippery Dick (Halichoeres bivittatus) were noted. The latter is common on 

sandy and rubble bottoms; a few were noted in the seagrass patch between Caye Caulker and 

Caye Chapel Coral Gardens (Patch Reefs). A single Guitarfish (Rhinobatus lentiginus) was noted 

on seagrass slightly northeast of Caye Caulker village. 

Patch and Barrier Reef 

Impacts to reef corals from nutrients range from reduction in productivity due to clouded water 

from excessive plankton growth (Dubinsky & Stambler, 1996; McField et al, 1996), through 

excessive macroalgal growth on reefs (CZMA/I, 2000; LaPointe et al, 1997; Dubinsky & 

Stambler, 1996); reduced calcification (; to reduced survival of coral recruits (Ward & Harrison, 

1997). Disease may result if coliform bacteria are imperfectly removed from the effluent, such 

as White Pox in ESA-listed Elkhorn Coral (cf Patterson et al, 2002). Reaction to nutrient loading 

is generally species-specific (Littler et al, 2006), with Porites furcata on the tolerant side (Kuntz 

et al, 2005), and the ESA-listed Acroporid A. cervicornis on the least-tolerant (Renegar & Riegl, 

2005). 

The most frequently noted non-coral invertebrates in combined reef habitats were Christmas-tree 

Worm (Spirobranchia gigantean); Queen Conch (Strombus gigas); Flamingo Tongue (Cyphoma 

gibbosum) –a predatory snail on gorgonians; and the urchins Long-spined Black ( Diadema 

antillarum) and Reef Urchins (Echinometra viridis). Coral species judged to be common were 

the Hydrozoan Encrusting Fire Coral (Millepora alcicornis); the hermatypic Anthozoan species 

Mustard Hill Coral (Porites asteroids), Smooth Brain Coral (Diploria strigosa), and the ESAlisted 

Staghorn Coral (Acropora cervicornis). Several of the latter were noted to be infected with 

White-band Disease. The Octocoral Corky Sea-Fingers (Briareum asbestinum) also was noted 

to be common. 

The only species noted as “abundant” was the Knobby Boulder Coral (Montastraea annularis); 

this species appeared to be afflicted with patch bleaching, however the incidence of this lessened 

as one moved north along the reef. Two important centers of ESA-threatened Elkhorn Coral 

(Acropora palmata) lie within the zones of influence of the project as presented by the 

developer. These and other rare, threatened and endangered species are discussed in Section 4.5. 

The reef off southern Caye Caulker is part of Caye Caulker Marine Reserve, enacted April 1998 

(Fisheries Law). Plate 4.20a and b depicts representative reef invertebrates. 

The reef itself in the area was found to be essentially in a patchwork of varying stages of 

recovery following two large hurricanes—a near-miss (~200 miles to centre) -Category 5 

Hurricane Mitch (26-31 October 1998) and a direct hit by Hurricane Keith (30 Sep-2 Oct 2000) 

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(Plate 4.21a-b). Even some of the areas showing very heavy impact from the weather showed 

early-stage recovery, with large amounts of fast-growing species such as Mustard Hill, young 

Acroporid corals, small Brain Corals and Milleporine (Fire) Corals. 

Upper Left: Smooth Brain Coral (Diploria strigosa). Frame right: Margate (Haemulon album). 

Occurrence widespread throughout its range. Upper Right: Elkhorn Coral (Acropora palmata). 

South Caye Caulker Channel. Listed under Endangered Species Act (USA) based upon > 80% 

decline throughout its range. Lower Left: Knobby Boulder Coral ( Montastraea annularis). 

Provides much of the bulk of back reef coral. Lower Right: Encrusting Fire Coral (Millepora 

alcicornis) Widespread Hydrozoan coral species shown with juvenile fish from left: Blue Tang; 

Bluehead Wrasse; Blue Chromis. 

Plate 4.20a Coral Reef 

4-32 

Plate 4.20b Coral Reef 

Plate 4.20c Coral Reef Plate 4.20d Coral Reef

Upper Left: Social Feather Duster Worms ( Bispira brunnea) Upper Right: Spirobranchia 

gigantea (Christmas Tree Worm) on Mustard Hill Coral (Porites asteroids). Lower Left: Long 

-spined Sea Urchin ( Diadema antillarum) Lower Right: Triton ( Charonia variegata) – 

uncommon predatory snail subject to local extinction from the curio trade. 

Plate 4.20b Non-coral invertebrates 

Left: Montastraea annularis broken by hurricane surf. Right: Elkhorn ( Acropora palmata) 

fragment dropped by current onto Diploria strigosa. 

Plate 4.21 Hurricane damage on Caye Caulker 1998-2000. 

4-33

Fish 

Caye Caulker’s reefs abound with fish. A total of 80 species were noted at the north side of the 

South Caye Caulker Channel area during monthly fish surveys taken between August 2006-June 

2007; while 75 species were observed at REA sites (n=13), including patch, backreef, fore reef 

and crest sites, within the area of project influence ( McRae, unpub data, 2003). The most 

commonly detected species in the Caye Caulker Channel backreef site were the forage species 

Silversides (n=601); algae grazing Striped Parrotfish (n=374); territory -defending Longfin 

Damselfish (n=301); Bluehead Wrasse ( n=285); and algae grazing Blue Tang (n=210). High 

numbers of algae-grazing fish species indicate a good reef health. There are also strong 

populations of other parrotfish and surgeonfish species on Caye Caulker reefs (Plate 4.22a). 

The REA top species—encompassing a greater range of reef habitat types—were measured in 

terms of presence or absence at sites. Thus a species’ score is presented as a percentage of the 13 

total sites, indicating degree of dispersion across reef sites. Five species were noted at 11 of 13 

(84.6%) of all sites. These were three parrotfish species—the numerically dominant Striped 

Parrotfish, as well as the Stoplight and Redband Parrotfish; as well as the plankton-feeding 

damselfish, the Sergeant-Major ( Abedefduf saxatilis), and the common Bluehead Wrasse. 

Interestingly, of the three species observed at 10 of 13 (76.9%) of sites, one is a fourth parrotfish 

species, the yellowtail parrotfish (Sparisoma rubripinne), while a second is again the Blue Tang. 

This data again indicates a good distribution of algae-grazing fish species. A full accounting of 

fish species in this area may be noted in column 7 of Table 4.7. 

Table 4.7 Marine Vertebrates 

Species Site 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

PISCES 

Nurse Shark –Ginglymostomum cirratum F 

Southern Stingray –Dasyatis Americana O 

Spotted Eagle Ray –Aetobatus narinari F 

Caribbean Stingray –Himantura schmardae F 

Yellow Stingray –Urolophus jamaicense F 

Sand Diver –Synodus intermedius F 

Green Moray –Gymnothorax funebris F 

Redear Herring –Harengula humeralis A 

Ocellated Killifish –Floridichthys polyommus S 

U Mosquitofish –Gambusia sp M 

Mangrove Molly –Poecilia orri M 

Silversides –Atherinidae A A M 

Ballyhoo –Hemirhamphus brasilensis F 

Trumpetfish –Aulostomus maculates F 

Houndfish –Tylosurus crocodiles O 

U small Needlefish –Belonidae O F 

Bigeye –Priacanthus arenatus S 

Dusky Squirrelfish –Holocentrus vexillarius F 

Squirrelfish –Holocentrus rufus O 

Longjaw Squirrelfish –H. ascensionis O 

4-34


U Squirrelfish –Holocentridae O 

Rock Hind –Epinephalus adscensionis S 


Nassau Grouper –E. striatus F 

Black Grouper –Mycteroperca bonaci F 

Yellowfin Grouper –M. venenosa S 

Tiger Grouper –M. tigris S 

Coney –Epinephalus fulvus F 

Graysby –E. cruentatus O 

Barred Hamlet – Hypoplectrus puella F 

Black Hamlet –H. nigricans O 

Indigo Hamlet –H. indigo S 

Harlequin Bass –Serranus tigrinus S 

Fairy Basslet –Gramma loreto F 

Blackcap Basslet –Gramma melacara S 

U Sharksucker –Echeneis sp. F 

Sand Tilefish –Malacanthus plumieri F 

Barjack –Caranx rubber F O 

U juvenile Jacks F F 

Schoolmaster –Lutjanus apodus O F O M 

Mahogany Snapper –L. mahogany O-M 

Grey Snapper –L. griseus F F 

Mutton Snapper –L. analis F 

Lane Snapper –L. synagris F F 

Dog Snapper –L. jocu F 

Cubera Snapper –L. cyanopterus S 

Yellowtail Snapper –Ocyurus chrysurus M 

Silver Jenny –Eucinostomus gula S S S 

Slender Mojarra –E. jonesi M 

Yellowfin Mojarra –Gerres cinereus M F F 

French Grunt –Haemulon flavolineatum M M 

Blue-striped Grunt –H. sciurus O M 

Margate –H. album F 

Smallmouth Grunt –H. chrysargyreum O 

White Grunt –H. plumieri F 

Caesar Grunt –H. carbonarium M 

Sailor’s Choice –H. parrai O 

U juvenile Grunts –Haemulidae O M F C 

Porkfish –Anisotremus virginicus F 

Unk Porgy –Calamus spp. O 

Bermuda Chub –Kyphosus sectatrix O 

Yellow Goatfish –Mulloidichthys martinicus O 

Spotted Goatfish –Pseudopeneus maculates F 

4-35


Spotted Drum –Equetus punctatus S 

Spotfin Butterflyfish –Chaetodon ocellatus O 

Banded Butterflyfish –C. striatus F 

4-Eye Butterflyfish –C. capistratus F S O 


Rock Beauty –Holocanthus tricolor F 

Queen Angelfish –H. ciliaris S F 

French Angel –Pomacanthus paru F 

Grey Angel –P. arcuatus O 

Yellowtail Damselfish –Microspathodon chrysurus O 

Bicolour Damselfish –Stegastes partitus S M 

Dusky Damselfish –S. dorsopunicans O 

Longfin Damselfish –S. diencaeus M 

Beaugregory –S. leucostictus M F O 

3-Spot Damselfish –S. planifrons S M 

Cocoa Damselfish –S. variabilis O 

Brown Chromis –Chromis multilineatus F 

Blue Chromis –C. cyaneus F 

Sergeant Major –Abedefduf saxatilis M O M 

Puddingwife –Halichoeres radiata F 

Clown Wrasse –H. maculipinna O 

Yellowhead Wrasse –H. garnoti M 

Rainbow Wrasse –H. pictus F 

Slippery Dick –H. bivittatus M M 

Blackear Wrasse –H. poeyi F 

Spanish Hogfish –Bodianus rufus O 

Hogfish –Lachnolaimus maximus F 

Creole Wrasse –Clepticus parrai O 

Bluehead Wrasse –Thalassoma bifasciatum O M 

Green Razorfish –Hemipteronotus splendens S 

Blue Parrotfish –Scarus caeruleus S 

Rainbow Parrotfish –Scarus guacamaia F 

Midnight Parrotfish –Scarus coelestinus S 

Queen Parrotfish –S. vetula O 

Stoplight Parrotfish –Sparisoma viride O 

Redtail Parrotfish –S. chrysopterum F O 

Yellowtail Parrotfish –S. rubripinne O 

Striped Parrotfish –Scarus croicensis M F M 

Princess Parrotfish –S. taeniopterus S 

Redband Parrotfish –Sparisoma aurofrenatum F 

Slender Parrotfish –Cryptotomus roseus S 

Barracuda –Sphyraena barracuda O F F F 

Yellowhead Jawfish –Opisthognathus aurifrons S 

4-36


Saddle Blenny –Malacoctenus triangulates S 

Redlip Blenny –Ophioblennius atlanticus F 

Masked Goby –Coryphopterus personatus F 

Dash Goby –Gobionellis saepepallens F 

Bridled Goby –C. glaucofrenum S O 

Neon Goby –Gobiosoma oceanops O 


Broadstripe Goby –G. prochilos F 

Unk Gobies –Gobiidae C M 

Shortnose Batfish –Ogcocephalus nasutus S 

U Mackerel –Scomberomorus sp F 

Peacock Flounder –Bothus lunatus S 

Queen Triggerfish –Balistes vetula F 

Black Durgon –Melichthys niger O 

Blue Tang –Acanthurus coeruleus M 

Ocean Surgeon –A. bahianus O O 

Doctorfish –A. chirurgus F 

Orange-spotted Filefish –Cantherhinus pullus S 

Smooth Trunkfish –Lactophrys triqueter F 

Spotted Trunkfish –L. bicaudalis F 

Trunkfish –L. trigonus F 

Bandtail Puffer – Sphoeroides spengleri F 

Checkered Puffer –S. testudineus S 

Sharpnose Puffer –Canthigaster rostrata F 

REPTILIA 

Green Sea Turtle –Chelonia mydas F 

Loggerhead Turtle –Caretta caretta F 

MAMMALIA 

West-Indian Manatee –Trichechus manatus R 

Bottlenosed Dolphin –Tursiops truncates F 

Key: 1-Observed from bank, south channel; 2-Observed from bank, north channel; 3-Noted in sinkhole from bank; 4-Captured in 

castnet, north canal, branch; 5- Observed snorkeling, nearshore mangrove peat/pilings; 6-Observed snorkeling, offshore 

seagrass/lagoon bottom; 7- Reef (patch and barrier) and lagoon sites in nearshore runoff zone from Rapid Assessment (McRae, 

unpub. data) for Caye Caulker Forest and Marine Reserves Integrated Management Plan and monthly reef fish surveys Jan 2005- 

May 2007. Dates as follows: Visual from bank: 8, 16 March; Castnet: 1 April; Visual via snorkel: 13, 1 April; 8 May. Marine 

reptiles and mammals from 2006-7 observations by Ellen McRae. U=Unknown; R=Reported. 

4-37

a. Blue Tang (Acanthurus caeruleus) Common b. Grunts and snappers resting by day on the reef. 

algae grazer. From upper left: Blue-striped Grunt (Haemulon 

sciurus); Caesar Grunt (H. carbonarium); Mahogany 

Snapper (Lutjanus mahogany) 

c. French and Smallmouth Grunts (Haemulon flavolineatum d. Terminal Phase male Yellowhead Wrasse 

and H. chrysargyrum). (Halichoeres garnoti) predator on small invertebrates. 

e. Great Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) f. Initial-phase Stoplight Parrotfish (Sparisoma 

viride) 

Plate 4.22 Fish of Caye Caulker’s reef habitats. All photography © Ellen McRae. 

4-38

4.6 Conservation Issues 

Plate 4.23 Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta). Photo: © Ellen McRae 

The following sections describe habitats and species of importance as rare, threatened or 

endangered (RTE). It also looks at Caye Caulker Marine Reserve, a publicly-mandated MPA 

part of which is located within zone of impact of the project in particular from pulse runoff, 

leachate and injection well effluent. 

4.6.1 Caye Caulker Marine Reserve 

Caye Caulker Marine Reserve (CCMR), is essentially 11.1 linear km of barrier reef including 

inshore habitat and a complete section of habitat in the area of the island’s north point from 

offshore across the Barrier, shelf lagoon, Caye Caulker Forest Reserve on the north point of the 

island, on to 1 km west (Fig. 4.2). These areas contain a full complement of functioning natural 

systems of the Northern Shelf Lagoon, including seagrass, mangrove, littoral vegetation, reef and 

open sea. This system is already being impacted by nutrient-rich groundwater from the village. 

4-39

Fig. 4.2 Caye Caulker Marine (geometric design in sea) and Forest (green part of island) 

Reserves. Red dot indicates project site; blue line indicates approximate dimension of nearshore 

drift impact from project site. 

4.6.2 Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species and Critical Habitats 

The following sections treat species and habitats generally considered to be at risk, but that have 

high ecosystem value and importance. It also describes commercially important species. 

4-40

4.6.2.1 Terrestrial 

No threatened or commercially important plants exist within the project area with the exception 

of a few Coconut Palms ( Cocos nucifera) along north canal and in the project area. Few 

terrestrial plant species are on the site at this time. However, littoral forest –once abundant on 

Caye Caulker but heavily impacted by development (cf McField et al, 1996) —remnants and 

fragments are in place within 1 km of the project site. These are not considered to be at risk 

from the project. Indeed, if landscaping is managed appropriately the project has the potential to 

minimally enhance this vegetation type by plantings of representative species on the premises. 

Interestingly, the newly-formed saltmarsh flat on the property is being utilized as nesting 

territory for two bird species of conservation concern. These are the Wilson’s Plover 

(Charadrius wilsoni) and Least Tern (Sterna antillarum). Apparently breeding is taking place on 

the property, as a nest with eggs was discovered at the site in 2005, and currently a minimum of 

30-40 individual birds is courting and carrying out apparent breeding activities on-site (McRae, 

REA data, Mar-June, 2007.). The species select open sand or mud areas having low relief for 

breeding (Jones & Gardner, 2003; Sibley, 2001; National Geographic, 3 rd edition, 1999). 

According to Sibley (2001) the species are in need of conservation effort as their breeding 

habitat is under increased impact due to coastal development and off-road vehicles. 

Several species on proximate areas such as mangroves and littoral forest are listed or are 

undergoing decline. The Caribbean subspecies of the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and the Brown 

Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)—both listed on US-ESA for decades due to population crashes 

from DDT-induced eggshell thinning (cf Sibley, 2001)—are quite common in Belize (pers. obs.), 

with individuals overflying, roosting on the old pier or perched on trees while consuming fish 

(Plate 4.11). Another species, not observed during the project REA but passing through Caye 

Caulker September-October, also listed for the same reason is the transient migrant Peregrine 

Falcon (Falco peregrinus). 

The Black Catbird (Melanoptila glabirostris) is listed in IUCN Red Data Book (2004) as VU- 

Vulnerable to extinction because it is a limited area—a Yucatan endemic (cf Jones & Gardner, 

2004; Miller & Miller, 1993; 1991). Both this species and the Yucatan Vireo (Vireo magister) 

tend to be limited to coastal and island littoral forest and to a lesser extent, coastal savanna. 

Miller & Miller (pers. com.) have proposed a downgrade in listing of these species—particularly 

the former—due to shrinking habitat. This is borne out over the years at Caye Caulker by an 

unpublished dataset collected ancillary to tourism (McRae, 1987-2007), which shows numbers of 

Black Catbirds sighted on bird walks through littoral forest and mangrove habitat, the same route 

over time, in a state of decline. Because the proposed project has no impact on littoral forest, 

birds occupying this habitat are unlikely to suffer impact. However, given proper landscaping 

using native littoral vegetation, the project could actually enhance populations of these native 

species. Also likely to benefit are transient and seasonal resident migrant birds, such as the 

White-crowned Pigeon ( Columba leucocephalus), as well as thrushes (Family Turdidae), 

Tanagers (Family Pirangidae), Wood Warblers (Family Parulidae) and other species. 

The two bird species nesting on the property—Wilson’s Plover and Least Tern—are attracted to 

the land as it is now, having been completely altered from its original habitat type. The property 

4-41

proposed for the project is 4.5 A; to provide an area for the birds to continue nesting, the 

business would have to greatly downsized. Knowledge of use of this land for nesting by these 

species is essential, as it provides opportunities to prepare and reserve areas for their use. 

American Crocodiles (CITES Appendix 1; Endangered) have been spotted on the bank of 

northern canal (McRae, unpub. da ta, 2005) and are occasionally noted in ditches along the 

runway, the waste disposal site and mangrove pools adjacent to the Pelican Point property. 

4.6.2.2 Marine 

Seagrasses are widespread marine Angiosperms not considered to be at risk, although they 

perform critical support functions to coral reefs. These include filtration of seawater passing 

over it; stabilization of bottom sediments; holding and accumulating bottom sediments; and 

nursery function to many important marine species including Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus); 

vegetative biomass is usually a direct regulator of species abundance (McField et al, 1996; 

Stoner, 1980). Seagrass meadows are known to provide food and shelter to multitudes of marine 

organisms, both juvenile and adult forms (Ray & Stoner, 1995; Stoner & Walte, 1990; Heck et 

al, 1989; Zieman, 1982, Kikuchi, 1980). However, local removal results in loss of these 

ecosystem services, resulting in stronger bottom currents in the area, reduced productivity and a 

higher load of suspended sediments in the seawater. It is well-documented that a loss in habitat 

area is associated with a loss in biodiversity and numbers of individuals (Farig, 2003, in Russell 

et al, 2005, 2000). 

Zieman (1982) states that Spiny Lobsters avoid areas of high sedimentation due to fouling of 

their gills. Thus not only the fisherman whose territory may be impacted directly by the project 

may suffer reduced catch; depending upon weather conditions, all downstream fishermen within 

3 km may encounter this problem. The Spiny Lobster is the most important capture fishery in the 

country (Fisheries Website). 

The only RTE mammal species occurring within the sphere of influence of the project is 

observed occasionally in seagrass along the reef at South Caye Caulker Channel and along the 

reef ribbon to the south, migrating along the reef at various times and for unknown purpose. This 

is the CITES Appendix 1 Antillean subspecies of the West-Indian Manatee ( Trichechus 

manatus). 

Living Queen Conch ( Strombus gigas) only appeared in seagrass located near the reef, and 

among the corals themselves. There is a conch nursery located to the immediate south of Caye 

Caulker Shark-Ray Alley, located about 200m north of the South Caye Caulker Channel. 

Although the species is listed in some countries, and is vulnerable to overfishing, it is still fished 

and exported in Belize. Research is ongoing to ascertain the Queen Conch’s status throughout its 

range (Gamboa, Monsanto, pers. com.). No known rare, threatened or endangered species were 

noted within proximate lagoon bottom and nearshore habitats during the EIA site surveys. 

However, with the increase of mass tourism in the form of cruise ship tourism, large decorative 

snails such as Charonia variegata (Plate 4.20) and the Helmets ( Cassis spp.) face increased 

pressure for the curio trade. 

4-42

Mangroves are highly limited in occurrence within Belize—over 10 ybp they covered only 3.4% 

of the country’s land surface (McField, 1996). Though this habitat is no longer in existence at 

the project site, the peat bank and roots lining the shore of the project property provides homes 

for a multitude of marine life. Any shoreline modification for the project should include 

elements that perform the multiple functions deterrence of further erosion; blocking storm surge, 

and provide a high-relief surface that permits settlement by similar marine life. No RTE species 

were noted here, however further north along the leeward shore of Caye Caulker a sizeable (0.5 

m) Nassau Grouper ( Epinephalus striatus) concealed itself in seagrass, rushing for mangrove 

roots when disturbed. All large groupers (Family Serranidae, genera Epinephalus and 

Mycteroperca) have recently been IUCN listed due to their tendency to spawn in aggregation, 

rendering them susceptible to overfishing; the Nassau is Endangered. Several of these species 

were noted during reef surveys—Mycteroperca bonaci, M. tigris and M. venenosa—respectively, 

the Black, Yellowfin and Tiger Groupers. Four Nassau Groupers were noted during the July 

field session. 

Sea Horses ( Hippocampus spp.) have been noted among most mangroves fringing the Caye. 

Though not listed these are uncommon, sought-after tourism attractions, also believed to be in 

demand for their curative powers by the Chinese (Ifield, pers. co m.). Also noted in leeward 

nearshore muds off Caye Caulker Village are species of toadfish (Family Batrachoididae) that 

remain unstudied. At least two species of this family are endemic to Belizean reefs (cf Humann, 

2003). 

Submarine Caves abound under Caye Caulker. The primary system is very large though mostly 

unexplored, and current can be felt within the main cavern—some 1500“ in length (Hettel, 

Bounting, pers. com.). Deep within this cave system, as in a few other offshore caves off 

Akumal and other Yucatan locations, a small cave-adapted population of primitive protoarthropods 

known as Remipedes (Class Remipedia) was discovered by Dr Thomas Iliffe 

(Smithsonian Institute Expedition, 1989. They are found in only a few marine caves 

(Cavebiology. com). Additionally, a new eyeless copepod species was discovered in Caye 

Caulker’s Giant Cave system (Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1991). This feature’s extent is essentially 

unknown, as the several side passages remain unexplored. 

Coral reefs are often referred to as the tropical rain forests of the ocean because of their high 

productivity and biodiversity (Longhurst & Pauly, 1987). Barrier reef such as that situated 

approximately 1.5 km off the eastern shoreline of Caye Caulker may be viewed as a selfrepairing 

breakwater that creates the calm conditions behind it that permit such habitats as 

seagrass, mangroves and the cayes themselves to exist (McRae, 2003). 

Coral reefs are known to be among the marine ecosystems most threatened by a variety of 

stressors, including over-fishing, contaminant, nutrient and sediment inputs from nearby coastal 

zone development activities, and sea-level rise; such that they are utilized as indicator organisms 

(Linton & Warner, 2003; Bell et al, 1996; McField et al, 1996; Roberts, 1996; Sebens, 1994; 

Hallock et al, 1993; Cortes & Risk, 1985). Some of the impacts affecting Caye Caulker directly 

were identified by McRae (1992); since that time the island population increase has only 

exacerbated these issues (cf CCDAC, 2003; NJS, 2000). Local degradation of reef quality occurs 

4-43

with highly concentrated and poorly managed tourism (cf Goff’s Caye, Hol Chan Marine 

Reserve, and Reef Relief, pers. com.; pers. obs.) 

Reef systems exist in an almost paradoxical state, wherein they are essentially islands of 

productivity located in seas of very low nutrient concentration and, except for the reefs 

themselves, very low productivity (Hallock et al, 1993). This arises from the fact that coral reefs 

are efficient at trapping nutrients and plankton—and pollutants—from the surrounding waters. 

Thus, the reef draws materials suspended in the flow of water passing over or through it, 

implying that the functioning of the reef community might be regulated by the hydrodynamic 

supply of materials to the reef. Recycling of nutrients within the reef is important; but in equal 

measure, hydrodynamics governs the loss as well as gain of nutrients (Stanford Research Project, 

2007). 

Additionally, in many coastal areas, it is also possible for groundwater drainage from the land to 

the sea to represent a significant source of nutrients (cf Stanford Research Project, 2007; Kuntz 

et al, 2005); historically these have been documented to damage nearshore coral reefs due to 

excessive organic content (cf Weiss & Goddard, 1 977). Synergistic effects of more than one 

impact type, such as high temperature and nutrients (Maté, 1997) or two nutrient types such as 

PO4 and NO3 (LaPointe, pers. comm.), are known to drastically exacerbate negative impacts. 

Research consistently has shown that coral calcification and growth diminish when sub-lethal 

stressors such as nutrients—even in very small increments such as micromolesand parts 

per million (Hoegh -Guldberg et al, 1997; McGuire & Szmant, 1997; Maté, 1997; Steven & 

Broadbent, 1997; Dodge & Brass, 1984); and that settlement of juvenile corals was likewise 

impaired by the introduction of tiny amounts of nutrients (Ward & Harrison, 1997). Littler et al 

and Bell(1992 in CZMA/I, 2000) state that the threshold of dissolved inorganic nutrients is 

approximately 1 M; benthic communities showing values above this are leaning toward 

domination by fleshy macroalgae. 

However, within distances considered nearshore (< 3.2 km) to the southwest of Caye Caulker, 

coral species including the recently-listed (ESA, May 2006) Acroporid species Acropora 

cervicornis and Acropora palmata are found in the patch reefs known as Coral Gardens and 

along proximate barrier reef . Barrier reef areas also contain Acropora prolifera, once believed to 

be a separate species but now known to be the hybrid of the two Acroporid species ( AWG, 

2005). These colonies are considered sufficiently near to the proposed project to receive trace 

effluents and sediments during pulse events of heavy rains coupled with westerly winds. Those 

coral colonies most at risk include the western-most elements of Coral Gardens, which ultimately 

afford some modicum of protection from drifting current-borne pollutants to colonies located 

toward the eastern portion of the patch as well as the barrier reef corals. 

While the Spiny Lobster ( Panulirus argus) is not threatened with extinction, it is the most 

commercially valuable artisanal fishery target species in the country (Carcamo, 2001). In the 

Northern sector, the species catch per trap is more or less on decline, with young individuals 

being caught (Carcamo, 2001). Spiny Lobsters are dependent upon seagrass habitat for 2.5 to 4 

years of their lives, however they are also noted among reef corals, with juveniles also found in 

mangrove roots Carcamo, 2001. 

4-44

Plate 4.24 Spiny Lobster with Boulder Coral. Photo © Ellen McRae. 

4.7 Impacts and Recommendations 

The following sections present and summarize likely impacts to flora, fauna and natural 

functioning ecosystems arising from the Pelican Point project as proposed, as well as potential 

mitigating actions. These are presented in matrix form following the discussion (Table 4.8). 

The CCF/MR Integrated Management Plan lists as primary threat to CCMR runoff from 

“projects constructed in wetland areas deemed least suitable for development by CZMA/I, in 

addition to sediment runoff from dredge and fill in the same swampy areas (McRae, 2004; 

CZMA/I, 2000). In terms of the project as proposed (See Chapter 1), elements of runoff include 

the following. 

4.7.1 Nutrients 

Pre-existing condition: Septic effluent including pump truck dumping into the waste disposal 

site is resulting in NO3 and coliform bacteria loading of groundwater. This condition is growing 

as Caye Caulker gains ever more population without any form of treatment. Bahia Puesta del 

Sol—a high-density development in similar habitat ( seasonally flooded Red Mangrove) was 

created 2002-2003 coinciding with the last general election. Lot size there is miniscule and 

much standing water is reported by residents (cf Cowo, Lopez, Aldana, pers. comm.). This 

growing development abuts the project site to the north and east (cf Plate 4.13a). Even prior to 

this development, a dangerous precedent was set with Caye Caulker having the smallest mean lot 

size in the country (CZMA/I, 2000). The danger lies with this high-density development style on 

a porous soil (in this case, CaCO3 sand) overlying a high water table, with limestone bedrock— 

cracks, fissures and caves—in close proximity to a coral reef. 

Previous water quality data (NJS, 2001) show that water quality is poorest in areas of high - 

density development and the waste disposal site. It also records elevations in NO3 during and 

following heavy rains. In contrast, water samples taken within the EIA process were collected 

during the early part of the dry season and show low NO3; in contrast, samples taken May 2001 

showed water with 2.2 M (CZMA/I, 2002). Apparently, rainfall events work to move nutrientladen 

groundwater into the surrounding sea on a pulse basis (cf CZMP, 1998). 

These situations mirror conditions in Florida, where septic tank and effluent from poorly 

managed package plants are contributing to high incidence of fleshy algae, clouded water, and 

4-45

coral disease (cf FKNMS, 1996). A lso in this document is an aggressive water quality 

management program to monitor the effluent. It also is growing to match conditions in 

Chichiriviche, Venezuela, in the mid-1970’s, where runaway development for tourism was 

provided water but not sewerage treatment; this combination was sufficient to result in 

destruction of a nearshore reef from lateral transport of contaminated groundwater (Weiss & 

Goddard, 1977). 

Additional impact from project: However an even greater concern arises from the proposal to 

pump excess treated effluent into an injection well (Section 6.8.2 and 6.8.3), from full occupancy 

alone. Therefore, package plant performance in this case must be assured by continuous presence 

on-site of a competent technician whose performance is assured through frequent water quality 

testing, including that for coliform bacteria. Chapter 12 describes the adequate provision for 

dealing with this material during hurricanes. Adequate monitoring should be carried out on the 

treatment operation of the package plant. 

NO3 Effluent destination: Treated effluent will be used for irrigation purposes and for use in 

toilet flushing, with the excess destined for the injection well. The NO3 concentration of the 

treated effluent will be lower than that required by DOE and low compared to other treatment 

systems presently being used on the island. 

PO4 Effluent: This arises from laundry/washing effluent, especially as the least costly detergents 

imported from Mexico are not free of PO4. NJS (2001) shows elevated PO4 levels at the site of a 

laundromat in Caye Caulker Village, while CZMA/I monitoring (2002) revealed ambient 

conditions in surrounding seawater with less than 0.1 M of PO4. The package plant will 

generate concentrations lower than the permissible limit required by DOE. 

4.7.2 Sediment- Pre-existing situation 

Several dredging projects have taken place around the caye. These have been piecemeal events 

with the exception of the large-scale beach replenishment on the windward side of the island. In 

the area of the project, dredging has been carried out for the runway (late 1970s, 2005) and to fill 

Pelican Point (also 2005). Dredge scars were encountered immediately offshore the project 

property (Plate 4.13a). Nothing is growing on the bottom of these scars to date, although a few 

algae are challenging the perimeter (Rapid Assessment, Site M 13-14). If sediment reaches coral 

it may suffocate polyps outright, cloud the water resulting in reduced production, or it may 

introduce disease such as black-band that are adsorbed onto the grain surface (McField et al, 

1996; Cortes & Risk, 1985; Badillo, pers. com.). 

The project proposes to dredge an undisclosed amount of material from the area of the 

proximate seagrass areas. To assure the lowest possible sediment load entering the water 

column, dredging activity should be limited to the dry season, when the wind conditions driving 

the currents are strongest from the east-southeast. Sediment curtains should be deployed 

correctly around the area of extraction. At the site of the dredging, all lobsters will immediately 

depart the scene. This may be of medium to long duration, depending upon the distance from the 

dredge site. 

4-46

4.7.3 Global Climate Change and its impacts 

The project site lies entirely within the area of lowest elevation of the island (cf CZMA/I, 2000). 

The land’s history is seasonally flooded Rhizophora-dominated mangrove forest, and the current 

situation—having a shallow fill layer, supporting a nascent saltmarsh ecosystem, this is one of 

the lowest areas on Caye Caulker. Figure 4.3 depicts a map of Belize showing its coastal area of 

less than 10 m elevation; Caye Caulker lies entirely within this zone. 

Effective adaptation will require a combination of effective and enforceable regulations and 

economic incentives to redirect new settlement to better-protected locations and to promote 

investments in appropriate infrastructure, all of which require political will as well as financial 

and human capital. In the case of Caye Caulker the villagers and project alike will be in need 

Fig. 4.3 Map showing portions of Belize and population 

Within the 10 m coastal zone. 

of the latter; however, in Belize there is currently a land boom on the cayes and coast, with 

government just beginning to address the issues such as sea level rise and strong hurricanes. 

Additional problems arise with reef health arise from elevated sea temperatures, including coral 

bleaching (McField, 2001; Mumby, 1999), and ocean acidification from elevated atmospheric 

CO2 (Fine & Tchernov, 2007). All result in unavoidable sub -lethal stress to reef corals; 

synergism between elevated temperature and other factors such as nutrient stress may result in 

4-47

elevated levels of coral disease (cf Mate, 1997). Clearly maintenance of a healthy reef system is 

to the benefit of the project proponent, future residents and villages alike, as its breakwater 

properties reduce storm impact on the caye (Plate 4.25). 

The seawall planned by the project will address the sea level rise and storm surge situation and 

building styles on the property will reflect the structural adaptations recommended by the Belize 

Association of Engineers (2001). Since the storm surge from Hurricane Keith arose from the 

west, buildings need to exhibit as much resistance to these phenomena as possible. 

4.7.4. Reverse Osmosis Plant 

Plate 4.25. Impacts of Hurricane Mitch on 

Caye Caulker, showing breakwater function of 

barrier reef. Photo © Ellen McRae. 

Caye Caulker Villagers currently either trap rainwater from their roofs using rain gutters and 

vats, or buy it from Bowen & Bowen. As of 2001 (NJS) 18% of the village houses’ capacity 

were used for rainwater collection. No water is available on the site except the freshwater lens 

mentioned above. Thus the project has turned to reverse osmosis for standby water supply. 

Projected impacts should be low, especially if all buildings are outfitted with rainwater collection 

and storage capability. This will reduce need for reverse osmosis water especially in the 

project’s early stages. 

Table 4.8 Matrix of Impacts 

Impact Positive/ Direct/ Reversible Magnitude Cumulative Comments 

Negative Indirect Y-N L-M-H Impacts 

Cabañas/ 

Condos 

- D N H A large number of 

dwellings are on 

(n=121) 

the island 

(n=CCVC); the 

Bahia Puesta del 

Sol development 

is adjacent—an 

area of very small 

lot size. –H 

Impact Positive/ Direct/ Reversible 

4-48 

Magnitude Cumulative Comments 

The land area 

(4.5 A) is small 

for the total 

number of 

buildings 

proposed. Free 

surface area will 

be minimal.

894 

additional 

residents of 

Caye Caulker 

@ 100 % 

Construction 

activity on 

buildings 

BESST 

Package 

treatment 

plant of 28, 

420 gal/day 


- D, I Y H Potential impacts 

would be minimal 

at 100 % 

- D Y L-M Piecemeal 

construction is 

ongoing in nearby 

Bahia Puesta del 

Sol; 

Disposal of debris 

from construction 

in municipal 

waste could 

overload facility 

+ D , I The presence 

will reduce 

impact of 

sewerage 

effluent to a 

recycled 

bacteria-free 

portion of 

water; 

Injection well + - I Only by 

cessation of 

operation 

Marinas- 

Operation 

Impact Positive/ 

Negative 

4-49 

H 

L-M (brine); 

H (BESST 

effluent) 

CC’s water table 

is already polluted 

by coliform 

bacteria and 

seasonally high 

nutrients, 

especially in highdensity 

areas. –H 

None (brine);- 

Nutrient-laden 

water not likely 

to surface among 

reef corals, L 

- + D,I Redesign L,M Increase boat 

traffic at Caye 

Caulker; fuel 

leakages. The 

canals already 

have coliform and 

other pollution 

with low DO; the 

inside marina will 

increase these 

problems –H 

Direct/ 

Indirect 

Reversible 

Y-N 

Magnitude 

L-M-H 

Cumulative 

Impacts 

Population 

density will be 

nearly 200/Acre 

at full 

occupancy. 

Building 

materials, 

supplies and 

residues will 

likely be 

removed 

following 

construction; 

Short-term 

impact 

Testing must 

assure proper 

function as 

untreated 

sewerage could 

be lethal to 

marine habitats 

within ~3 km 

(runoff) 

Possibility of 

brine affecting 

deep cave 

organisms; 

Introducing 

nutrient effluent 

to reef corals 

diminishing 

ecosystem 

function, 

tourism value 

fuel spillage, 

leakage, bilge 

effluent, 

potential ; pump 

station can 

further increase 

amount of NO3rich 

water. Inner 

marina increases 

likelihood that 

low-DO, 

Comments

Marina 

construction, 

including 

dredging: 

- D, I Only very 

slowly 

Impact Positive/ Direct/ Reversible Magnitude Cumulative Comments 


Reverse 

Osmosis 

- I If plant 

operation is 

4-50 

L-M None Hypersaline 

brine effluent 

H 

Scars from past 

dredging have 

reduced seagrass 

coverage in area 

Breakwater -+ I If removed L-M Few bulkheads, 

small groins on 

windward side 

Seawall -+ D As above L-M A few seawalls 

and bulkheads on 

windward side 

Dredging has 

high potential to 

raise sediments, 

which could 

impair lobster 

fishing 

Potential to 

impact water 

flow, erosion 

patterns 

especially down 

current 

Canal-side 

habitats will be 

destroyed; 

Beach - D Y L-M None Placement of 

sand on site will 

cover minimal 

saltmarsh plants. 

Moderate to 

high probability 

that sand will 

erode 

(sheet/gully 

erosion during 

Grey Water 

management 

Solid Waste 

Disposal 

- I If stimulus 

is stopped 

L-M 

Grey water is a 

problem in the 

village, where 

households 

deposit it straight 

onto sand without 

treatment. 

- D, I Y H Additional waste 

may increase 

domestic volume, 

however, site 

incinerator should 

minimize waste 

volume 

storms, 

Grey water tends 

to be high in 

PO4, a problem 

for marine 

habitats 

If food waste 

included then 

carbon and N 

pollution also a 

problem. No 

treatment 

method was 

provided 

Project residents 

and employees 

subject to health 

hazard of 

burning waste 

and use of 

polluted well 

water.

Plant stopped may impact 

organisms close 

to site possibly 

cave fauna or, 

less likely, 

lagoon or reef 

fauna 

Jogging path 0 0 Y L None No problem 

Landscaping + D, I Y H Enhance existing 

habitat 

4.8 Recommendations 

4-51 

foreseen 

Use of local 

vegetation in 

appropriate 

places on site 

can both 

enhance habitat 

for birds and 

reduce erosion 

The following section depicts recommendations for the project based on site visits, research 

into critical habitats located in close proximity to the site, and ecotoxicology. 

1. Based on the amount of effluent to be generated and the sensitive environment of the 

receiving water, the project proponent should employ a proper package plant to treat the 

wastewater, considering also recycling possibilities to minimize the impact, if any. 

2. If possible, the BESST plant should be set to polish nutrients from the waste stream in 

excess of the 5 mg/l NO3 and 2 mg/l PO4. Use and recycling of this treated effluent on the 

project is desirable, the storage tank for this water must be constructed in the early phases of 

the project. 

3. An appropriate monitoring scheme should be designed to assure the function of the injection 

well. 

4. The effluent monitoring plan should also encompass the marina based on the high number 

of boats projected for the area. Hydrocarbon spills and effluent should be incorporated in the 

monitoring plan. 

5. For marina construction an undisclosed amount of dredging is proposed; this must be 

enumerated with reference to the smaller area required for fewer boats. The smallest possible 

area of seagrass should be cleared. The community co-management group FAMRACC and 

Fisheries CCMR staff share a great interest in assuring the best water quality that reaches the 

reef and associated habitats. 

6. Grey water requires management, as it can be nutrient rich—especially in PO4. There needs 

to be a plan for dealing with this as well as food and grease waste from the restaurant;

7. The Reverse-Osmosis plant should be operated with great care to assuring that the brine is 

transported properly to the injection well, which in turn is required to be constructed according 

to the plan. 

8. Landscaping should be done using local salt-tolerant plants that will have greater opportunity 

for survival in the highly saline soils of the project area. Suggested are mangroves and coconut 

palms for holding beach soils, and littoral forest and thicket plants for gardens. Clumps of 

littoral vegetation approximating natural situation should be placed where possible to maximize 

likelihood of settlement and use by birds. A drip irrigation system may be installed to 

minimize recycled water loss via evaporation. 

Conclusion 

The project at 100 % occupancy will not impose serious environmental impacts to the 

receiving environment other than the dredging activities and effluent disposal. As explained in 

Chapter 6 and 10, mitigation measures will be incorporated to protect the receiving 

environment from any possible detrimental impact that can arise from the aforementioned 

activities. 

It is in the best interest of Pelican Point to practice and impose the mitigation measures for the 

protection and conservation of the marine environment (See Chapter 16). In addition, the 

project must forge with the local community in addressing long term solutions to the potential 

impacts. 

4-52

4-1 chapter 4 flora and fauna 4.1 - Department of Environment

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