Yum Balisi Sustainable Luxury Resort - Department of Environment

Prepared By:
Belize
Environmental
Technologies
November 2010
SUSTA IINABLE LUXURY
RESORT ROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
i

ENVIRONMENTAL IMAPCT
ASSESSMENT
SUSTA IINABLE LUXURY
RESORT ROJECT
Environmental Impact Assessment –November 2010

Contacts:
Ismael E. Fabro
Belize Environmental Technologies Ltd
2216 Juliet Soberanis Street
Belama Phase I, Belize City
Tel/Fax: 501-223-1819
Cel: 501-677-1947or 501-607-1947
Environmental Impact Assessment –November 2010

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. E1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 Project Description ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Location ............................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Existing Development ................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Planned Development ................................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 General Development Concept ............................................................................. 7
1.4.2 Accommodations .................................................................................................. 11
1.4.3 Ancillary Facilities /Eco-Village ......................................................................... 27
1.4.4 Floating Docks and Piers ..................................................................................... 34
1.4.5 Walkways and Access Routes ............................................................................. 36
1.4.6 Beaches .................................................................................................................. 42
1.4.7 Proposed Land Filling and Associated Dredging Activities ............................. 43
1.4.8 Utility Zone ........................................................................................................... 45
1.4.8.1 Energy Generation ........................................................................................ 45
1.4.8.2 Potable Water Supply ................................................................................... 46
1.4.8.3 Sewage Treatment ......................................................................................... 46
1.4.8.4 Solid Waste .................................................................................................... 47
1.4.9 Transportation ..................................................................................................... 48
1.4.10 Construction Phase ............................................................................................ 49
1.4.11 Operational Phase .............................................................................................. 51
1.4.11.1 Staffing ......................................................................................................... 51
1.4.11.2 Capacity ....................................................................................................... 51
1.5 Objective of the EIA ................................................................................................... 51
1.6 EIA Requirements ...................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 2: PERMITS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ....................................... 53
2.1 National Framework ................................................................................................... 53
2.2 The Environmental Protection Act No. 22/1992 and 328/2003 ............................... 53
2.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations SI 107/1995 and 24/2007 ................ 55
2.2.2 Effluent Limitation Regulations SI 94/1995 Rev. Ed. 2003 .............................. 56
2.2.3 Pollution Regulations SI 56/1996 Rev. Ed. 2003 ............................................... 56
2.3 Land Use Legislation .................................................................................................. 57
2.3.1 National lands Act 191, Revised Edition 2003 ................................................... 57
2.3.2 Land Utilization Act Chapter 188 Revised Edition 2000 ................................. 58
2.4 Construction Legislation ............................................................................................ 58
2.4.1 Private Works Constructions Act, Chapter 337, Revised Edition 2003 ......... 58
2.4.2 Housing and Town Planning Act Chapter 182, Revised Edition 2000............ 59
2.5 Coastal Zone Management Authority Act Chap. 329 Rev. Ed. 2000 ............................... 59
2.6 Mines and Minerals Act Chap. 226 Revised Edition 2000 ...................................... 59
2.7 The Forest Act Chap. 213, Revised Edition 2000 ............................................................ 60
2.7.1 The Forests (Protection of Mangrove) Regulations, 1989 ................................ 61
2.8 Protected Areas Legislations ...................................................................................... 61
2.8.1 National Parks System Act, Chap. 215 Revised Edition 2000 ......................... 61
2.8.2 Fisheries Act Chap. 210 Revised Edition 2000 .................................................. 61
2.8.2.1 South Water Caye Marine Reserve ............................................................. 62
2.9 Belize Port Authority Act Chaps. 233 and 233S ...................................................... 63
2.10 Civil Aviation Act, Chapter 239, Revised Edition 2000 ........................................ 65
2.11 The Public Health, Act Chaps. 40 and 40 S ............................................................ 66
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2.12 Other Pertinent Legislation ..................................................................................... 66
2.12.1 Belize Tourist Board Act Chap. 275 of 2000 ................................................... 66
2.12.2 Occupational Health and Safety ....................................................................... 66
2.12.3 Belize Water Industry Act No. 1 of 2001 ......................................................... 67
2.12.4 Solid Waste Management Authority Act Chap. 224 Rev. Ed. 2000 .............. 67
2.12.5 Wildlife Protection Act Chap. 220 Rev. Ed. 2000 ........................................... 67
2.12.6 Hotel and Tourist Accommodation Act Chap. 285 Rev. Ed. 2000 ................ 68
2.12.7 PACT Act Chap. 218 Rev. Ed. 2000 ................................................................. 69
2.12.8 Belize National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) ................ 69
2.13 National Environmental Guidelines on Overwater Structures ............................ 70
2.14 Licenses and Permits ................................................................................................ 70
2.15 International Conventions and Agreements ........................................................... 71
CHATER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS ................................................................. 73
3.1 General Marine Environment of Belize .................................................................... 73
3.2 General Marine Ecology of the Pelican Cayes ......................................................... 73
3.3 Navigation Routes ....................................................................................................... 75
3.4 Climate ......................................................................................................................... 75
3.4.1 Winds .................................................................................................................... 75
3.4.2 Wave Climate ....................................................................................................... 78
3.4.3 Rainfall .................................................................................................................. 79
3.4.4 Tropical Storms and Hurricanes ........................................................................ 81
3.4.5 Storm Surge .......................................................................................................... 81
3.4.6 Northers ................................................................................................................ 82
3.5 Tides and Currents ..................................................................................................... 82
3.5.1 Tides ...................................................................................................................... 82
3.5.2 Currents ................................................................................................................ 84
3.6 Salinity and Water Temperature .............................................................................. 86
3.7 Underlying Geology .................................................................................................... 86
3.7.1 General Geology ................................................................................................... 86
3.7.2 The Geology of the Southern Coast .................................................................... 89
3.7.3 Seismicity .............................................................................................................. 89
3.8 General Bathymetry ................................................................................................... 89
3.8.1 General Inner Lagoon ......................................................................................... 89
3.8.2 Southern Reef Complex ....................................................................................... 91
3.9 Fisherman’s Caye........................................................................................................ 92
3.9.1 Existing Land Use ................................................................................................ 92
3.9.2 Topography and Near Shore bathymetry of Fisherman’s Caye ..................... 93
3.9.3 Fishermen’s Caye Water Current Measurement ............................................. 98
3.9.4 Stratigraphy of Fisherman’s Caye ................................................................... 100
3.9.5 Sediments ............................................................................................................ 100
3.9.6 Siltation Rates..................................................................................................... 101
3.10 Fisherman’s Caye Marine Flora & Fauna: .......................................................... 101
3.10.1 Seagrass ............................................................................................................. 101
3.10.2 Mangrove Systems ........................................................................................... 102
3.10.3 Algae and Other Vascular Plants ................................................................... 103
3.10.4 Sponges ............................................................................................................. 104
3.10.5 Ascidians ........................................................................................................... 104
3.10.6 Echinoderms ..................................................................................................... 105
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3.10.7 Patch Reefs ....................................................................................................... 105
3.11 Biodiversity Richness of the Pelican Cayes Area ................................................. 105
3.12 Vertebrates .............................................................................................................. 107
3.12.1 Mammal ............................................................................................................ 107
3.12.2 Fish .................................................................................................................... 107
3.12.3 Birds .................................................................................................................. 108
3.13 Conservation Issues ................................................................................................ 110
3.13.1 Endangered Species of Special Significance .................................................. 110
CHAPTER 4: IMPACTS TO MARINE ECOLOGY ..................................................... 111
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 111
4.2 Marine Flora & Fauna ............................................................................................. 111
4.2.1 Sea Grass............................................................................................................. 111
4.2.2 Pelican Cayes Mangrove Ecosystem ................................................................ 112
4.2.3 Algae .................................................................................................................... 113
4.2.4 Sponges ............................................................................................................... 114
4.2.5 Ascidians ............................................................................................................. 115
4.2.6 Echinoderms ....................................................................................................... 115
4.2.7 Patch Reefs ......................................................................................................... 116
4.2.8 Pelicans Ponds .................................................................................................... 117
4.3 Biological Assessment ............................................................................................... 118
4.3.1 Substrate Cover .................................................................................................. 118
4.3.2 Fish ...................................................................................................................... 121
4.3.3 Assessment of the Ponds PC1 and PC2 ............................................................ 122
4.3.4 Assessment of Burrow Site ................................................................................ 123
4.3.5 Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Alternate Docking Site (MO3) ........... 125
4.4 Biological Assessment Methodology ........................................................................ 126
4.4.1 Methodology for Coral Benthic Communities ................................................ 126
4.4.2 Point Intercept Method for Percent Cover ...................................................... 126
4.4.3 Characterization of the Coral Community ...................................................... 127
4.4.4 Fish Survey Methodology .................................................................................. 128
CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES ............................................................................. 129
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 129
5.2 Hydro-Geologic Characteristics of Fisherman’s Caye .......................................... 129
5.3 Assessment of Potable Water Demands .................................................................. 132
5.3.1 Projected Occupancy ......................................................................................... 132
5.3.2 Projected Potable Water Demand .................................................................... 133
5.4 Potable Water Source Selection ............................................................................... 134
5.4.1 Summary of Water Selection Analysis ............................................................. 134
5.4.2 Barging of Potable Water from Mainland....................................................... 136
5.4.3 Rainwater Harvesting System .......................................................................... 137
5.4.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plant ............................................................................. 138
5.4.4.1 Reverse Osmosis .......................................................................................... 138
5.4.4.2 Proposed RO Plant ..................................................................................... 139
5.4.4.3 Input Water (Feedwater) ........................................................................... 140
5.4.4.4 Product Water ............................................................................................. 140
5.4.4.5 Pretreatment Processes .............................................................................. 141
5.4.4.6 Filter Backwashing, Membrane Cleaning and Storage .......................... 141
5.4.4.7 Waste Discharges ........................................................................................ 142
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5.5 Storage, Distribution, and Treatment ..................................................................... 142
5.6 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts of Water Supply Option ................. 144
5.6.1 Rainwater Harvesting ........................................................................................ 144
5.6.2 Reverse Osmosis ................................................................................................. 144
5.6.2.1 Energy Cost ................................................................................................. 144
5.6.2.2 Health Concerns .......................................................................................... 145
5.6.2.3 Impact of Acidic Product Water on Metal Pipes ..................................... 146
5.6.2.4 Impacts of Water Intakes: Impingement and Entrainment ................... 146
5.6.2.5 Discharge of Concentrated Brine in the Marine Environment .............. 147
5.7 Water Conservation .................................................................................................. 148
5.8 Surface Water Analysis ............................................................................................ 149
5.8.1 Water Quality of Channels and Ponds............................................................. 149
5.9 Water Quality Monitoring Program ....................................................................... 154
CHAPTER 6: LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT: ....................................................... 156
6.1 Liquid Waste Management ...................................................................................... 156
6.2 Description of the Receiving Environment ............................................................. 156
6.3 Wastewater Sources and their Characterization ................................................... 158
6.3.1Wastewater Sources ............................................................................................ 158
6.3.1.1 Domestic Wastewater or Sewage Waste ................................................... 158
6.3.2 Domestic Wastewater Characterizations ......................................................... 159
6.4 Potential Environmental Impacts ............................................................................ 161
6.4.1 Impacts of Domestic Wastewater ..................................................................... 161
6.4.2 Wastewater Concentrate (Brine) Produced from RO plant .......................... 162
6.4.2.1 Environmental Impacts Associated With Brine Disposal ....................... 163
6.5 Domestic Wastewater Production ........................................................................... 163
6.5.1 Environmental Wastewater Load .................................................................... 164
6.6 Waste Water Treatment Options ............................................................................ 166
6.6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 166
6.6.2 Assessment of Wastewater Packaged Plants ................................................... 167
6.6.2.1 Extended Aeration Plants .......................................................................... 168
6.6.2.2 Rotating Biological Contactor Systems ..................................................... 169
6.6.2.3 Sequencing Batch Reactors ........................................................................ 170
6.6.2.4 Modified Sequencing Batch Reactors ....................................................... 171
6.6.2.5 Membrane Bio-Reactors ............................................................................ 172
6.6.2.6 Summary of Wastewater Package Plants ................................................. 173
6.7 Proposed Wastewater Treatment System ............................................................... 174
6.7.1 Wastewater Treatment System ......................................................................... 174
6.7.2 Wastewater Piping ............................................................................................. 176
6.7.3 Wastewater Disposal .......................................................................................... 176
6.7.3.1 Discharge of Treated Effluent for Domestic Wastewater ....................... 176
6.7.3.2 Discharge of Brine from RO ...................................................................... 177
6.7.3.3 Wastewater Recycling ................................................................................ 177
6.8 Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Program ...................................................... 177
CHAPTER 7: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT........................................................... 179
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 179
7.1.1 Potential Environmental Impacts ..................................................................... 179
7.2 Solid Waste Generation and Composition .............................................................. 180
7.3 Construction Waste .................................................................................................. 181
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7.4 Domestic Waste ......................................................................................................... 182
7.4.1 Projected Domestic Solid Waste Generation ................................................... 183
7.4.2 Domestic Solid Waste Characterizations ......................................................... 185
7.5 Solid Waste Disposal Option .................................................................................... 188
7.6 Solid Waste Management Plan for Yum Balisi ...................................................... 188
7.7 Storage and Recycling .............................................................................................. 190
7.7.1 Central Collection Center ................................................................................. 190
7.7.2 Composting Site ................................................................................................. 191
7.8 Marine Debris............................................................................................................ 191
7.9 Reporting Requirements .......................................................................................... 191
7.10 Potential Residual Environmental Impacts .......................................................... 192
CHAPTER 8: ENERGY GENERATION ........................................................................ 193
8.1 Energy Demand ......................................................................................................... 193
8.2 Energy Sources .......................................................................................................... 194
8.2.1 The National Grid .............................................................................................. 194
8.2.2 Baseload and Back-Up Source of Energy ........................................................ 195
8.3 Energy Transmission Lines ...................................................................................... 196
8.4 Energy Management ................................................................................................. 197
8.5 Fuel Requirements .................................................................................................... 198
8.5.1 Fuel Requirement for Back-up Generator ...................................................... 198
8.5.2 LPG Fuel ............................................................................................................. 199
8.5.3 Marina Fuel ........................................................................................................ 200
8.5.4 Miscellaneous...................................................................................................... 200
8.5.5 Fuel Management............................................................................................... 200
8.6 Energy Generation Impacts and Mitigation Measures ......................................... 200
CHAPTER 9: MARINE TRANSPORTATION .............................................................. 203
9.1 Transportation Characteristics ............................................................................... 203
9.2 General Environmental Impacts Associated with Berthing Facility ................... 205
9.3 Siting Options for Proposed Berthing Facility ....................................................... 206
9.3.1 Berthing Facility Siting Option 1 ...................................................................... 206
9.3.2 Berthing Facility Option 2 ................................................................................. 207
9.3.3 Berthing Facility Siting Option 3 ...................................................................... 207
9.4 Environmental Impacts of Proposed Berthing Facility ......................................... 208
9.5 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................. 208
9.6 Anchorage of Mooring Buoys and Floating Docks ................................................ 210
9.7 Options for Mitigating Navigational Risks ............................................................. 211
9.8 Navigational Impacts and Mitigation Measures .................................................... 212
9.8.1 Water Craft Impacts .......................................................................................... 212
9.9 Navigational Monitoring Requirements ................................................................. 213
9.10 Boat Usage and Characteristics ............................................................................. 213
9.11 Boat Use Impacts and Mitigation Measures ......................................................... 214
9.12 Options for Mitigating Boat Usage Impact Risks ................................................ 215
CHAPTER 10: DREDGING AND LAND FILL ACTIVITES ..................................... 216
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 216
10.2 Options for supply of Required Filled .................................................................. 217
10.3 Assessment of Existing Burrow Sites .................................................................... 218
10.4 Environmental Impacts of Dredging BS3 and Land Filling Activities .............. 223
10.6 Method of Extraction and Mitigation Measures .................................................. 225
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CHAPTER 11: EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND DISASTER PREVENTION .............. 226
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 226
11.2 Yum Balisi’s Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan ............................ 226
11.3 Emergency Management Structure ...................................................................... 228
11.4 Contact Information ............................................................................................... 229
11.5 Hurricane Preparedness Plan ................................................................................ 229
11.5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 229
11.5.2 Potential Impacts of Hurricanes and Mitigation Measures ......................... 230
11.5.3 Yum Balisi’s Hurricane Preparedness Plan .................................................. 231
11.5.3.1 Information System .................................................................................. 232
11.5.3.2 Pre-Hurricane Season Preparation ......................................................... 233
11.5.3.3 Preliminary Alert - Hurricane Watch –Red Flag .................................. 233
11.5.3.4 Hurricane Warning – Red 1 Phase (Watch)........................................... 233
11.5.3.5 Hurricane Warning – RED 2 Phase ........................................................ 234
11.5.3.6 Fourth Phase – Green (All Clear)............................................................ 234
11.6 Earthquake Preparedness Plan ............................................................................. 234
11.6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 234
11.6.2 Earthquake Preparedness and Mitigation Measures ................................... 235
11.7 Fire Prevention and Response Plan ....................................................................... 236
11.7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 236
11.7.2 Fire Prevention and Emergency Response Plan ........................................... 236
11.7.3 Fire Protection and Suppression Equipment ................................................ 237
11.7.4 Fire Prevention ................................................................................................. 238
11.7.5 Fire Response ................................................................................................... 239
11.8 Hydrocarbons Spills and Leaks Contingency Plan ............................................. 240
11.8.1 Purpose of the Plan .......................................................................................... 240
11.8.2 National Oils Spill or Chemical Spill Response Policy ................................. 241
11.8.3 Fuel Management............................................................................................. 242
11.9 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise ...................................................................... 244
11.9.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 244
11.9.2 Projected Impacts Associated with Climate Change .................................... 245
11.9.3 Yum Balisi’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaption Plan ..................... 245
11.10 Medical Emergencies ............................................................................................ 246
11.10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 246
11.10.2 First Aid Services ........................................................................................... 246
11.10.3 Transportation (Evacuation) of Patient ....................................................... 247
CHAPTER 12: SOCIAL SETTING ................................................................................. 248
12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 248
12.2 Regional Demographics .......................................................................................... 249
12.2.1 Hopkins and Sittee River ................................................................................ 250
12.2.2 Sittee River Village .......................................................................................... 251
12.2.3 Seine Bight (including Maya Beach and Riversdale Community) .............. 252
12.2.4 Placencia ........................................................................................................... 253
12.3 Infrastructure and Services ................................................................................... 254
12.3.1 Education and Health Services ....................................................................... 254
12.3.2 Other Social Amenities .................................................................................... 254
12.3.3 Labor and Employment .................................................................................. 255
12.3.4 Communication Utilities .................................................................................. 256
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12.3.5 Roads and Transportation .............................................................................. 256
12.3.6 District Emergency Response Support .......................................................... 257
12.4 NGOs, CBOs and Public Interest .......................................................................... 259
12.4.1 Placencia BTIA................................................................................................. 259
12.4.2 Friends of Nature (FoN) .................................................................................. 260
12.4.3 The Peninsula Citizens for Sustainable Development (PCSD) .................... 260
12.4.4 The Placencia Humane Society ....................................................................... 261
12.5 Impacts to Community ........................................................................................... 261
CHAPTER 13: ALTERNATIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT .......................................... 265
13.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 265
13.2 The ‘No Action Alternative’ ................................................................................... 266
13.3 Development Alternatives ...................................................................................... 267
13.4 Recommended Option ............................................................................................ 269
CHAPTER 14: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION ....................... 271
14.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 271
14.2 Site Preparation and Construction........................................................................ 274
14.2.1 Site Preparation and Vegetation Clearance .................................................. 274
14.2.2 Dredging and Land Filling Activities ............................................................. 276
14.2.3 Aesthetics .......................................................................................................... 280
14.2.4 Solid Waste Generation ................................................................................... 281
14.2.5 Wastewater Generation and Disposal ............................................................ 281
14.2.6 Storage of Raw Material and Equipment ...................................................... 282
14.2.7 Transportation of Raw Material and Equipment ......................................... 282
14.2.8 Noise Pollution .................................................................................................. 283
14.2.9 Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 285
14.2.10 Emergency Response ..................................................................................... 285
14.2.11 Social ............................................................................................................... 286
14.3 Operational Phase ................................................................................................... 286
14.3.1 Water Supply and Consumption .................................................................... 286
14.3.2 Water Storage ................................................................................................... 287
14.3.3 Wastewater Generation and Disposal ............................................................ 288
14.3.4 Solid Waste Management ................................................................................ 291
14.3.5 Transportation and Related Facilities (Marina, Piers, and Floating Docks) .......... 293
14.3.6 Energy Generation Impacts ............................................................................ 296
14.3.7 Emergency Preparedness ................................................................................ 297
14.3.8 Social and Economic Impacts ......................................................................... 299
CHAPTER 15: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .................................................. 302
15.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 302
15.2 Yum Balisi’s Monitoring Programme ................................................................... 302
15.3 Reporting ................................................................................................................. 307
LITERATURE CITED ...................................................................................................... 308
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................... 315
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Authors Note:
Older maps and literature review indicate that the project site is identified as Fisherman’s
Caye. However, it appears that the Lands and Survey Department, when issuing the land
grants and other pertinent documentations, identified the caye as Cat’s Caye. Hence, in this
document reference is made to the caye as Fisherman’s Caye with the exception of the
reports on Appendix G: In Water Surveys of Channels at Cat’s Caye 2008, and Appendix H:
Report on Subsoil Investigation on Cat’s Caye Range.
In addition, in the document some words were used interchangeably. Also with
measurements the metric system or the English system were used interchangeably for
accuracy or ease of rounding off. Please note that for distance at sea the kilometer or mile
were used instead of the nautical mile.
Word used interchangeably
Pond - Lagoon
Caye –Island
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Description of Project Site
The proposed Yum Balisi Sustainable Luxury Resort development will be located on
Fisherman’s Caye, referred to as Cat’s Caye on the Minister’s Fiat Grants land
Document, a privately owned caye situated along the western border of the South Water
Caye Marine Reserve, which is one of the protected areas within the designated UNESCO -
World Heritage Site.
Fisherman’s Caye is situated approximately eight (8) miles east of the village of Riversdale,
being at its closest point to mainland, and 10.5 miles southeast of Sittee Point. The property
is approximately 42 acres and is primarily a mangrove island with twelve (12) ponds. Six (6)
of theses ponds are landlocked; one (1) large pond and two (2) smaller have access to the sea;
and a few of them are interconnected to each other.
The caye is surrounded on the north, south, east and west by carbonate shoals (≤ 2m deep)
extending into sea 165 feet, 325 feet, 150 feet and 25 feet respectively before reaching the
edges of the deeper channels. The windward side shoal has a continuous coral reef (live)
structure about 45 to 50 feet wide and approximately 50 feet from shore. The rest of the
shoals surrounding the island have scattered small coral patches.
Species richness and live surface cover in the Pelican Cayes are unparalleled in the
Caribbean. This is one of the few sites in the region where reefs, mangrove roots, and peat
substrates in particular those within the ponds are covered with brilliant layers of very
colorful organisms including sponges, ascidians, seaweeds, and corals. The cause of this high
diversity is not well understood, and such high biodiversity in a small geographic area may
be attributed to the unique combination of mangrove, coral, sea grass, and algal biomes under
stable oligotrophic conditions. In a few areas some of the short-lived, sheet-like and
filamentous green algae indicative of eutrophic bird islands or polluted systems are present.
The lagoonal waters of Pelican Cayes support an unusually rich and diverse reef fauna that
require nutrients. It is suggested that one of the main sources of Nitrogen in the lagoons is the
marine cyano-bacteria
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Project Description
Yum Balisi Limited and its parent company Geneva International are taking into account that
Fisherman’s Caye is within the South Water Caye Marine Reserve and is part of a World
Heritage Site and has proposed the development of a high-end eco-friendly resort using an
integrated and sustainable design and construction techniques to minimize the environmental
impacts that invariable occurs during resort development. The development is proposed to
take place in areas that had already been cleared and partially filled by previous owners while
preserving and conserving the remaining mangrove and surrounding ecosystems in particular
those associated with the island’s ponds. The intent is to give the resort the feeling of being
“of” the land and not simply being “on” the land. This eco-friendly resort will be the first
component of a Belize eco-resort concept that plans to include a mainland village beach
resort and a mountain lodge. The parent company proposes to invest a considerable amount
of funds in this phase alone.
The development is proposed to cover a footprint of less than 15% of the overall landmass
and will be comprised of three types of accommodations. There will be a total of 35 luxury
units (35 rooms/35 bathrooms) primarily on the eastern and southern sections of the island.
Of these 35 units, 5 are proposed as Luxury Cottages (5 bedroom/5 bathrooms), 14 Premium
Cottages (14 bedroom/14 bathrooms), 10 Delux Duplex Cottages, and 6 units which are
proposed as overwater Eco-Cottages. In addition to these units, there will be 3 additional
duplexes (two bedroom/two bath accommodations) for management and staff. In total the
development will be catering to 70 overnight guests and 12 overnight shift staff of the 40
service personnel that will be employed by the resort.The cottages will surround the other
support ancillary service structures which will be arranged and landscaped to give the feeling
of an Eco-Village setting.
Ancillary Facilities /Eco-Village
Most of the supporting Ancillary Structures will be located and arranged in an Eco- Village setting.
The Lobby/Restaurant/Office complex, included in the Eco-Village, will be housed in a 10,000 ft. 2
building and will be serviced by 4 bathrooms.
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The Eco-Village will also include a Transient Office, the Belize Coral Reef and Natural Resource
Learning Center, Business Center, one main gift shop with three smaller covered stalls, a Spa -
Health-Wellness Center and a Beach Bar. The resort is intended to provide facilities for universities
and other training institutions to be able to use the island and its surrounding ecosystem as a living
laboratory. Researchers and recognized experts in the field will be invited to provide lectures on the
eco-systems present in the Pelican Cayes.
In addition, the project will have a maintenance zone which will include a 2,000 ft. 2 maintenance
building, a small nursery for landscaping and an energy generation shed. The Entire area will cover
16,000 ft. 2 . The overall estimated footprint for the Eco Village, including the Lobby Restaurant
Office Complex, is 21,400 square feet.
Areas designated as utility areas for solid waste management, potable water storage, and for sewage
and wastewater treatment have been sited based on easy access to pier, aesthetics, and wind direction.
A helipad is proposed to be constructed using either a prefabricated aluminum framing systems or
concrete and steel. Asphalt will not be used because of its potential to contaminate the sensitive
ecosystem of the area. Development on the northern section of the caye will be limited to a research
facility to be located on the northwestern tip of the island where the wooden house exists, one Luxury
Cottage to and three ECO Lodges. Approximately 3,500 running feet by 5 feet wide of raised
walkways will serve as an interpretive trail and will facilitate access to other resort facilities.
In total, the building space will be approximately 54,150 square feet and a total of 3,500 length
running feet of raised walkway.
Floating Docks and Piers
The natural physical features of the property makes Fisherman’s Caye unique in that the areas
intended for the docking facility and transient docking facility are natural ponds and will not
require any additional dredging. Based on the ponds survey only pond PC2 is being considered
for a docking facility to serve as a utility pier. The PC2 pond has access to deeper water
environment and serves as natural vessel protection from windy conditions and heavy sea states.
This utility pier will be used for loading and off loading guests and staff passengers as well as
goods and supplies to the.
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The adjacent interconnected IP2 pond will be designated as a transient floating dock station for
very small vessels with 5 tie-ups (maximum) which will also serve as a floating Kayak dock.
Another small pier is proposed to be constructed on the southwestern end of the property as a
service pier for solid waste and fuel transfer. The main docking facility with 8 slips for berthing
of a maximum of 15 to 20 patron’s vessels is being proposed to be constructed on the leeward
side of the caye due north above the entrance to PC2.
In pond PC1, where the marine flora and fauna are in almost pristine conditions, a floating dock
will be placed near the west shore and will be connected to the network of interpretive walkways.
This pond will be used for educational and recreational (diving and snorkeling) purposes only.
Only small vessels (5 maximum) will be allowed to temporarily moor on the floating dock
during visits to the site. Mooring buoys will be placed outside and to the north of the PC1 pond
entrance for bigger vessels to moor and seek safe harbor or for those wishing to visit the pond .
The outhouse pier on the southern shore will be removed and portable restrooms will be put in
place during the construction phase. The 50 feet long pier also located on the southern shore will
be refurbished and used as a secondary utility pier.
The apron-works of all pier infrastructures are to be of wooden construction, while the piles
supporting the beams and cross-member planking is to be of treated lumber.
Proposed Land Filling and Associated Dredging Activities
Dredging activities will be required, but only to allow for elevating the area that had already
been previously filled. In 2009, a permit was obtained to carry out this activity but the
activity has yet to be executed.
The access channel to the PC2 lagoon and a channel connecting this lagoon to IP1 were also
dredged, by the previous owner, to allow passage of small, motorized vessels. In the north,
the entrance of PC1 (the large lagoon) had also been dredged to facilitate easier access by
vessels. In addition a burrow site located immediately East to the PC1 entrance had been
mined to provide some of the fill material used in the presently reclaimed 15 acres of land.
To avoid the need for further dredging the PC2 entrance, the access Pier 1, will be
refurbished and used for the landing of the barge and other vessels delivering construction
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materials and supplies during the construction Phase. For details on the proposed dredging
activities see Chapter 10.
Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
Site Preparation and Vegetation Clearance
The mangrove clearance of 15 acres of the island was carried out in 2006 by the previous
owners of the lands in question. The impacts of this vegetation clearance were somewhat
mitigated by the narrow strip of fringing red mangroves which had been left along the islands
coastline and the edges bordering the inner ponds. This cleared area represents the majority
(80 %) of the project’s footprint since the new owners want to develop this cleared area with
the minimum alteration to the remaining mangrove stands.
The plan involves keeping the remaining mangrove stands in their natural state which will be
used to teach and demonstrate the importance of the mangrove ecology of the Pelican Cayes.
To assist with this, a system of elevated walkways will be built through the mangroves
accompanied by a research center and an auditorium for lectures on marine ecology using the
ecology of the island, (pond, corals, seagrass beds, and mangroves) as a living laboratory.
At the time of the study very few bird were seen in the area. The remaining trees had none of
the tale-tale signs of birds such as the white staining left on leaves. The mangroves observed
on the island appeared stunted and did not bear any of signs of high bird habitation. Hence, it
would appear that the minor clearance and future activities impacts on bird populations of the
area would be low to almost negligible.
Birds presently using the project site will primarily be impacted by noise generated by
construction activities. It is expected, however, that they will retreat to adjacent surrounding
vegetation communities and will return once construction activities have ceased and the
facility is operational.
Mitigation
(i) Exposed areas should be replanted and landscaped as soon as possible to reduce
soil erosion, sediment, and organic runoff.
(ii) The removal of any additional remaining fringing mangroves will be avoided
except to allow for limited access to piers and berthing facility.
(iii) Landscaping of the area will involve only native salt tolerant species. No exotic
ornamental plants will be planted as part of the island’s landscaping programme.
(iv) Much of the remaining mangrove stands will be maintained in its original form.
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(v) Fringing mangroves will be protected from the potential impacts of sedimentation
that can result from the dewatering of dredged spoils.
Dredging and Land Filling Activities
Presently the inner 15 acres of land that had been cleared and filled with dredge material and
is not more than two feet above sea level at its highest point. Several areas have compacted
and subsided since the initial dredging activities leaving parts of these areas periodically
inundated during high tides. This has allowed for a transformation of this area’s landform
from a swampy and mucky area to a more consolidated area largely of white coralline sand.
In addition to this 15 acres of reclaimed land there exist on the north-western tip of the
island, an area measuring 50 ft x 200 ft, which was reportedly filled many years ago by a
fisherman that once used the area as a fishing base. This area was reportedly filled by hand
and has been solidly compacted to about three feet above sea level.
The proposed land fill activity is associated primarily with raising the area that had already
been reclaimed so that they no longer are inundated by the tides and to allow for the proper
installation of the proposed structures. These areas will be raised to an elevation of three to
four feet above MSL [mean sea level].
This material is proposed to be extracted from one of the three burrow sites that were
investigated by the team. Two burrow sites were ruled out because of the following reasons.
Burrow Site No. 1 was ruled out because of its proximity to the large lagoon containing a
vibrant growth of tunicates and sponges off the prop roots of the mangroves fringing this
lagoon. It was felt that the risk of them being impacted by the dredging activities was too
high. The other site labeled Burrow Site No. 2 was also ruled out because it was too near to
some sensitive corals and too close to the edge of the precipice. The third option or site
labeled Burrow Site No. 3 was considered as a preferable option than dredging in a new area
affecting the immediate ecology of that area. This site would be slightly expanded and
dredged deeper. Some minor coral structures located near the area will be exposed to the
threats resulting from sedimentation and turbidity impacts. This would constitute the most
notable impacts associated with the dredging activities. To reduce the extent of the secondary
impacts to the corals from dredging activity , sediment curtains will be deployed at the
burrow site and along the path of the spoil discharge pipes.
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The greatest environmental impact associated directly with the land filling activities is the
potential for the ecology of the ponds (PC2, IP1, PL1, and PL3) to be affected by siltation
from the run-off from the dewatering of dredged material and heavy rains. This silt has the
potential to smother the tunicate, sponges, and other marine life living on the prop roots of
the fringing mangroves. To mitigate against these impacts retaining walls made of geo-textile
material will be placed around the area to be filled and on the edge of the ponds to contain
spoils.
The dredging method to be applied utilizes a ‘Suction’ Dredge. Suction dredging of the
intended area will result in a relative small plume at the point of suction. In addition, during
dredging silt curtains will be deployed around the cutter head to prevent siltation of adjacent
areas. The excavated material, which is calcareous and coarse coralline sand, is to be pumped
from this burrow site to the caye. This material will then be deposited within a retaining wall
lined by a fine-meshed geo-textile polymer held in place by wooden stakes every five feet
apart. This will allow for the de-watering of the dredged spoils, while constraining the return
of highly turbid outflows to the surrounding seas.
The turbidity and sedimentation influences are associated with the burrow pits, as well as the
spoil discharge pipes and return flows from the retaining walls. It is expected that the net
flow of the turbidity plume will be towards the south and east, which is coincident with net
current movement in the area. This is in the direction of the open sea and avoids much of the
nearby fringing corals.
The primary sedimentation and turbidity impacts have been assessed as major because of the
sensitivity of the area. The estimated volume of 40, 0000 m 3 although much smaller than
those associated with similar type development of islands in the south of the country has the
potential to significantly impact the area’s ecology if appropriate measures are not
implemented. To ameliorate these impacts the activity would need to be closely supervised
and sediment curtains must be deployed to accompany the dredging operation.
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The geographic area to be most affected by sedimentation and turbidity influences is the area
located immediately around the proposed burrow pit, which is approximately 0.5 km from
Fisherman’s island. It is approximately 75 meter away from a small mangrove island which
lies within the existing shoal. Apart from the ‘moderate’ impacts mentioned above, most of
the impacts to the areas have been assessed as moderate provided the implementation
measures are strictly adhered to.
Since most of the existing larger islands in the area are geographically removed from the
proposed burrow site the areas around them are not expected to be significantly affected by
the ‘secondary’ turbidity and sedimentation impacts.
Mitigation:
(i) Restrict dredging to the site that has already been disturbed by previous dredging.
(ii) Carry out dredging with a suction dredge.
(iii) Deploy silt curtain around burrow site.
(iv) Carry out activity under the supervision of an environmental or fisheries officer.
(v) Limit dredging activities to avoid period of excessive rough seas.
(vi) Carry out monitoring of adjacent areas for sedimentation or siltation impact.
Aesthetics
The proposed development will have some visual impact on the aesthetics of the location
because the proposed development will be taking place in an undeveloped area and the
natural aesthetics of the island will be altered by the construction of structures and building
associated with the proposed development. In addition the island must be kept clean from the
unsightly accumulation of any floating marine debris.
Mitigation
i. Ensure that the proposed development has a landscape plan that incorporates as much
of the existing vegetation and natural landscape features of the island;
ii. Plants to be introduced should be where possible all native to Belize and salt tolerant
species.
iii. Implement a beach or shoreline clean-up programme to keep the island free from any
floating marine debris.
Energy Generation
The total energy consumption for the year for Yum Balisi has been estimated at 550, 000
kWh/year or about 1,506 kWh/Day. To meet this demand it would have been ideal to tap the
national grid, however, it is unable to do so due to the prohibited cost to install some 8 miles
of underground/underwater of transmission cables, and the environmental concerns related to
running such transmission line for this small scale development from the mainland.
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Furthermore, as a high-end eco-friendly resort operation, the project demands a clean source
of renewable energy.
With the site having a good potential for both solar and wind energy, the project’s best
options is to use a “hybrid solar-wind system”, that is, the use of wind turbines in connection
with a solar energy generation system and supporting battery system. This system would be
backed up by a diesel generator to offset periods of peak energy demands or to provide
energy during periods of repair and maintenance.
Since the project will use a diesel generator for back up energy only, it is anticipated that a
small monthly supply of diesel fuel will be required. In addition, LPG/Butane fuel will be
used for cooking, clothes dryers, refrigeration, and possible for the air conditioning units.
LPG/Butane fuel will also be used as a back-up for water heating.
Potable Water Supply
Water Supply and Consumption
Given 100% occupancy and a per capita consumption of 60gallons per day per person, a total
daily water consumption of approximately 10,000 gallons per day can be expected for the
proposed development.
The potential sources available for the supply of fresh potable water required by the project
are limited by the absence of a fresh water aquifer and fresh water lens. Moreover, the
island’s distance from the mainland makes it economically unfeasible to pipe or transport
water from the mainland. The supply of fresh water which will be primarily by means of
rainwater harvesting supplemented by a relatively small desalination (RO) plant will have
only minimal environmental impact on the receiving environment providing the
recommended mitigation measures are implemented. In addition, the proposed conservation
measures are expected to have a significant beneficial impact on the reduction of the
customary water consumption of these types of developments.
Mitigation:
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In addition to design and infrastructural measures for the harvesting of rainwater and the
reduction of water consumption, the development will also ensure operational measures are
employed in order to properly manage the use of this resource. Perhaps the greatest impacts
come from the potential contamination of the fresh water collected and stored and from the
impacts to the fragile ecology of the area from the resulting brine during the operations of the
RO plant. Summarized is a list of recommended strategies for ameliorating the potential
negative impacts associated with water supply. Many of these measure focuses on the
reduction of water consumption:
Design:
i. Brine from proposed backup RO system will be diluted with treated effluent
to reduce the concentration of brine.
ii. The diluted brine will then be discharge by means of a diffuser pipe into the
channel in an area where there exist no corals.
iii. All building shall be outfitted with gutters and individual rainwater storage
tanks.
iv. All tanks will be interconnected to the main fresh water reservoir.
v. Only low-flush toilets will be used.
vi. All taps will be outfitted with water saving devices.
Housekeeping:
i. Staff will be required to not leave the taps running while cleaning.
ii. Make sure that all faucets do not leak and are in good repair.
iii. Cleaning and maintenance staff will be required to report immediately any
leaking or dripping faucet or toilet
iv. Guests will be given the option of changing linen and towels every two or
three days.
v. Laundry staff will use only the minimum required amount of phosphate free
detergent in the laundry.
vi. Laundry staff will be encouraged to re-use rinse-water in the first cycle of
washing of the next load.
vii. Hotel guests will be given politely written cards as to how to conserve water
in their bathrooms, for example to, shut off water during tooth brushing,
shaving, and other unnecessary period
viii. Meters will be installed in the kitchen and Laundromat to track the
consumption of water.
ix. Establish an effective employee training program about water conservation.
Water Storage
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Using the total water consumption flow rate calculated at 10,000 gallons per day, the
proposed tank volume has the ability to sustain a water supply to the resort for 2 days in the
event of a water shortage. The tank will be connected to the individual water storage tanks
and shall have provisions for treatment either by ultraviolet light or chlorination. This cistern
will need to be designed in consideration of the geology of the site.
Mitigation
i. The greatest potential impact is the possibility for the fresh water supply required
by the facility to become contaminated. This is intended to be mitigated by the
installation of an ultraviolet treatment system supported by a backup chlorination
treatment system.
ii. Storage reservoirs will be outfitted with Hypalon liners to prevent seepage or
cross contamination from ground water. In addition the cistern will be properly
covered to prevent any access by vermin or pests.
iii. Storage tanks will be placed on piles in consideration of its weight and the
geology of the island.
Sewage Treatment
The operation of the Yum Balisi facilities will generate moderate amounts of wastewater
from guest water usage, and from the operation of the laundry and kitchen facilities. The
approved capacity of the treatment plant for the proposed for the Yum Balisi Eco-Resort on
Fisherman’s Caye, is approximately 10,000 gallons per day although the estimated volume of
waste water generated on a daily basis is approximately 8,000gpd.
The two (2) main impacts relevant to the proposed undertaking are increased nutrients and
fecal coliform in the water column. The situation resulting from the increased nutrients in the
water column is generally referred to as eutrophication. Eutrophication is primarily caused by
the elevated presence of limiting nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates. Phosphates are
generally derived from gray water effluents, while sewage effluent from the flushing of
toilets is the main source of nitrates. In general a major source of phosphates in gray water
effluents is from detergents.
The oligotrophic waters of Fisherman’s Caye and its surroundings are hence very sensitive to
any anthropogenic increase in these nutrients. Concentrations of phosphate of >1ppm can
cause eutrophication of these waters. A secondary impact of eutrophication could result in
algae encrustation of corals and the possibility of red tide blooms.
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However the assessed impact that would arise from the discharge of treated effluent in the
receiving environment is predicted as minor because of the level of treatment that will be met
by the proposed wastewater treatment system supported by other post treatment mitigation
measures.
These measures incorporates a water recycling scheme with very limited discharge of
effluents for irrigation and mixing with brine after passing through a HDPE lined elevated
leach field.
The sewage technology to be applied is one which is considered as state of the art and is
classified as an “advance wastewater treatment” system which means that the treatment will
provide a reclaimed water product that:
(a) Contains not more, on an annual average basis, than the following concentrations:
1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10mg/l
2. Suspended Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10mg/l
3. Total Nitrogen, expressed as N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3mg/l
4. Total Phosphorus, expressed as P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1mg/l
(b) Has received high level disinfection, by means of chlorination, ozonation, or
ultraviolet radiation to kill any pathogen. This chlorine will be completely removed
before ambient discharge. These standards exceed present national standards.
The treatment plant or ‘Package Plant’ proposed can reduce the Biological Oxygen Demand
and Total Suspended Solids by 97% to less than 10 mg/L, Total Nitrogen Loads can be
reduced by 67% to less than 10 mg/L, Total Free Ammonia Loading can be reduced by 97.
5% to less than 1 mg/L and Phosphorus can be reduced by 80% or to 2 – 3 mg/L. The system
proposed is a “Purestream ES Model BESST" treatment plant.
Solid Waste
The Solid Waste Management Plan proposed for the Yum Balisi project could be divided
into two main phases: a.) Construction Phase and b.) Operational Phase.
During the construction phase the amount and characterization of the solid waste produced
will be primarily in the form of construction waste accounting for almost 80 percent of all
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waste with 20 percent of the waste being domestic waste produced by the day-to-day living
requirements of the construction crew.
In the operational phase it is projected that almost the entire amount of waste generated can
be classified as domestic solid waste since very little maintenance and construction waste
will be generated during this phase. Taking into consideration the fragility and ecological
sensitive nature of the area, the only option available for an acceptable management of the
Yum Balisi’s solid waste is to compact and properly temporarily store inorganic nonbiodegradable
waste in a 20’ x 20’ chain-linked Central Collection Center (waste
management area) located downwind and approximately 50 yards from the nearest structure
for later transportation to the Dangriga Municipal disposal site.
On-site treatment of compostable organic matter will be done using the “Earth Tub“, a
composting system with a processing capacity of 40 – 200 pounds of biomass per day, per
system. This system is ideal considering the current national occupancy rate of Belize. This
composting system will be located in an enclosed 20’x 15” feet area adjacent to the Central
Collection Center. Papers, cardboards, and plastics could be permitted to be treated by
incineration in equipment designed for this purpose.
The final disposal option for solid waste on the island should form part of a more integrated
solid waste management plan that incorporates measures to reduce, reuse, and recycle the
domestic solid waste from the day –to-day operations of the facility.
Transportation
Land based transportation during the construction phase will be limited to the movement of
materials between the shore base and the docking facility located within PC2 pond or Pier 1.
Material will be transported by barge and two 25ft – 35ft Pelican service vessels from Big
Creek, Hopkins/Sittee Point, or Commerce Bight to this small offloading facility. In the
operational phase, the marine transportation activities of the proposed development will
involve movement of water vessels primarily between the nearby coastal communities of
Hopkins, Placencia, Big Creek, Dangriga, and Fisherman’s Caye. Tourist or visitors to the
island will be transported from the company’s shore base located in Hopkins to the island in
water crafts of 35- 60 feet in length.
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In addition, it is expected that this high-end facility will cater to the owners of much larger
transient Yachts and Cabin Cruisers wishing to stay on the island, hence the placement of an
extended docking facility combined with floating moors to cater to these vessels with deeper
drafts. The location of these piers or docking stations have been selected to avoid conflicts
with traditional access routes to other islands within the Pelican Cayes Group, while at the
same time providing a sheltered harborage without compromising the ecosystem of the area.
A small helipad on the island will be constructed for those wishing to arrive by air.
Emergency Preparedness
While this subsection is not necessarily based on the impact which an activity or set of
activities could have on the environment, its emphasis lie on how well the possibilities of
natural and man- made disasters are being integrated in the overall project design and
development.
For the Yum Balisi development, it is important that measures be taken to address six
potential types of risks that can arise from various sources and affect the operation and
success or sustainability of the project in some form or fashion. The risks identified are those
posed by: i) hurricanes and tropical storms; ii) earthquakes; iii) fires; iv) fuel/oil spills and
leaks; v) sea level rise as a result of climate change; and vi) those posed by medical
emergencies.
How well the development addresses these potential risks in the overall planning,
development and management of the Yum Balisi Development will determine to a great
extent the success and sustainability of the project. An important mitigation measure for any
development of this nature against these risks is the need to ensure adequate insurance
coverage to address these potential risks. However, additional mitigation measures must be
considered by the development in early planning stage and operational stages to prevent the
occurrence.
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Mitigation
i. Provide proper insurance coverage for all identified risks.
ii. Establish an emergency response team.
iii. Appoint a senior staff member as the emergency response coordinator.
iv. Develop a comprehensive emergency response plan supported by
individualized emergency response plan fro the six identified risks or
threats.
v. Ensure structures are designed to withstand at least a category 3 hurricane.
vi. Ensure design of structures take into consideration the potential for
seismic movements and sea level rise due to climate change impact.
vii. Ensure that all structures confirm with local and international fire codes
for similar type structures.
viii. Provide and maintain emergency response equipment: first aid kits, smoke
detectors, fire alarms, fire extinguishers, fire cart, absorbent pads and
booms and radios.
ix. Provide training to staff in first aid and emergency response, first aid and
CPR.
x. Maintain and update a list of emergency related numbers.
xi. Require management and staff to carry out the various emergency
response drills associated with the various identified risks or threats.
Evaluation of Alternatives
Based on the evaluation of the various issues associated with the alternatives examined, the
option with the highest economic opportunity, the most technically feasible and with the least
negative environmental impacts is the revised conceptual development plan now being
proposed. This plan unlike the initial conceptual plan has the benefit of being designed on the
basis of the baseline information obtained from the EIA.
Although the selection of the "No Action Alternative” would have led to little or no negative
impacts to the environment, it would in itself have led to a lost of opportunity to develop the
true economic recreational and touristic potential of the island and its resources. In addition,
this option would have no regards to the value of the property and its land use potential and
the fact that it is private property sold under the premises of being a prime property for
tourism development.
The “No Action Alternative”, would have probably led to the sterilization of the area by
maintaining it in its natural form at a tremendous opportunity loss. Similarly, the economic
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implications of non-development are significant. The increase in foreign exchange earnings
and employment opportunities that could be created would cease to exist if no development
takes place.
From a dynamic efficiency standpoint, it should be apparent that a conscientious tourism
project would maximize the use of the areas resources at the site without compromising the
long term benefits. A resort facility offers the best opportunity to capitalize on the area’s
unique attraction while keeping important environmental parameters intact
Since the unique environment of the area is the basic resource being marketed, the island’s
careful development will lead to its enhancement rather than its destruction, while allowing
the development of a marketable product and the recreational potential which the area has to
offer. Belizean would benefit by being able to visit these areas and partake in the proposed
conservation programmes. Presently few Belizean are able to appreciate the beauty of the
area because of its undeveloped state.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1. 1 Project Description
1.2 Project Location
The proposed Yum Balisi Sustainable Luxury Resort development will be located on
Fisherman’s Caye, referred to as Cat’s Caye on the Minister’s Fiat Grants land
Document,( see example of one of the land Papers below Fig 1.a) a privately owned caye
situated along the western border of the South Water Caye Marine Reserve, which is one of
the protected areas within the designated UNESCO - World Heritage Site. To avoid
confusion and allow for consistency with other reports on the island, and for the purpose of
this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) document the caye is referred to as
Fisherman’s Caye since this is how it appears in several maps of the area and in previous
studies.
Fisherman’s Caye is situated approximately eight (8) miles east of the village of Riversdale,
being at its closest point to mainland, and 10.5 miles southeast of Sittee Point (See Figure 1.1
and Plate 1.1).
Fig 1a. Sample of Land Document Referring to Island as Cats Caye
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1

Figure 1.1: Map of Belize with the Area of Interest.
Project Area Location
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2

Plate 1.1: Project Site Relative Distances to Mainland.
From a transportation standpoint, the island is about 18 miles from the Commerce Bight Port
near Dangriga Town, 14.5 miles from the Placencia Municipal Airstrip; sixteen (16) miles
from the Placencia Municipal Pier, and about 20 miles from Big Creek Port.
The property is approximately 42 acres and is primarily a mangrove island with twelve (12)
ponds. Six (6) of theses ponds are landlocked (PL1, 2, 3 & 4, PF 1 & 2); one (1) large pond
(PC1) and two (2) smaller ones (PC2 & 3) have access to the sea; one smaller pond (IP1) is
interconnected with PC2 and two (2) smaller ponds (IP2 & 3) are interconnected with PC 3,
(See Plate 1.2 and Table 1.1). The caye is surrounded on the north, south, east and west by
carbonate shoals (≤ 2m deep) extending into sea 165 feet, 325 feet, 150 feet and 25 feet
respectively before reaching the edges of the deeper channels. The windward side shoal has a
continuous coral reef (live) structure about 45 to 50 feet wide and approximately 50 feet from
shore. The rest of the shoals surrounding the island have scattered small coral patches. The
Conveyances (Minister’s Fiat (Grant)) indicating ownership is presented in Appendix A.
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Pier 2
Pier 1
PL1
PF 1 PF 2
WS
PC2
Channel
Landing
Dock
IP1, 2 & 3
PL 3 & 4
Plate 1.2: Fisherman’s Caye with its 12 Ponds and Existing Structures.
Table 1.1: Descriptions of Existing Ponds and Structures.
Code Description
1 PC1 Largest pond having access to deeper waters via a channel. Having pristine marine flora and
fauna, this area will be used as an interpretive educational area.
2 PC2 Second largest pond having access to deeper waters via a channel. On its east shore there is
presently a landing dock. This area will be used to access the main island
3 PC3 The smallest of the pond having access to deeper water via a channel will also be used as an
interpretive educational area.
4 PL1 - 4 These ponds are land locked and will form part of the interpretive/educational programme.
5 IP1 This pond is interconnected to PC2 and will be designated as a transient floating dock station
for very small vessels and as a kayak center.
6 IP2 & 3 These are small interconnected ponds to PC3 which will be left in their natural state and will
also form part of the interpretive/educational programme.
7 PF1 & 2 These ponds are similar to the land locked ponds but were partially filed during the filling of
the 15 acres by the previous owner and will be incorporated into the Caye’s landscaping
8 HSE A wooden structure on stilts with zinc roof once used by fishermen.
9 Pier 1 & 2 Pier 1 is a 50-foot wooden pair. Pier 2 is a shorter pair with an abandoned outhouse at its
head
10 WS A plywood structure on stilts with zinc roof used as sleeping quarter by workmen while the
15 acres of the island was being filled.
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PC3
HSE
PC1
PL2
4

1.3 Existing Development
Presently, there exists a wooden building on wooden stilts on the northwestern tip of the caye
(See Plate 1.3), that was once used as a fisherman’s outpost during fishing expeditions. This
area measures 50 feet wide (north to south) and approximately 180 feet long (east to west).
Plate 1.3: Wooden building on wooden stilts.
In addition to this area which had been filled, prior to Yum Balisi Limited (Geneva
International) purchase of the entire caye from its previous four owners, one of the owners
had partially filled approximately 15 acres of land area on the southern part of the caye where
other structures now exist.
In order to provide access to the western side of the reclaimed 15 acres, an entrance had been
widened and deepened to allow 45 feet size outboard vessels to access the PC2 pond (see
Plate 1.4) and an access channel that existed between ponds PC2 and IP1 was also widened
and deepened to allow access to small motorized vessels. A small landing dock was built on
the pond’s (PC2) east shore (Plate 1.5).
A plywood workman’s shed (WS) is located on the east shore (Plate 1.6), a temporary
outhouse pier (Pier 2: Plate 1.7) on the southern shore and a 50 feet pier (Pier 1: Plate 1.8) is
located approximately 75 feet due west from the outhouse pier. Reports are that these
structures had been built and used by workers associated with the filling of the project area.
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5

Plate 1.4: Entrance widened and deepened to Plate 1.5: A small landing dock was built on
access the PC2 Pond. the pond’s East shore.
Plate 1.6: Plywood Workman’s Shed (WS). Plate 1.7: Temporary Outhouse Pier
(Out of Service).
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6

Plate 1.8: Service Pier 50 feet Long.
During the construction phase, the outhouse pier will be removed and replaced by a properly
located temporary chemical toilet. The shed will be repaired, relocated, and used as a
temporary shelter, and the landing pier will be repaired for loading and off loading of
construction materials. Eventually this pier will be replaced with a newly constructed pier
and will serve as an access to the snorkeling trail and floating rafts.
Apart from the structures mentioned above, the caye does not have any other development
and is uninhabited and would be infrequently visited by fisher-folks in the area. Coastline
villagers report that the surrounding waters are being used as fishing ‘grounds’ by residents
from Riversdale, Hopkins and other coastline villages. Villagers also reported that the
leeward side is sometimes used by fishermen and boaters to weather storms and that tour
operators also use the surrounding waters for snorkeling and diving.
1.4 Planned Development
1.4.1 General Development Concept
Yum Balisi Limited and its parent company Geneva International are taking into account that
Fisherman’s Caye is within the South Water Caye Marine Reserve and is part of a World
Heritage Site and has proposed the development of a high-end eco-friendly resort using an
integrated and sustainable design and construction techniques to minimize the environmental
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7

impacts that invariable occurs during resort development. The development is proposed to
take place in areas that had already been cleared and partially filled by previous owners while
preserving and conserving the remaining mangrove and surrounding ecosystems in particular
those associated with the island’s ponds. The intent is to give the resort the feeling of being
“of” the land and not simply being “on” the land. This eco-friendly resort will be the first
component of a Belize eco-resort concept that plans to include a mainland village beach
resort and a mountain lodge. The parent company proposes to invest a considerable amount
of funds in this phase alone.
The development is proposed to cover a footprint of less than 15% of the overall landmass
and will be comprised of three types of accommodations. There will be a total of 35 luxury
units (35 rooms/35 bathrooms) primarily on the eastern and southern sections of the island.
Of these 35 units, 5 are proposed as Luxury Cottages (5 bedroom/5 bathrooms), 14 Premium
Cottages (14 bedroom/14 bathrooms), 10 Deluxe Duplex Cottages, and 6 units which are
proposed as overwater Eco-Cottages. In addition to these units, there will be 3 additional
duplexes (two bedroom/two bath accommodations) for management and staff. In total the
development will be catering to 70 overnight guests and 12 overnight shift staff of the 40
service personnel that will be employed by the resort (See Figures1.2, 1.12a and Table 1.2).
The cottages will surround the other support ancillary service structures which will be
arranged and landscaped to give the feeling of an Eco-Village setting.
The cottages are given different names based on their specific design and amenities with
sizes ranging from approximately 550 square feet (deluxe cottages), 600 (premium cottages),
and 1,200 square feet (Luxury Suites).
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8

Figure 1.2: Yum Balisi Development - General Overview.
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9

Figure 1.2a: Yum Balisi Development - General Overview with UTM Co-ordinates
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9 a

Table 1.2: Development Components.
Description
Units
Type
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Bedrooms
Rest
Rooms
Foot
Print
Sq. ft.
Occup.
(persons)
Accommodation
1 Luxury Cottages 5 1 Bdroom 5 5 6,000 10
2 Premium Cottages 14 1 Bdroom 14 14 8,400 28
3 Deluxe Duplex Cottages 10 2 Bdroom 10 10 5,500 20
4 Eco Cottages 6 1 Bdroom 6 6 3,600 12
40
employees
5 Management/Employee Housing
Eco-Village
3
Duplex w/ 2
Bdroom each /area
12 12 5,250
12 of
which will
overnight
and rest
commute
6 Lobby/Restaurant/
Office Area
1 1 6 10,000
7 Transient Office 1 1 1 900
8
Belize Coral Reef and Natural
Resource Learning Center
1 1 2 3,000
9 Business Center 1 1 4 1,500
10 Gift Shops 4 1 Main + 3 Stalls 1 2, 400
11 Spa -Health/Wellness Center 1 1 2 2,500
12 Beach Bar 1,000
13 Research Center
Maintenance and Utilities
3,000
14 Maintenance Building 1 1 2,000
15 Gen Set Building 1 1 500
16 Nursery and Reforestation Area 1 1 1000
17 Transient Visitors 50
Totals 50 47 63 54,150 160
1 Interpretive Walkways
3,500 ft
X 5ft
17,500
2 Berthing facility -water and
15 slips (max. 30
electricity only
1 sm. vessels)
- - - -
3 Docking Facility-(Pond PC1) 1 Max. 5 tie-ups - - - -
4 Mooring Buoys 5 Max. 5 - - - -
5 Kayak Center (Pond IP1)
1 1 Sm. Floating
Transient Docking Facility
Dock 10’x10’w/
Max. 3 Tie-ups
- - - -
6 Swimming Floating Platforms 2 10’x10’ - - - -
10

Figure 1.3: Ocean Side View – Depicting Three Types of Cottages.
1.4.2 Accommodations
The proposed three designs and construction of the cottages are based primarily around maintaining the aesthetics and tropical appeal of
the island and the recommendation for light structures contained in the geotechnical assessment conducted by Mr. Robert Allen P. Eng.
As such, all accommodation units are being designed as light but very sturdy structures elevated on wooden stilts to allow for the
enjoyment of the ocean view and the sea breeze (See Figure 1.3).
Yum Balisi
Ocean Side View
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1. Luxury Cottages: The project will have five (5) luxury cottages having an average
footprint of 1200 ft 2 (See Figure 1.4 and 1.5 and 1.5a). Each unit will have a bedroom
with a private bath, a living area including a screen porch and an open deck outfitted
with a Jacuzzi. These units are designed to accommodate two persons per building
with the living area furnished with a microwave, coffee maker and small refrigerator
on one section and a TV and Internet connection on another section, and
accompanying furniture.
2. Premium Cottages: There are fourteen (14) Premium Cottages proposed, each
having an average footprint of approximately 600 ft 2. (See Figure 1. 6 and 1. 7). These
cottages will consist primarily of a luxury room with it adjoining private bath, a
screened porch, and an unroofed deck. Room will be furnished with a microwave,
coffee maker, small refrigerator, TV and Internet connection and other supporting
furniture and fixtures.
3. Deluxe Cottages: There are ten (10) proposed Deluxe Cottages each having an
average foot prints of approximately 550 ft 2 . (See Figure 1.8 and 1.9). These cottages
will consist primarily of a deluxe room with it adjoining private bath, a screened
perch, and an unroofed deck. Rooms will be furnished with a microwave, coffee
maker, small refrigerator, TV and Internet connection and other supporting furniture
and fixtures.
4. Eco Cottages: The project proposes six (6) of these Eco Cottages which will be built
as overwater structures with an average foot print of approximately 600 ft 2. These
structures are similar to the Premium Cottages, see Figure 1.6 and 1.7, only that they
will be constructed overwater. Three of the structures are proposed to be constructed
on the leeward side of the island with the remaining three constructed on the
northwest portion of the island several feet from the Research Center (where the
Fishermen House presently exists). The design and construction of these cottages will
meet or exceed the present Over Water Structure Guidelines. All overwater structures
will be interconnected to an elevated walkway designed to allow access to amenities
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12

and areas of interest in the resort while at the same time serving as a mangrove
ecosystem training tool. The elevated walkways will be designed in such a way to
allow access by physically challenged individuals.
5. Management/Employee Housing: Overnight Shift Personnel will be housed in three
– two bedroom duplexes with each staff housing having a total of four (4) rooms and
two (2) bathrooms. These structures will be designed as bungalow type structures and
will have a roofed open sided perch. In addition, each duplex will have a common
area furnished with a television, a living room set, coffee maker, microwave, and
small refrigerator.
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Figure 1.4: Yum Balisi Luxury Cottages Architect’s Conceptual Drawing.
Yum Balisi Luxury Cottages
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14

Figure 1.5: Yum Balisi Luxury Cottages.
Jacuzzi
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J
15

Figure 1.5a: Yum Balisi Luxury Cottages.
Luxury Cottage next to Research Center
PL2
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Luxury Cottages on West Side of Caye
16

Figure 1.6: Yum Balisi Premium and ECO Cottages - Architect’s Conceptual Drawing.
Yum Balisi
Premium Cottages &
ECO Cottages
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17

Figure 1.7: Yum Balisi Premium and ECO Cottages.
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18

Figure 1.7a: Yum Balisi Premium Cottages on the East Side of the Caye.
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19

Figure 1.7b: Yum Balisi ECO Lodges on the Northern Tip of Caye.
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20

Figure 1.7c: Yum Balisi ECO Lodges on the West Side of the Caye
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IP1
PC2
21

Figure 1.8: Yum Balisi Deluxe Cottages - Architect’s Conceptual Drawing.
Yum Balisi
Deluxe Cottages
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22

Figure 1.9: Yum Balisi Deluxe Cottages.
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23

Figure 1.9A: Yum Balisi Deluxe Cottages.
PL1
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PC2
24

Figure 1.10: Yum Balisi Management/Employee Housing -Spa Health Wellness Center -Maintenance Building -Research Center
- Belize Coral Reef and Natural Resources Learning Center - Architect’s Conceptual Drawing.
Yum Balisi
Management/Employee Housing -Spa Health Wellness Center
-Maintenance Building -Research Center - Belize Coral Reef
& Natural Resources Learning Center
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25

Figure 1.10b: Yum Balisi Management/Employee Housing
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26

Figure 1.10b: Yum Balisi Transient Office, Learning Center, Lobby, Shops, Business Center and Spa
PC2
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27

Figure 1.10c: Research Station on the North-Western Tip of the Caye
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28

1.4.3 Ancillary Facilities /Eco-Village
Most of the supporting Ancillary Structures will be located and arranged in an Eco- Village setting.
The Lobby/Restaurant/Office complex, included in the Eco-Village, will be housed in a 10,000 ft. 2
building and will be serviced by 4 bathrooms (See Figures 1.11, 1.12 & 1.13).
The Eco-Village will also include a Transient Office, the Belize Coral Reef and Natural Resource
Learning Center, Business Center, one main gift shop with three smaller covered stalls, a Spa -
Health-Wellness Center and a Beach Bar (See Figure 1.10b). The resort is intended to provide
facilities for universities and other training institutions to be able to use the island and its surrounding
ecosystem as a living laboratory. Researchers and recognized experts in the field will be invited to
provide lectures on the eco-systems present in the Pelican Cayes.
In addition, the project will have a maintenance zone which will include a 2,000 ft. 2 maintenance
building, a small nursery for landscaping and an energy generation shed (Figure 1.10c). The Entire
area will cover 16,000 ft. 2 . The overall estimated footprint for the Eco Village, including the Lobby
Restaurant Office Complex, is 21,400 square feet.
Areas designated as utility areas for solid waste management, potable water storage, and for sewage
and wastewater treatment have been sited based on easy access to pier, aesthetics, and wind direction.
A helipad is proposed to be constructed using either a prefabricated aluminum framing systems or
concrete and steel. Asphalt will not be used because of its potential to contaminate the sensitive
ecosystem of the area.
Development on the northern section of the caye will be limited to a Research facility to be located on
the northwestern tip of the island where the wooden house exists, one Luxury Cottage to and three
ECO Lodges. Approximately 3,500 running feet by 5 feet wide of raised walkways will serve as an
interpretive trail and will facilitate access to other resort facilities.
In total, the building space will be approximately 54,150 square feet and a total of 3,500 length
running feet of raised walkway.
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29

Figure 1.10c: Maintenance/Utility Area and Nursery Area.
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PL3
30

Figure 1.11: Welcome Center - Restaurant Complex Unit - Architect’s Conceptual Drawing.
Yum Balisi
Welcome Center and Restaurant Complex Unit
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31

Figure 1.12: Welcome Center - Restaurant Complex Unit – 2 nd Floor.
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Figure 1.13 : Welcome Center - Restaurant Complex Unit – 1st Floor.
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33

1.4.4 Floating Docks and Piers
The natural physical features of the property makes Fisherman’s Caye unique in that the areas
intended for the docking facility and transient docking facility are natural ponds and will not
require any additional dredging. Based on the ponds survey (see Chapter 4) only pond PC2 is
being considered for a docking facility to serve as a utility pier. The PC2 pond has access to
deeper water environment (see Plate 1.2) and serves as natural vessel protection from windy
conditions and heavy sea states. This utility pier will be used for loading and off loading guests
and staff passengers as well as goods and supplies to the caye (see Figure 1.14 and Figure 1.15a
and 1.15 b).
The adjacent interconnected IP2 pond will be designated as a transient floating dock station for
very small vessels with 5 tie-ups (maximum) which will also serve as a floating Kayak dock.
Another small pier is proposed to be constructed on the southwestern end of the property as a
service pier for solid waste and fuel transfer. The main docking facility with 8 slips for berthing
of a maximum of 15 to 20 patron’s vessels is being proposed to be constructed on the leeward
side of the caye due north above the entrance to PC2 (see Figure 1.15c).
In pond PC1, where the marine flora and fauna are in almost pristine conditions, a floating dock
will be placed near the west shore and will be connected to the network of interpretive walkways.
This pond will be used for educational and recreational (diving and snorkeling) purposes only.
Only small vessels (5 maximum) will be allowed to temporarily moor on the floating dock
during visits to the site (see Figure 1.15d and 1.15e). Mooring buoys will be placed outside and
to the north of the PC1 pond entrance for bigger vessels to moor and seek safe harbor or for those
wishing to visit the pond.
The outhouse pier on the southern shore will be removed and portable restrooms will be put in
place during the construction phase. The 50 feet long pier also located on the southern shore will
be refurbished and used as a secondary utility pier.
The apron-works of all pier infrastructures are to be of wooden construction, while the piles
supporting the beams and cross-member planking is to be of treated lumber.
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34

Figure 1.14: Transient Utility Pier for Loading and Off Loading Guests, Staff Passengers and Dry Goods and Supplies on the Caye.
Transient Utility Pier at PC2
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35

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36
Figure 1.15a: Pier Longitudinal and Cross Sections

Figure 1.15b: Transient Dock
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37

Figure 1.15c: Berthing Facility
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38

Figure 1.15e: Floating Dock at PC 1
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39

Figure 1.15e: Floating Dock at PC 1
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PC1
40

1.4.5 Walkways and Access Routes
A network of interpretive walkways, which will include elevated wooden walkways over the
northern portion of the caye and other areas covered by mangroves, will be constructed to
inter-connect all the major buildings, places of interest, and infrastructure associated with the
resort.
Plate 1.9: Depiction of an Elevated Walkway.
Access piers to platforms and walkways that cross over prop roots of the fringing mangroves
will be grated for a light penetration value of 70% (see Plate 1.9). All walkways and access
routes within the reclaimed area will be landscaped and bordered with ornamentals, while the
3,500 feet long wooden walkways will be built to comfortably accommodate a minimum of
two pedestrians walking side by side. The walkway is will be five feet wide; wide enough to
allow for hand pulled trolleys or motorized wheelchairs. No other type of motorized vehicles
except for a few golf carts will be allowed on the island.
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41

Plate 1.10: Grated Access Allowing 70% Light Penetration.
1.4.6 Beaches
The caye is surrounded by healthy fringing mangroves and thus lack natural sandy beaches.
The project will maintain this eco-system and will utilize three swimming platforms instead
of creating sandy beaches for guest to have access to ‘dry land’ while swimming, sunbathing
etc. (see Figure 1.16). The platforms will be located and anchored in areas where it will
cause the least environmental disturbance. In the event of a hurricane threat, these platforms
can be readily brought ashore for storage.
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42

Figure 1.16: Swimming Platform.
1.4.7 Proposed Land Filling and Associated Dredging Activities
Dredging activities will be required, but only to allow for elevating the area that had already
been previously filled. In 2009, a permit was obtained to carry out this activity but the
activity has yet to be executed. A copy of the Registered Quarry Permit No. 28 of 2009 is
presented on Appendix B.
The access channel to the PC2 lagoon and a channel connecting this lagoon to IP1 were also
dredged, by the previous owner, to allow passage of small, motorized vessels. In the north,
the entrance of PC1 (the large lagoon) had also been dredged to facilitate easier access by
vessels. In addition a burrow site located immediately East to the PC1 entrance had been
mined to provide some of the fill material used in the presently reclaimed 15 acres of land.
To avoid the need for further dredging the PC2 entrance, the access Pier 1 (Plate 1.8), will be
refurbished and used for the landing of the barge and other vessels delivering construction
materials and supplies during the construction Phase. For details on the proposed dredging
activities see Chapter 10.
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Plate 1.11: Access Channel to PC2 Dredged.
Plate 1.12: Channel Connecting PC2 and IP1.
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44

1.4.8 Utility Zone
Due to Yum Balisi’s project remoteness from the mainland it will not be able to take
advantage of pre-existing utilities available on the mainland. Therefore, the project will have
to be self sufficient in providing all utilities. These include energy generation, potable water
supply, sewage treatment facilities, and solid waste management. The location of the utilities
takes into consideration access to a service pier and the wind direction. Locating the utility
zone near an access pier minimizes the potential for any accident to occur during unloading
materials on the island.
Wind direction also plays a vital role, for proper siting of the back-up diesel generation
station to avoiding the negative impacts of noise pollution during their operation and for the
wind turbine, siting is essential for both good wind energy and for avoiding the negative
impacts of noise pollution during their operation. The sewage treatment facilities and solid
waste management site will also be sited in such a way that any malodorous smell that may
sometimes be produced is carried away from the visiting population and living areas by the
prevailing winds. The Reverse Osmosis plant and potable water reservoir will be located
near the administration building (see Figure 1.2 Yum Balisi Development - General
Overview).
1.4.8.1 Energy Generation
The total energy consumption for the year by Yum Balisi has been estimated at 550, 000
kWh/year or about 1,506 kWh/Day. To meet this demand it would have been ideal to tap the
national grid, however, it is unable to do so due to the prohibited cost to install some 8 miles
of underground/underwater of transmission cables, and the environmental concerns related to
running such transmission line for this small scale development from the mainland.
Furthermore, as a high-end eco-friendly resort operation, the project demands a clean source
of renewable energy.
With the site having a good potential for both solar and wind energy, the project’s best
options is to use a “hybrid solar-wind system”, that is, the use of wind turbines in connection
with a solar energy generation system and supporting battery system. This system would be
backed up by a diesel generator to offset periods of peak energy demands or to provide
energy during periods of repair and maintenance.
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Since the project will use a diesel generator for back up energy only, it is anticipated that a
small monthly supply of diesel fuel will be required. In addition, LPG/Butane fuel will be
used for cooking, clothes dryers, refrigeration, and possible for the air conditioning units.
LPG/Butane fuel will also be used as a backup for water heating (see Chapter 8).
1.4.8.2 Potable Water Supply
The potential sources available for the supply of fresh potable water required by the project
are limited by the absence of a fresh water aquifer and fresh water lens. Moreover, the
island’s distance from the mainland makes it economically unfeasible to pipe or transport
water from the mainland. Therefore, the supply of potable water available to the proposed
development will be from the harvesting of rainwater stored in cisterns supplemented by
freshwater produced by an RO plant. Water abstracted from the sea will be desalinated
using a PX Pressure Exchanger RO plant which takes advantage of the high-pressure
necessary to force salt water through filters by recovering energy from that pressure. The RO
Plant is a rotary-type energy recovery device with only one moving part that recovers energy
from the waste stream of seawater reverse osmosis systems at up to 98% efficiency. The
technology is said to dramatically reduce costs associated with the energy intensive
desalination process by up to 60%.
As part of the water conservation plan, recycled post-treated wastewater from the wastewater
treatment facility will be used for flushing toilets, washing of outdoor equipments and for
irrigation purposes. This recycled water will be stored in cisterns located near the waste
water treatment plant. (See Chapter 5)
It should be noted that during the construction phase some potable water may need to be
transported to the island.
1.4.8.3 Sewage Treatment
Consistent with the ecology of the area and the objective of ensuring an environmentally
friendly development, the proposed project intends to utilize the best applicable technology
and practices in wastewater managements to mitigate the negative impacts that could be
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associated with this issue. Wastewater generated on the island will be coming from two main
sources: Domestic wastewater and wastewater concentrate from the proposed RO plant.
The packaged treatment plant choice is the "Purestream ES Model BESST" or an approved
equivalent treatment plant (see Appendix C). The BESST (Biologically Engineered Single
Sludge Treatment) process achieves Advanced Wastewater Treatment in a single vessel by
incorporating activated sludge processes. The plant combines the principles of single sludge
treatment for BOD 5, TSS, and Nutrient Removal, as well as sludge blanket clarification into
a single vessel, achieving a high degree of waste removal. The BESST process has no
capacity limits and is used on all sizes and strengths of flows, from smaller housing
developments to food processing operations to municipal sectors.
A further treatment for the removal of nutrient will be given to the treated effluent produced
by the BESST treatment plant before its discharge into the receiving environment. Treated
wastewater will be stored, chlorinated, and left to settle and allow for the removal of the
excess chlorine. The treated and disinfected water will be used for irrigation, toilet flushing
and for diluting brine from RO plant before discharge. Any remaining treated effluent will
be sent to an elevated constructed wetland or garden to assist in further removal of nutrients.
This constructed wetland or elevated garden will be built adjacent to the natural mangrove
stands and shall be lined with high-density polypropylene liners to prevent any leaching (see
Chapter 6).
1.4.8.4 Solid Waste
The Solid Waste Management Plan proposed for the Yum Balisi project could be divided
into two main phases: a.) Construction Phase and b.) Operational Phase.
During the construction phase the amount and characterization of the solid waste produced
will be primarily in the form of construction waste accounting for almost 80 percent of all
waste with 20 percent of the waste being domestic waste produced by the day-to-day living
requirements of the construction crew. In the operational phase it is projected that almost the
entire amount of waste generated can be classified as domestic solid waste since very little
maintenance and construction waste will be generated during this phase.
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Taking into consideration the fragility and ecological sensitivity of the area, the only option
available for an acceptable management of the Yum Balisi’s solid waste is to compact and
properly temporarily store inorganic non-biodegradable waste in a 20’ x 20’ chain-linked
Central Collection Center (waste management area) located downwind and approximately 50
yards from the nearest structure for later transportation to the Dangriga Municipal disposal
site.
On-site treatment of compostable organic matter will be done using the “Earth Tub“, a
composting system with a processing capacity of 40 – 200 pounds of biomass per day, per
system (See Appendix D). This system is ideal considering the current national occupancy
rate of Belize. This composting system will be located in an enclosed 20’x 15” feet area
adjacent to the Central Collection Center. Papers, cardboards, and plastics could be
permitted to be treated by incineration in equipment designed for this purpose. However,
the open burning of all garbage as a sustained activity of a solid waste management plan
should be severely restricted or prohibited.
The final disposal option for solid waste on the island should form part of a more integrated
solid waste management plan that incorporates measures to reduce, reuse, and recycle the
domestic solid waste from the day –to-day operations of the facility.
1.4.9 Transportation
Land based transportation during the construction phase will be limited to the movement of
materials between the shore base and the docking facility located within PC2 pond or Pier 1.
Material will be transported by barge and two 25ft – 35ft Pelican service vessels from Big
Creek, Hopkins/Sittee Point, or Commerce Bight to this small offloading facility (see
Chapter 9).
However, during the operational phase, the marine transportation activities of the proposed
development will involve movement of water vessels primarily between the nearby coastal
communities of Hopkins, Placencia, Big Creek, Dangriga, and Fisherman’s Caye. Tourist or
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visitors to the island will be transported from the company’s shore base located in Hopkins to
the island in water crafts of 35- 60 feet in length.
In addition, it is expected that this high-end facility will cater to the owners of much larger
transient Yachts and Cabin Cruisers wishing to stay on the island, hence the placement of an
extended docking facility combined with floating moors to cater to these vessels with deeper
drafts. The location of these piers or docking stations have been selected to avoid conflicts
with traditional access routes to other islands within the Pelican Cayes Group, while at the
same time providing a sheltered harborage without compromising the ecosystem of the area.
A small helipad on the island will be constructed for those wishing to arrive by air.
1.4.10 Construction Phase
It is anticipate that Yum Balisi’s construction phase will take place over a period of three
years. The first construction activity to take place will be the repairing and/or erecting of the
docking facilities to facilitate better and safer access to the site and the refurbishing /
construction of workmen and maintenance sheds inclusive of temporary storage sheds.
Once this is completed, the project will initiate the filling of the construction area as
proposed in Chapter 10. Allotting a six months period for the fill to settle, construction of the
various infrastructures will commence as outlined in Table 1.3.
Construction of permanent buildings will commence no less than six months after the
completion of the final filling of the designated 15 acres area. During the period between the
filling and time allotted for compaction six to nine months activities will focus on cleaning of
the island, landscaping, sourcing, and storage of construction material and construction of
elevated interpretive walkways.
Since the construction will be primarily wooden material, all wooden material will be kiln
dried and treated on mainland prior to transportation to the island. The use of concrete will
be limited to the construction of foundation bases and foundation slabs for the Waste Water
Treatment facilities, diesel generation plant, and similar structures.
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Table 1.3: Construction Phase.
PROJECT YEAR 1
TIME FRAME
YEAR 2 YEAR 3
Concepts and Components
Accommodations
1 2 1 2 1 2
Luxury Suites X X
Premium Cottages X X X X
Deluxe Cottages X X
Eco Cottages (Overwater) X X
Management/Staff Housing
Eco Village
X X
Lobby/Restaurant/ X X
Office Area X X
Transient Office X X
Belize Coral Reef and Natural Resource
Learning Center
X X
Business Center X X
Gift Shops X X
Spa -Health/Wellness Center X X
Beach Bar X X
Research Center
Transportation and Recreational
Facilities
X X
Transient Docking Facility (Pond PC2) X
Service Pier (Pier 1) X
Berthing Facility X X
Docking Floating Facility-(Pond PC1) X
Kayak Floating Dock (Pond IP1) X
Swimming Floating Platforms X
Mooring Buoys X
Helipad X
Interpretive Walkways
Maintenance and Utilities
X X X X
Maintenance Building X X
Gen Set and Building X
Wind Turbine X X
Solar Pannel X X X
Water Supply X X X
Wastewater X X X
Nursery and Reforestation Area X X X
Landscaping X X X X X X
Land Filling Activity
Dredging X
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1.4.11 Operational Phase
1.4.11.1 Staffing
The total staffing for the resort when fully commissioned will be forty (40) full time
employees. These include managers, administrative staff, and chambermaids, bar tenders,
chefs, waitresses, janitors/grounds keepers, security personnel, and boat handlers.
Temporary staff will be hired on a need basis.
1.4.11.2 Capacity
Yum Balisi Sustainable Luxury Resort development is being designed to accommodate a
total of 82 persons at full capacity with 70 overnight tourist and 12 of the 40 service
employees (management and staff) (see Table 1.2). In addition the restaurant facilities and
other amenities are designed to cater to an additional 50 transient daily tourists that may
spend a day’s visit to the caye.
1.5 Objective of the EIA
The objectives of the Environmental Impact Assessment are:
To collect baseline data and information on the environmental setting of Fisherman’s
Caye and surrounding to guide the proposed conceptual development plan;
To identify and assess the significance of potential impacts (positive and adverse) to
living and non-living components of the environment resulting from the proposed
activities,
To recommend measures for eliminating or reducing the risk and magnitude of
adverse environmental effects (mitigation), and for detecting adverse effects in time
to correct them (monitoring).
1.6 EIA Requirements
The Belize Environmental Protection Act Revised Edition 2003 requires an Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) to be undertaken for any “project, program or activity that may
significantly affect the environment”. The EIA is normally prepared by the proponent and
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submitted for review by the National Environmental Appraisal Committee (NEAC), whose
function it is to ensure that the proposed undertaking takes into account all of the
requirements, policies and regulations for protection of the environment, natural resources
and socio-economic conditions, and is consistent with other land use in the area.
Following review by NEAC, if the project is allowed to proceed, a Compliance Plan for the
development and operation of the proposed works or activities is agreed between the
proponent and DOE.
The Department of the Environment has determined that the proposed Yum Balisi
Development on Fisherman’s Caye is subject to the requirement for an EIA since it fall
within a very sensitive ecosystem and in fact the EIA Regulations require that all
developments within a World Heritage Site, conduct and EIA. Among other things, the
Department of Environment’s procedures for the preparation of an EIA include the following
elements:
policy and legal basis within which the project may be implemented;
description of the proposed project;
description of the environment;
identification of significant environmental impacts;
analysis of alternatives;
mitigation plan; and
monitoring plan.
The Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment are shown in Appendix E.
These elements are addressed in various sections of this Report. Appendix F contains a list
of contributors to the preparation of this EIA.
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CHAPTER 2: PERMITS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
2.1 National Framework
Belize’s national environmental policies are based on an integrated environmental
management approach towards sustainable development. The legislation and regulations are
comprehensive in nature and address issues of environmental protection, natural resource
development, wildlife conservation, preservation of historic and cultural resources, and solid
waste management. Belize is also a signatory to various international agreements aimed at
protecting the environment and natural resources.
It is important to identify those legislations which will need compliance by Yum Balisi with
respect to the development of Fisherman’s caye. The Department of Environment, the
Department of Fisheries, Forest Department, Coastal Zone Management Authority and
Institute, Lands and Survey Department, Petroleum and Geology Department, the Port
Authority and the other government institutions are the regulatory bodies of the various
instruments affecting the proposed development.
In light of it being located in a Marine Protected Area and a World Heritage Site, it is very
important that those specific regulations and legislation which will need strict adherence and
compliance during the project’s planning, construction and during its operational phases be
properly identified. Once identified, the developers are to ensure that these be considered
during project design and implementation.
This section is therefore aimed at reviewing relevant environmental resource and planning
legislations and policies to ensure Yum Balisi complies with national policy and legislative
criteria.
2.2 The Environmental Protection Act No. 22/1992 and 328/2003
The Environmental Protection Act of 1992 legally established the Department of the
Environment (Section 3). Under section 3 (3) the Department has the responsibility to
monitor the implementation of the Act and Regulations, and to take necessary actions to
enforce the provisions of the Act and its Regulations. This enabling legislation provides the
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Government and the Department with the comprehensive environmental protection authority
it needs in order to address modern environmental management issues. The ACT also grants
the Department of Environment broad regulatory and enforcement authority for the
prevention and control of environmental pollution, conservation and management of natural
resources, and regulating environmental impact assessments (EIAs).
The Environmental Protection Act entrusted the Department of the Environment with a
broad range of functions relating, but not limited to, the assessment of water pollution, the
coordination of activities relating to the discharge of wastes, the licensing of activities that
may cause water pollution, the registration of sources of pollution and the carrying out of
research and investigations as to the causes, nature and extent of water pollution, and the
necessary prevention and control measures (Section 4). Although there are no specific
regulations on Environmental Audits (EAs), the Department is empowered to require an EA
as a tool as it goes about with the monitoring of the implementation of the Act and
Regulations.
The Environmental Protection Act Revised Edition 2003, also charges the Department of
the Environment with the responsibility for formulating environmental codes of practices,
specifying procedures, practices or releases limits for pollution control relating to works,
undertakings and activities during any phase of their development and operation, including
the location, design, construction, start-up, closure, dismantling and clean-up phases and any
subsequent monitoring activities. Under the Act, no person, installation, factory or plant
shall, unless specifically permitted by the Department, emit, deposit or discharge or cause
emission of any pollutant or contaminant into the atmosphere or environment in
contravention of the permitted levels. Every person, installation, factory or plant emitting air
pollutants is required to maintain and submit to the Department, records of the type,
composition and quantity of pollutants emitted. Part V - 20 (4) of the Environmental
Protection Act states that every project, programme or activity shall be assessed with a view
of the need to protect and improve human health and living conditions and the need to
preserve the reproductive capacity of ecosystems as well as the diversity of species.
Furthermore, the EPA requires that any person or undertaking exploiting the land, water
resources, seas or other natural resources shall ensure the protection of the environment
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against unnecessary damage or from pollution by harmful substances; and no person shall
emit, import, discharge, deposit, dispose of or dump any waste that might directly or
indirectly pollute water resources or damage or destroy marine life.
2.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations SI 107/1995 and 24/2007
The Environmental Impact Assessment (1995) regulations describe in detail the processes
involved in the preparation and evaluation of environmental impact assessments. The
regulations divide projects or activities into three categories. The first category consists of
those projects that automatically require an environmental assessment based on the
sensitivity of the surroundings or the nature of the undertaking. The second category
comprises those projects that may require an assessment to be carried out, but with some
modifications based on the location and size of a project. The third category encompasses
activities or programs that do not require an assessment to be conducted which may not have
significant impacts on the environment. In March of 2007, amendments to the regulations
were published. These amendments allow the Department to charge an application and
processing fee for projects, programmes or activities requiring environmental clearance,
streamlined project schedules and allowed for greater public participation. In addition it also
allows for a monitoring fee to be charged to ensure follow up during project implementation
and operation. The adjusted schedules require that all projects located within a World
Heritage Site carryout an EIA.
The EIA is normally prepared by the proponent and submitted for review by the
National Environmental Appraisal Committee (NEAC), whose function it is to ensure that
the proposed undertaking takes into account all of the requirements, policies and regulations
for protection of the environment, natural resources and socio-economic conditions, and is
consistent with other land use in the area. Following review by NEAC, if the project is
allowed to proceed, a Compliance Plan for the development and operation of the proposed
works or activities is agreed between the proponent and DOE. Essentially, the Compliance
Plan constitutes an approval to proceed with the project, provided the agreed mitigation,
monitoring and other conditions specified within the Plan are implemented. Operators that
do not comply with the terms of the Compliance Plan may be subject to a Stop Order issued
by DOE.
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The requirement of an EIA is normally reserved for new projects that could have significant
impacts on the environment since its use is more useful as a planning tool. Taking this into
account the DOE requested that an Environmental Impact Assessment be carried out for the
Yum Balisi project as this project is classified as a Category I type project.
2.2.2 Effluent Limitation Regulations SI 94/1995 Rev. Ed. 2003
The Environmental Protection Effluent Limitation Regulations came into force in 1996,
at which time the Department of the Environment commenced enforcing the Regulations.
The Regulations are intended to control and monitor discharges of effluent into any inland
waters or the marine environment of Belize.
Under the Effluent Limitation Regulations, DOE may require the owner or operator of a
public facility which produces liquid and solid waste to report on the performance of the
facility, the effluent discharged, the area affected by the discharge, and the control measures
being undertaken for the discharge. Surface water runoff, however, is not considered an
effluent in this respect. Yum Balisi will be required to obtain an effluent licence for the
discharge of its treated effluent and brine from the RO plant.
2.2.3 Pollution Regulations SI 56/1996 Rev. Ed. 2003
The Pollution Regulations of 1996 addresses issues of air, water and soil pollution, including
noise pollution. Part III – 6 (1) deals generally with the emission of contaminants into the air
where no person shall cause, allow or permit contaminants to be emitted or discharged either
directly or indirectly into the air from any source. Regulation 31 of the Pollution Regulations
(1996) provides that a person shall not pollute the land so that the condition of the land is so
changed as to be capable of making the land noxious or harmful to animals. Regulation 32
provides that no person shall cause any seepage or leaching contamination of the adjacent
soil, groundwater or surface water. Regulation 33 empowers DOE to issue directions to
persons operating a site for the elimination of waste or a solid waste treatment plant and
disposal system. Regulation 35 prohibits the deposition of waste in a place other than a site
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approved by DOE for the storage or elimination of waste or operation of a waste treatment
plant or waste management system.
2.3 Land Use Legislation
2.3.1 National lands Act 191, Revised Edition 2003
According to the National Lands Act Chap 191, Rev. Ed. 2003, national lands mean “all
lands and sea bed, other than reserved forest within the meaning of the Forests Act, including
cayes and parts thereof not already located or granted, and includes any land which has been,
or may hereafter become, escheated to or otherwise acquired by the Government of Belize.”
Hence, any person desirous of building or construction a pier, berthing facility of marina is
required to obtain a permit from the Lands and Survey Department for the lease and
construction of such erections over any water body (national lands).
In addition, according to section (1) of the National Lands Act, the Minister may exempt
from sale and reserve to the Government of Belize, the right of disposing of in a manner as
for the public interests, “such lands as may be required as reserves, or as the sites of public
quays, wharves or landing places on the sea coast or shores of streams.”
According to Section 3 of the National Lands Act there is the requirement of sixty-six feet
reserve measured from high water mark along all water frontages which shall be reserved for
Government or public purposes. Furthermore, Section 4 states “Access shall be provided
from all surveyed lands to any public road, navigable river, creek, lake, or sea shore
contiguous thereto.”
In Section 28 the National Lands Act states that in any “grant, lease or other document where
the sea, or any sound, bay, or creek or any part thereof, affected by the ebb or flow of the
tide, is described as forming the whole or part of the boundary of the land to be disposed of,
such boundary or part thereof shall be deemed and taken to be the line of high water mark at
ordinary tides.”
The digging of sand rules, an SI under the National Lands Act, Section 37 and 39(2) requires
that anyone digging sand on national lands apply to the commissioner of Lands and Survey
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for permission to do so. Although this subsidiary law exists, it is hardly ever exercised since
the Mines and Mineral Act seems to prevail with activities pertaining to extraction of
minerals inclusive of sand and gravel.
These sections of the National Lands Act are important to consider when planning and
obtaining permit for the development and construction of any pier, berthing, and marina
facilities.
2.3.2 Land Utilization Act Chapter 188 Revised Edition 2000
Part III of the Land Utilization Act gives the minister responsible for lands the authority to
make regulations to demarcate areas, water catchment areas or watersheds and prohibiting
the clearing of any vegetation within those areas; and to provide for such other measures as
may be required to prevent soil erosion. In addition, it also provides for the demarcation of
specific areas as special development areas and to stipulate the type of development that will
be permitted within those areas. Several areas have been declared as special development
areas and proposed development plans have been prepared for these areas but were never
approved by GOB. These plans, however, continue to serve as guidelines by several
permitting agencies including DOE.
2.4 Construction Legislation
2.4.1 Private Works Constructions Act, Chapter 337, Revised Edition 2003
Presently construction of any “wharf, bridge, pier, bathing or other kraal or other erection
whatever upon, and to enclose, stake in or fill up any land on the shore of the sea or bank of
any river in any part of Belize other than Belize City”, are subject to the granting of a license
as required by Section 2 of the Private Works Constructions Act, Chapter 337, Revised
Edition 2003.
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2.4.2 Housing and Town Planning Act Chapter 182, Revised Edition 2000
Under the Housing and Town Planning Act Chapter 182, the Housing and Planning
Department has legal authority to execute planning schemes within Belize. While this
process is not being fully implemented at the present time, it is important that the Housing
and Planning Department and the Land Utilization Authority be involved at an early stage
with the approval process for any sites involved.
2.5 Coastal Zone Management Authority Act Chap. 329 Rev. Ed. 2000
The Coastal Zone Management Authority was legally established in 1998 with the passage of
the Coastal Zone Management Authority Act (Act # 5 of 1998). Under section 5 (1), the main
functions of the Authority include (i) to advise Government on Matters related to
development and use of resources in the coastal zone in an orderly and sustainable manner;
(ii) formulation of policies on coastal zone management; (iii) development of a coastal zone
management plan and revise it as needed; (iv) commission monitoring and research of
coastal areas; (v) promote public awareness and (vi) prepare guidelines for developers. The
Coastal Zone Management Strategy seeks to facilitate improved management of coastal
resources, to ensure economic growth is balanced with sound environmental management
practices. The Strategy seeks to review and “enhance existing laws, regulations, ‘policies’
and guidelines relating to conservation, resource management and development controls in
the coastal zone are. ” These support a coastal area management framework that addresses
the need for management approaches in location between, as well as within, Coastal and
Marine Protected Areas, and special requirements for management, development, and
conservation in the barrier reef region, particularly the cayes.
With the current re-activation of the Coastal Zone Management Authority, it would be
prudent to enlist this institution’s review and evaluation of proposals to develop and
construct piers, berthing and marina facilities in coastal zone areas.
2.6 Mines and Minerals Act Chap. 226 Revised Edition 2000
The extraction of all non-renewable resources except petroleum is regulated by the Mines
and Minerals Act (1988). The Government owns all minerals under public and private lands,
and, minerals are reserved from all future grants of state lands. The Mines and Minerals
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(General) Regulations provide a general framework for the implementation of the Mines and
Minerals Act. These Regulations cover a range of topics such as application, duties, terms
and conditions and failure to comply with the conditions of a mining license. Under the Act
“land” includes land beneath water. The Act also addresses dredging and sand mining,
which is essential in avoiding destruction to coastal habitats such as seagrass beds and the
coral reef. Under Section 36, it requires that any application of a mining (includes dredging)
license should be accompanied by a proposal for the prevention of pollution, the treatment of
wastes, the safeguarding of natural resources and the minimization of the effects of mining
on surface and underground water.
The act provides for licenses and royalties for the taking of minerals, and prohibits the
pollution of any river, stream, or watercourse. A quarry permit allows for the extraction of
volumes up to 16,000 cubic yards. A mining license will be required by the development
since the volume to be extracted is greater than 16,000 cubic yards.
2.7 The Forest Act Chap. 213, Revised Edition 2000
& Forests (Mangrove Protection) Reg. SI No. 52 of 1989
The Forest Act provides for the protection and conservation of all mangrove forests on
both private and national lands, any alterations to which require evaluation and a permit by
the Forestry Department. The protection of all mangroves fall under this Act via the Forest
(Protection of Mangrove) Regulations. Mangrove clearance may be permitted under this
legislation. In most cases a permit to clear mangroves is issued after a multi-agency
assessment is conducted.
This Act also includes for the establishment of Forest Reserves which may include
mangroves, littoral forests and water bodies. However, no specific regulations exist under
this Act that address littoral forests. The Forest Act is currently being revised.
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2.7.1 The Forests (Protection of Mangrove) Regulations, 1989
The Forests (Protection of Mangrove) Regulations, 1989, prohibit any "alteration” (which
includes cutting and defoliating, but does not include "selective trimming") of mangroves on
any land except with a permit (Reg. 4). Alterations which involve dredging or filling can be
authorized only in "exceptional circumstances." Factors considered for issuing or denying
permits include the proximity of the proposed project to coastal and reef areas known to be of
outstandingly high ecological value (Reg. 5(2)(i)), and the existing or proposed plans such as
the barrier reef regional management and development plan. The Mangrove Regulations
were amended in 1992 to increase the level of fines and sanctions.
2.8 Protected Areas Legislations
2.8.1 National Parks System Act, Chap. 215 Revised Edition 2000
According to Section 6 of the National Park Systems Act, no person shall, within any
national park, nature reserve, wildlife sanctuary or natural monument, except as provided
under Section 7, or with the written authorization of the Administrator, permanently or
temporarily reside in or build any structure of whatever nature whether as a shelter or
otherwise; remove any antiquity, cave formation, coral or other object of cultural or natural
value; quarry, dig or construct roads or trails; and introduce organic or chemical pollutants
into any water.
2.8.2 Fisheries Act Chap. 210 Revised Edition 2000
In accordance with Section 14 of the Fisheries Act Chap. 210 Rev. Ed. 2000, the Minister
may declare any area within the fishing limits of Belize and as appropriate any adjacent
surrounding land, to be a marine reserve. An area declared a marine reserve prohibits any
person from damaging, destroying, removing any species of flora or fauna and from
disturbing the natural beauty of such area or do any other act which may be prohibited by the
specific Statutory Instrument declaring a marina reserve. A license for these activities must
be obtained from the Fisheries Administrator.
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2.8.2.1 South Water Caye Marine Reserve
The South Water Caye Marine Reserve is legally established by the Fisheries Act 210
Subsidiary Laws Rev. Ed. 2003 Fisheries (South Water Caye Marine Reserve) Order
(Section 14). The SI describes the boundaries
Fisheries Act 210 Subsidiary Laws Rev. Ed.
2003Fisheries (South Water Caye Marine of the reserve (See Figure 2.1a).
Reserve) Order (Section 14)
Figure 2.1a: South Water Caye Marine
SCHEDULE (PARAGRAPH 2)SOUTH
Reserve.
WATER CAYE MARINE RESERVE
ALL THAT portion of the Caribbean Sea
being part thereof and being described as
follows:
On the South bounded by an East-West line
approximately 1,000 m. South of Wappari
Caye, on the East by the Caribbean Sea, on the
North by an East-West line approximately
1,250 m. North of Tobacco Range and on the
West by the Inner Channel therein
enclosed, more particularly described as
follows:
Commencing at a Point A Southeast of Carrie
Bow Caye Having scaled UTM coordinates
386 299 East 1852 080 North;
thence in a general northerly direction to a
Point B Northeast of Tobacco Caye entrance
having scaled UTM coordinates 3 89 290 East
1870 681 North;
thence in a general westerly direction to a
Point C Northwest of Coco Plum Caye having
scaled UTM coordinates 379 668 East 1870
775 North;
thence in a general south-westerly direction to
a Point D Northwest of Quamina Caye having
scaled UTM coordinates 368 036 East 1842
612 North;
thence in a general southerly direction back to
a Point E Northwest of Wippari Caye having
scaled UTM coordinates 367 942 East 1829
542;
thence in a general easterly direction to a Point
F Southwest of Tarpum Caye having scaled
UTM coordinates 379168 East 1829 535
North;
thence in a general northerly direction to a
Point G Southwest of Wee Wee Caye having
scaled UTM coordinates 380 973 East 1852
121 North;
thence in a general easterly direction back to
the point of commencement.
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A recent Statutory Instrument (SI 74/2009) further provides for the management and zoning
of the area. This SI places the water around Fisherman’s Caye within Conservation Zone 1
which is an area designated for recreational use only, including scuba diving, snorkeling, and
non-extractive fishing (see Figure 2.1b).
2.9 Belize Port Authority Act, Chaps. 233 and 233S Rev. Ed. 2000 & 2003
Under Sec 23 (1) the Minister may, after consultation with the Authority, grant in writing a
license to any person, corporation or other body to construct and operate a private port
subject to such terms, conditions and restrictions and on the payment of such fees as the
Minister may consider appropriate (Private Ports 15 of 1989).
Under part III 19-(3) and in particular and without prejudice to the generality of the
provisions of subsections (1) and (2), it is the duty of the Authority – (a) to operate the ports
as appears to it best calculated to serve the public interest; (b) to regulate and control
navigation within the limits of ports and their approaches; (c) to maintain, improve and
regulate the use of such ports and services and facilities therein as it considers necessary or
desirable; (d) to provide for such ports and the approaches thereto such pilotage services,
beacon, buoys and other navigational services and aids as it considers necessary or desirable;
(e) to exercise the duties and functions relating to shipping and navigation excisable under
the provisions of any other law.
Under PART VII (pilotage) 53 – (1) The territorial waters of Belize shall be compulsory
pilotage waters and all ships other than those excepted under subsection (2), navigating
within the waters under the pilotage of a licensed pilot.
Under section 55(1), the Minister may make regulations on the hauling up or launching of
boats from any pier, bridge, or wharf, or at or from any point or place on the shore of the sea
or on the bank of any river or canal or regulate the manner in which vessels, boats and rafts
may be fastened to or brought or kept alongside of any pier, bridge, wharf, wall, staking,
shore, or bank.
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Figure 2.1b: South Water Caye Marine Reserve Management Zone Map.
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Part VIII Special Provisions in Relations to Ports 70 –(1) deal with accidents occurring in
the port related to loss of human life or serious injuries to person or properties and collision
between ships. Section (76) of the Act deals with persons endangering safety of operations
while section (90) deals with restrictions on execution against property of the Authority.
The Port Authority Regulations Section 74 (2003) make regulations relating to anchorage
or obstruction of turning basis and channels, unauthorized movements of ships and lights and
mooring or manoeuvring in the territorial waters of Belize.
2.10 Civil Aviation Act, Chapter 239, Revised Edition 2000
This Act may be cited as the Civil Aviation Act. Part II Section 4-2 (c) stipulates that the
Minister may make provision by regulations for the licensing, inspection and regulation of
aerodromes and in accordance with this act an “aerodrome” or “airport” means any area of
land or water (including any area or space, whether on the ground, on the roof of a building
or elsewhere) which is designed, equipped, prepared, set apart or used for affording facilities
for the landing and departure of aircraft.
Section 20 of the act stipulates that no person shall, without the written permission of the
Minister, cause or permit any aircraft to take off from or be landed in any place other than a
licensed or Government aerodrome. Section 21-(1) further stipulates that no person may
instruct, cause or permit to be constructed any aerodrome without the written permission of
the Director of Civil Aviation; and on completion of construction, the owner or occupier of
the land or place or the proprietor or operator of the aerodrome shall apply to the Director of
Civil Aviation for an aerodrome license.
Furthermore, sub-section (2) states that every application for a license or permission to
construct an aerodrome or to use any place as an aerodrome shall be in such form and shall
contain such information as may be required by the Director of Civil Aviation, including an
environmental impact assessment.
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2.11 The Public Health, Act Chaps. 40 and 40 S
Revised Edition 2000 and 2003 Respectively
The Public Health Act covers liquid and solid waste disposal and issues relating to general
public health. The Ministry of Health is given a mandate for addressing public health issues
and related complaints, monitoring of sewage and solid waste, and prosecution of public
health offenders. In addition all persons handling food for public consumption are required to
have a food handler’s certificate.
Section 22 of the Public Health Act Chap 40 S Rev. Ed. 2003 known as the Removal of
Refuse By-Laws prohibits littering and indiscriminate deposit of waste in public places.
These regulations require, among other things, the occupier of each premise to provide
himself with a suitable receptacle for containing household refuse
2.12 Other Pertinent Legislation
2.12.1 Belize Tourist Board Act Chap. 275 of 2000
The Belize Tourist Board Act establishes the Belize Tourist Board (BTB) with wide
responsibilities for the promotion of tourism in Belize. Apart from being charged with the
development of the tourist industry, the BTB also has responsibility to foster understanding
within Belize of the importance of environmental protection and pollution control, and the
conservation of the natural resources (11(k)). The 2003 revised edition contains specific
regulations relating to requirements and licenses, etc., of tour guides, tour operators, and
local water passenger and water sport vessels.
2.12.2 Occupational Health and Safety
Although a comprehensive Occupational Health and Safety Bill is currently being finalized
for future adoption, this issue remained dispersed in various individual legislation such as the
Belize Factories Act Chapter 296, Mines and Minerals (safety, health and environmental)
regulations No. 33, and the Belize Labour Act Chapter 297. Belize, however, has ratified the
ILO Conventions with several of these directly associated with provisions dealing with
occupational health and safety related issues.
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2.12.3 Belize Water Industry Act No. 1 of 2001
The Water Industry Act repeals the Water and Sewerage Act, Chapter 185 of 1971 Laws of
Belize. Chapter one of the Act deals with controlling disposal of wastes generated from
sewer treatment. The Act makes new provisions with respect to the supply and control of
water and sewerage services in Belize.
The Water Industry Act also establishes the responsibility of private entities to provide
facilities for the final disposal of sewerage taking into consideration Chapter 36 of the
Environmental Protection Act 1 of 2001.
2.12.4 Solid Waste Management Authority Act Chap. 224 Rev. Ed. 2000
The Solid Waste Management Authority (SWMA) has broad powers for the collection and
disposal of solid waste. SWMA can declare a “service area” to be provided with solid waste
collection service pursuant to this Act. The Authority shall devise ways and means for the
efficient collection and disposal of solid waste employing modern methods and techniques
and exploring the possibility of recycling waste materials. The act stipulates that
“construction waste material” includes building materials from construction, alteration and
remodeling building or structure of any kind, such as lumber, concrete, steel roofing, etc. The
act requires the contractors to remove and dispose of all construction waste material resulting
from new construction or other works on or at any premises. In the event a contractor fails to
remove construction waste material when required to do so by the Authority, the Authority
may remove such materials and recover the cost of such removal from the contractor.
2.12.5 Wildlife Protection Act Chap. 220 Rev. Ed. 2000
The Wildlife Protection Act - This Act seeks to control hunting, research, and trade of
wildlife. It protects many species from hunting, killing, and harassment Part II (a). Many
coastal and marine species are protected under this Act and includes two species of
crocodiles, the manatee, all birds with the exception of six species, whales, dolphins, and the
Caribbean monk seal. The Act prohibits the hunting of endangered species such as cetaceans,
freshwater turtles and crocodiles (see Table 2.1).
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Table 2.1: Schedule of Protected Wild Life, Wild Life Protection Act Chap. 220 Rev. Ed. 2000.
2.12.6 Hotel and Tourist Accommodation Act Chap. 285 Rev. Ed. 2000
Under Part II (2) an application for registration in respect of any premises used for the
business of a hotel or tourist accommodation should be carried out. Part III (14) defines the
minimum standards to be observed by hotel and tourist accommodation. Part III of the Act
defines registration and Regulations of Hotels and Tourist Accommodations. Under the Act
the Belize Tourism Board has the responsibility of registering all hotel and tourist
accommodation in Belize.
Subject to the provisions of the Act, Part IV (22 91)) states that “there shall be levied and
paid a tax at the rate of seven per centum of all the accommodation charges in regards to
lodging.” Part V General, sets out Offences and penalties and regulations prescribing
standards for hotels and tourist accommodation. The Hotels Act and the Housing and Town
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Planning Act complement each other, since they both address tourism and residential
developments in coastal areas.
2.12.7 PACT Act Chap. 218 Rev. Ed. 2000
The Protected Areas Conservation Trust Act (PACT) establishes a fund for the financing of
all protected areas, including marine reserves and all other protected areas on the coast.
Indirectly related is the Fiscal Incentives Act, which provides numerous facilities for coastal
developments. A portion of the fees collected at the border points is used to finance local
community based initiatives.
2.12.8 Belize National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO)
The National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) was established in February of
1999, as the result of government's immediate response to the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch,
which threatened Belize and ravaged Central America. NEMO was established to preserve
life and property throughout the country of Belize in the event of an emergency, threatened
or real, and to mitigate the impact on the country and its people. In April of that same year,
the National Disaster Plan for Belize (Volume 1 - Hurricane Preparedness) was updated and
published.
NEMO is 'responsible for Emergency Management countrywide and the coordination of all
International assistance in the event of a disaster, during the 'non-crisis periods', the NEMO
Secretariat is responsible for the development, refinement and exercising of all Emergency
plans.
NEMO comprises the Cabinet, with the Prime Minister as the Chairperson, the Cabinet
Secretary, as Secretary, the NEMO Secretariat, and the 10 Operational Committees (chaired
by Chief Executive Officers). Other permanent members are the Belize Red Cross, the Belize
Teachers Union, the Chief Meteorological Officer, the Commandant Belize Defense Force
(BDF), and the Commissioner of Police. Integral to NEMO are its 9 District Emergency
Committees (chaired by the senior Minister in each District) representing Belize, Corozal,
Orange Walk, Cayo, Stann Creek, Toledo, Belmopan, San Pedro and Caye Caulker.
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2.13 National Environmental Guidelines on Overwater Structures
Cabinet approved a set of criteria for entertaining any proposal that includes overwater
structures. These will need to be complied with in the processing of environmental clearance
for the six eco-cottages (overwater-cabins).
2.14 Licenses and Permits
Table 2.2 summarizes the various activities that require permits before construction and post
construction.
Table 2.2: Licenses and Permits Required by the Yum Balisi Development.
Activity License or Permit Required
Pre Construction
Permitting Agency
Development/
Construction Activities
Environmental Clearance Department of Environment
Dredging and Quarry Mining license and permit for extraction Geology and Petroleum
of materials
Department.
Mangrove alteration for
elevated walkway
& access piers
Permit to alter mangrove Forest Department
Construction of helipad Permit from Director of Civil Aviation Civil Aviation
Construction of
Overwater Eco Cottages
Compliance with Overwater Guidelines Department of Environment
Pier and Berthing Permit to construct pier and berthing Lands and Survey Department
Facilities Construction facilities
Post Construction
Operation of Piers and Sea Bed Leasing for Piers and
Lands and Survey Department
Overwater Structures Overwater Structures
Food Handler’s Handling of food certificate for persons Public Health Department
Certificate
working in restaurants and kitchens
Abstract Water Permit to abstract water Department of Environment
Effluent Discharge Effluent Discharge of gray water and
effluent from waste treatment plant
Department of Environment
Helipad Operation Aerodrome License Civil Aviation
Hotel License Establishment and operation of hotel and
prescribing conditions
Belize Tourism Board
Tour Operation License to conduct offshore and inland Belize Tourism Board,
tours and fishing trips
Department of Fisheries
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2.15 International Conventions and Agreements
In addition to its environmental laws and regulation, Belize is signatory to several
international conventions and regional conventions that are specifically related to the
protection of the environment and the prevention of pollution. Table 2.3 provides a list of
some of these agreements.
Table 2.3: Multilateral and Regional Environmental Agreements
Multilateral and Regional Environmental Agreements
1 Convention on Biological Diversity
2 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES)
3 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
(Ramsar Convention)
4 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
5 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
6 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
7 Convention on the Inter-Regional Organization for Plant and Animal Health (OIRSA)
8 International Plant Protection Convention
9 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
10 Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substance
11 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
12 Marine Pollution Protocol (MARPOL)
13 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and their Disposal
14 United Nations Convention of the Laws of the Sea
15 Protocol to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
16 Protocol to the Convention Establishing the Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution
17 Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
18 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
19 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
20 Kyoto Protocol
21 Convention for the Conservation of Biodiversity and Protection of Priority Areas of
Central America
22 Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles
23 Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the
Wider Caribbean Region
and its three Protocols: Protocol on the Cooperation to fight oil spills in the wider
Caribbean; Protocol on Areas and Wildlife; and Protocol on Pollution from Land-based
sources and Terrestrial activities in the Wider Caribbean Region.
24 Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in Western Hemisphere
25 Belize/Mexico Bilateral Agreement
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These Multilateral Environmental Agreements help to guide the implementation of Belize’s
national policies, plans, and programs.
It is important that the project takes into consideration of the principles of the MARPOL
Convention on the protection of the Marine Environment from pollution of the day to day
operations of ships. Although the convention targets larger vessels the principles for the need
to protect the marine environment from ship generated waste has become an important issue
for the DOE. There are several laws and regulations that have been developed and enacted to
assist Belize in the fulfillment of its obligations to these conventions. There also remains
several other Maritime Convention to which Belize is a party that needs to be considered.
These include the CLC, OPRC convention, and SOLAS beside several others.
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CHATER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS
3.1 General Marine Environment of Belize
The Belize Barrier Reef is the largest reef system in the Western Hemisphere (Rützler and
Macintyre, 1982) and the second largest in the world. It extends approximately 250 km from
the Yucatan Peninsula to the Gulf of Honduras (James and Ginsburg, 1979). North of Belize
City, the shelf is shallow and has a series of islands with a discontinuous reef lacking a well-
defined reef flat. South of Belize City, there is a well-developed barrier platform that
averages 4 to 5 m deep (Stoddart et al., 1982). In the southern reaches of the platform near
the latitude of Gladden Spit, the barrier reef is cut by deep channels that form a number of
shelf atolls, or falls (James and Ginsburg, 1979). In the south –central lagoon region of the
Belize Barrier Reef - lies the Pelican Cayes Group.
3.2 General Marine Ecology of the Pelican Cayes
The Pelican Cayes are composed of Holocene lagoon reefs (Purdy, 1994). Cut by deep
channels, these reefs form a number of shelf atolls (James and Ginsburg, 1979) and an
unusual network of reef ridges; both submerged and exposed (Macintyre 2000 et al.) Several
of the exposed lagoon reefs in the group have been colonized by red mangroves, Rhizophora
mangle forming the mangrove islands of the area. The morphology of the Pelican Cayes is
unusual in that several islands of the group have relatively deep central ponds that are
completely enclosed or partly enclosed and separated by shallow shelves or sills from the
adjacent channels (see Figure 3.1) with depths of 20 to 30 meters (Macintyre). These ponds
have eroded peat banks along the inner Mangrove edges and crystal clear water on the outer
fringes allowing corals to proliferate adjacent to mangroves.
The lagoon-like ponds may be ten (10) to twelve (12) meters deep and have been reported to
harbor rich tunicate and sponge populations on the fringing mangrove prop roots (Goodbody,
Rützler et al., 2000). Within the ponds, the encrusting prop root fauna and the mangroves
have complex interactions and nutrient exchanges (Ellison et al., 1996, Rützler and Feller,
1996) supporting this rich fauna of tunicates and sponges. Several studies have indicated that
the importance of local processes is enhanced by the limited exchange with adjacent channel
water resulting primarily from only 30-cm tides and wind- driven circulation. With this little
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water exchange from the ocean side, the ponds are warmer and more saline than usual, and
could be considered separate water masses (Villareal et al.), which have allowed these
species to thrive and evolve somewhat separate and distinct from other populations.
Figure 3.1: Map of Pelican Cayes and Ponds. Inset Fisherman Caye (Green).
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3.3 Navigation Routes
The project area and the entire South Water Caye Marine Reserve is mainly navigated by
traditional fishers and small craft associated with tourism recreational activities such are
scuba diving, snorkeling, fly fishing, and catamaran tours, although there exist deep channels
surrounding the islands in the Pelican Cayes. Despite this, the area is not known to be
navigated by cargo ships. This could be mainly due to the many coral reefs patches and
shoals in the Pelican Cayes Range. In addition, the Commerce Bight Pier that caters to cargo
ship is due north of the Pelican Caye Ranges and the Big Creek Port is due south on
mainland with the vessels mainly transiting in navigational routes that avoid these areas.
3.4 Climate
3.4.1 Winds
Wind patterns in Belize are dominated by the trade winds, blowing from northeast and eastnortheast.
From November to February, winds may be from the north or northwest, likely
due to the effects of cold fronts. Winds from the south are uncommon. Afternoon sea breezes
(strongest from August to January) reinforce trade winds (Nunny et al. pp 18 and 77).
The prevailing winds around the Pelican Cayes are the Easterlies which flow between 5 to 15
knots. During the months of February to March the wind changes to a south easterly direction
blowing up to 20-25 knots. Strongest gusts are seen from April to May when the winds are
frequently from the east to southeast at 15 to 25 knots. However, during the cooler months, winds
are from the northeasterly direction. It is these winds that are responsible for the creation of
waves and wave actions (see Figure 3.2).
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Figure 3.2: Monthly Wind Roses for Caribou Caye.
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Figure 3.2 (Cont’d): Monthly Wind Roses for Caribou Caye.
Source: Smithsonian Institute Caribou Caye Monitoring Station
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Maximum recorded wind speeds between 2003 and 2007 at Caribou (Carrie Bow) Caye
reached 43. 8 mph, though during severe hurricanes, reports of steady winds of 150 mph and
gusts of 200 mph have been reported. From October through February, winds may blow from
the northwest. Some of these northwest winds are due to the passage of tropical cyclones to
the north.
3.4.2 Wave Climate
The steady northeast winds produce a general water setup along the coast of Belize. The
northeast winds should generally produce a longshore current directed to the south, the
strength of which is dependent on the energy and angle of the approaching waves. Northeast
winds dominate from March to September. Winds during other months are more variable.
Northwest winds are common in November and December.
Wave characteristics for Belize were calculated by Nunny et al. (p 301) by inputting 1998
and 1999 wind data from Belize Airport, and regional fetch data into CERC Tables
(Bretschneider 1976). According to the authors, "the predictions agree well with other
sources of information for Belize waters (Intersea Research Corporation, 1976).
Daily easterly and northeasterly trade winds have a mean velocity of 10 knots with a fetch of
10km, duration 3 hours. This produces wave heights of 0.3m (Hs) with a period of 2 seconds.
One year return period north northeast "Norther" winds have a mean velocity of 17 knots
with a fetch (distance over which a wind of nearly constant direction has blown, usually over
a consistent surface) of 75km. This produces 1.3m waves (Hs) with a period of 5 seconds.
One year return period winds from any direction have a mean velocity of 25 knots, a fetch of
10km with duration of less than 1 hour. This produces wave heights of 0.6m (Hs) with a
period of 3.5 seconds. Hurricane winds of 80 knots with a 10km fetch and 12 hour duration
produces waves with Hs of 3m with a period of 6 seconds.
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3.4.3 Rainfall
The wet season from July to October is characterized by spectacular thunderstorms with
intense, gusty winds from varying directions, alternating with periods of calm. Annual
rainfall in Belize is about 60 inches (150 cm) in the north and increases to over 160 inches
(400 cm) in the south (see Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.3: Rainfall Isohyets for Belize.
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In the coastal regions of South Stann Creek watershed, mean monthly air temperatures range
from 36.0 degrees Celsius in May to 19.0 degrees Celsius in December.
During the months of March to May, Belize experiences a dry season, and during the months
of June to November a rainy season. There is a dry spell in the month of August. The rainy
and the dry seasons are interrupted by a cool spell during the months November to February
(see Figures 3.4 and 3.5).
Figure 3.4: Savannah Mean Monthly Temperatures 1965-2000.
Source: Nova Laguna EIA 2001
Min Max Mean
Figure 3.5: Maya King Monthly Rainfall 1965-2000.
6. 1
Min
Source: Nova Laguna EIA 2001
Max Mean
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3.4.4 Tropical Storms and Hurricanes
The hurricane season commences officially on June 1 st and ends on November 30 th .
Belize lies within the hurricane belt, and is most likely to be affected or impacted during the
later months of the season. Because of its shallow coastline and many wooden structures,
Belize is vulnerable to high wind and storm surge.
According to the Hurricane Statistics for Belize, there have been 21 hurricanes since 1945
which have touched or hit the country directly, with several of them severely impacting the
country’s buildings, infrastructure, development, and economy. The capital city of Belmopan
was built as a direct response to the devastation suffered in Belize City from Hurricane Hattie
in 1961.
In October 2001, Hurricane Iris, a category four hurricane devastated Southern Belize.
Fisherman’s Caye was one of the many islands that had been impacted by this hurricane that
that damaged several of the resorts and infrastructure of the Placencia Peninsula.
3.4.5 Storm Surge
In Belize storm surge is potentially the most dangerous coastal process because of its impact
on low-lying development and infrastructure. Storm surge is the change in water level due to
wind, wave, and pressure changes in the coastal system. Generally, large storms have low
central pressures and strong winds. The winds act to build waves, as well as to drag water
against the coast.
Decreases in atmospheric pressure, allow water levels to increase. The combined effects of
these changes can cause water levels to reach over 25 ft higher than normal in certain areas.
The Belize National Hazard Management Plan (2003) reports that surges in Belize during a
Category 3 hurricane can reach 4.1 m (13.4 ft) and during a Category 5 storm can reach 7.4
m (24.3 ft).
Storm Surge analysis for the site indicates that water level increases of 5 to 10 feet can be
expected to occur for category 4-5 hurricanes with return periods of 50 years. The impacts of
hurricane and tropical storms on the island coastline are issues of major concern. During
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hurricane Iris many islands in the south, with exposed beaches and coastlines, suffered severe
erosion. Islands like Fisherman’s Caye have been known to be cut across by channels as a
result of storm surges caused by hurricanes.
3.4.6 Northers
During the months of November to January, an average of three to four ‘Northerlies’ affects
the country of Belize. These northerlies usually last between two to four days blowing
between 5 – 15 knots from the north to west. The northerlies produce choppy seas around the
Pelican Cayes stirring up sediments in the lagoons between the cayes drastically reducing
visibility. The increased wave action also speeds up erosion on exposed soil and vegetation.
3.5 Tides and Currents
3.5.1 Tides
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the rotation of the
Earth and the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and vary from day to day.
The tides occur with a period of approximately 12 and a half hours and are influenced by the
near- shore bathymetric shape of the sea bottom.
Tides are most commonly semidiurnal (two high waters and two low waters each day), or
diurnal (one tidal cycle per day). The two high waters on a given day are typically not the
same height (the daily inequality); these are the higher high water and the lower high water.
Similarly, the two low waters each day are the higher low water and the lower low water.
The daily inequality is not consistent and is generally small when the Moon is over the
equator.
Most coastal areas experience two daily high (and two low) tides. This is because at the point
right "under" the Moon (the sub-lunar point), the water is at its closest to the Moon, so it
experiences stronger gravity and rises. On the opposite side of the Earth (the antipodal point),
the water is at its farthest from the moon, so it is pulled less; at this point the Earth moves
more toward the Moon than the water does—causing that water to "rise" (relative to the
Earth) as well. In between the sub-lunar and antipodal points, the force on the water is
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diagonal or transverse to the sub-lunar/antipodal axis (and always towards that axis),
resulting in low tide.
The tide at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, is micro-tidal (mean range of 15 cm) and is of the mixed
semidiurnal type. Comparison with conditions at Key West, Florida, indicates that high and
low waters off Carrie Bow occur earlier than at Key West by 45 and 2 minutes, respectively
(Bjorn Kjerfve et al., 1982).
A phenomenon affecting tidal amplitude in Belize and at the project site in general is the
‘Equinox’ or “Sun Tides” in September/October and February/March. During these times the
‘migration’ of the Sun to and from the southern hemisphere has an additive effect on the
tides, which are otherwise primarily dominated by the gravitational pull of the moon. During
these times both the high tides and low tides are higher than ‘normal’. These variations may
be on the order of 8 inches to 1 foot. These sun tides can have a severe inundating or
‘flooding’ and erosional effect on low lying areas such as the proposed project site. During
these period areas that were normally slightly above sea level were inundated (see Plates 3.1
and 3.2).
PC2
Dock
Plate 3.1: Panoramic View of Inundated West -North West Section of Cleared and Partially Filled Area.
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Plate 3.2: Panoramic View of Inundated Center Section of Cleared and Partially Filled Area.
Although tide heights in the Pelican Cayes are minimal –15 centimeters -- the currents
generated by them through reef cuts and faros play a significant role in the spatial dispersion
of sediment, nutrients, and larvae along the shallow reef flats (Heyman & Kjerfve 2001).
Incoming currents greatly exceed ebb currents. This indicates a slow continual in filling of
the lagoon with fresh oceanic waters. “Local currents within the lagoon and platforms are
mainly wind driven while those near cuts are strongly influenced by the tides” (Rath 1996).
3.5.2 Currents
Water circulation in Belizean waters and the Pelican Cayes area at the macro level are
dominated by surface currents and cyclonic, counterclockwise rotating circulating gyres. A
map of the main surface currents off Belize (Figure 3.6) shows that the Belize Shelf seems to
be in a cul-de-sac with respect to the main flow of currents northward up along the Mexican
coast, flowing past Cuba and out into the Gulf of Mexico. These gyres are generated south of
the Caribbean current as it flows from east to west and crosses the shallow banks between
Honduras and Jamaica (Figure 3.7). These cyclonic gyres, characterized by a central water
level depression of 20 - 30 cm, progress westward along the coast of Honduras towards the
Belize Barrier Reef (BBR). The gyre is generated every few months and requires 2-3 months
to reach the BBR (Heyman and Kjerfve 2001). These cyclonic eddies are confined to an area
south of latitude 18. 5°N.
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In the Pelican Cayes the currents influencing the depositional and erosional processes of the
proposed project site are derived from both wind-driven and tidal sources. The wind driven
currents are greater in magnitude and are in general more influential in affecting the
dynamics of the cayes and the ecosystems of the surrounding waters.
Figure 3.6: Map of Surface Currents Affecting Belize.
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Figure 3.7: Cyclonic, Counterclockwise Rotating Circulating Gyres
3.6 Salinity and Water Temperature
Salinity of normal seawater is 36 parts per thousand (ppt). Throughout the Belize continental
shelf, normal salinity persists except very close to the mainland (Rath 1996). The Inner
Channel is dominated by marine conditions throughout the year. Salinity rarely drops below
25 ppt (Nunny et al. 2001).
3.7 Underlying Geology
3.7.1 General Geology
Belize is situated near the southern edge of the North American Plate; the plate boundary
between that and the Caribbean Plate to the south is shown in Figure 3.8 as an extension of
the Cayman Trough which is a spreading center.
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Figure 3.8: Underlying Geology of the Coast of Belize.
Belize has a continental shelf that underlies the entire coastline and extends seaward 15-40
km from the coast. It is a complex underwater platform that ends abruptly on the east by an
escarpment that falls more than 3,000 m into the Caribbean Sea. An extensive fringing and
barrier reef system has developed upon the rim of the escarpment (Rath 1996).
Prasada Rao and Ramanathan (1988) recognized three major Belize structural entities: (1) a
northern Corozal Basin north of the Maya Mountains, representing an eastern continuation of
the northern Guatemala Petén Basin: (2) a central Maya block of Paleozoic igneous and
metamorphic rocks; and (3) a Belize Basin that boarders the Maya block offshore to the east
and onshore and offshore to the south, and it is a continuation of the southern part of the
Petén Basin (Purdy Edward G and Gischler Eberhard 2003). This area is also known as the
Southern Reef Complex (see Section 3.9)
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Figure 3.9: Belize Structural Fabric.
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3.7.2 The Geology of the Southern Coast
The Southern Reef Complex is dotted with cayes that range in size from about 65 acres (Lark
Caye) to only several square yards. The majority of the cayes is in their natural state and can
be divided into the barrier reef cayes, inner cayes and the shoreline cayes. The Pelican Cayes
form parts of the inner cayes. The Inner Reef Cayes can be split into two parts (1) a northern
group (e. g. , the Pelican, Elbow, Norval, Quamino, Channel, Tarpon and Lagoon cayes)
laying north of the Victoria Channel/Inner Channel connection on clearly defined reefs and
faros; and (2) a southern group (e. g. , Crawl, Lark, West Long Coco, Bugle, Moho,
Laughing Bird cayes) lying in a complex of shoals, reefs, coral heads and channels, and
directly east of Placencia and Monkey River.
3.7.3 Seismicity
Approximately every 8 years, Belize experiences a 6.0 magnitude on the Richter scale
subterranean earthquake in the ocean at the fault between Hunting Caye and Puerto Cortez.
According to the Belize Development Trust, Belize has a 100% chance of seeing five (5)
earthquakes and 75% of seeing 10 in the next century. Furthermore, the Northern Lagoon
where the Blue Hole is located is cut up into three reef sections separated by three wrench
faults (see Figure 3.9).
The 2009 Honduras earthquake that occurred on May 28, 2009 occurred at 08:24:45 UTC
(02:24:45 am local time). The quake was a powerful 7.3 on the Moment Magnitude Scale,
with the epicenter being located in the Caribbean Sea, 64 kilometers (40 mi) northeast of the
island of Roatán, 130 kilometers (81 mi) north-northeast of La Ceiba. The quake occurred at
a depth of around 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) in a transform fault zone known as the Swan Islands
Transform Fault in the Cayman Trench.
3.8 General Bathymetry
3.8.1 General Inner Lagoon
South of Mullins River, the Belize coastline begins to form a series of bights with rivers
forming the headlands of those bights. Just seaward of the bights lies the inner channel,
shaped like a featureless, gently sloping valley deepening toward the south. The water depth
of the inner channel maintains a fairly constant descent ranging from 40 to 60 feet in the
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north to 60 to 90 feet in the south. A shoal area appears due east of Sittee River. Just below
South Stann Creek, faros and pinnacles and patch reefs become evident as well as the
Victoria Channel and the diverse reefs of the Southern Reef Complex. Figure 3.10 shows
cross-sectional profiles across the Inner Channel at the entry of the major rivers.
Mud is the dominant component of the sediments flooring the channel -- generally 90%.
Sand forms less than 10% of seabed sediment in deep areas. Only in the three river mouths
and near the reef platform margin does it rise above 25% by weight. In those areas, it can
reach 70-90%. Gravel is a very minor component (Nunny et al. 2002).
Figure 3.10: Cross-Sectional Profiles across the Inner Channel.
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3.8.2 Southern Reef Complex
South of Blue Ground Range, shelf topology reaches its maximum complexity with a narrow
outer platform and a maze of patch reefs, faros, and pinnacles (see Figure 3.11). A "faro" is
an angular atoll on a continental shelf, also called a shelf atoll. Similar to an atoll like
Glover's Reef, a faro is steep sided and encloses a group of islands.
This complexity originates with an eroded limestone (karst) under-surface covered by unusually
steep coral reefs. These are known as faros or rhomboid reefs. This maze is intersected by deepwater
channels averaging between 25-45 m that can rise up rapidly as around Crawl and Channel
Caye. The reef running from Crawl to Baker’s Rendezvous is the most extensive surface-breaking
reef of the inner cayes. Several of the cayes in this area also have lagoons of considerable depth,
mostly surrounded by reef (South Water Marine Reserve Management Plan).
Figure 3.11: Shelf Topology Pelican Cayes-South Water Caye Marine Reserve.
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The Victoria Channel with depths of between 30 to 44 m is essentially a large lagoon. It
connects to the Inner Channel in the vicinity of Crawl Caye, and extends fingers north around
the Pelicans. The channel also gives deepwater frontage to a number of the inner cayes on
the windward side such as Elbow, Channel, Crawl, and Baker’s Rendezvous. Some of these
cayes are high and sandy, others low and dominated by mangrove.
3.9 Fisherman’s Caye
3.9.1 Existing Land Use
Yum Balisi development is proposed to take place on Fisherman’s Caye, the largest
(approximately 42 acres) of several islands comprising the Pelican Cayes Group (see Figure
3.1 (Inset). Although the Pelican Cayes were not originally included within the original seven
sites of the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System submitted to UNESCO in 1996, in 2000, the
Government of Belize’s (GOB) decided to include the Pelican Cayes in the South Water Cay
Marine Reserve (SWCMR) which is part of the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System,
inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Fisherman’s Caye is an over-wash mangroves island with twelve (12) ponds, of which six (6)
are landlocked (PL1, 2, 3 and 4, PF 1 and 2); one (1)large pond (PC1) and two (2) smaller
ones (PC2 and 3) have access to the sea; one smaller pond (IP1) is interconnected with PC2
and two (2) smaller ponds (IP2 and 3) are interconnected with PC 3, (See Plate 1.2). The
caye is surrounded on the north, south, east and west by carbonate shoals (≤ 2m deep)
extending into sea 165 feet, 325 feet, 150 feet and 25 feet respectively before reaching the
edges of the deeper channels. The windward side shoal has a continuous coral reef (live)
structure about 45 to 50 feet wide and approximately 50 feet from shore. The rest of the
shoals surrounding the island have scattered small coral patches.
The current land use of the project area is that of a privately owned island within the South Water
Caye Marine Reserve. According to the recent S. I. 74 of 2009 the water around the island is
included within the Conservation Zone 1, which allows for recreational use only. Recreational
activities associated with the development would include scuba diving, snorkeling, and nonextractive
fishing. The islands in the area are all mangrove islands which remain relatively
untouched and have been sold in the real estate market primarily for Tourism Development.
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As mentioned earlier, the project site has been partially filled, but requires additional filling
before it can become suitable for the proposed project development. A small portion on the
north-western end of the Island which had been used as fishing camp is also proposed to be
elevated.
Currently there is no designated use of the land mass, but it is proposed to be used for a
tourism development, similar to other Cayes in the Tobacco Caye Range, Turneffe Atoll, and
other islands located within the Salt Water Caye Marine Reserve. However, this development
will be significantly different because of the level of importance being emphasized in
protecting the natural environment, as its main objective is to promote nature tourism along
with recreational activities intended not to exceed the bio-physical carrying capacity of the
project area while at the same time allowing the development and enjoyment of the true
value of these ecosystems.
3.9.2 Topography and Near Shore bathymetry of Fisherman’s Caye
General Bathymetric data on Fisherman’s Cayes can be gleamed from various studies
conducted by the Smithsonian Institute on the Pelican Cayes and its ponds. The studies
conducted by BET on the bathymetry of the ponds and adjacent coast provides for more
precise documentation of the bathymetry of Fisherman’s Caye and three of its major Ponds.
The bathymetric field surveys conducted by BET were done so as to be able to have a clearer
profile of specific important areas of the island and to obtain as best a general profile of the
island and its ponds (see Table 3.1). This survey indicated maximum depths of 11.21 meters
for PC1, 7.16 meters for PC2 and 5.62 meters for IP1. This information was essential in the
consideration of the placement and dimension of transient pier, kayak center, service pier,
and docking facility
Table 3. 1: Bathymetric Surveys of Fishermen's Caye Ponds.
Sounding Deepest Shallowest Average Depth
Point Feet Meter Feet Meter Feet Meter
PC1 6612 36.79 11.21 1.28 0.39 18.90 5.76
PC2 1878 23.50 7.16 1.33 0.41 12.40 3.78
IP1 1798 18.44 5.62 1.33 0.41 10.07 3.07
BET 2010 - Using Lowrance HDS5 Sonar
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The bathymetric maps were prepared with AutoCad Land and ARC GIS software with
electronic data collected using a Lowrance HDS-5 Sonar and GPS Chart Plotter, one of the
most updated models currently available in the market. The bathymetric data was collected
with the sonar and chart plotter using a zig-zagging survey pattern, at slow cruising speed,
for study areas: PC1 lagoon, PC2 pond, IP1 pond, Proposed Docking Facility and Proposed
Barrow Pit (see Figures 3.12a to 3.12c). Transects surveys were also carried out for: PC1
Entrance (South – North), Shoals from North Western Tip to PC1 Entrance (West – East),
PC2 Entrance (East – West), and Barrow Site (due North). Two transects, Ocean to Reef
(East – West in front of Caye), and Ocean to Pier 2 (South – North) were profiled outside the
faro (shelf atoll) (see Figures 3.13a to 3.13c). The bathymetric reading would indicate that
none of the coastal structures proposed within the project area would require dredging.
The near shore bathymetry adjacent to the project site ranges from 1ft to 30 ft. in a distance
as short as 60 feet. Generally the areas near shore are gently sloped getting deeper away from
shore.
As can be noted from the channel surveys (see Appendix G), the access channel for PC2 is
currently sixteen feet wide, with the north and south walls being thirty and thirty seven feet
wide respectively. The water on the sides of the entrance of the channel area has a depth of
two feet with the channel being 5 feet deep. As for the lagoon, depths varied from 4 feet near
the edges to 17 feet in the center. Hence, the access channel will not require any further
widening.
In addition to the bathymetric survey, the land elevations within the project site were
measured along the survey lines that demarcate the boundary of the island. This activity
indicated that the island is a mangrove over-wash island of about 0.16m (0.5 ft) below mean
sea level, with the highest elevations located on the eastern south-eastern side of the property
and the lowest elevations in the center of the project site and northern mangrove area of the
island.
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94

Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Figure 3.17a: Cross Section Profiles of Transects.
95

Figure 3.17b: Cross Section Profiles of Transects.
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0
4
8
12
16
96

Figure 3.17c: Cross Section Profiles of Transects.
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97

3.9.3 Fishermen’s Caye Water Current Measurement
One of the techniques used for estimating water current magnitude and direction at a project
site is the very simple method of drogue releases. Drogue studies can provide useful
information about surface currents that can then be used to infer sediment pathways in the
vicinity of docking facilities or other coastal projects.
Basically drogues are objects that float on the surface and move with the surface current. The
major assumption is that the drogue moves at nearly the same speed as the current. Drogues
with only slightly positive buoyancy, such as oranges, brightly painted wooden blocks or
tennis balls are more likely to move at the current speed than lighter drogues. Very light
drogues such, as Styrofoam floats, will have a significant freeboard and could be pushed
along by wind in addition to water currents. In this study tennis balls were chosen because
they are readily seen (bright yellow in colour) and do not float too high in the water.
The purpose of the study was to observe and measure currents at specific points around the
island. The drogues were deployed at four locations (see Figure 3.14) and tracked. A watch
was used to time the movement of the drogues between two locations. The distance traveled
between locations was estimated using landmarks on the island and at sea as reference points.
The average surface current was obtained as the distance traveled divided by the time of
travel (see Table 3.2). In addition, the weather conditions of the area were noted.
Drogue F1: The first drogue was released in the water at the southwestern tip of the island
(leeward side) about 50 meters off shore. Visual contact with the tennis balls was excellent as
the waters were slightly choppy. The drogue traveled in a northerly direction with a westerly
drift parallel to the leeward side shore of the island. The measurements indicate a relatively
constant longshore average current of about 0.069 m/s moving north northwest along the
leeward shore.
Drogue F2: The second drogue was released about 75 meters immediately behind the
northwestern tip of the island on the leeward side. As with the first drogue, visual contact
was excellent. The drogue traveled in a west northwest direction with a final drift north. The
measurements indicate a relatively average constant longshore current of about 0.065 m/s.
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Drogue F3: The third drogue was released some 50 meters immediately inside the reef on
the northern side of the island. Visual contact was also excellent. The drogue traveled at first
in a westerly direction with a shift to the west-north west. The measurements indicate a
relatively average constant longshore current of about 0.071 m/s.
Drogue F4: The fourth drogue was released approximately 150 meters in the ocean directly
in front of the southern tip of the island. Here, outside the reef, the waves were somewhat
higher causing intermittent visibility of the drogue prior to reaching the reef shoals. The
drogue traveled on a westerly direction gradually shifting north parallel to shore. Note that
once the drogue reached shore no more readings were taken. The measurements indicate a
relatively average constant longshore current of about 0.074 m/s.
Figure 3.14: Drogue Release Points at Fishermen’s Caye.
Scattered
Clouds Sunny
Temperature
Wind
27°C
Direction ESE
Wind Speed 3. 1 m/s
Air Humidity 61%
Air Pressure 760 mmHG
Visibility 10. 0 km
Cloud Layer 731 m
5:33
Tide -High am/3:52 pm
Tide -Low 9:16 am
Sun Rise 05:59
Sun Set 18:03
19. 03. 2010 Local Time
15:00
F2. 2
F2. 3
F2. 1
F3. 3
F1. 3
F1. 2
F3. 2
F3. 1
F1. 1
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F4. 1
F4. 2
Wave
Crest
99

Table 3.2: Drogue Measurements.
Range Time Duration
(min)
Distance
(m)
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Average Speed
(m/s)
F1 8:30 AM Start
F1 – F1. 1 9:05 AM 35 140 0. 067
F1. 1 – F1. 2 9:40 AM 40 155 0. 065
F1. 2 – F1. 3 10:20 AM 35 160 0. 076
0. 069
F2 8:45 AM Start
F2 – F2. 1 9:21 AM 36 140 0. 065
F2. 1 – F2. 2 10:02 AM 41 150 0. 061
F2. 2 – F2. 3 10:40 AM 38 160 0. 070
0. 065
F3 11:00 AM Start
F3 – F3. 1 11:35 AM 35 150 0. 071
F3. 1 – F3. 2 12:10 PM 35 160 0. 076
F3. 2 – F3. 3 12:5 0 PM 40 170 0. 071
F4 2:30 PM
F4 – F4. 1 3:00 PM 30 150 0. 083
F4. 1 – F4. 2 3:09 PM 9 35 0. 065
F4. 2 – F4. 3 NR NR NR NR
NR = No Reading 0. 074
3.9.4 Stratigraphy of Fisherman’s Caye
The subsoil strata are approximately 60 inches of peat underlain by medium to dense sand.
This sand was encountered up to a depth of 19 ft (see Appendix H). The organic material that
constitutes the first 5 feet of the property is as a result of the mangrove colonization of the
coral flats of the area, which occurred 750 years ago resulting in the deposition of this
organic matter.
3.9.5 Sediments
Sediments of the Pelican Cayes, including those of Fisherman’s Caye are a variety of
calcareous mixtures with Halimeda dominant portions near the reef crest and skeletal silts
and mud nearer the coast. “Different pavements are attributed to the difference in protection
from storms, currents, and slopes of each location. Generally, mud and silts accumulate in
the deeper channels such as Victoria Channel. Coral rubble and pellets accumulate at the
base of steep slopes and wherever coral grows. Carbonate sands accumulate on bars and reef
flats and wherever Thalassia beds have taken hold and concentrated sediments” (Rath 1996).
These habitats experience massive disturbances during hurricanes and tectonic perturbations.
Below are photographs of extensive damages caused by the 2009 Honduran earthquake on
100

the seagrass beds which collapsed (Plate 3.3a) and fell into deep channels and split along
various sections (Plate 3.3b).
.
Plate 3.3a: Collapsed Seagrass Bed. Plate 3.3b: Sea Grass Bed Split by Earthquake.
3.9.6 Siltation Rates
Turbidity in the area averages around 630 NTUs and the dredging site proposed for the
completion of the land filling activity consist mainly of coralline sand, and shall posed no
significant impacts on the rate of siltation in the areas since the burrow site is located
approximately 5 km from Fisherman’s Caye.
3.10 Fisherman’s Caye Marine Flora & Fauna:
3.10.1 Seagrass
Extensive meadows of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) cover the reef platform in the
adjacent areas of the Pelican Cayes. Sea grass provides habitat for juvenile fish and juvenile
conch. T. testudinum beds also provide corridors for juvenile lobsters.
The blades of T. testudinum are covered with colonies of algae called foraminiferans.
Gastropods, including queen conch (Strombus gigas), graze these by scraping the blades with
their rough tongues. Previous studies conducted by the Smithsonian Institute indicated that
grasses near Carrie Bow Caye had the highest species richness and density. Seagrass beds
near Cat’s Caye, south of Fisherman’s Caye, had the lowest richness and density (CCRE
2002).
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Plate 3.4: Seagrass Bed Located South of Fisherman’s Caye.
3.10.2 Mangrove Systems
Mangrove cayes deal with a wide range of salinities, but the gradients are different from
coastal systems. They must tolerate hyper-saline ponds (from evaporation) and low salt
conditions (from fresh water run-off and pools).
Generally, red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), inhabit the sea edge followed by white
mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) and then by black (Avicennia germinans) which have
highest salt tolerance near hyper-saline ponds. White mangrove seedlings cannot survive
saline and flooding, so white mangroves are restricted to high ground. Red mangroves have
stilt roots for support on coastlines. In addition, their propagules can survive fringing
environments. The interior of peat mangrove cayes often has flats covered with dwarf
mangroves caused by low phosphorus (Rützler and Feller 1996).
Supra-tidal communities are dominated by insects – several species of stem boring moths and
beetles. Larval stages feed internally on red mangroves stems, making them dead and
hollow. Then another 70 species of ants, spiders, mites, moths, roaches, termites, and
scorpions use the hollowed twigs for food and for sites in which to hunt, nest, and shade.
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Inter-tidal roots are covered with a combination of red algae that is especially adapted to
holding water when the tide withdraws. These hard surfaces are good support for barnacles,
oysters, and crabs (Rützler and Feller 1996).
The richest area is sub-tidal, specifically the stilt roots of red mangrove. Algae and
anemones cover the roots first and then sponges form a coating – called fouling (see plates
3.2a and 3.2b). This helps protect trees from attack by root borers. The fouling also offers
food and refuge to a variety of fauna, like oysters and crabs (Rützler and Feller 1996).
Plate 3. 2a and 3. 2b: Fouling- Algae and Anemonae Cover the Roots First and then Sponges form a Coating.
In the Pelican Cays, red mangroves are anchored directly on the live coral reef, not in mud as
usual. Several of the cayes have circular ponds encircled by steep lush coral ridges.
Mangrove peat analysis, undertaken to reconstruct the history of the vegetation at Pelican
Cayes, revealed a successional sequence ultimately driven by changes in sea level, but with
mangrove vegetation clearly playing a major role in soil formation and vertical growth of
these islands through root production and decomposition processes (McKee & Faulkner
2000). Mangroves contribute directly to soil formation and their elimination removes a
major source of material to maintain surface elevation in the coastal zone (CCRE 1998).
3.10.3 Algae and Other Vascular Plants
“One hundred fifty-two species of marine macrophytes (148 algae and 4 vascular plants)
were recorded from ponds of the Pelican Cayes. Of the algae, 64 were Rhodophytes, 59
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Chlorophytes, 16 Phaeophytes, and 9 Cyanophytes; 4 Magnoiaphytes were also present”
(Littler et al. 2000).
Commercially valuable red algal agar-producers (Gracilaria and Hydropuntia) and
carigeenan-producers (Meristiella) abound near the entrances to several of the ponds. An
unusual number of macro algal species attained record sizes in these ponds (Littler et al.
2000).
3.10.4 Sponges
Mangrove-fringed ponds in the Pelican Cayes support an uncommonly diverse population of
colorful and large sponges with an unusually high number of poorly known or undecided
taxa (see plates 3.3a and 3.3b). The principal factors promoting diversity in the Pelicans are
abundance of solid substrates (mangrove stilt roots, extended peat banks), low turbidity, and
proximity of sponge-rich coral reefs. The topography of deep ponds alternating with steep
coral ridges helps contain fine sediments and prevents re-suspension and silting during
storms without blocking the water exchange that is necessary for importing nutrients and
flushing waste (Rützler et al. 2000).
Plate 3.3a: Sponge -Lotrochota spp. Plate 3.3b: Sponge-Ircinia spp.
3.10.5 Ascidians
The Pelican Cayes have a rich ascidian fauna: 70 species in 30 genera primarily from
mangrove ponds and coral ridges. Many species occur as solitary individuals but others – as
a result of complex asexual reproductive methods – live in colonies of varying form. Some
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live as bushy clusters, others form cushions, while still others grow as flat encrusting sheets
(Goodbody 2000).
It appears that significant changes have occurred in the ascidian populations at Cat Caye.
This possibility will be explored further to determine if these are long term changes and if
they may have any connection with human interference (CCRE 1998).
3.10.6 Echinoderms
Fifty-two species of echinoderms were found in a preliminary survey of 13 sites in the
Pelican Cayes area. Most are a subset of the 86 species known from the barrier reef and
offshore atolls. More species of echinoderms are associated with coral and rubble on the
shelf and slope around the cayes than in the bays and ponds. Ten species found at the cayes
had not previously been reported from Belizean waters. The Cayes may offer suitable
substrates, calm waters, and possibly a refuge from predation for some species that are
cryptic on, or completely excluded from, reef habitats (Hendler and Pawson 2000).
3.10.7 Patch Reefs
Interspersed among the sea grass meadows are many patch reefs. Many of the back-barrier
patch reefs on the southern platform vary in size and orientation. They rise from different
depths off the shelf floor and their crests are at varying depths below sea level. There is a
distinct lateral zonation of corals from the windward to the leeward margins of these reefs.
The windward margins typically include such hardy corals as Acropora palmata and
Montastrea annularis. The leeward margins support less robust corals such as Acropora
cervicornis and Porites spp. Generally, a higher diversity is found on the windward side of
the reefs.
3.11 Biodiversity Richness of the Pelican Cayes Area
Species richness and live surface cover of the Pelican Cayes are unparalleled in the
Caribbean -- layers of brilliantly colored organisms including sponges, ascidians, seaweeds,
and corals cover reef, mangrove root and peat substrates. The cause of this high diversity is
not well understood, and such high biodiversity in a small geographic area may be attributed
to the unique juxtaposition of mangrove, coral, sea grass, and algal biomes under stable
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oligotrophic conditions. Few of the ephemeral sheet-like and filamentous green algae
indicative of eutrophic bird islands or polluted systems are present on some of the islands.
The lagoonal waters of Pelican Cayes support an unusually rich and diverse reef fauna that
require nutrients. Marine cyano-bacteria may be fixing nitrogen. The oceanographic
conditions surrounding Pelican Cayes do not rule out the possibility of groundwater nutrient
inputs (CCRE 1998).
Figure 3.24: The Pelican Cayes Unusual Ring-Shaped Rhomboid Reefs.
The Pelican Cayes ponds have a number of
characteristics in common. Each has at
least one opening to the surrounding seas,
and these openings are restricted to various
degrees by coral ridges. Each is
surrounded in part by mangrove forests
composed of red mangroves and sporadic
stands of black mangrove. These forests
have formed an underlying peat substrate
that is usually eroded around the perimeter
of the ponds and undercut to expose some
of the root system of the forest above.
Bank roots, hanging roots, the back rim
base, and the exposed peat bank provide
substrates for sessile organisms and thus
support flourishing communities of
sponges, ascidians, algae, corals, and other organisms (MacIntyre et al. 2000).
Fine organic sediment derived from the adjacent mangrove forest floor lies at the base of
most pond rims. Observations of the peat margin at ebb tide revealed that a trickle of
suspended organic particles often moves across the peat and settles onto the bases of the
ponds. These bottom sediments are so fine that they are easily disturbed by any movement
of the water like from the wave of a swim fin. The resulting cloud of suspended material
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eventually settles on and stresses sessile organisms on the mangrove roots or the peat bank
(MacIntyre et al. 2000).
3.12 Vertebrates
3.12.1 Mammal
There exist no recording of any mammals on the Islands. Reports of manatee sightings in the
area have been made by tour guides and fishermen that frequent the areas. At the time of all
visits to the island no sighting of manatees were made.
3.12.2 Fish
Several fish of commercial importance were identified during the EIA studies and are
included in Table 3.3. Many are suspected to use the mangrove ecosystem of the areas as
nurseries or as refuge from larger predatory fish.
Table 3.3: List of Fish Species Observed.
Common Name Scientific Name
Ocean Surgeon A . chirurgus
Blue Tang A. coeruleus
Foureye Butterflyfish C. capistratus
Gray Angelfish P. arcuatus
French Angel H. flaviolineatum
White Grunt H. pulmieri
Spanish Grunt H. macrostomum
Black Margate A. surinamensis
Yellowtail Snapper O. chrysurus
School Master L. apodos
Stoplight Parrotfish S. viride
Redband Parrotfish S. aurofrenatum
Yellowtail Parrotfish S. rubripinne
Princess Parrotfish S. taeniopterus
Grasby C. cruentata
Yellowtail Damselfish M. chrysurus
Rainbow Parrotfish S. guacamia
Great Barracuda S. barracuda
Queen Angelfish H. ciliaris
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3.12.3 Birds
Birds present on The Pelican Cayes are primarily wetland fowls and seabirds, although there
are a number of woodland species and ubiquitous and opportunistic species that are also
expected to visit the islands in the area. These would include the Great-Tailed Grackle
(Quiscalus mexicanus) and the Melodious Blackbird (Dives dives). Littoral Forest species
such as the Mangrove Vireo (Vireo pallens) and the Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica petechia)
are also expected to be found on occasions on the islands.
The most common species on the Pelican Cayes include the Brown Pelican (Pelicanus
occidentalis), the Laughing gull (Larus atricilla), the Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
brasilianus) and the Frigate Bird (Fregata magnificens) (See Table 3.2). During site visits in
November 2009 to the island, a lone pelican was sited near the proposed burrow site and an
osprey nest was sited near the entrance to PC1. In a later visit in March 2010 four ospreys were
observed, two of which appeared to be young fledglings as one remained on the nest and another
near the nest and allowed us to approach them at very close distances (see Plate 3.4)
Plate 3.4a: Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). Plate 3.4b: Osprey Fledgeling (Pandion haliaetus)
Other wetland species that can be expected to visit the welands in the area would include
the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), the Great Egret (Ardea alba), and the Wood Stork
(Mycteria americana). These and other species known to frequent the coastal areas of Belize
are included in Table 3.4.
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Table 3.4: Birds Known to Frequent the Coastal Areas of Belize.
Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Seasonality Abundance
Brown Pelican Pelecanus
occidentalis
Sea Resident Very common
Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrorax
brasilianus
Sea Resident Common
Magnificent
Frigatebird
Fregata
magnificens
Sea Resident
Very
Common
Great Egret Ardea alba Lagoon &
mangrove
Visitor Uncommon
Snowy Egret Egretta thula Lagoon mangrove Visitor Uncommon
Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Lagoon Resident Common
Green Heron
Sea gull
Butorides virescens Mangroves Resident Common
Sooty tern Onychopron fuscatis Coastal areas
Osprey Pandion haliaetus Coastal area Uuncommon
Brown boobies Sula leucogaster Mangroves Common
White Ibis Eudocimus albus Mangrove &
lagoons
Visitor Uncommon
Wood Stork Mycteria americana Lagoons Resident Uncommon
Common
Blackhawk
Buteogallus
anthracinus
Mangrove &
lagoons
Resident Uncommon
Black Bellied
Plover
Pluvialis
squatarola
Beach
Winter
Resident
Uncommon
Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia Lagoon & beach Winter resident Common
Laughing gull Larus atricilla Sea Resident Very common
White Crowned
Pigeon
Columba
leucocephala
Mangrove &
littoral forest
Seasonal
resident only
Common
Cinnamon
Hummingbird
Amazilia rutila Beach Resident Common
Green Breasted Anthracothrax Coastline Resident Uncommon
Mango
prevostii
Golden Fronted
Woodpecker
Melanerpes aurifrons Coastline Resident Common
Flycatcher
Empidomax species Mangrove Resident Uncommon
Mangrove vireo Vireo pallens
Black Catbird Melannoptila Littoral forest Resident Uncommon
(Mockingbird)
Parulidae (Wood
Warblers)
glabriostris
Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia Mangrove, low
scrub
Winter migrant Common
Magnolia Warbler Dentroica magnolia Mangrove Winter migrant Common
Northern
Waterthrush
Sieurus
noveboracensis
Mangrove and
littoral forest
Winter migrant Common
Melodious Blackbird Dives dives Coastal Resident Common
Great-Tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus Coastal and cayes Resident Common
Yucatan vireo Vireo magister Mangrove Resident Very common
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
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3.13 Conservation Issues
3.13.1 Endangered Species of Special Significance
A number of endangered species have been identified in Belize based on the Red Data Book
of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Relevant species are the
West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the American Saltwater Crocodile
(Crocodilus acutus).
The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) has also been listed as endangered
by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and vulnerable to extinction by IUCN. This species is
also protected under the CITES Regulations where it has been placed on Appendix I of the
‘Species List’.
Although manatees are known to inhabit the project area, no site specific census has been
undertaken.
On the national front the American Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodilus acutus) is protected by
the Wildlife Protection Act, which prohibits any hunting or collection otherwise of these
animals. The crocodile also falls under the CITES Regime on international trade: In this
regard it is listed in Appendix II of the CITES Regulations.
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CHAPTER 4: IMPACTS TO MARINE ECOLOGY
4.1 Introduction
This section deals primarily with information pertaining to a Rapid Marine Ecological
Assessment (REA) of the proposed project site.
Species richness and live surface cover in the Pelican Cayes are unparalleled in the
Caribbean. This is one of the few sites in the region where reefs, mangrove roots, and peat
substrates in particular those within the ponds are covered with brilliant layers of very
colorful organisms including sponges, ascidians, seaweeds, and corals. The cause of this high
diversity is not well understood, and such high biodiversity in a small geographic area may
be attributed to the unique combination of mangrove, coral, sea grass, and algal biomes under
stable oligotrophic conditions. In a few areas some of the short-lived, sheet-like and
filamentous green algae indicative of eutrophic bird islands or polluted systems are present.
The lagoonal waters of Pelican Cayes support an unusually rich and diverse reef fauna that
require nutrients. It is suggested that one of the main sources of Nitrogen in the lagoons is the
marine cyano-bacteria. The oceanographic conditions surrounding Pelican Cayes also do not
rule out the possibility of groundwater nutrient inputs (CCRE 1998).
4.2 Marine Flora & Fauna
4.2.1 Sea Grass
Extensive meadows of Thalassia testudinum cover the reef platform in the Pelican Cayes
Range. These Sea Grass Meadows provide important habitat and serves as critical nursery
areas for important commercial species such as fin fish and conch. T. testudinum beds also
provide natural corridors for juvenile lobsters among the various habitats they occupy. The
blades of T. testudinum are covered with colonies of macro algae called foraminiferans which
are important food sources for reef species. Gastropods including the Queen Conch
(Strombus gigas) graze on these algae by scraping the blades of the sea grass with their rough
tongues. Studies conducted by the Smithsonian Institute has documented that the grasses near
Carrie Bow Caye has the highest species richness and density. The studies also highlighted
that the grass blades near Fisherman’s and Cats Caye in the Pelican Range has the lowest
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ichness and density (CCRE 2002). Seagrass beds were observed near the entrance of the
PC1 and PC2 ponds. Seagrass beds were also present in several areas along the shallow
sandy areas of the island.
4.2.2 Pelican Cayes Mangrove Ecosystem
In the Pelican Cays, red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) are anchored directly on the live
coral reef, not in mud or other soft sediments as usual. Several of the cays have circular
ponds encircled by steep lush coral ridges. Mangrove peat analysis, undertaken to reconstruct
the history of the vegetation at Pelican Cayes, revealed a successional sequence ultimately
driven by changes in sea level, but with mangrove vegetation clearly playing a major role in
soil formation and vertical growth of these islands through root production and
decomposition processes (McKee and Faulkner 2000). This mangrove colonization was
estimated to have occurred approximately 750 years ago.
The roots of fringing mangroves encircling several of the ponds on the Pelican Cayes has
provided a substrate for some of the most colorful and rich assembly of sponges, ascidians,
tunicates, and other sedentary type marine organisms. The interaction and abundance of these
organisms within the mangrove prop roots is what sets these islands apart from all other
mangrove islands in the region.
The interior of peat mangrove cayes, like Fisherman’s Caye, consists of flats populated with
dwarf mangroves caused by low phosphorus (Rützler and Feller 1996). The mangroves
fringing the ponds were comprised of a mixture of red and black mangroves (Avicennia
germinans), with red mangrove predominating in low lying coastal areas (see Figure 4.1
Vegetation Map). There were a few white mangrove trees (Laguncularia racemosa) still
standing near the south eastern coast of the island where the island was somewhat naturally
higher. Most of the white mangrove had been cleared at the time the 15 acres of mangrove
had been cleared.
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4.2.3 Algae
Figure 4.1: Vegetation and Land-Use Classification.
Littler et al. 2000 recorded one hundred fifty-two species of marine macrophytes (148 algae
and 4 vascular plants) in ponds of the Pelican Cayes. Of the algae, 64 were Rhodophytes, 59
Chlorophytes, 16 Phaeophytes, and 9 Cyanophytes; 4 Magnoiaphytes were also present (see
Plate 4.1).
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Commercially valuable red algal agar-producers such as Gracilaria and Hydropuntia and
carigeenan-producers Meristiella were abundant near the entrances to several of the ponds.
An unusual number of macro algal species attained record sizes in these ponds (Littler et al.
2000).
4.2.4 Sponges
Plate 4.1: Algae Attached to Prop Roots.
Mangrove-fringed ponds in the Pelican Cayes, including PC1 and PC2 of Fisherman’s Caye,
support an uncommonly diverse population of colorful and large sponges with an unusually
high number of poorly known or un-described taxa (see Plate 4.2a and 4.2b). The principal
factors promoting diversity in the Pelicans are abundance of solid substrates (mangrove prop
roots and extended peat banks), low turbidity, and the proximity of sponge-rich coral reefs.
The topography of deep ponds alternating with steep coral ridges helps contain fine
sediments and prevents the re-suspension and silting during storms without blocking the
water exchange that is necessary for importing nutrients and flushing waste (Rützler et al.
2000).
Plate 4.2a and 4.2b: Sponges Attached to Prop Roots.
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4.2.5 Ascidians
The Pelican Cayes have one of the richest ascidians fauna observed. Seventy (70) species in
thirty (30) genera were observed primarily in the mangrove ponds and coral ridges. Many
species occur as solitary individuals but others, as a result of complex asexual reproductive
methods, live in colonies of varying form. Some live as bushy clusters, others form cushions,
while still others grow as flat encrusting sheets (Goodbody 2000).
It appears that significant changes have occurred in the ascidians populations at Fisherman’s
Caye (see Plate 4.3). This possibility would need further exploration to determine if these
are as a result of long term changes and if they may have any connection with human
interference.
Plate 4.3: Colony of Ascidians Attached to Prop Roots.
4.2.6 Echinoderms
Fifty-two (52) species of echinoderms were found in a preliminary survey of 13 sites in the
Pelican Cayes area (see Plate 4.4). Most are a subset of the 86 species known from the main
barrier reef and offshore atolls. More species of echinoderms are associated with coral and
rubble on the shelf and slope around the cayes than in the bays and ponds. Ten (10) species
found at the cayes had not previously been reported from Belizean waters. This could be as a
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esult of the cayes offering suitable substrates, calm waters, and possibly refuge from
predation for some species that are cryptic on, or completely excluded from, reef habitats
(Hendler and Pawson 2000).
Plate: 4.4: Spiny Brittle Star
4.2.7 Patch Reefs
Interspersed among the sea grass meadows are many patch reefs (see Plate 4.5a and 4.5b).
Many of the back-barrier patch reefs on the southern platform vary in size and orientation.
They rise from different depths off the shelf floor and their crests are at varying depths below
sea level. There is a distinct lateral zonation of corals from the windward to the leeward
margins of these reefs.
The windward margins typically include such hardy corals as Acropora palmata and
Montastrea annularis. The leeward margins support less robust corals such as Acropora
cervicornis and Porites spp. Generally, a higher diversity is found on the windward side of
the reefs.
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Plate 4.5a and 4.5b: Patch Reef
4.2.8 Pelican Cayes Ponds
One of the unique features of the Pelicans is the presence of unusual ring-shaped rhomboid
reefs formed by differential coral accumulation on the polygonal karst pattern eroded into the
underlying limestone. These reefs enclose ponds that are striking primarily because of their
roundness.
Fine organic sediment derived from the adjacent mangrove forest floor lies at the base of
most pond rims. Observations of the peat margin at ebb tide revealed that a trickle of
suspended organic particles often moves across the peat and settles onto the bases of the
ponds. These bottom sediments are so fine that they are easily disturbed by any movement
of the water.
Prior to the EIA study, a survey was conducted of the channel entrance for PC2 pond
associated with the widening and deepening of this channel (see Appendix G). The survey
indicated that the substrate consisted of sand and rubble with the walls of the channel lined
by thick mangrove roots. On the lagoon side of this channel at depth of 4-7feet where light
penetrated well to the sandy substrate, this area’s floor was covered with thriving algal
gardens. No coral colonies where observed on the pond side of the channel. The only notable
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marine organism included tunicates, bivalves, sponges and algal gardens directly associated
with the mangrove roots
4.3 Biological Assessment
Marine surveys were conducted along the eastern side of Fisherman’s Caye. Three coral
transects 30m in length were done. The area is relatively small and three transects were
adequate to obtain a sufficient representation and understanding of the extent of benthic
cover.
4.3.1 Substrate Cover
Algae were the most dominant substrate organisms observed at the site covering 53. 9% of
the survey points (see Figure 4.2). The Other Algae category in Figure 4.2 refers to the
Caulerpa sp. , Dictyota sp. , Galaxaura sp. , Halimeda sp. , Lobophora sp. (see Plate 4.6a
and 4.6b), turf algae, and macro algae percentages combined (Figure 4.3). Live hard stony
corals covered 13.1% of the substrate coverage and 6.2% were encrusting coralline algae,
and bare rock which are substrate suitable for new coral recruits.
Figure 4.2: Percent Substrate Cover for the Site.
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Plate 4.6a: Halimeda spp. Plate 4.6b: Caulerpa spp.
Figure 4.3: Percentage Algal Cover for the Site.
Of the live hard stony corals covering 13.1% of the sampled substrate coverage, the
predominant species were Montastrea annularis (MANN) with almost 50% of all coral
present (See Figure 4.4). This was followed by Siderastrea sidera (SSID) and Montastrea
faveolata (MFAV) with another 33% of the total coral population. Hence, these three species
represent almost 80% of all species of corals in the area.
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Figure 4.4: Percentage Coral Cover for Each Coral Species Observed.
Coral mortality was measured and the results indicated that old mortality was an estimated
34.69% (see Figure 4.5) and recent mortality was estimated at a low 0.95% giving a total
estimated mortality of 35.64%. The result of the study seems to support other coral
assessments in the area.
The Meso American Reef Report Card ranked the Southern Barrier Reef Complex as having
an IRHI (Integrated Reef Health Index) of 2.6, which is rated as fair.
Figure 4.5: Coral Mortality.
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4.3.2 Fish
Fish surveys were conducted along the eastern side of the island. Four 30m by 2m belt
transects were laid parallel to the reef crest. The total area surveyed was 240m². A total 159
number of fish were observed on the four transects, with parrot fish having a total count of 62
and 74 for commercial sp. (see Table 4.1). The majority of the fish observed were between
the 11-20cm size ranges (see Figure 4.6 and Table 4.2). See Appendix K for a complete
listing of fish species for Fisherman’s Caye and surroundings.
Results
Table 4.1: Number of Fish Observed.
Trans 1 Trans 2 Trans 3 Trans 4 Total
Total # fish 50 36 40 33 159.0
Avg. # fish per trans. 39.8
Total # parrot fish 13 17 21 11 62.0
Avg. # parrot fish per trans. 15.5
Total # commercial sp. 30 16 10 18 74.0
Avg. # commercial sp. per trans. 18.5
Figure 4.6: Size Range for Fish Species Observed at the Site.
Commercial species were considered as those fish species caught for commercial purposes.
The list of commercial species included: grunts, snappers, and groupers. Parrotfish are all
those species of the Scaridae family.
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Table 4.2: List of Fish Species Observed.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Ocean Surgeon A. chirurgus
Blue Tang A. coeruleus
Foureye Butterfly Fish C. capistratus
Gray Angelfish P. arcuatus
French Angel H. flaviolineatum
White Grunt H. pulmieri
Spanish Grunt H. macrostomum
Black Margate A. surinamensis
Yellowtail Snapper O. chrysurus
School Master L. apodos
Stoplight Parrotfish S. viride
Redband Parrotfish S. aurofrenatum
Yellowtail Parrotfish S. rubripinne
Princess Parrotfish S. taeniopterus
Grasby C. cruentata
Yellowtail Damselfish M. chrysurus
Rainbow Parrotfish S. guacamia
Great Barracuda S. barracuda
Queen Angelfish H. ciliaris
4.3.3 Assessment of the Ponds PC1 and PC2
A rapid assessment was conducted of the ponds PC1 and PC2 to determine marine
biodiversity with respect to the siting of docking facilities were carried out. The original
concept for the development suggested that the large lagoon (PC1) on the north western end
of the island be the site for a proposed marina.
The survey focused primarily on the mangrove prop roots with its associated organisms, and
adjacent shallow areas. Observations of the organisms attached to the roots were made and a
photographic collection (See Appendix L) was referenced to identification literature.
The assessment of PC1 indicates that the entrance to this lagoon is very shallow in depth
from approximately 3.5 ft. at the deepest point with a shallow line of scattered coral heads.
Some of these corals are just under the water surface making the entrance navigationally
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challenging. Coral cover was noted at about 25% with the Montastrea and Siderastrea
species dominating.
Within the lagoon the maximum depth was 36.8 ft. with a very muddy and silty bottom.
Results from core samples revealed fine mud being as the main substrate type as deep as 3 ft.
The lagoon is surrounded primarily by red mangrove with hanging prop roots. The mangrove
roots have a diverse presence of tunicates, sponges, oysters and other sessile organisms. This
eco-system appeared un-disturbed and un-affected by the previous dredging activities. Near
the entrance there were patches of coral. Depths found around the edges of these mangroves
had an average of 3 ft. with a sparse sea grass and macro algae substrate. Significant numbers
of juvenile fish and other invertebrate species were present including the barracuda, grunts,
snappers, angelfish, parrotfish, jacks, butterfly fish, and damselfish. The finding indicates
that it is not recommendable to use this area as a marina because of the sensitivity and
importance of the eco-system. This area would then be best used as an attraction site for
snorkel and dive tours and serviced by a small docking facility for small transient vessels.
The assessment of pond PC2 also indicated that while there were signs of disturbance and
siltation, the prop roots of the mangroves surrounding this pond also had a relatively good
representation of the original bio-diversity despite the impact from the dredging activities
that had been carried out in 2006. The access channel had been cut to allow the passage of
motorized vessels into the pond where a service dock currently exists.
4.3.4 Assessment of Burrow Site
Burrow Site 1 was just visually assessed but because of the nearby corals and seagrass bed
this site was not considered as an unsuitable site. In addition the material in the area had a
considerable amount of fine silt that would have increased the siltation and turbidity of the
area with the subsequence smothering of this seagrass and corals.
Burrow Site 2, at the left entrance of PC1 lagoon, was also assessed, however because of the
extreme proximity to the mangroves bordering the lagoon it was felt that dredging activities
in this area would seriously jeopardize the rich bio-diversity that co-exist within the prop
root system of the fringing mangroves surrounding the island. The bio-diversity of this
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lagoon is one of the unique features which set it aside the Pelican Cayes from the rest of the
mangrove islands of the region. In addition the area was adjacent to several patches of living
corals.
Burrow Site 3, this is one of the old sites
where dredging had occurred for the initial
filling of the caye. A pit measuring some 300
ft. X 150 ft. was found with an average depth
of 10 ft. The scars have mainly exposed coral
rubble and sand. A profile of an adjacent faro
indicated that the coral rubble could be as
much as 30 feet or more in depth. This is
visible by the edges that broke away and fell
into the deeper channels (see Plate 4.7). The
adjacent areas on the west and east of the old
burrow site have large coral heads and sparse Plate 4.7: Profile of an Adjacent Faro.
seagrass beds indicating that a similar habitat existed in the pit before dredging had occurred.
Dredging activities began some 25ft. from some small mangrove islands north of the pit.
A thorough inspection of the adjacent corals indicated that approximately 50 coral heads of
the Montastrea and Siderestrea species can be found and with some 25% coral cover in the
area. These heads are scattered on the small faro that eventually leads to a drop off. In
particular is a cluster of these coral heads on the east of the burrow pit. Portions of the drop
off from the faro was affected by the earthquake in May causing the gradual slope
characteristic of these reef types to collapse forming a straight downward gradient (fall).
Since the drop off goes to depths of approximately 80 ft. all the substrate and corals which
collapsed, was covered with the accompanying coral rubble. Sponges and gorgonians were
still visible around the edges of the unaffected slopes.
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Plate 4.7a: Pit Area Left after Initial Dredging. Plate 4.7b: Pit Area with Adjacent Coral Heads.
4.3.5 Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Alternate Docking Site (MO3)
A visual assessment was conducted on the deep west side of the faro which could be
recommended as an alternate docking site. The maximum depth in the area was found to be
62 ft. with mud and silt being the main substrate. A core sample showed that the mud went
up to a foot in depth after which some harder sediment was dominant, presumably fine coral
rubble. Very sparse macro algae of the genus Penicillus was found scattered in the assessed
area. Poor visibility was noted due to the high sediment present in the water column. The
advantage of this site is that it is relatively close to the main area of development and its
negative impact to the marine eco-system would be minimal. The flipside of this would be
that the marina could enhance the bio-diversity of the area by providing substrate and shade
for species that serve as food for fish in the area.
Navigational traffic was another consideration when carrying out the assessment to
determine the suitability of this area for the docking site. It was also noted that during the
entire assessment period (one week) no vessel was seen in the vicinity. Thus, it would appear
that this site would have minimal impact on the navigational and current traffic use of the
area, while at the same time the site would provide sufficient shelter and depth required by
the docking facility.
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The impact associated with piling will be minimized by ensuring that this activity is carried
out with the deployment of silt curtains to prevent impacts associated with sedimentation. In
addition the impacts on long shore currents and erosion of shore lines are expected to be
minimal, since the fringing mangroves in the area will be retained in their natural state with
only minimal disturbance to allow for connecting the access pier of the docking facility to the
proposed board walk. Other measures will to be considered during the operational phase of
the docking facility to reduce the negative impacts associate with this.
4.4 Biological Assessment Methodology
The assessment of the coral communities in the area surrounding Fisherman’s Caye utilized
the methodology outlined in the MBRS Synoptic Monitoring Method that has been adopted
by the government of Belize and is currently used to carry out assessments by the Fisheries
Department and other Government and non government organizations to study coral and
other benthic communities.
4.4.1 Methodology for Coral Benthic Communities
Equipment used
• Underwater data sheets
• A 30 meter transect line
• A 1m long measuring device
• Plastic slates or writing cylinder
At each site, replicate 30m line transects were surveyed for sessile organisms. Transects
were deployed in a random manner. Additional transects were deployed in areas considered
to have special characteristics such as high species richness and cover. The 30m transect line
was laid above the reef surface in a direction that is perpendicular to the reef slope (parallel
to the reef crest). The objective was to sample 3 replicate transects at the site.
4.4.2 Point Intercept Method for Percent Cover
The percentage cover of sessile organisms was estimated by swimming along the transect
recording the nature of the organism directly below every 25cm point along the transect.
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Organisms were classified as:
1. Coralline algae: crusts of finely branched algae that are hard (calcareous) and
extended no more than 2cm above the substratum.
2. Turf algae: may look fleshy and/or filamentous but do not rise more than 1 cm above
the substrate.
3. Macro algae: include fleshy algae whose fronds are projected more than 1 cm above
the substrate
4. Sponges
5. Gorgonians
6. Specific genera of stony corals
If the point was over bare rock or sand, or dead coral, that fact was recorded also.
Recording every 25cm yielded 120 records per transects from which it was possible to
compute percentage cover of each substratum type (as (# records/120) × 100%).
4.4.3 Characterization of the Coral Community
After completion of the point-intercept, the team swam back along the transect and stopped
at the first coral head, cluster, or thicket (or a portion) that was located directly beneath the
transect line, and was at least 10 cm average diameter. For each coral colony surveyed, each
of the following was recorded:
a) Name (genera).
b) Identification of the colony’s boundaries based on connective or common skeleton.
Using a measuring device, the colonies were measured to the nearest cm, their
maximum projected diameter in plain view and maximum height from the base of the
colony’s substratum (not from the base of the reef). The diameter was measured
perpendicular to the axis of growth. The height was measured parallel to the axis of
growth. Plan view was assessed from an angle that is parallel to the axis of growth.
c) Estimation of the percent of the coral that is “recently dead” and the percent that is
“long dead” as viewed from above in “plan” view was taken. Plan view is assessed
from an angle that is parallel to the axis of growth.
• “Recently dead” was defined as any non-living parts of the coral in which the
corallite structures are white and either still intact or covered over by a layer
of algae or fine mud.
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• “Long dead” was defined as any non-living parts of the coral in which the
corallite structures are either gone or covered over by organisms that are not
easily removed.
d) Presence of any diseases and/or bleached tissue on colony.
e) Any other sources of recent mortality that was still unambiguously identified were
recorded: possibilities included sediments, storm damage, parrotfish bites, damselfish
bites, etc.
This methodology was repeated at the next appropriate coral until the end of the transect.
4.4.4 Fish Survey Methodology
The methodology used was also adopted from the MBRS Synoptic Monitoring Program.
Methodology for Transects
Equipment Used
• Underwater data sheets
• A 30 meter transect line
A 30 m transect was laid by first placing the weighted end of the line on the bottom, at a
point selected randomly within the general confines of the site. Then the team swam in a
straight line while releasing the tape from the reel; all the adult fish encountered within a 2m
wide range was then recorded.
The size of each fish was estimated and assigned to one of following size categories: 40cm.
After completion of the fish survey the team carefully inspected the substratum, including
beneath the overhangs, within the belt. The number of Diadema urchins seen was also
recorded since they are a good indicator of reef health. The above steps were repeated for
each transect.
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CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES
5.1 Introduction
The availability of potable water is an indispensable requirement of any development and the
ability to meet these needs in a manner that is environmentally sound and economically
reasonable can be a limiting factor determining the type and scope of development which an
area could sustain. In any development project, it is important to determine the volumes and
source of fresh water needed to sustain the project. In most cases there are various options
and a combination of options to ensure an adequate supply of potable water.
This section of the report provides a description of the water resources and hydrologic regime
of the island and determines the projected freshwater needs of the proposed project. Based on
these projected needs an assessment of the available options associated with meeting these
needs are examined, taking into consideration the technical, economic, environmental and
social factors associated with the various options.
5.2 Hydro-Geologic Characteristics of Fisherman’s Caye
Fisherman’s Caye is the largest Island of the Pelican Islands Group, measuring
approximately forty two (42) acres. The Island is essentially a mangrove island on top of a
coral reef flat within the existing atoll. Typical of the islands in the area, the Caye has a total
of twelve (12) ponds of which six (6) are completely landlocked and the remaining six (6) are
partially enclosed or with direct access to the sea. The unique feature of these ponds is that
they are relatively deep ranging from 5 to 12 meters in depth. With little water exchange
from the ocean side, most of the ponds are warmer and more saline than usual, and could be
considered separate water masses (Villareal et al., 2000). Two of the inner ponds were
partially filled during the land reclamation activity that occurred in 2006 and are being
incorporated into the development landscape.
In 2005 the southern half of the island had an area of approximately 15 acres cleared of its
mangrove in the center, leaving a narrow mangrove reserve on its coastal fringes. The cleared
area had also been partially filled in 2006 with coralline sand from three nearby burrow sites.
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Boreholes of the reclaimed portion indicated that the site has an average of 12 to 18 inches of
this coralline sand layer on top of a five feet deep layer of peat and other organic material
which had accumulated over the years from the mangrove colonization (reported to have
occurred over seven hundred years ago) of the of the coral reef flat. As such the island does
not have a fresh water lens typically found in coralline islands such as Hunting Caye and
other similar type coralline cayes.
The Pelican Cayes lie within a geographic area of the country that receives a considerable
amount of annual rainfall. According to the Mean Annual Isohyets Map of Belize (Figure
5.1) this area receives between an average of 1,524 to 2,032 mm or equivalent to 60-80
inches of rainfall annually.
During heavy rainfall in the area, the ponds of the island, in particular the ones that are landlocked
are reported to have a thin layer of brackish water on the surface. This freshwater is
however rapidly lost through evaporation and mixing. The harvesting of rainwater and its
storage in cisterns as a source of fresh water is an attractive option for the project to meet its
fresh water needs.
Fisherman’s Caye lies approximately eight (8) miles east from the coastline directly in front
of Riversdale and it is highly unlikely that a confined freshwater aquifer would lie beneath
the island. This is supported by the failed attempts made by the developers of False Caye
when the two wells they sunk failed to locate a confined aquifer with a reliable source of
fresh water according to the False Caye EIA Addendum. This failure was despite the fact that
False Caye is a mere mile away from the coastline in front of the Maya Plantation
Development and relatively close to the known aquifer which supplies the Big Creek and Ara
Macao wells. It can then be surmised that it would be even more highly unlikely that a
confined freshwater aquifer would be located under Fisherman’s Caye which lies an
additional seven (7) mile out at sea.
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Figure 5.1: Mean Annual Isohyet Map.
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5.3 Assessment of Potable Water Demands
The projected potable demand associated with a project is a direct function of the maximum
number of individuals it intends to sustain and should take into consideration additional fresh
water related services (e. g. Spas) intended to be provided. In order to determine the water
needs, it is important that the purposes for which fresh water will be required first be
established.
For the proposed Yum Balisi Project, water will be required for drinking, cooking, flushing,
cleaning, laundry, and for landscape maintenance. Yum Balisi does not contemplate the
construction of any fresh water swimming pool.
5.3.1 Projected Occupancy
Upon completion, Yum Balisi is expected to have a total of thirty five bedrooms (35) with a
maximum occupancy of 70 guests. In addition to these guest cottages the project proposes to
construct workers quarters to accommodate a maximum of 12 of the forty employees. Hence,
the maximum daily number of persons that will be accommodated at any one time at the
project site at full development is 82 persons when the facility is operating at 100 percent its
capacity.
The present national annual average occupancy rate reported by the Belize Tourism Industry
Association (BTIA) is forty percent (40%) indicating that at certain times of the year the total
number of guests on the island may go as low as thirty (30) individuals.
Transient visitors to the facility may vary but for planning purposes this is being estimated at
30% of total occupancy or an additional 50 persons. These transient visitors are individuals
who would visit the establishment for a short while without overnighting to enjoy the
amenities on the island. During these periods the island may have a total of 160 persons (50
transient visitors, 70 overnight guests, and 40 employees)
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5.3.2 Projected Potable Water Demand
In consideration that Fisherman’s Cay is located within the South Water Caye Marine
Reserve, Yum Balisi Limited and its parent company Geneva International are proposing the
development of a high-end eco-friendly resort which will emphasize the need to protect the
area’s environment and the need to conserve resources such as energy and water. Consistent
with the philosophy of the developers, although the development is intended as a high end
development, no swimming pool is being considered as part of the development because of
the high freshwater demand associated with these facilities.
Although previous EIAs for other islands have calculated potable water demand at 75 - 80
gallons per day per person, the EIA team is of the opinion that this value may be too high
when one considers that the per capita consumption of potable water for San Pedro is
presently estimated at approximately thirty five (35) gallons per day according to the 2006
Environmental Statistics Publication and the fact that development on these islands need to
ensure the prudent use of these resources.
Since the proposed facility is intended as a high-end eco resort which will be promoting
water conservation, the EIA team has decided to use a value of sixty (60) gallons per guest.
For employees residing on the island the average per capita consumption (35gpd) of San
Pedro is being used. A safe value of 15 gallons per day per transient visitors is also being
used in estimating total potable water demand. These figures are being used solely for the
purposes of estimating the water needs of this proposed development with the purpose of
ensuring an adequate contingency for the supply of potable water. It is however expected that
actual water use will be considerable less than the supply capacity.
The projected potable water demand water of the project is summarized in Table 5.1.
It is estimated that at the peak of its operation, Yum Balisi will be consuming a total of six
thousand three hundred and fifty (6,350) gallons of potable water per day. This estimation
does not include fresh water needs needed for landscaping since it is being envisioned that
this need will be met through the recycling of some of the treated effluent. Of this volume it
is estimated that 80% will become wastewater and require treatment.
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Table 5.1: Projected Water Consumption for Yum Balisi.
Source of Use
No. Persons
Average Unit
Consumed GPD
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Water Consumption
Total Gallons
Consumed
Yum Balisi Staff 40 35 1,400
Transient visitors 50 15 750
Guests at 100% occupancy 70 60 4,200
Grand Total 6,350
5.4 Potable Water Source Selection
5.4.1 Summary of Water Selection Analysis
In assessing the preferred option, the consultants examined all possible options ruling out
ground water as a potential source of potable fresh water since the island does not have a
fresh water lens and it is highly unlikely that a confined fresh water aquifer would be found
under the island. In consideration of the island’s distance from the mainland and the
proposed small-scale development, piping water from the mainland is not considered
economically viable. However, there remain several other options for the supply of potable
water available to the proposed development. These include:
• Rainwater catchments in cisterns;
• Abstraction of sea water and desalination and/or;
• Barging of fresh water.
Table 5.2 summarizes the analysis of the various remaining options. The various options
available were analyzed based on projected demands and also of the possibility of utilizing a
combination of the available options. This would also eliminate the dependency on a single
source. This is of particular importance when considering the harnessing of rainwater as a
potential major source and the need to consider that the availability of this source of water
often occurs seasonally with sometimes long dry periods usually between February to June.
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Table 5.2: Analysis of Options to Supply Fisherman’s Caye Potable Water Needs.
OPTION SOURCE REQUIREMENTS TREATMENT COMMENTS
RAIN WATER
HARVESTING
DESALINATION
Of SEAWATER
BARGING OF
POTABLE
WATER FROM
MAINLAND
WATER
RECYCLING
Seasonal rains
(60-80 inches
of rainfall
annually)
Abstraction
Wells (sea
water)
Stann Creek’s
or Big Creek’s
municipal
supply source
Wastewater
from treatment
facility
Storage tanks, pumps, water
transmission lines, gutters
Pumps, power line, Reverse
Osmosis Plant, water
transmission line, storage
tank
Water trucks, barge, pumps,
storage tanks
Storage tanks, water
transmission lines, dosing
tanks
It is recommended that the project meet its potable water needs by means of a combination
of rainwater harvesting and the installation of a reverse osmosis plant (see Figure 5.2)
capable of producing 6,000 gallons of product water per day as a supplementary source
because of the following reasons:
• the cost of barging water to the island is prohibitively expensive to sustain over an
extended period;
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
UV, ozonation,
chlorination*
* Chlorination is
considered as the last
option due to the
sensitivity of the ecosystem
to Chlorine.
Coagulation,
filtration, UV,
ozonation,
chlorination
Excellent water source, easy to
treat, but could be costly in
terms of construction of large
cisterns which because of the
weight of the water and the
geologic conditions of the
island would need to rest on
piles.
More expensive to operate due
to its energy requirements and
replacement of membranes,
more complicated to operate,
but highly dependable and
reliable, good for dry season.
None This option would not be
sustainable however; it would
serve as an ideal option for the
temporary supply of potable
water during the project’s
construction phase.
Supplementary option
exclusively used for flushing of
toilets or landscaping
requirements.
135

• the cost of desalination is also generally higher than the costs of other water supply
alternatives available and its potential environmental impacts is higher than that
of harvesting rain water.
Figure: 5.2: Proposed Water System.
Reverse Osmosis
Pretreatment
System
Reverse
Osmosis
Membranes
Treated Water
Storage
2 – 10,000 gal
5.4.2 Barging of Potable Water from Mainland
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Rain Water
Barging potable water from mainland would require that potable water be purchased either
from the Mango Creek well or from Dangriga’s municipal source. Both sources are very
good sources of potable water and are essentially almost the same distance (18- 20 miles)
from Fisherman’s Caye. Another possibility is that the water could be purchased from The
Placencia Hotel which would be slightly closer approximately 16 miles from the island.
Irrespective of whether Dangriga or Big Creek is chosen as the supply source, water would
need to be trucked to a barge containing two 3,500 Rotoplast tanks which would be filled and
transported to the island. With The Placencia Hotel as the source, there may not be the need
to hire a bowser and water could be pumped directly into the tanks on the barge. The docking
facility for Dangriga would be the Commerce Bight Pier while the pier at The Placencia
Hotel would be used for docking of barge to load water.
136

The barge would require that it could safely be docked near the water storage area on the
island where the water would then be pumped to the tanks located on the island. The average
charge for 2500 gallons of water supplied by a bowser is between 200-250 dollars. The
barging cost is what would make this venture prohibitively very expensive in the long run.
The option is being recommended during the construction phase since the water tanks would
be accompanying the transportation of other construction material justifying the cost of
barging.
5.4.3 Rainwater Harvesting System
The reliability of the quantity of water that can be provided by the rainwater collection
system is dependent on the rainfall pattern, size of collection area and the volume of storage
tank.
Given the total roof area of building at the cottages at 31,500 square feet and an average
rainfall of 60 -80 inches of rainfall per year this would yield approximately 11,632 cubic
yards of rainwater per annum or approximately 1.575 million gallons of rainwater could be
harvested annually (see Table 5.3) using a value of 70 inches of rainfall. In theory, this
volume combined with the other facilities potential catchments completely meets the entire
estimated yearly fresh water need of the island which is estimated at 2.3 million gallons of
water. The difficulty with this source is its reliability during the dry periods and the
difficulties to provide full storage capacity.
Table 5.3: Potential Volume of Rainwater that could be harvested.
Facilities
Roof Area
Volume of Rainwater
/gallons per year
Suites and Cottages (35) 900 ft 2 x35=31,500 ft 2 1.575 million gallons per yr
Lobby/ Restaurant Office Complex 10,900 ft 2 545,000 gallons per year
Belize Coral Reef and Natural Resource
Learning Center, Spa -Health/Wellness
Center, Business Center and Gift shops,
Research Center and Beach Bar
11,000 ft 2 550,000 gallons per year
Maintenance Building, Gen Set and
Nursery
2,500 ft 2 125,000 gallons per year
Management/Employee Housing 5,250 ft 2 262,500 gallons per year
TOTAL 3,057,500 gallons per year
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137

It is proposed that each cottage will have individual 3,500 gallons Rotoplast tanks whose
excess will be pumped to two central storage tanks with a total capacity of 20 thousand
gallons. Rainwater will be filtered prior to being stored in the above ground cistern storage.
5.4.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plant
In addition to the rainwater harvesting system, an RO plant with a capacity to produce 6,000
gallons of water per day will be installed for periods of very little rain or to make up any
shortage from the harvesting of rainwater.
5.4.4.1 Reverse Osmosis
There is no single best method of desalination. A wide variety of desalination technologies
effectively remove salts from salty water (or extract fresh water from salty water), producing
a water stream with a low concentration of salt (the product stream) and another with a high
concentration of remaining salts (the brine or concentrate). Most of these technologies rely
on either distillation or membranes to separate salts from the product water (USAID 1980,
Wangnick 1998 and 2002, Wangnick/GWI 2005). Ultimately, the selection of a desalination
system depends on site-specific conditions, including the salt content of the water,
economics, and quality of water needed by the end user and local engineering experience and
skills.
In RO, feed water is pumped at high pressure through permeable membranes, separating salts
from the water (Figure 5.2). The feedwater is pretreated to remove particles that would clog
the membranes. The quality of the water produced depends on the pressure, the concentration
of salts in the feedwater, and the salt permeation constant of the membranes. Product water
quality can be improved by adding a second pass of membranes, whereby product water from
the first pass is fed to the second pass.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
138

Figure 5.3: Flow diagram of a Reverse Osmosis System (Courtesy of USAID - Kahn, 1986.)
5.4.4.2 Proposed RO Plant
The project intends to install a PX Pressure Exchanger RO plant which takes advantage of
the high-pressure necessary to force salt water through filters by recovering energy from that
pressure. The RO is a rotary-type energy recovery device with only one moving part that
recovers energy from the waste stream of seawater reverse osmosis systems at up to 98%
efficiency. The technology is said to dramatically reduce costs associated with the energy
intensive desalination process by up to 60%.
Figure 5.4: Schematic Diagram of PX RO System.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
139

5.4.4.3 Input Water (Feedwater)
Desalination plants may use seawater (directly from the ocean through offshore intakes and
pipelines or from wells located on the beach or seafloor) or brackish groundwater as
feedwater. Since brackish water has a lower salt concentration, the cost of desalting brackish
water is generally less than the cost of desalting seawater. Intake pipes for desalination plants
need to be located away from sewage treatment plant outfalls to prevent intake of discharged
effluent.
The water supply system that would serve Fisherman’s Caye has been planned with the
abstraction point at IP1 pond, since this pond had a lower salinity content that the other
ponds and the sea itself. It appears that rainwater runoff would drain into this pond, hence the
lower salinity. This feed water will be pre-treated before it is conveyed to the reverse osmosis
units to remove any organics and marine organisms that could foul the membrane. Treated
water storage shall also be provided adequately to meet peak day water demand.
This Feed water well will need to have a capacity of 10 gpm (gallons per minute) to be able
to provide feed water for the reverse osmosis plant. Analyses of groundwater in the area
indicate that the salt content is essentially that of seawater at very shallow depths,
particularly during dry season.
5.4.4.4 Product Water
RO plants produce product water that ranges from 20 to 500 ppm tds. WHO recommended
drinking water standard for maximum tds is 500 mg/L, which is equivalent to 500 ppm. In
desalination plants that produce water for domestic use, post-treatment processes such as
chlorination, UV radiation, or ozonation are often employed to ensure that product water
meets the health standards for drinking water.
The desalinated product water is usually more pure than drinking water standards, so when
product water is intended for municipal use, it may be mixed with water that contains higher
levels of total dissolved solids. In this instance the other available source of fresh water
(rainwater) is also low in dissolved solids and would be used in the form it is harvested with
limited treatment.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
140

Pure desalination water is somewhat acidic and is thus corrosive to pipes, so it is sometimes
adjusted for pH, hardness, and alkalinity before being piped. Since the project intends to use
PVC pipes which would not be affected much by the acidic property of product water it will
require very little adjustment to pH.
Reinforced concrete reservoirs with floating covers shall be utilized for treated water storage.
The reservoir shall be provided with Hypalon liner to prevent seepage into the ground.
Treated water storage volume should be equal to a two day of peak demand or approximately
20,000 gallons.
The RO treatment plant will be locate near the central reservoirs close to the administrative
building containing the Reception/Office/Restaurant.
5.4.4.5 Pretreatment Processes
Pretreatment processes are needed to remove substances that would interfere with the
desalting process. Algae and bacteria can grow in both RO and distillation plants, so a
biocide (usually less than 1 mg/L chlorine) is required to clean the system. Although
cellulose acetate RO membrane can tolerate up to 1 mg/L of free chlorine and composite RO
membranes cannot tolerate chlorine or other strong oxidants, dechlorination techniques are
required. Ozone or ultraviolet light may also be used to remove marine organisms. If ozone is
used, it must be removed with chemicals before reaching the membranes. However, recent
RO technology has been developed that does not require chemical pretreatment.
In RO plants, suspended solids and other particles in the feedwater must be removed to
reduce fouling of the membranes. Pretreatment filters will be required to protect the reverse
osmosis membrane from excessive fouling by the organic materials in the local groundwater.
Suspended solids are removed with coagulation and filtration.
5.4.4.6 Filter Backwashing, Membrane Cleaning and Storage
The filters for pretreatment of feedwater at RO plants must be cleaned every few days
(backwashed) to clear accumulated sand and solids. The RO membranes must be cleaned
approximately four times a year and must be replaced every three to five years. Alkaline
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
141

cleaners are used to remove organic fouling, and acid cleaners are used to remove scale and
other inorganic precipitates. All or a portion of RO plants must be shut down when the
membranes are replaced. When RO plants are not used continuously, the RO membranes
must be stored in a chemical disinfection/preservation solution that must be properly
disposed of after use.
5.4.4.7 Waste Discharges
RO plants produce liquid wastes that may contain all or some of the following constituents:
high salt concentrations and chemicals used during defouling of plant equipment. Metals in
the feedwater are rejected along with the salts by the membranes and are discharged in the
brine. With normal concentrations for metals in seawater, the metals present in the brine
discharge, though concentrated by the RO process, would not exceed discharge limits.
This liquid waste is often discharged directly into the ocean, combined with other discharges
(for example: power plant cooling water or sewage treatment plant effluent) before ocean
discharge.
The waste (60 gpm of concentrate) produced by the RO plant is proposed to be disposed by
means of an injection well or discharge to the sea through a diffuser pipe designed to provide
adequate dilution of the concentrate into the marine environment.
Desalination plants also produce a small amount of solid waste (for example: spent
pretreatment filters and solid particles that are filtered out in the pretreatment process).
5.5 Storage, Distribution, and Treatment
Two 10,000 reinforced concrete reservoir with floating covers shall be utilized for treated
water storage. The reservoir shall be provided with a Hypalon liner to prevent seepage into
the ground. Treated water storage volume should be equal to a two day of peak demand or
approximately 20,000 gallons.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
142

Distribution will be facilitated by the collection and storage of excess rainwater or water
produce by the Reverse Osmosis Plant which will be stored in two 10,000-gallon tanks and
distributed by means of pumping. The collective network of cisterns will be interconnect by
PVC pipes (various size pipes and then reducing to ½ inch at the faucets) to the central
storage located near the resort’s administrative building. Here the water will be re-
distributed via half-inch PVC pipes to the respective units. Ultraviolet (UV lamp)
purification systems will be installed at each potable water source. A water distribution
system consisting of mains and valves will be used to distribute the water to the different
project areas for use. The project will eliminate the use of dead ends in the distribution
system.
Calcium Hypochlorite (granulated or tablet form) will also be used as a backup treatment in
the event of any malfunctioning UV system, to remove any harmful pathogens. Residual
chlorine will be monitored and additional tests will be carried out as part of the monitoring
program. The treatment will meet WHO standards for potable water. Once treated, this water
can be used for drinking purposes.
Figure 5.4: Components of the Proposed RO Water Supply System.
Well Pretreatment
System
Reverse
Osmosis
Membranes
Diffusion Pipe
(for brine
concentrate)
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Treated
Water
Storage
Distribution
System
143

5.6 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts of Water Supply Option
5.6.1 Rainwater Harvesting
The harvesting of rainwater would have negligible environmental impacts associated with it.
The greatest impacts are those that would be associated with the collection and storage
activities and the potential public health issues that could be associated with as discussed also
under the potential negative impacts associated with an RO plant.
5.6.2 Reverse Osmosis
The potential negative environmental impacts associated with an RO system are significantly
higher than the preferred recommended option. A highlight of the potential impacts
associated with these is provided below:
5.6.2.1 Energy Cost
More energy is required to produce water from desalination than from any other watersupply
or demand-management option in Belize. In producing fresh water by means of
desalination, energy cost is the most restrictive factor. See below chart.
Figure 5.5: Typical Costs Associated with RO Plants.
The future cost of desalination water will be more sensitive to change in energy prices than
will other sources of water. The requirement to supplement its freshwater demand by RO
poses an additional burden on this development since it lies outside of the national grid and
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
144

would need to rely on the available natural resources of the area ( primarily wind and solar)
supplemented by backup diesel generators.
In light of this, the Yum Balisi project has made sure that it will have sufficient energy to
meet its demands. In addition, the R. O. Plant will only be used on a supplementary basis
when rainwater supply is low or unavailable.
5.6.2.2 Health Concerns
While the quality of desalinated water is typically very high, a number of potential health
concerns have been identified. The end-use of the water quality of desalinated water is a
function of the quality of the source of water, treatment processes, and distribution of the
potable water. Harmful contaminants can be introduced at each of these stages.
The water fed into the desalination system may introduce biological and chemical
contaminants that are hazardous to human health. Biological contaminants include viruses,
protozoa, and bacteria. Chemical contaminants include regulated and unregulated chemicals,
xenobiotics (including endocrine disruptors, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products),
and algal toxins (MCHD 2003). These contaminants are of particular concern if they are not
removed during subsequent treatment process.
Boron, for example, is found in very low levels in average U.S. drinking water supplies (a
survey of 100 U.S. drinking water supplies showed a median boron concentration of 0.03
milligrams per liter (mg/l)) (Mastromatteo and Sullivan 1994), but much higher levels are
normally found in seawater (typically concentrations are between 4 and 7 mg/l). Boron is
known to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity in animals and irritation of the
digestive tract. It also accumulates in plants, raising concern about high boron levels in water
used for irrigation or landscaping (ATSDR 1995). Concern has been expressed that boron
may be found in desalinated water at levels greater that World Health Organization’s
provisional guideline of 0.5 mg/l (WHO 2003).
Taking into consideration the possible boron content in the product water from the
desalination plant, water from the RO plant will be blended with rainwater, as a means of
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
145

diluting the boron levels. In addition, the product water will be treated by means of
ultraviolet treatment. The blending of product water with rainwater will also reduce the
acidity of the product water to more acceptable levels.
5.6.2.3 Impact of Acidic Product Water on Metal Pipes
The RO process lowers both the calcium and carbonate concentrations, which produces
acidic product water that can corrode the distribution system if metal pipes are used. When
this happens, iron, and other toxic metal, such as copper, lead, cadmium, zincs, and nickel
can be leached from the distribution system. However, considering that the acidity of the
product water on metal conduits can alter its chemical content, PVC pipes will be the
preferred means of water distribution.
5.6.2.4 Impacts of Water Intakes: Impingement and Entrainment
Intake water design and operation have environmental and ecological implications. Large RO
Plants typically take in large volumes of seawater during operation. In recent studies, it has
been noted that “sea water” is not just seawater. It is a habitat and contains an entire
ecosystem of phytoplankton, fishes, and invertebrates (York and Foster 2005). Large marine
organisms, such as fishes and invertebrates, birds and even mammals, are killed on the intake
screen (impingement); organisms small enough to pass through the screens, such as plankton,
eggs, larvae and some fish, are killed during the processing of the salt water (entrainment).
The impinged and entrained organisms are then disposed of in the marine environment.
Decomposition of these organisms can reduce the oxygen content of the water near the
discharge point, creating additional stress on the marine environment.
The effects of impingement and entrainment are species- and site-specific, and only limited
research on the impacts of desalination facilities on the marine environment has been done. A
recent overview of desalination seawater intakes, however, asserts that “environmental
impacts associated with concentrated brine discharge have historically been considered the
greatest single ecological impediment when siting a seawater desalination facility. However,
recent analyses have noted that marine life impingement and entrainment associated with
intake designs were greater; harder to-quantify concerns and may represent the most
significant direct adverse environmental impact of seawater desalination” (Pankratz 2004).
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
146

To address these issues the IP1 pond which is land locked and has limited motile organisms
has been chosen in addition the intake of the abstraction pipe will have a filtration system to
prevent and curtail the uptake of marine organism that could also cause fouling of the RO
membrane.
5.6.2.5 Discharge of Concentrated Brine in the Marine Environment
Adequate and safe disposal of the concentrated brine produced by the plant presents a
significant environmental challenge. A number of brine disposal options are available. These
disposal methods include discharge to evaporation ponds, the ocean, and confined salt water
aquifers (NAS 2004).
Each disposal method however has a unique set of advantages and disadvantages. Large land
requirements make evaporation ponds uneconomical. Injection of brine into confined
groundwater aquifers is technically feasible, but is both expensive and hard to ensure that
other local groundwater resources remain uncontaminated. Sea discharge is the most
common and least expensive disposal method (Del Bene et al. 1994), although this approach
can have significant impacts on the marine environment. The notion that diluting brine water
reduces the toxicity of brine is based on old adage, “Dilution is the solution to pollution”.
While this may be true for some brine components, such as salt, it does not apply to others.
Because brine is typically twice as saline as the feedwater, it has a higher density than the
receiving water and exhibits a distinct physical behavior. As a general rule, brine follows a
downward trajectory after release. If brine is released from an outfall along the seafloor, as is
typical, it tends to sink and slowly spread along the ocean floor. Mixing along the sea floor is
much slower than at the surface, thus inhibiting dilution and increasing the risk of ecological
damage (Chester 1975). Other factors are also important, however. Brine behavior varies
according to local conditions (i.e., bottom topography, current velocity, and wave action) and
discharge characteristics (i.e., concentration, quantity, and temperature) (Del Bene et al.
1994, Einav and Lokiec 2003).
However, considering that only a small amount of feedwater will be required, which in turn
will generate a low volume of brine, sea discharge is the most technically and economically
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
147

feasible option. The brine would be discharged via a diffusion system along the waters edge
to the west of the Caye, which supports much less marine life and thus having significantly
less impacts to the marine environment. This area has deep channels with fast moving
currents particularly in periods of high-low tides allowing for rapid mixing and thus dilution
of the discharge.
5.7 Water Conservation
Since the project is located some distance away from mainland, Fisherman’s Caye will
develop and incorporate a strict water conservation code. These measures will include the
education of the staff and guests on the importance of water conservation and by the
installation of flow reduction devices. These procedures will be implemented to reduce water
consumption and minimize water loss. These conservation strategies are important
considering that the primary source is by harvesting rainwater which is an unreliable source
with limited storage capacity. These conservation methods should ultimately be beneficial on
the long run as both water and energy would be conserved and less waste water would be
discharged to the receiving environment.
These water conservation strategies will include the following:
a) Only low flush toilets will be used.
b) All taps will be outfitted with water saving devices.
c) Staff will be required to not leave the tap running while cleaning.
d) Staff will make sure that all faucets do not leak and are in good repair.
e) Cleaning and maintenance staff will be required to report immediately any leaking
faucets or toilets
f) Guests will be given the option of changing linen and towels every two or three days.
g) Only phosphate free detergent will be used.
h) Laundromat personnel will be encouraged reuse rinse-water in the first cycle of
washing of the next load
i) Hotel guests will be given politely written cards as to how to conserve water in their
bathrooms, for example, shut off water during tooth brushing, shaving, and other
unnecessary period
j) Meters will be installed in the kitchen and Laundromat to track the consumption of
water.
k) Establish an effective employee training program about water conservation
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
148

5.8 Surface Water Analysis
5.8.1 Water Quality of Channels and Ponds
The water quality of the Pelicans Caye including Fisherman’s Caye and some of it ponds had
been studied on several occasions by various scientists with the majority of them associated
with the Smithsonian Institute Research Center located in Carrie Bow Caye.
The results of the studies revealed several generalities. They indicated that water quality of
the upper layer of the ponds varied on a diurnal basis. The deep water of the pond appears to
be hydrographically isolated from the surface, as is evident from both density profiles and
nutrient distribution. Highest temperatures were found at the surface later in the day.
Significant heating occurred during the day, as much as 0.45 o C (Faust 2004). The results
showed a complex temperature curve, with maximum temperature at the surface and lower
temperatures at the bottom of the pond.
Salinity showed no consistent pattern between the days they were sampled. However, the
analysis indicated that the bottom layer maintained a higher salinity than surrounding waters.
Fluorescence patterns were very similar on all days. There was < 1 fluorescent unit at the
surface, which increased to a bottom or near-bottom maximum. The magnitude of the
maximum varied from day-to-day, reaching a maximum of 12 units.
Discrete chlorophyll values from bottle measurements corresponded well with the
fluorescence data. The values gradually increased from 0.5 µg L -1 at the surface to
1.0, µg L -1 at 7 m. Below that depth, they increased sharply to 11.5 kg chl a L -1 at the bottom,
where Gynlnodinium sanguinium was the dominant phytoplankton.
Discrete nutrient samples consistently showed a pattern of elevated concentration at the
surface, a mid-water column minimum, and increased concentrations in the lower 3 m.
Individual nutrients did not track each other but tended to have slightly different patterns.
Nitrate values were maximal at the surface (0.35 ppm) and were elevated in the upper 3 m
(0.20-0.28 ppm, decreased to < 0.03 to 0.08 ppm from 4 to 8 m and then increased by > 0.30
ppm from 8 to 9 m to bottom maximum of 0.35 ppm from 9 to 11 m. Phosphate
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
149

concentrations (0-1 m) were < 0.02 ppm to 0.06 ppm in the upper 2 m, were undetectable at
4-5 m, and then steadily increased to 0.10 ppm below 6 m (Villareal et al. 2000).
Ammonium was at detection limits in the upper 8 m, and then increased to a bottom
maximum of 0.2 ppm.
Nitrate concentrations from under the prop root fringe ranged from 0.7 to 1.1 ppm. P was not
detectable using the automated analysis (< 0.1 ppm).
The channel site had a surface temperature similar to that seen in the pond except that it was
approximately 0.5 degrees colder and was 2 m deeper. Salinity increased uniformly with
depth from 35.88 to 36.14 at 14.5 m, where it became nearly uniform from there to the
bottom. Fluorescence was low (< 0.2 units) and uniform throughout the water column and
near the instrumental limit because of the scale setting (Morton and Villareal 1998).
Temperature-salinity relationships for the pond, channel, and offshore regions suggest that
the ponds studied had extremely limited exchange with the deeper water outside. Pond water
was consistently warmer and saltier than water at equivalent depths in the channel. The
results of the studies suggest that this water does not originate in channel water over washing
the sill and sinking and that the pond water was heavily modified by local heating and
evaporative processes within a few days period.
The studies also reported that previous surveys had also noted extensive diatom blooms
within these ponds, (Faust 2000), but none at the time the studies were done. Other studies
indicated that phytoplankton populations in the area were dynamic.
In addition to these studies, the EIA team also conducted water quality studies using YSI
6600-M Water Probe and collected various water samples from the proposed project site.
YSI readings were taken in June, 2009 and grab samples taken. These samples were
analyzed by an accredited DOE laboratory in view of the potential baseline data that can be
obtained (see Appendix J). Tables 5.4a and 5.4b below show the result of the in situ analysis
using the YSI 6600-M water probe.
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150

Table 5.4a: Results of the In Situ Analysis Using the YSI 6600-M Water Probe Jun.2009.
PC 2 IP 1 PL 3
B M S M B S S (M) B S
1 Temperature 30. 03 30. 11 30. 35 30. 25 30. 16 30. 31 30. 50 32. 06 32. 74
2 Salinity 36. 13 36. 20 36. 22 36. 05 35. 80 35. 75 35. 77 30. 88 23. 28
3 Suspended
Solids
35. 61 35. 68 35. 71 35. 51 36. 34 36. 29 36. 30 30. 73 22. 42
4 DO%
5 DO mg/L
6 Depth m 6. 95 3. 39 0. 50 4. 08 5. 34 2. 43 0. 80 3. 52 0. 36
7 pH 8. 13 8. 19 8. 20 8. 14 8. 03 8. 09 8. 09 7. 58 8. 16
8 ORP 43. 80 108.60 148.70 123.60 664.00 116.90 171.50 151.10 0. 20
9 CLL m/L 2. 70 2. 80 1. 50 47. 90 1334.10 1336.20 2. 50 28. 80 3. 00
10 NTU 2. 80 3. 40 2. 70 96. 00 97. 10 4. 10 3. 20 14. 20 4. 40
Coordinates 373173 373123
1843478 1843534
Sample Water A B
Table 5.4b: Results of the In Situ Analysis Using the YSI 6600-M Water Probe Jun 2009.
Pier 2 Channel Channel Fisherman Hse
Outhouse South PC 1 North Leeward side
S B S B M S B S B S
1 Temperature 30. 53 29. 27 29. 73 29. 52 29. 80 30. 58 29. 42 29. 61 29. 41 30. 66
2 Salinity 35. 64 35. 53 35. 57 35. 58 35. 59 35. 65 35. 58 35. 59 35. 60 35. 60
3 Suspended
36. 14 36. 04 36. 10 36. 11 36. 11 36. 16 36. 11 36. 12 36. 13 36. 12
Solids
4 DO%
5 DO mg/L
6 Depth m 0. 64 14. 57 0. 45 12. 12 6. 85 0. 44 12. 78 4. 98 17. 04 0. 38
7 pH 8. 05 8. 25 8. 27 8. 11 8. 17 8. 21 8. 18 8. 20 8. 23 8. 27
8 ORP 47. 00 137. 78. 00 86. 70 55. 20 120. 140. 180. 86. 00 161.
70
50 00 00
00
9 CLL m/L -0. 20 3. 20 1. 10 14. 00 1. 30 1. 40 2. 30 1. 40 2. 30 1. 60
10 NTU 1. 40 2. 50 2. 00 17. 80 4. 20 1. 60 1. 70 2. 10 1. 90 1. 50
Coordinates 373337 373149 373146 337295 372723
1843680 1842972 1843812 1843850 1843514
Sample Water C D DC E EC
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
151

SC
Pier 2
Pier 1
Sampling Area
Jun 2009
PC2
Channel
Sampling Area
Feb 2010
Landing
Dock
Plate 5.1: Sampling location (including the Northern and Southern Channels).
As can be seen from Tables 5.4a and 5.4b, there is not much range among the salinity values
except for pond PL3 which showed an appreciable lower salinity level both at the surface and
the bottom. This could be as a result of the pond being land locked and receiving water
inflow from surrounding areas. The salinity ranges are indicative of open waters such as
oceans and seas. This also holds true for the conductivity values as well as the total hardness
concentration. These parameters are consistent and indicative of the open marine water
environment. The TSS values for the site averaged about 36 ppm which appears relatively
high for an area that should have clearer waters free from the influence of mainland run off.
This could have been as a result of increase sediment load in the area or as result of increased
algal growth. A second testing was conducted in February of 2010 to verify the results of the
first survey. These results were similar to those obtained in July of 2009 (Table 5.4c)
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
IP1
PL 3
Fisherman
HSE
C
PC1
152
NC

Table 5.4c: Results of the In-situ Analysis Using the YSI 650 MDS Water Probe (February 2010).
PC 2 IP1 PC 1
Time 10:56.1 10:29.0 10:49.4 10:51.1 11:53.3 11:55.0 11:56.1
Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Middle Surface
1 Temperature C˚ 25.38 25.44 25.19 25.07 24.89 24.89 25.43
4 Suspended Solids g/L 34.38 34.27 34.41 34.39 34.31 34.23 34.24
5 Salinity ppt 34.86 34.73 34.4 34.87 34.8 34.7 34.7
7 DO mg/L 5.3 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.2 5.9 6.0
8 Depth m 4.634 0.117 1.886 0.259 10.75 5.122 6.103
9 ph 8.11 8.21 8.13 8.2 8.08 8.12 8.16
10 ORP mV 130 112.5 124.8 135 181 159.1 155.5
11 Chl µg/L 15.1 2.5 3.1 2.1 7.4 3.1 2
12 Turbidity NTU 590 58.8 70 55.3 203.9 67 50
13
Coordinates
373173.45 373123.47 373146.48
1843478.70 1843534.69 1843812.47
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY LABORATORY WATER SAMPLING
PROPOSED PC1 Pier 2
DOCKING
AREA
Main Lagoon Outhouse
Sample #S1 Sample #S2 Sample #P-1
14 Nitrate-nitrogen mg/L 1.3 1.5 -
15 Phosphate mg/L 0.11 0.07 -
16 Fecal Coliform /100ml - - 45
17
Coordinates
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
372957.77 373153.75 373365.21
1843557.24 1843800.91 1843358.94
Microbiological analysis showed that there were small traces of Fecal Coliform near the area
once used by a fisherman camp. In the other area no traces of fecal coliform was formed
although all samples had traces of total coliform see Appendix J.
It is important to monitor both fecal coliform and e-coli presence to ensure that the proposed
wastewater treatment system functions according to specifications and that the recreational
standards for surrounding marine waters are maintained.
153

5.9 Water Quality Monitoring Program
The Yum Balisi management is cognizant that the success of this project depends
significantly on a healthy marine environment and is committed to ensure that the
development proceeds in a manner consistent with the environmental sensitivity of the area
and its World Heritage Status. This will require to a great extent that the quality of
surrounding marine environment and the present unaffected ponds are not compromised so as
to maintain their present ecological integrity which is important to the sustainability of the
entire project.
From the marine survey conducted it was noted that high nutrients level has been impacting
the marine environment and promoting algal growth. This would likely be associated to high
levels of nitrates.
A complete water quality-monitoring program will be developed for the entire project. Water
samples will be collected and analyzed using the Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water
and Wastewater.
Yum Balisi project Water Quality program will include the quarterly testing of the following
parameters: BOD5, Nitrates, Phosphates, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Total Fecal
Coliform, and grease and oils.
In addition, in-situ analysis will be conducted using recognized field testing equipment.
A total of six samples will be taken from around the entire caye for testing, including one
sample from the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant.
The following are the recommended parameters:
a) In situ Measurements:
• Salinity
• Turbidity
• Temperature
• Total Dissolved Solids
• Dissolved Oxygen
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• Conductivity
• Ph
b) Laboratory Analysis:
• Total Suspended Solids
• E. Coli and Fecal Coliform
• Total Nitrate
• Total Phosphate
The determination of Total Suspended Solids is necessary as increases may adversely affect
aquatic life due to the reduction of light penetration.
Reporting Requirements: Reports on water quality monitoring will be submitted to the
Department of Environment on a quarterly basis.
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155

CHAPTER 6: LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
6.1 Liquid Waste Management
This section summarizes the sensitivity of the islands receiving environments and estimates
effluent production and liquid waste disposal and examines treatment options along with the
mitigation measures that are to be adopted.
6.2 Description of the Receiving Environment
Fisherman’s Caye, located within the Pelican Islands group shares similar characteristics of
the islands within that group. The clear waters surrounding the island are classified as
oligotrophic or nutrient poor, however despite this fact the Smithsonian Institute in a series of
earlier studies conducted of the area have been able to document that the area has a booming
biomass which is very remarkable for what is normally expected of nutrient poor
environments. These studies had also indicated that this was probably due to two unique
aspects of these mangrove cays: the unusual hydrography of the lagoons and ponds and the
large bird populations found on some of the islands (Villareal et al., 2000) when those studies
were conducted. At the time the EIA team was conducting the studies, the islands no longer
appeared to be home for any sizable bird colony.
Typical of the group, the ponds on Fisherman’s Island have eroded peat banks along the
inner mangrove edges and crystal clear water on the outer fringes. The lagoon-like ponds
may be ten (10) to twelve (12) meters deep and were reported to harbor rich tunicate, sponge
and other epiphytic invertebrate populations on the fringing mangrove prop roots (Goodbody,
Rützler et al., 2000).
Within these ponds, the encrusting prop root fauna and the mangroves are reported to have
complex interactions and nutrient exchanges (Ellison et al., 1996, Rützler and Feller, 1996)
supporting this rich fauna of tunicates and sponges. Several studies have indicated that local
processes are being enhanced by the limited exchange with adjacent channel water resulting
primarily from only 30-cm tides and wind- driven circulation. With this little water exchange
from the ocean side, the ponds are warmer and more saline than usual, and could be
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considered separate water masses (Villareal et al. , 2000), which have allowed these species
to thrive and evolve somewhat separate and distinct from other populations. This
hydrographic isolation is believed to retain imported biomass and nutrients which are
primarily responsible for the areas rich biomass.
At the time the studies were conducted by the Smithsonian Institute, the most visible nutrient
input was from the large bird populations present on some of the islands. Trees at that time
were streaked with guano and leaves were visibly discolored from contact. These large,
highly mobile bird populations feed in a wide geographic range and thus imported nutrients
to the lagoon. This combination created a planktonic habitat distinctly different than that
occurring only a few meters away outside the lagoon where healthy coral colonies can be
found.
These microhabitats with large marine bird populations have been associated with reported
dinoflagellate red-tide blooms in this traditionally nutrient-poor tropical water occurring in
the past. These blooms were reported to be large, persistent, and occurring independent of
human activity (Morton and Villareal 1998).
Presently several of the smaller ponds which had been altered in 2005 and 2006, have
significantly reduced the presence of these species. Two ponds in the 15-acre reclaimed land
were completely altered by the land filling activity. PC2 and IP1 although impacted still
maintained a good representation of its original flora and fauna The larger pond labeled PC1
continue to maintain a healthy representation of the biodiversity documented in the earlier
studies (see Chapter 4) although at the time the EIA studies were conducted not much sea
bird were observed using the remaining mangrove stands as nesting or roosting sites nor did
the mangroves stands bear the tale-tale evidence (white stains) associated with regular bird
usage.
It is this sensitivity of the area’s ecosystem that is being considered in the overall proposed
development and is the main determining factor for the selection of the proposed wastewater
treatment system. The proper management of liquid waste is perhaps the single most
important impact which could rapidly deteriorate this sensitive ecosystem if its absorptive
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capacity is surpassed. The proponents of the project are cognizant that it is also in their best
interest that the potential impacts associated with the proper management of wastewater do
not pose unwarranted environmental and health risks that could jeopardize the very same
features they intend to market. The area’s pristine natural beauty and its uniqueness are also
reported to have some of the best scuba and snorkeling environments in the area. Hence,
Yum Balisi has as one of its goal the maintenance of the surrounding marine ecosystem in a
healthy state.
6.3 Wastewater Sources and their Characterization
6.3.1Wastewater Sources
Wastewater generated on the island will be coming from two main sources: Domestic
wastewater and wastewater concentrate (brine) from the proposed RO plant.
6.3.1.1 Domestic Wastewater or Sewage Waste
Domestic wastewater is produced as a result of the day-to-day sanitary water usage
requirements. This spent water results from a combination of flows from the kitchen,
bathroom and laundry, encompassing lavatories, toilets, baths, kitchen sinks, dishwashers,
and washing machines.
Domestic wastewater is usually broken down into grey water and black water. Grey water,
also known as sullage, is non-industrial wastewater generated from domestic processes such
as dish washing, laundry, and bathing. Grey water comprises 50-80% of all domestic or
residential wastewater. It comprises wastewater generated from all of the house's sanitation
equipment except water from toilets which is referred as black water, or sewage.
Grey water is distinct from black water in the amount and composition of its chemical and
biological contaminants from feces. Grey water gets its name from its cloudy appearance and
from its status as being neither fresh, nor heavily polluted black water. Domestic wastewater
hence is a combination of these wastewaters containing significant food residues (feces or
kitchen washings) or some chemicals from household cleaners.
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6.3.2 Domestic Wastewater Characterizations
The waste water characteristics of the effluent produced by Yum Balisi will be similar to that
of your typical domestic effluent summarized in Table 6. 1 below (Dr Mark Gross, Sep
2004). Wastewater characteristics can have large variations depending on factors such as:
potable water consumption, the type of system of storage and the existence of individual
systems of sewage discharge amongst other. Apart from these factors, it is important to
recognize hourly, daily, and weekly variations as it relates to concentration.
For example, in a community where water use is very low, the concentration of Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in domestic wastewater can be above 850 mg/l. On the other hand,
in a system where there is a large use of water, BOD5 can be as low as 100 mg/l. However,
due to the large number of variables and the wide range of values it does not merit in this
document, a discussion on concentration data.
Table 6.1: Raw Sewage Characteristics.
Component Concentration Range
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Typical
Concentration
1 Total Suspended Solids, TSS 155-330 mg/L 250mg/L
2
5-Day Biochemical Oxygen
Demand, BOD5
155-286 mg/L 250mg/L
3 pH 6-9 6. 5
4 Total Coliforme Bacteria 10 8 -10 10 CFU/100mL 10 9 CFU/100mL
5 Fecal Coliforme Bacteria 10 6 -10 8 CFU/ml 10 7 CFU/mL
6 Ammonium- Nitrogen, NH4-
N
4-13 mg/L 10 mg/L
7 Nitrate-Nitrogen, NO3-N

The important characteristics of domestic or residential wastewater are:
i) BOD5, which is determined by the taking of water samples for which during five days is
incubated to determine the quantity of oxygen consumed. This test is an indirect
measurement of the quantity of organic material present in the wastewater.
ii) Solids in wastewater are found in suspension in a colloidal state and as dissolved. The
suspended solid parameter is a value for estimating the quantity of sediments that can
accumulate in a system. The volatile component of the suspended solids can be used to
estimate the quantity of active organic material.
iii) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measurement of the quantity of oxygen required
in the chemical oxidation of organic matter. This parameter is used for the characterization
of residual waters with presence of industrial discharges. The relationships between
BOD5/COD in either raw or treated wastewater are values used for compliance monitoring.
iv) In raw wastewater nitrogen is normally present in the form of organic nitrogen and
usually as ammonia. -TKN is a measure of the total organic and ammonia nitrogen in the
wastewater. The importance of this parameter is that along with the presence of phosphorous
in the form of phosphates is considered as a limiting nutrient which could lead to the
eutrophication of oligotrophic water bodies.
v) Phosphorous is a parameter present in most wastewaters, which at concentrations of 1ppm
have been responsible for algal blooms or eutrophication of many water bodies. Phosphorous
is a limiting nutrient required by all living organisms in the production of proteins and DNA
and may appear in many forms in wastewater. Among the forms found are the
orthophosphate, polyphosphates, and organic phosphates. For the purpose of wastewater
analysis these are grouped as total phosphorus.
vi) Total coliform, fecal coliform, and protozoa are indispensable in the characterization of
wastewater and are used as indicator species for pathogens. Wastewater most be designed to
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ensure disinfection from these organisms either through ultraviolet radiation, ozonation or
chlorination.
6.4 Potential Environmental Impacts
6.4.1 Impacts of Domestic Wastewater
The potential impacts of improper sewage waste disposal are well documented in many
studies readily available on the topic. Domestic wastewater from all sources may carry
pathogenic organisms that can transmit disease to humans and other animals; contain organic
matter that can cause odor and nuisance problems; contain nutrients that may cause
eutrophication of receiving water bodies; and can lead to red tides or other eco-toxicological
problems such as pfiesteria.
Although, the marine environment has adapted to nutrients that come from birds and other
marine life, increased nutrient and pathogen loadings can affect coral reefs and tropical sea
grasses particularly in poorly flushed areas such as bays and lagoons. Localized effects on
the coral reef include reduced species diversity; lower coral cover and suppressed coral
recruitment.
The improper management of wastewater has been also responsible for triggering massive
algae blooms that have killed reefs in areas where these have occurred. Because coral reefs
are the most nutrient-sensitive of all aquatic ecosystems they require the highest possible
water quality standards for their protection.
In addition to these issues, resorts and hotel development within the tourism industry need to
give great importance to the potential impacts that can occur from the improper final disposal
of wastewater if not properly disinfected.
Since those involved with the tourism industry are the first to be affected by the closings of
any recreational waters due to bacterial contamination and harmful algal blooms, they are
some of the greatest advocates for ensuring the proper management of wastewater and
pollution prevention.
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6.4.2 Wastewater Concentrate (Brine) Produced from RO plant
One of the problems of RO desalination plants is the generation of a concentrate effluent
(brine) that must be properly managed. The concentrated effluent produced by an RO plant
consists of everything that was removed from the created fresh water. The concentration of
this brine could be a around 70 g/L (70 ppm) of salinity which is approximate twice as high
as normal seawater. In the case of seawater desalination plants the brine is usually
discharged to the sea since they are placed near it.
To meet its freshwater needs the project is proposing to install a reverse osmosis ( RO) plant
capable of processing 6,000 gallons per day of fresh water as a supplementary source to rain
water harvesting. This plant like all other RO plants will produce liquid wastes that will
contain higher salt concentrations and chemicals used during defouling of plant equipment.
The production of brine and the energy cost associated with this RO plant could be
substantially reduced by the desalination of the treated effluent produced by the
advanced wastewater treatment system.
From a purely scientific and technical point this is what should be done ideally. If this
was to occur, the production of concentrate wastewater would be negligible since this
would have essentially entailed the complete recycling of freshwater leaving very little
wastewater concentrate in the form of brine. However, because of the psychological
aspects associated with the acceptance of using this source of recycled water, it is most
likely that the supplementary needs of the island will be met by the desalination of sea
water.
At any rate it is expected that the RO plant may only need to be operated on an intermittent
basis primarily during the drier periods of the year. During these days when the plant is
operating the small amount of concentrate wastewater will be discharged through a diffuser
pipe into a nearby channel free of corals and where the currents would allow for rapid mixing
and dilution of the concentrate.
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6.4.2.1 Environmental Impacts Associated With Brine Disposal
The concentration of the wastewater (brine) resulting from the proposed RO plant could have
a salinity of 70 ppt which is double that of seawater. The benthic community cannot
accommodate such an extreme change in salinity and many filter-feeding animals would be
destroyed when the water is returned to the sea in their immediate vicinity. Hence, this
concentrated seawater has the potential to harm the ponds ecosystems, and the surrounding
marine environments in the area. These waters, with low turbidity and high evaporation that
already have elevated salinity, are less tolerant to abrupt increases in salinity. Because the
brine is denser than the surrounding sea water due to the higher solute concentration,
discharge into water bodies means that the ecosystems on the bed of the water body are most
at risk because the brine sinks and remains there long enough to damage the ecosystem in
that area before proper mixing.
As such, proper disposal of concentrate needs to be investigated during the design phases. To
limit the environmental impact of returning the brine to the ocean, it can be diluted with
another stream of water entering the ocean, such as the outfall of the wastewater treatment
plant. Careful re-introduction can minimize this problem. It is recommended that a radius of
30 meter be allowed for proper mixing through the discharge of diffuser pipes in areas free
from corals or other filter feeders.
6.5 Domestic Wastewater Production
In order to estimate the projected quantity of sewage waste, it is necessary to look at the
nature of the sewage effluent. To assist in doing this the EIA preparers are using the
information provided In Table 6.1 describing the characterization of domestic water. This
information seems to be supported by results coming out of the analysis of Belize Water
Services Limited (BWSL) wastewater effluent.
Yum Balisi is estimated to have a peak daily water demand of six thousand three hundred
and fifty (6,350) gallons of fresh water of which 75% is estimated will become wastewater.
Most literature researched would tend to indicate that approximately 70-80% of all water
consumed by a facility or community becomes wastewater. We have chosen to use the
midpoint of 75% which has also been used by previous EIA’s in the estimation of
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wastewater. This figure is important for the purpose of the environmental engineering
calculations and the sizing and selection of a wastewater treatment system.
Using this figure it can then be computed that Yum Balisi will be producing approximately
of eight thousand gallons of wastewater daily (see Table 6. 2).
Table 6.2: Estimated Wastewater Generated.
Source of Use
No. of
Persons
Avg. Unit
Consumed
GPD
Water Consumption Wastewater
Total Gallons
Consumed per day
It is estimated that approximately 20 % of this water would result from toilet use (black
water) with the remaining 80 percent being grey water. These volume percentages can
fluctuate according to time of day, occupancy, and project activity but for planning purposes
we have decided to use the maximum figures in estimating loads and determining treatment
options.
6.5.1 Environmental Wastewater Load
The organic load of a system for the treatment of wastewater is generally expressed in
kg/BOD/day or kg Suspended Solids (SS)/day. For the purpose of this project, organic loads
are expressed in Kg/BOD/day.
Table 6.3 illustrates the typical domestic wastewater loads that will be generated by the
project at full development.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Total Gallons
Produced per day
Yum Balisi Staff 40 35 1,400 1,050. 0
Transient visitors 50 15 750 562. 5
Guests at 100%
occupancy
70 60 4,200 3,650. 0
Grand Total
6,350 5,112. 5
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Table 6.3: Domestic Wastewater Loads for Yum Balisi.
Concentration
Range
Because wastewater monitoring of BOD is sometimes not carried out on regular basis as it
should due to the extended period required to conduct this analytical test. Many have
reverted to carrying out analysis of COD as a fall back indicator of water quality. In this
instance the typical concentration of COD present in domestic wastewater is approximately
1000 mg/L. The environmental load for COD that will be produced by Yum Balisi’s
operation is then estimated to be 18.20 kg per day.
It is then imperative that the system selected has the potential to treat these loads and that a
25% excess capacity is factored in to allow for variations and additional loading.
The Effluent Standards most applicable to the proposed establishment are those contained in
the schedule (see Table 6. 4) for effluent limitations for other industries or commercial
establishments since there is no specific standard for the discharge of domestic wastewater.
These loads must be reduced to standards far below the present effluent standards because of
the sensitivity of the surrounding ecosystems to these pollutants. The standards contained in
DOE’s schedule were primarily targeting discharge into fresh water ecosystems and as such
several of the parameters are not applicable for discharge into the marine environment.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Typical
Concentration
Total load
kg/day
Component
Total Suspended Solids,
TSS
155-330 mg/L 250mg/L 4. 55
5-Day Biochemical Oxygen
Demand, BOD5
155-286 mg/L 250mg/L 4. 55
Ammonium- Nitrogen,
NH4-N
4-13 mg/L 10 mg/L 0. 1`8
Nitrate-Nitrogen,
NO3-N

Table 6.4: Extract from Effluent limitations for other Industries or Commercial Establishment.
Parameter/Pollutant
Maximum Value
Parameter/Pollutant
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Maximum Value
Temperature (°C ) 30 – 33 °C Chlorine 1mg/l
Ph 6 – 9 Oil and Grease 10 mg/l
Dissolved Oxygen (D. O. ) > 5. 0 mg/l Phosphate(PO4 -) 5 mg/l
BOD5 at 20°C 50 mg/l Nitrates (NO3) 3 mg/l
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
100 mg/l Ammonia (NH4) 1 mg/l
Total Suspended Solids
50 mg/l Total Organic Carbon
200 mg/l
(TSS)
(TOC)
Total Dissolved Solids
(TDS)
2000 mg/l Total Coliform 0 – 10 MPN/100 ml
Sulphate(as SO4) 500 mg/l Fecal Coliform 0 MPN/100 ml
The standards being recommended are those being presently considered for these types of
ecosystems by Florida USA and other countries with similar type coral ecosystems. The pH
of the final discharge effluent should be maintained to a range of 7.3 to 8.2 pH, which is
typical of the pH range for coastal sea water with ocean water averaging between 7. 9 to 8.2
(Dr. J. Floor Anthoni, 2000, 2006). The standards for the other recommended parameters are
as follows:
1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD5) . . . . . . . . …10mg/l
2. Suspended Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………10mg/l
3. Total Nitrogen, expressed as N . . . . . . . . . . . . ……..3mg/l
4. Total Phosphorus, expressed as P . . . . . . . . . . . . ….1mg/l
5. High level disinfection, by means of chlorination, ozonation or ultraviolet
radiation to kill any pathogen.
6.6 Waste Water Treatment Options
6.6.1 Introduction
Consistent with the ecology of the area and the objective of ensuring an environmentally
friendly development, the proposed project intends to utilize the best applicable technology
and practices in wastewater managements to mitigate the negative impacts that could be
166

associated with this issue. As a result of these considerations, several options were identified,
evaluated, and analyzed with the preferred option chosen after these deliberations.
The Yum Balisi Fisherman’s Caye Project has eliminated the consideration of septic tanks or
individual septic treatment systems for the different individual facilities (cottages, restaurant
& bar, etc) since these would not be able to meet the high standards of treatment required that
would be consistent with the surrounding sensitive marine ecosystem. Compost toilets were
also ruled out because of the impracticality of these and the plan to have a high end facility.
The evaluation of options focused on the identification of a centralized wastewater treatment
package plant that would meet high standards of treatment, is a proven technology, and has
the least maintenance and operations requirements.
The technologies required to successfully treat sewage have been well established, although
successful treatment becomes less common with systems treating smaller daily volumes.
Smaller plants are more prone to failure due to the lack of capacity to attenuate variations in
load or flow.
Package plants in this report refer to small pre engineered on-site systems that are usually
privately owned. Some of these small on-site systems are often promoted as the best means
of dealing with increasing water pollution problems, and are on occasion legally required
alternatives to septic tanks and other individual anaerobic treatment systems where the
impact of such systems has been questioned. Package plants themselves vary widely in the
level of technology used but have now evolved to mean systems having the design and use of
technology for greater degrees of treatment and compliance with stricter standards for
effluent emissions and pollution prevention.
6.6.2 Assessment of Wastewater Packaged Plants
The package wastewater treatment system utilizes a multi-step treatment process to achieve
the desired final discharge requirements. The treatment steps can consist of comminuting,
screening, diffused aeration, clarification, sludge recirculation, sludge digestion, disinfection,
and filtration.
Pre-engineered modular components such as diffused air blowers, aeration tanks, sludge
holding tanks, clarifiers, and disinfection units allow for the wastewater treatment package
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plants to be sized specifically for the customer's application. They can be designed to handle
a variety of influent flow rates and BOD loadings, as well as meet a myriad of mandated
discharge parameters.
The international experience with sewage package plants has indicated that there is no simple
formula to use in order to select which sewage treatment technology to choose. However,
provided building specifications rule out the use of inappropriately designed units, good
quality effluent is a reasonable expectation provided adequate provision is made for the
necessary expenditure on maintenance, operation and effluent quality monitoring. In the
selection of option we were looking at packaged plants which would be able to able to treat
wastewater efficiently at the most reasonable comparative cost and consistently produce a
treated effluent with the following characteristics:

Figure 6.1: Sample of Plan Layout of Extended Aeration System.
6.6.2.2 Rotating Biological Contactor Systems
These systems declined in popularity due to mechanical issue and their inability to meet the
more stringent effluent standards being demanded by regulatory agencies. These systems
usually consist of a primary tank, rotating disk, secondary clarifier, aerator digester,
disinfection chamber and tertiary filters (see Figures 6. 2a and 6. 2b). The system operates on
a continuous flow discharge and needs to be covered. It requires low operator attention
providing there are no mechanical problems.
Figure 6.2a: Schematic Diagram of a Rotating Biological Contactor System.
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169

Figure 6.2b: Flow Plan of Rotating Biological Contactor System.
6.6.2.3 Sequencing Batch Reactors
These systems operate on a modified ended air process and are primarily manufactured in
rectangular shaped tanks. Their effluent is discharged in batches with various model
variations existing. These models usually contain in their designs effluent equalization
(selector) tanks, upstream equalization tanks or two tanks in series- for reaction settling and
decanting, an aerobic digester, post equalization chamber, disinfection and tertiary filters (see
Figure 6.3).
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Figure 6. 3: Flow Plan for Sequencing Batch Reactor.
6.6.2.4 Modified Sequencing Batch Reactors
These systems are somewhat similar to the batch reactors with a few modifications. Most
models use rectangular shaped tanks and operate on the basis of batch discharges using the
process of filling, time for interaction, settling and decanting. They usually consist of an
anaerobic trash trap tank, equalization tank, a react, settle and decant tank, a post equalization
tank, tertiary filters and disinfection. These systems tend to have low sludge production (see
Figure 6. 4a and b).
Figure 6.4a: Modified Sequencing Batch Reactors.
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Figure 6.4b: Flow Plan for Modified Sequencing Batch Reactors.
.
6.6.2.5 Membrane Bio-Reactors
Like most of the other package plants most models use rectangular shaped tanks. The system
operates on a continuous discharge basis. Although there are several variations they would
normally all have an anoxic zone, an aeration zone and use membranes to carry out the
clarification process (see Figure 6.5a and b).
Figure 6.5a: Membrane Bio-Reactor.
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These systems have an aerobic digester, disinfection but require no tertiary filters. These
package plants have the smallest footprint of all the other type systems and a few models are
capable of concentrating sludge to lessen the volume produced.
Figure 6.5b: Flow Plan for Membrane Bio-Reactor.
6.6.2.6 Summary of Wastewater Package Plants
A rapid evaluation of the extended aeration, rotating biological contactors, sequencing batch
reactors, modified sequencing batch reactors, and membrane bio-reactor plants is
summarized in Table 6.5.
Table 6.5: Summary of Package Plant Characteristics.
Selection Criteria Extended
Aeration
Can withstand
fluctuations in flow
(5 high, 1-low)
Can meet effluent
quality required (5good
-1poor)
Sludge production
and disposal
requirements
Odour
considerations
Pretreatment
Requirements
Requirement of
Additional
downstream
Processes
5-has
equalization
tanks
Rotating Biol.
Cont.
5-has
equalization
tanks
Sequencing
Batch React.
4 must ensure right
pump size
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Modified
Batch React.
4 must ensure
right pump size
3 2 4 5 5
Membrane Bio-
React.
4 must ensure
right pump size
High High Moderate Low Moderate-low
High Moderate Low Low Low
Trash traps
required
Filter and
disinfection
required
Grinding,
Screening and
trash traps
required
Filter and
disinfection
required
Trash traps Require trash
traps
Filters and
disinfection
required
Filter and
disinfection
required
Require grinding
and screening
Requires only
disinfection
Maintenance cost Moderate High Moderate-low Moderate-low Moderate-low
Complexity of
operation
Low Low Moderate Moderate-high Moderate-high
Level of training
required
Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate
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6.7 Proposed Wastewater Treatment System
6.7.1 Wastewater Treatment System
The system proposed is one which is considered as state of the art and is classified as an
“advance wastewater treatment” system which means that the treatment will provide a
reclaimed water product that:
(a) Contains not more, on an annual average basis, than the following concentrations:
1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD5) . . . 10mg/l
2. Suspended Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10mg/l
3. Total Nitrogen, expressed as N. . . . . . . . . . .. 3mg/l
4. Total Phosphorus, expressed as P . . . . . . . .. 1mg/l
(b) Has received high level disinfection, by means of chlorination, ozonation, or
ultraviolet radiation to kill any pathogen. This chlorine will be completely removed
before ambient discharge.
The plant of choice is the "Purestream ES Model BESST" or approved equivalent treatment
plant. Below is the typical exterior look of a plant capable of treating much larger loads than
those that would be produced by Yum Balisi. For the specifications of the Yum Balisi system
please see Appendix C.
Figure 6.6: Biologically Engineered Single Sludge Treatment.
The BESST (Biologically Engineered Single Sludge Treatment) process achieves Advanced
Wastewater Treatment in a single vessel by incorporating activated sludge processes. The
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plant combines the principles of single sludge treatment for BOD5, TSS, and Nutrient
Removal, as well as sludge blanket clarification into a single vessel, achieving a high degree
of waste removal. The BESST process has no capacity limits and is used on all sizes and
strengths of flows, from smaller housing developments to food processing operations to
municipal sectors.
The BESST process is designed with 100% backup of all electromechanical equipment and
failsafe controls. The BESST Plant recommended for the proposed project can reduce the
Biological Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solids to less than 10 mg/L. The treatment
plant can also reduce TSS and BOD5 total loading by some 97%, and decrease the daily
Organic Nitrogen Total Loading by 67%. Additionally this system could reduce Total Free
Ammonia Loading by 97. 5% and Total Phosphate Loading by some 80%. The projected
performance of the BESST Treatment is summarized in Table 6. 6.
Table 6.6: Projected Performance of BESST Treatment Plant.
Constituents Typical
wastewater
treatment
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Daily load reduction post
treatment
Total Suspended Solids 10 mg/L 97%
Total Organic Nitrogen 5 mg/L 67%
Free Ammonia 1 mg/L 97. 5%
BOD5 (5 day) 10 mg/L 97%
Phosphate 2 mg/L 80%
It is important that further treatment for the removal of nutrient is given to the treated effluent
produced by the BESST treatment plant before its discharge into the receiving environment.
It is estimated that approximately 30-50 % of the treated effluent will be temporarily stored
and recycled. Treated wastewater will be stored in above ground Rotoplast containers and
chlorinated and left to settle and allow for the removal of the excess chlorine. Two such
storage containers for chlorination will be provided. The treated and disinfected water will be
used for irrigation, toilet flushing and for diluting brine from RO plant before discharge.
The remaining 50-70 % of treated effluent will be sent to an elevated constructed wetland or
garden to assist in further removal of nutrients. This constructed wetland or elevated garden
will be built adjacent to the natural mangrove stands and shall be lined with high-density
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polypropylene liners to prevent any leaching. The medium of preference will be sand so that
it provides a substrate for plants with high evapo-transpiration rates while serving as an
additional sand filter. The final treated effluent coming from the elevated wetlands or garden
will then be allowed to overflow into the mangrove area. This method of discharged is the
preferred option since the direct discharge of fresh water into the marine ecosystem can
seriously alter the natural fresh-salt water balance of the immediate and surrounding
receiving water before having the opportunity for proper mixing.
Furthermore, Yum Balisi shall always be investigating newer technologies of wastewater
treatment and will always seek to use the most environmentally friendly technology that are
efficient and lower in maintenance and operational requirements.
6.7.2 Wastewater Piping
The collection system associated with the BESST Treatment Plant will entail a combination
of gravity collection and pumping systems and cleanouts which would convey the
wastewater to a central pumping station. The waste would then be pumped from this central
pumping station to the zone where it is to be handled by the BESST Treatment Plant. All
wastewater transmission lines will be facilitated with valves and properly sealed to prevent
seepages into the environment. The specific size and types of pipes will be based on the
design and specification of the wastewater system. At the end of network installation the
system will be required to be pressure tested prior to operation and will entail detailed regular
maintenance on the pipelines.
6.7.3 Wastewater Disposal
6.7.3.1 Discharge of Treated Effluent for Domestic Wastewater
It is important to note that a considerable percentage of the treated effluent will be recycled
and that final disposal of this effluent would be further diminished due to evaporation and
evapo-transpiration as it passes through the elevated garden.
The final treated effluent coming from the elevated wetlands or garden will be allowed to
overflow into adjacent mangrove area. Further polishing of the wastewater is expected to be
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carried out by the mangroves. This method of discharged is the preferred option since the
direct discharge of fresh water into the marine ecosystem can seriously alter the natural
fresh-salt water balance of the immediate and surrounding receiving water before having the
opportunity for proper mixing.
6.7.3.2 Discharge of Brine from RO
The brine resulting from the RO system will be diluted with treated effluent and discharged
into the nearby channel since the currents in this channel will allow for a more rapid mixing
and diluting of this wastewater. The effluent will be discharged through a diffuser pipe (see
Figure 6. 7 below) to allow for greater mixing. This area does not have any live coral
structure nearby that could be negatively impacted.
Figure 6. 7: Examples of Diffusers for Brine discharge.
6.7.3.3 Wastewater Recycling
The recycling of wastewater is an important factor in reducing the projects fresh water
demand and for reducing the negative impacts associated with the discharge of wastewater.
For the purpose of the proposed project, the maximum amount of wastewater will be
recycled. The treated wastewater will be post treated with UV or ozone to remove any
harmful pathogens and the treated water will be stored in holding tanks for landscaping
needs, toilet flushing, and dilution of brine.
6.8 Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Program
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To ensure that the waste water treatment systems are operating in accordance with their
expected outputs and to ensure that the surrounding ecosystem is not irreversibly impacted
by any change in water quality resulting from the activities associated with the proposed
development a water quality monitoring program will be implemented by Yum Balisi. This
water quality monitoring program will ensure the regular monitoring of the effluent sources
to ensure compliance with the standards expected of the system. In addition to this, Yum
Balisi intends to carry out monitoring of the quality of water within the ponds and nearby
marine waters focusing in areas of specific concern such as discharge areas or areas used for
recreational activities. These activities will accompanied by the continuous monitoring and
management of the negative impacts of tourist activities in the area.
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CHAPTER 7: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
7.1 Introduction
The Yum Balisi Project will be a high-end eco-tourism based development on Fisherman’s
Caye and will result in the island having a constant human presence. Although the project is
a relatively small development when compared to other similar type developments being
proposed for other nearby islands, it still will result in the generation of solid waste which
must be managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner to mitigate its potential
negative environmental impacts.
7.1.1 Potential Environmental Impacts
The improper disposal of solid waste can have negative impacts to island and to the area
which already suffers from marine debris washing up its coastline (see Plate 7. 1). Many
substances in common domestic waste have the potential to negatively affect the
environment because of their chemical properties (toxic or hazardous), because they are nonbiodegradable
and unsightly, can lead to nutrient enrichment or because some are simply
confused as food by wildlife. In addition improperly managed organic waste or waste in
general can lead to the proliferation of vermin and pest which are carriers of many well
known diseases.
Plate 7.1: Debris on Shore.
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In an island setting many sea birds can be attracted to an area by the smell or presence of
readily available food scraps requiring that food be properly stored before composting and
that during the composting of organics that this be done in a manner where pests nor wildlife
have access to it. The proliferation of rats or other rodents is to be avoided at all cost since
these can cause havoc on bird populations which inhabit some of these islands, although the
island does not have any significant permanent bird presence.
Typical materials that are found in household waste, and which have specific environmental
impacts, include biodegradable wastes, batteries, aerosols, oils, acids, and fluorescent tubes.
Biodegradable waste is of specific concern because it breaks down in landfills to form
methane, a potent greenhouse gas and in addition it produces leachate which can be highly
polluting to the area. Non-biodegradable waste has the potential to litter a place and mar the
aesthetics of an area. In addition some of these wastes also have the potential to be toxic or
hazardous to the marine environment. Plastic bags and other items have been confused by sea
turtles for jellyfish one of their favorite food source.
7.2 Solid Waste Generation and Composition
During full occupancy Yum Balisi will have a maximum of 140 visitors and 40 staff staying
on the island. In addition the facility will be prepared to cater to an additional 50 transient
visitors who will all be generating solid waste. Hence, at full occupancy there could be
approximately 230 persons on the caye, and although full occupancy is difficult to achieve
the plan being proposed is based on the volumes calculated on that maximum number of
persons that could be present on the island. This would then allow sufficient contingency for
properly managing all of the solid waste that would be generated on the island.
The Solid Waste Management Plan proposed for the Yum Balisi project could be divided
into two main phases: a. ) Construction Phase and b. ) Operational Phase.
During the construction phase the amount and characterization of the solid waste produced
will be primarily in the form of construction waste accounting for almost 80 percent of all
waste with 20 percent of the waste being domestic waste produced by the day-to-day living
requirements of the construction crew. In the operational phase it is projected that almost the
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entire amount of waste generated can be classified as domestic solid waste since very little
maintenance and construction waste will be generated during this phase.
7.3 Construction Waste
The majority of the construction waste will be generated from the construction of the 60
cabins and supporting ancillary structures. The building materials will be primarily those
associated with the construction of concrete and wooden structures. In normal construction
sites, especially resorts and condo complexes, it is estimated that between 5-10% of the
building materials used onsite is eventually discarded as construction waste. Construction
waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the construction.
This includes building materials such as wood, sheetrock strips, insulation, nails, electrical
wiring, and rebar, as well as waste originating from site preparation such as dredging
materials, tree stumps, and rubble. The bulk of construction waste is made up of materials
such as bricks, concrete and wood damaged or unused for various reasons during
construction.
In 1998, a project was tracked in Park City, Utah. The construction was of a 4,300 square
foot single family home with a three car garage. For the duration of the project, a total of 7
dumpsters, 15-yards each, were hauled to the landfill for a total of approximately 108 cubic
yards. Using the conversion chart above, total pounds were calculated based on the observed
material percentages (estimated on-site). The following results are shown in Table 7. 1.
Table 7.1: Composition of Construction Waste.
Material Percentages Cubic Yards
Solid Sawn Wood 25 27
Engineered Wood 20 22
Drywall 15 16
Cardboard 12 13
Metals 3 3
Vinyl (PVC) 1 1
Masonry 1 1
Paints, caulks,
etc.
1 1
Other 22 24
Total 7 Loads
15 cu yards each
108
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For Belize, the composition of construction waste will be somewhat similar with a few
changes because of the preferred use of materials. Perhaps the percentage of wood waste in
Belize could be somewhat higher because of its use as form work for concrete structures.
Using the information above it is estimated that each cabin will produce approximately 7
cubic yards of construction waste. The larger office complex and other facilities will generate
10 -15 cubic yards per building depending on the square feet of the building.
All inert construction waste produced at the site such as plasterboard, mortar, tiles will be
used as landfill material in the lower areas on the of the property. Wood pieces will be
recycled as will other materials that can find additional application around the site. All other
organic materials such as concrete bags, paper, cardboard and wood that cannot be recycled
further will be collected and burned in 55 gallon drums and the ashes collected for disposal
on mainland.
During the furnishing stages of the project it is expected that a considerable amount of
wrappings and packaging materials will be produced which will be packed and returned to
mainland for final deposal.
There will be very little waste resulting from the clearance of any vegetation since this
activity was conducted in 2005. All stumps and materials cleared appeared to have been
burnt or buried during the dredging operations conducted earlier to commence filling of the
property. It is anticipated that a few additional pruning of mangroves will be required to
allow for the construction of a mangrove walkway and a few of the huts. Yum Balisi has as
part of it plan the re-vegetation of the cleared areas with plant species that are native to
Belize and commonly found in these type of island settings.
7.4 Domestic Waste
During the construction phase small volumes of domestic solid waste will be produced but it
is imperative that these be managed properly so as to prevent any unwarranted negative
environmental impacts. Construction workers will be required to ensure that the island is kept
free from litter at all times. Garbage will be separated into two categories organic and
inorganic. All organic waste will be incinerated in 55 gallon drums and the ashes sent back to
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mainland along with the inorganic waste. During this period proper storage containers with
lids will be used for the temporary storage of garbage before being transported back to
mainland.
During the project’s operational phase domestic solid waste generation will be reduced at
source to a certain extent by requiring that the Management of the facilities implement a
green procurement policy for materials and substances required for the day to day operations
of the facility. Products and items will be carefully selected to ensure that it meets the
company’s green procurement policies. Only phosphate free detergents and other
environmentally friendly products will be purchased. This would prevent or severely limit
the generation of hazardous or toxic waste from being generated on the island. To reduce the
amount of solid waste generated on the island itself, all unnecessary packaging and
wrapping materials will be removed on mainland prior to being transported to the Island.
An important component in the management plan is the separation of garbage into different
categories for its proper storage and final disposal. The solid waste plan calls for the
separation of solid waste into those that can be treated on the island from those that will have
to be transported back to mainland to the Dangriga approved municipal solid waste disposal
site. The solid waste generated on the island will be segregated into organics or
biodegradables (putrescibles, paper etc), bottles, cans and other non-biodegradables.
7.4.1 Projected Domestic Solid Waste Generation
Since the Yum Balisi project is being proposed as an upper scale eco-tourism resort it
expected that the island’s occupants would consume far more processed goods, cleaning
products and disposable goods (Conservation International, 1999) than the local staff that
will be producing nearer to the Belizean average of 2.5 pounds of waste per day.
The average amounts of domestic solid waste generated in Belize were reported by
STANTEC in their 1999 Belize Solid Waste Management Project (Table 7.2). In this report
STANTEC estimated the average daily per capita solid waste production of San Pedro to be
approximately 4.8 pounds.
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Table 7.2: STANTEC 1999 Estimated Solid Waste Generation for Belize Municipalities.
City/Town Population Tons per Tons per lbs/capita/day
annum day
Orange Walk 13,483 6,365 17. 4 2. 8
Belize City 50,050 29,770 81. 6 3. 4
San Pedro 4,499 3,900 10. 7 4. 8
San Ignacio/Santa Elena 13,260 7,104 19. 5 2. 9
Benque Viejo 5,088 2,080 5. 7 2. 5
Belmopan 8,130 3,510 9. 6 2. 6
Stann Creek 7,888 4,680 12. 8 3. 3
Dangriga 8,814 3,120 8. 5 2. 1
Punta Gorda 4,329 1,560 4. 3 2. 2
TOTAL 115,541 62,089 170. 1 26. 6
MEAN 6,899 18. 9 3. 0
This was almost twice the average estimated per capita generation for the remainder of the
country, primarily because of tourism industry of San Pedro. Other reports such as the CEP
Technical Report No. 38 1997 on “Coastal Tourism in the Wider Caribbean Region:
Impacts and Best Management Practices” estimate that solid waste generated by tourist
may be as high as 3.5 kilograms per capita daily production. A 1999 University of the West
Indies study determined that tourists in St. Lucia generated twice as much solid waste per
capita than local Caribbean residents. Similarly a study done by Campbell in 1999 deduced
that cruise ship passengers produce up to four times more solid waste per day than Caribbean
residents.
One of the most recent publications on solid waste generation in Belize is provided by the
2006 Belize Environmental Statistics produced by the Lands Information Center in their
report entitled “Our Environment in Figures”. This report estimates an average per capita
production of 4.8 pounds of solid waste per day, with San Pedro producing approximately a
per capita of 5. 2 lbs/day (see Table 7.3). The latter profile for San Pedro is consistent with
similar report for tourism areas and other higher-end tourism resorts in the region and
elsewhere. The per capita production rates for local residents according to this report appear
somewhat high but would be difficult to verify since there are no scales at the disposal sites
and may have been calculated based on truckloads rather than actual weight.
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Table 7.3: Estimated Daily Per Capita Solid Waste Generation Rate, 2003-2005.
Pounds Per Capita Per Day
Municipality 2000 2003 2004 2005
Corozal 3. 2 4. 1 4. 4 4. 8
Orange Walk 2. 8 3. 4 3. 8 4. 3
Belize City 4. 2 5. 1 5. 4 5. 8
San Ignacio 3. 0 4. 6 4. 7 5. 0
Benque Viejo 2. 5 2. 9 3. 0 3. 2
Belmopan 2. 6 2. 6 2. 6 3. 1
Dangriga 2. 1 1. 4 1. 9 2. 6
Punta Gorda 2. 2 3. 5 3. 5 3. 9
San Pedro 4. 8 5. 1 5. 1 5. 2
Average 3. 4 4. 1 4. 4 4. 8
Source: Land Information Center, MNRE
Since the facility intends to implement a green procurement policy the EIA team decided to
use the conservative figures provided by STANTEC in their report of 1999. Using these
figures it can then be estimated that the total maximum amount of waste that would be
produced by the weekly operation of the facility would be equivalent to 5,600 pounds.
Table 7.4: Projected Solid Waste Production for Yum Balisi.
Waste
Generator
Class
Number
Avg. Per
Capita –
Solidwaste
Prod.
Daily
Production
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Weekly
Production
Tourist 120 5 lbs/day 600 lbs/ day 4,200 lbs/week
Employee 40 2. 5 lbs/day 200 lbs/day 1,400 lbs/week
Total Amount 800 lbs/day 5,600 lbs/week
7.4.2 Domestic Solid Waste Characterizations
Belize has limited empirical data collected on amounts of domestic or municipal solid waste
generated or on its characterization. There are no weighing scales at any of the waste disposal
sites and in addition, the issue is compounded by the illicit disposal of garbage in illegal
landfills. A study commissioned by the Inter-American Development Bank and conducted by
ETEISA in June of 2008 carried out a rapid characterization of the municipal solid waste
produced on San Pedro, Caye Caulker, and Belize. The results of this study are summarized
in Table 7.5 and Figure 7.1.
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Table 7.5: Composition of Solid Waste for San Pedro.
WASTE WEIGHT %
COMPONENTS (kg) INWEIGHT
Cardboard 1. 000 5. 7
Metals 1. 410 8. 1
Paper 2. 590 14. 8
Diapers 2. 100 12.
Plastics 3. 600 20. 6
Pete Plastic Bottles 1. 000 5. 7
Plastics (Other) 0. 980 5. 6
Organics 3. 400 19. 5
Textiles 0. 320 1. 8
Glass 0. 320 1. 8
Others 0. 750 4. 3
Average 17. 470 100. 0
Figure 7.1 Percentage Composition of Solid Waste in San Pedro.
A more recent characterization in 2009 carried out by Mr. Winston Panton is presented in
Figure 7.2. These two reports appeared to be supportive of each others’ findings.
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Figure 7.2: Characterization Results for High Income Dwellings in San Pedro.
Since San Pedro is a major tourist destination and the characterization results presented were
for a high-income bracket in San Pedro. These figures would be indicative of the solid waste
profile that would be generated by the operations of Yum Balisi. Summing up the values
obtained for organics, paper and cardboard would indicate that approximately 40 percent of
the garbage would be composed of biodegradables with the remaining 60 percent classified
as inorganic.
For an island setting, it is important to note that in terms of waste management, volumes are
a more useful quantity to consider than weight. This is of particular importance since 60
percent of the waste generated on the island will need to be transported back to mainland for
final disposal into an approved municipal waste deposal site with the cost of marine
transportation being sometimes 3-4 times higher than the cost of land base transportation.
All organic waste generated on the island will be treated on the island by means of
composting and the subsequent compost used in landscaping of the island. The bottles and
cans will be further separated from the rest of the inorganic waste. Cans will be compacted
and non-recyclable glass bottles will be crushed to reduce volumes prior to transportation
back to mainland.
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7.5 Solid Waste Disposal Option
The option available for solid waste disposal on Fisherman’s Caye is very limited because of
the environmental sensitivity of the island. The disposal of domestic solid waste as landfill
on any of these islands should never be considered as an option. In larger islands like
Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker plans had been considered for the construction of
elevated modified sanitary landfills which would be lined with artificial HDPE liners, but
even these were considered as less suitable that the transportation of inorganic components of
the waste to mainland for final disposal.
Hence, it is recommended that the domestic sold waste disposal option for these sensitive
islands be limited to treating of the organics on the island by means that will not allow the
leaching of pollutants into the receiving environments. Inorganic non-biodegradable waste
should be compacted, properly stored, and transported to mainland for final disposal. Papers,
cardboards, and plastics could be permitted to be treated by incineration in equipment
designed for this purpose. However, the open burning of all garbage as a sustained activity of
a solid waste management plan should be severely restricted or prohibited. The final disposal
option for solid waste on the island should form part of a more integrated solid waste
management plan that incorporates measures to reduce, reuse, and recycle the domestic solid
waste from the day –to-day operations of the facility.
7.6 Solid Waste Management Plan for Yum Balisi
Taking into consideration the fragility and ecological sensitivity of the area, the only option
available is for an acceptable management of the Yum Balisi’s solid waste is for the on-site
treatment of the compostable organic matter and for the transportation of the remainder of the
waste back to mainland for final disposal into the Dangriga Municipal disposal site.
Transportation of waste materials from the site by whatever means will be an expensive
proposition given the fact that Fisherman’s Caye is approximately 18 miles from Commerce
Bight where it will then be transported to the Dangriga municipal solid waste disposal site.
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Considering this, the staff of the project will implement waste minimization strategies that
will include reduction, recycling, and reusing of the generated waste. This practice should
minimize the generation of solid waste significantly thereby reducing the operational cost.
The assessment of available options indicate that it would be environmentally and
ecologically beneficial to carry out solid waste separation on site and further compaction and
crushing of cans and bottles to reduce the volumes and subsequent transportation cost.
The Yum Balisi solid waste management plan will be supported at the highest level of
management which shall ensure the implementation of a green procurement policy to ensure
that waste is minimized from its source. Procurement staff will actively seek out
environmental friendly products over other available options. In addition the oversight
responsibility for waste management will be assigned to a senior member of staff or the
operational manager. Any excessive or unnecessary packaging or wrapping material will be
removed at the mainland base before its transportation to the island.
Yum Balisi’s solid waste management plan has as objective the minimization of the amount
of solid waste generated and the number of times materials are handled, the minimization of
contamination, and maximization of the opportunity to educate Yum Balisi visitors and staff
about the importance to ensure the proper management of solid waste generated on the
island. Key elements of the on-site waste management plan are described below.
Training -- The Operational Manager, Procurement Officer, and other Supervisors will be
trained on environmentally friendly alternative products available on the market. They along
with the rest of staff will be trained to:
1. Distinguish reusable materials from materials suitable for recycling;
2. Work with staff to ensure proper storage and compacting of materials for
transportation back to mainland;
3. Separate materials for recovery;
4. Coordinate pickup and securing of full roll-off containers; for transportation to
mainland;
5. Operate and maintain composting equipment.
Waste Management Services -- The on-site collection center is presented in Figure 1. 3.
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This collection center has the following characteristics:
1. It will be removed from the active visitors’ site and will be enclosed, limiting
access to control contamination.
2. The collection center will have large signs describing the area’s purpose.
3. The center shall have separate containers for the following:
a. organics
b. cans
c. glass bottles
d. paper and cardboard
e. plastics and other miscellaneous waste
4. Kitchens and restaurants shall ensure the proper storage of food waste scheduled
for composting.
5. The ground maintenance staff will make regular rounds to pick up container for
emptying at the central collection center and ensure that the island is free from
any litter that may be washed up on the beaches.
7.7 Storage and Recycling
Thirty-two gallon plastic containers will be strategically placed and color-coded and properly
labeled with the recycling logo.
The intent of having the logo on all the containers and central collection center is to highlight
the novel way in which solid waste is being managed at the Yum Balisi project. In this way,
visitors and staff are more likely to conscientiously participate in the solid waste
management program. Operation of the Yum Balisi solid waste management plan involves
servicing the collection center, servicing the cabins and supporting facilities, and
disseminating information on its operation to all staff and visitors.
7.7.1 Central Collection Center
The Central Collection Center (waste management area) will be approximately a 20' by 20'
chain-linked enclosed area (see Figure 1.3 for site layout). The Center will be located
approximately 50 yards from the nearest structure and will be placed downwind. The area
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will have easy access to the loading and off loading pier to facilitate the transportation of
garbage back to mainland. The roll-off metal containers are for the temporary storage of
waste before crushing and compaction. All compacted and crushed material will be stored in
plastic bags and properly stored ready for transportation to mainland. Materials that are
reusable will be neatly stored in one corner of the facility and properly labeled. The outside
perimeter of the enclosed collection center will be landscaped with flower beds. All storage
containers and bags will be placed on wooden pallets or pallets made from recycled plastics
or a concrete base that has been slightly elevated.
7.7.2 Composting Site
Considering the volume of waste to be composted, the project will utilize a composting
system with a processing capacity of 40 – 200 pounds per day of biomass per system. This
system is ideal considering the current national occupancy rate of Belize. This composting
system will be located in an enclosed 20’x 15” feet area adjacent to the central collection
center. The system being considered is the “Earth Tub” (see Appendix D). The facility shall
commence operation with the installation of one of these systems in place and will install
additional ones as the need arises with increased occupancy over time.
7.8 Marine Debris
Fisherman’s Island like several other islands in the area has a considerable amount of marine
debris presently littering much of its coastline. Approximately 75 % of this waste is
comprised of plastics and Styrofoam materials which do not readily biodegrade. This debris
is very visually impacting and a stark contrast to the natural beauty of the island. The
management of Yum Balisi will clean up all the marine debris which has accumulated over
the years and will maintain a program to ensure that any marine debris washed up along its
coastline is picked up for transportation back to mainland.
7.9 Reporting Requirements
All pertinent and relevant information will be made available to all pertinent authorities such
as the SWMA, Ministry of Health, and the Department of the Environment. Yum Balisi
development will ensure that contractual obligations are fulfilled at all times, and any
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guidelines and the monitoring of these guidelines and practices will be done internally,
wherever possible. All estimates of volumes and type (breakdown) of waste generated and
their final disposal destination will be properly logged in a ledger and the information made
available to all pertinent authorities.
7.10 Potential Residual Environmental Impacts
Although the solid waste management plan for Yum Balisi has as its main objective the
mitigation of the potential negative impacts which the improper management of solid waste
could have on the island and surrounding marine ecosystem, there remains the potential for
residual impacts.
Solid waste transported via marine vessels has the potential to contribute to the problem of
marine debris and possible contamination if containers are lost at sea. To mitigate against
this, all containers used to transport solid waste to the island will be designed so that they can
be completely closed and remain so until they have arrived at final disposal site. Any
accident on sea during the transportation of this waste will be immediately reported to DOE
and measures taken for their retrieval.
To reduce the potential impacts associated with vermin and pests the central storage area and
other collection areas will be maintained clean, free of odor and all reusables and recyclables
will be neatly stored. All hazardous waste will be stored in a self-contained area and out of
reach by visitors.
There also exist the potential residual impacts from the leaching of nutrients into the
receiving environment from the composting of the organics which will be minimized by
storing excess composted material in sacks placed under a shed prior to its use. The residual
impact associated with the final disposal of solid waste at the Dangriga municipal waste
disposal site is mitigated by the fact that this site is already a disturbed site and it is best to
use this exiting site than opening a new disposal site with the potential of being another
potential source of pollution.
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CHAPTER 8: ENERGY GENERATION
8.1 Energy Demand
The Yum Balisi project will be a high-end eco-friendly resort operation comprising of 5
Luxury Suites, 14 Premium Cottages, 10 Luxury Cottages, 6 Eco Cottages, management and
staff cottage accommodations and other amenities to compliment the services of the resort.
The main beneficiaries of this supply would be tourists and guests as well as the
permanent/temporary staff employed at the resort. Like any other project of this nature, a
daily adequate and reliable energy supply for its cottages and amenities will be required.
It is expected that the energy requirements for Yum Balisi will be mainly for domestic use,
such as, cottage illumination, home appliances (refrigeration, cooking and cooling/heating)
and administrative uses. The commercial usage will be for ancillaries such as restaurants and
bar, docking facilities, project security illumination etc.
Taking into consideration that it is difficult to calculate the total energy demand due to
various energy variables, the EIA preparers looked at the project energy demand holistically
and used generally acceptable procedures for arriving at estimates. The daily energy demand
at full occupancy will require 2,794-kilowatt hours as shown in Table 8.1.
In calculating the energy requirement for the project standard cottages designs, with similar
square footages as the proposed ones, were used. It was also assumed that the energy use will
include lighting and the use of common domestic appliances. The proposed project will also
require energy for its construction phase. It is also anticipated that there will be a demand of
about 250 kWh - 400 kWh during construction of the project. A gas or diesel portable
generator will be used for this effect.
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Table 8.1: Energy Demand for Yum Balisi.
Facility Quantity
Unit
Equivalent
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Yearly Energy
Use x
(10,000kwh)**
Daily
Demand
(kwh)
Accommodation
1 Luxury Suites 5 1 50,000 137
2 Premium Cottages 14 1 140,000 384
3 Deluxe Cottages 10 1 100,000 274
4 Eco-Cottages 6 1 60,000 164
5 Management/Employee Housing 3 1 30,000 82
Eco-Village
6 Lobby/Restaurant/
Office Area
1 10 100,000 274
7 Spa-Health-Wellness Center 1 1.5 15,000 41
8 Business Center 1 1 10,000 27
9 Other* 1 2 20,000 55
Maintenance and Utilities
10 Maintenance Building 1 1 10,000 27
11 Other** 1 1.5 15,000 41
Totals 44 550,000.00 1,506
*Including the Research Center, Transient office, etc.
**Includes the docking facilities and piers, security equipments, road side and walkways illuminations etc.
***The average U. S. household consumes about 10,000 kWh of electricity each year.
8.2 Energy Sources
The Yum Balisi project as a high-end eco-friendly resort operation demands a clean source of
renewable energy. Hence, the protection of the environmental was the number one selection
criteria in deciding the type of energy source for the island, while taking into consideration
the operational cost and reliability of the energy source. The sections below summarize the
sources of energy.
8.2.1 The National Grid
The Belize Electricity Limited National Grid (BEL) transmission lines extend to the
community of Riversdale and onward to the Placencia Peninsula. Therefore in theory, the
project located offshore some 8 miles east of the community of Riversdale can tap into the
national grid for its energy supply via this direct route. However, unlike the False Caye
project which is only 1 mile offshore and which intends to tap energy from this point of
transmission, the Yum Balisi project is unable to do so due to the prohibitive cost to install
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some 8 miles of underground/underwater of transmission cables and the environmental
concerns related to running such transmission line for this small scale development.
Therefore, this pre-existing condition leads to the conclusion that the developer has little
choice but to resort to generating his own electricity.
8.2.2 Baseload and Back-Up Source of Energy
The site has good potential for both solar and wind energy. Wind energy can count on the
prevailing Easterlies wind around the Pelican Cayes which blow between 5 to 15 knots.
During the months of February to March the wind changes to a south easterly direction
blowing up to 20-25 knots. During the months of November to January, an average of three
to four ‘Northerlies’ affects the country of Belize. These northerlies usually last between two
to four days blowing between 5 – 15 knots from the north to west.
The literature review indicates that the new generation solar panels and wind turbines have
evolved and with the advance technology they are smaller in design, more reliable than their
ancestors and more readily available than before.
Solar and wind energy have a great environmental advantage in that they do not use fossil
fuels thus eliminating any atmospheric, water or ground pollution associated with fossil fuels.
Thermal pollution is non-existent for solar and wind energy. While noise pollution is nonexistent
for solar energy, noise may be a factor for wind energy. The systems operate with
little maintenance after initial set up (see Table 8.2). Belize with its ever increasing high cost
electricity, soaring cost of petro-fuels contrasted with an abundance of sunlight and wind at
the project area makes for good grid parity sense in the long term, that is the point at which
solar and wind electricity is equal to or cheaper than that provided by the national grid.
One of the solar and wind energy set back are their limited distribution and servicing
network, hence their installation and operational costs are significantly higher than that of a
diesel generator.
In addition, solar panels do not produce power at night and the amount of power they
produce on cloudy days is much reduced from what they produce during sunlight. A
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elatively large area is needed to install the panels. However, to save space, the cottages and
huts roofs will serve as the installation area. With wind energy the amount of wind and
energy produced will vary from day to day. Turbines also often stand out because they have
to be placed on high towers above the tallest structure or the installed wind vanes may
require a large open space. A 250 kW generator, for example, consists of a three-bladed rotor
about 8 to 15 meters in diameter mounted atop a pylon.
The life-cycle effects do produce some pollution, but that is a onetime pollution against the
constant negative effects of regular electricity production with, for example, diesel
generators.
The solar panel and wind turbine energy generators as individual stand-alone systems will
not meet the demand for energy because they are not an un-interrupted source of energy,
therefore this project’s best options is to use a “hybrid wind-solar system”, that is, the use of
wind turbines in connection with a solar energy generation system backed-up by a diesel
generator and batteries during high energy demand, for example, when running air
conditioners.
8.3 Energy Transmission Lines
As discussed above, there will be no land based transmission lines from the national grid.
The project will be responsible for providing electricity to all aspects of the development.
Energy will be conducted on the project site via underground power lines. Here, a more
expensive installation and a higher maintenance cost will be traded off for an aesthetic appeal
as well as the reduced risk of fallen power lines in the event of a storm.
The project’s installation of the required underground power lines, electricity poles, down
guys, transformers, etc., that is required will be done under the approval and supervision of a
certified electrician
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Table 8.2: A Comparison of Three Types of Energy Sources.
Criteria
Installation Cost Not amenable to easy
installation. Not readily
Wind Energy Solar Photovoltaic Diesel Generator
portable. High Cost.
Operation Cost High up-front capital costs but
no fuel costs.
Operate with little
maintenance after initial set
up.
Inadequate consumer
education, limited distribution
and servicing networks.
Not amenable to easy
installation. Not readily
portable. High Cost.
High up-front capital
costs but no fuel costs.
Operate with little
maintenance after initial
set up.
Inadequate consumer
education, limited
distribution and
servicing networks.
Reliability Dependent of wind speed. Dependent on available
radiant energy.
Environmental
Impact
Renewable Resource.
No atmospheric contaminants
or thermal pollution.
Noise pollution.
Aesthetics.
Very small impact associated
with killing of wildlife (birds
and bats).
“Wind turbine syndrome”
specifically from vibration and
low frequency noise. Shadow
flicker. Disposal of spent
storage batteries
(Most of these problems have been
resolved or greatly reduced through
technological development or by
properly sitting wind plants.)
Capacity Because the wind blows
intermittently, wind turbines
often produce less electricity
about 30% of their rated
maximum output.
.
8.4 Energy Management
Renewable Resource
No atmospheric
contaminants or thermal
pollution.
No noise pollution.
Disposal of panels after
life span and spent
storage batteries
Requires battery storage
for nighttime use or
cloudy or foggy days.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Easy to transport, install and
uninstall quickly. Low to
Medium Cost.
Continuous maintenance
after set up.
High consumer education,
abundant distribution and
servicing networks.
Medium to high fuel costs.
Very Reliable
Non Renewable Resource
Atmospheric contaminants.
Require air pollution control
retrofits.
Possibility for fuel to spills.
Noise pollution.
Thermal pollution
Able to work continuously.
Yum Balisi as a high-end eco-friendly resort using an integrated and sustainable design and
construction techniques to minimize any environmental impact is also aware that Energy
Management can assist in improving its energy and financial performance while
distinguishing it as an environmental leader in Belize, if not the world. Also noting that the
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project will have to generate its own energy, Yum Balisi will implement a seven-step energy
management process (Figure 8.1). During this process, Yum Balisi will commit itself to
establish an energy program, train a member of staff for general maintenance, and institute an
energy policy among other things.
Re-Assess
8.5 Fuel Requirements
Figure 8.1: Energy Management Process.
Recognize
Achievem ents
Company
Commitment
Assess Perform ance
And Set Goals
Create Action
Plan
Evaluate
Progress
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Im plem ent Action
Plan
Since the project will use a diesel generator for back up energy only, it is anticipated that a
small monthly supply of diesel fuel will be required. In addition, LPG/Butane fuel will be
used for cooking, clothes dryers, and refrigeration. Yum Balisi is also considering the use of
solar powered AC’s to reduce its electricity demands. LPG/Butane fuel will also be used as a
backup for water heating. The section below summarizes the different energy requirements.
8.5.1 Fuel Requirement for Back-up Generator
The project will install a diesel generator as a backup energy source only to meet daily
kilowatt hours demand not provided by the wind turbine and solar generator system. The
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diesel fuel for the generator will be stored in a double wall fiberglass Aboveground Storage
Tank (AST). The tank will be either independently purchase by the developer or supplied by
a local fuel supplier. In the case the tank is provided by the local supplier, the supplier will be
responsible for the upkeep of the fuel storage tank. The storage tank will have a capacity of
1,000 gallons and will be located in the maintenance area within containment walls capable
of storing 110% of the tank’s total volume capacity. In addition, the AST will be enclosed
with a chain link fence at least six 6 feet high to prevent access by the public. Visible
warning signs, fire extinguishers and other requirements will be installed in accordance with
the Department of Environment and National Fire Service (NFS) storage guidelines.
8.5.2 LPG Fuel
A commercial sized 2,200-litre LPG tank will be used for the storage of butane fuel for use in
the kitchen, clothes dryers, water heaters and cooling and refrigeration systems. There shall
also be another 500-litre butane tank as an emergency backup. The tanks will be located in an
adequate location with the proper containment measures. A local LPG supplier will be
contracted to supply the fuel and will be responsible for its transportation. The supplier will
follow the recommended guidelines for the transportation of Hazardous Materials and be
responsible for the refilling and maintenance of the LPG tank.
Figure 8.2: Fiberglass Double Wall 1000 Gallons Above Storage Fuel Tank.
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8.5.3 Marina Fuel
Noting that the project is located in a Marine Reserve and World Heritage Site there will be
no fueling services offered at the proposed docking facilities. Yum Balisi strongly believes
that the benefits derived from not providing such services far outweighs the high risks
involved from the possible environmental contamination that could result by providing such
services.
8.5.4 Miscellaneous
The use of fuel for miscellaneous purposes will be limited and used in adherence to a strict
Fuel Handling Protocol to avoid unnecessary contamination of the environment. Such fuel
will be stored in properly sealed containers and under a secure covered designated area.
8.5.5 Fuel Management
The project, with assistance of a contracted fuel supplier, will follow the environmental
clearance process required for the installation of ASTs, the application to operate and follow
up inspections by relevant authorities, including DOE and NFS.
The contracted fuel supplier and Yum Balisi will be responsible for the transportation of fuel
to the caye. Fuel will be transport via a fuel cargo barge. Both will adhere to the
recommended local guidelines (current and anticipated) and international standards, and best
practice guidelines for fuel transportation, loading and unloading at sea.
In addition, Yum Balisi will develop an Oil Spill and Fire Contingency Plan to address
prevention, containment, and cleaning of oil spills and leaks as well as fire prevention and
fire fighting capabilities both on the island and at sea.
8.6 Energy Generation Impacts and Mitigation Measures
On installation and operation the “hybrid wind-solar generation system” will create some
adverse environmental impacts. However, the impacts of this hybrid energy generation
system are mostly associated with the diesel generator which will be used as the tertiary
(back-up) source of energy. Petroleum oils (diesel and used oils) and noise pollution are
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considered two of the main polluters. The developer and management will therefore take into
consideration the following mitigation steps during the acquisition, installation and operation
of the system:
• In procuring the generators emphasis will be placed in obtaining those that are rated
high in noise attenuation through wind turbine/diesel engine design and exhaust
silencers (diesel generators).
• Proper siting of both wind turbine and diesel generations stations is instrumental in
avoiding the negative impacts of noise pollution during their operation. The stations
will be sited in such a way that the noise emitted is carried away from the visiting
population and living areas by the prevailing winds.
• In addition to siting, noise displacement will be kept to a minimum by individual
diesel generator engine house enclosed in a central generator building with acoustic
tiling.
• Fuel and waste oil spills and leaks will be a constant threat. Qualified personnel will
be assigned to properly manage and handle these threats. In the event of a spill or leak
these will be immediately cleaned up and disposed of according to the environmental
guidelines. Noting the sensitivity of the caye and the area, all waste oil or
contaminated fuel will be removed from the caye and taken to the approved DOE site
for disposal/recycling.
• A maximum of 1000 gallons of fuel will be stored on the island in an approved
double-wall fiberglass fuel tank in a containment area capable of holding 110% of the
tank’s rated volume.
• Batteries used for the generators and for energy storage from the solar photovoltaic
panels invariably will have to be replaced. These replaced worn-out batteries will be
removed from and taken to an approved DOE mainland recycle/disposal site.
• Replaced solar photovoltaic panels will also need to be removed from and taken to an
approved DOE mainland recycle/disposal site.
Table 8.3 shows the potential impacts as a result of energy generation.
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Table 8.3: Matrix of Potential Impact as Result of Power Generation.
Subject
A. Construction Phase
1. 0 Diesel
Generator
2. 0 Backup
Generator
B. Operational Phase
1. 0 Main
Generators
Potential Impacts
Noise Pollution
Air Pollution
Fuel and Oil Pollution
Risks
Same As above
Magnitude of Impact
Low Med High
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
X
X
X
Mitigation
Procure engine designed for low noise emission.
Use exhaust silencers.
Use generator housings.
Station design for noise absorption.
Proper siting of Station
Procure engine designed for rated high efficiency.
Pollution Control Retrofit.
Use recommended fuel and lubricants only.
Maintain a schedule maintenance plan.
Place AST in enclosed bund wall with 110% capacity of
fuel tank.
Conduct regular equipment preventive measure checks.
Use trained personnel.
Transport fuel in industry’s approved containers only.
1. 1 Wind Aesthetics X Place away from visiting population
1. 2 Solar
Photovoltaic
2. 0 Diesel
Generator
(Backup)
Very small impact
associated with killing
of wildlife (birds and
bats).*
“Wind turbine
syndrome” specifically
from vibration and low
frequency noise.
Shadow flicker.
General Pollution
Panels and Batteries
Noise Pollution
Air Pollution
Fuel and Oil Pollution
Risks
X Locate away from migratory bird flight path.
Use mechanical deflectors especially for bats.
X Place away from visiting population.
X Place away from direct visual sight.
X Dispose of spent solar panels and storage batteries as per
DOE approved guidelines
Procure engine designed for low noise emission.
Use exhaust silencers.
X Use generator housings.
Station design for noise absorption.
Proper siting of Station
Procure engine designed for rated high efficiency.
Pollution Control Retrofit.
Use recommended fuel and lubricants only.
X Maintain a schedule maintenance plan.
* Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological development.
X
Place AST in enclosed bund wall with 110% capacity of
fuel tank.
Conduct regular equipment preventive measure checks.
Use trained personnel.
Transport fuel in industry’s approved containers only.
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CHAPTER 9: MARINE TRANSPORTATION
9.1 Transportation Characteristics
The marine transportation activities of the proposed development will involve movement of
water vessels primarily between the nearby coastal communities of Hopkins, Placencia, Big
Creek, Dangriga, and Fisherman’s Caye. Tourist or visitors to the island will be transported
from the company’s shore base located in Hopkins to the island in water crafts of 35- 60 feet
in length (see Plate 9.1a and 9.1b).
Plates 9.1a and 9.1b: Bradley’s Pelican 500 and 350 Series (50 and 35 feet).
It is expected that there will be daily movement of these vessels transporting both staff and
tourists to and from the island. In addition it is expected that this high-end facility will cater
to the owners of much larger transient Yachts and Cabin Cruisers wishing to stay on the
island. Consequently, the proposed development will increase the amount of water traffic
activity in the area, and hence, increase the risks of groundings and collision risk for non-
development watercraft operating in the area.
The locations selected for piers or docking stations have in part been selected to avoid
conflicts with traditional access routes to other islands within the Pelican Cayes Group (see
Figure 9.2), while at the same time providing a sheltered harborage to the vessels visiting the
island without compromising the ecosystem of the area. The placement of an extended
docking facility will increase the navigational risks in the area which shall be mitigated by
proper lighting. This docking facility combined with floating moors will cater to a few
yachts and other luxury vessels that have deeper drafts requiring water depths of 8 -10 feet.
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During the construction phase land based transportation will be limited to the movement of
materials between the shore base and the docking facility located within PC2 pond. Material
will be transported by barge and two smaller Pelican service vessels from Big Creek,
Hopkins/Sittee Point or Commerce Bight to this small offloading facility (see Figure 9. 1).
This structure poses no additional risk to marine traffic in the area other than that posed by
the small increase in marine craft traffic associated with the transportation of construction
material and supplies.
Figure 9.1: Transportation Routes To and From Yum Balisi from the Mainland.
The bathymetric survey of the area indicates that there exist deep channels adjacent to the
islands within the Pelican Cayes Atoll. As such the islands have easy and ready access
through these deep channels often exceeding seven (7) meters. This indicates that the
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docking and mooring facilities associated with the development are being sited in areas that
will require no dredging.
The waters, however, could be somewhat treacherous for someone who is unfamiliar with the
area and its shoals. Channels leading to the main docking facility will be clearly demarcated
and intended visitors traveling in their own vessels will be given a clear set of navigational
information on the waters of the area. This set of information will be vetted by the Belize
Port Authority before commencement of its distribution. It is hoped that this information will
help to support the navigational charts the captains are expected to have of the area.
No anchoring of vessels will be permitted. Vessels will be required to utilize fixed moors or
available docking facilities. While within the atoll, no vessel will be permitted to discharge
waste or bilge to avoid contamination of surrounding waters. Any grounding in the area will
be reported immediately to the Belize Port Authority or the Department of the Environment.
9.2 General Environmental Impacts Associated with Berthing Facility
Perhaps the single most important structure from an environmental perspective associated
with this section pertaining to transportation is the construction of a relatively small berthing
facility with limited services (water and electricity). The potential for environmental impacts
associated with the construction of this facility is a function of several variables, including
location, design, services offered, number, and type of boats served, management and
operational performance. As a result, the potential for, or the degree of environmental
changes is not the same for all facilities.
Berthing facilities are designed to provide safe, protected moorings for boats and are
therefore usually located in calm waters. These calm, sheltered areas generally support
mangroves and other important wetland species and submerged sea-grass beds. The
importance of these plant communities lies in the vital functions that they perform in the
aquatic ecosystem as mentioned above. Most important is their role in converting sunlight
and nutrients into food useable by animals, thus forming the base of the aquatic food chain.
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Thus, the potential for habitat loss or alteration of these productive habitats is a major
consideration in siting and design.
Another major environmental concern with the construction and operation of berthing
facilities is the modification of the shoreline and near shore submerged lands by dredging and
filling activities, which results in the destruction by removal or smothering of benthic
habitats and other life forms. The degree of destruction obviously depends on the quantity
and quality of the benthic community at the site and the extent of the dredging and
construction activity. Other adverse impacts from dredge and fill operations may include
mangrove, coral reef and sea grass loss or degradation, destruction of fishery nursing
ground, as a result of the physical impacts of equipment , increased turbidity or siltation,
reduced dissolved oxygen or re-suspension of nutrients or toxic pollutants.
Boat operation also may result in physical impacts to shorelines and to sensitive biota
including coral reefs, sea grasses, mangroves, sea birds, manatees, and sea turtles.
9.3 Siting Options for Proposed Berthing Facility
9.3.1 Berthing Facility Siting Option 1
The original conceptual design had proposed to site a full service marina in the PC1 large
lagoon on the northern end of the Island (see Figure 9.1 – MO1) because of its natural
features as a safely enclosed harbor and its depth. This lagoon has a depth of almost forty
feet. However, as a result of this environmental impact study, a decision was made to forgo
the construction of a full service marina and replaced this aspect of the development with the
construction of a small berthing facility catering to fewer number of vessels at another site .
The original site selected (PC1) was also ruled out following the marine ecology survey of
the pond where it was determined that the area best be left in its current state and used as an
attraction feature of the island. It was decided to allow only the installation of a small
floating dock that will interconnect with the interpretive walkway. Hence, the floating dock
will allow for small vessels to dock temporarily.
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Figure 9.2: Berthing Facility Siting Options (MO) at Yum Balisi.
9.3.2 Berthing Facility Option 2
The second option examined for the placement of a berthing facility was the leeward side of
the northern tip of the island near the Fisherman’s House (MO2). This site would have the
required 8 feet depth and would have been shielded. This site however, has patches of coral
and sea grass in the immediate area which could be impacted by the activities of vessel
associated with the facility. In addition it was felt that the facility would be too far removed
from the main resort facilities making unloading and offloading of vessels too cumbersome.
9.3.3 Berthing Facility Siting Option 3
The third option (MO3) examined is located on the leeward side of the island nearer to the
rest of the tourism related facilities. The area is sheltered, has deep waters, and no corals are
present (see Chapter 4). This area would require no dredging and would use the natural
features of the area. The impacts on long shore currents would be minimal since the
alterations to the area would be limited to those associated with the berthing facility’s piles
only. Access to the facility would require only minimum pruning of the mangroves to allow
the access pier to connect to the elevated walkway. This option is the preferred option from
an environmental, safety and logistical point of view.
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9.4 Environmental Impacts of Proposed Berthing Facility
All the environmental concerns normally associated with the establishment of a full service
marina are being significantly reduced by the present proposed location of a much smaller
berthing facility. The location provides shelter and easy access even during extreme
conditions, would require no dredging, and has sufficient currents for proper water
circulation to reduce pollution of surrounding waters. The substrate has neither sea grass nor
coral and is composed primarily of silt, mud, and coralline sand beneath. Only a small
section of the fringing mangrove will be pruned to allow for the access pier to connect to the
proposed elevated boardwalk. Since the berthing facility will be constructed on wooden piles
its impacts on existing shoreline which is fringed with mangroves is expected to be
negligible.
9.5 Mitigation Measures
The proposed berthing facility will provide 10 slips to cater to a maximum of 20 vessels of
various sizes. It will provide limited services (water and electricity) and shall not dispense
any fuel. Access to the berthing facility, shall be clearly marked and signs posted to assist in
safety, the protection of manatees, other aquatic organisms, and the prevention of shore
erosion due to boat wash.
Smaller berths will be located closer to the shore (more easily maneuvered into and out of)
while berths for larger vessels will have ready access to the open waterways to minimize
maneuvering within the facility. These berths will also be slightly wider to accommodate
inexperienced drivers. It most be noted that present yachts being constructed have shallow
drafts which can be easily moored in10 feet of water.
During construction, navigation aids such as channel beacons, buoys shall be utilized to warn
approaching water vessels. Any stain, paint, or preservative to be applied will be completely
dried/cured on land before its installation on the facility. The Decking and piles for the
structural frame will be wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) which does not
leach.
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All utility lines (electricity and water) will run alongside the elevated walkway out of reach
of visitors. Along the access pier and berths these shall be located on the underside of the
deck along the length of the structural frame. These utility lines will be installed to provide
maximum public safety as well as protection from impacts, mechanical wear and damage,
and environmental elements such as heat and the corrosiveness of seawater.
The facility shall be equipped with fire extinguishers and a portable fire cart to suppress,
control and extinguish fires on boats, docks, and buildings. This cart will be self contained
and equipped with gasoline engine driven pumps, adequate hose lengths, locking wheels and
all fire lines will be from materials that will stand up under the required working pressures
and temperatures, and be corrosion resistant.
Fishing from this facility and all other facilities will be strictly prohibited. To reduce
potential impacts associated with pollution, all vessels docked will be required to use oil
filtration devices on bilge pumps, or commercial oil-absorbent pads placed in the bilge to
soak up oil and fuel prior to bilge water discharge. All vessels shall be required to collect
drainings from sump plumbing. All berthing facilities will be required to provided adequate
garbage storage and disposal services. Rainproof garbage receptacles should be strategically
placed throughout the facility where spilt contents may not get into water and where they
provide ready access to boat users and visitors. Special containers for oily rags, sorbent
materials and lube containers will be color coded yellow and properly labeled.
The maintenance staff will be required to ensure that all housekeeping standard form part of
the rental agreement signed by boaters. These requirements will be monitored to ensure
adherence. Users and boaters will be informed of the prohibition regarding sewage discharge
and educated about the potential health and environmental hazards associated with the
discharge of sewage in the area’s ecosystem. Boaters will also be informed of the benefits of
having well-tuned engines to cut down on emissions and save on fuel. Boater will be required
to comply with posted speed limits within the berthing facility and other areas considered as
no wake zones.
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The staff shall also ensure routine facility upkeep and maintenance which will include: the
regular collection of all litter in covered containers; the regular maintenance of fire
suppression equipment; the removal of debris that accumulates on the shore; as well as
maintenance of 'wear and tear' on structures and coatings.
The facility will have posted signs prohibiting the discharge of any waste into surrounding
waters. Only phosphate free detergents will be permitted on the island and it facilities which
shall be included as part of the rental agreement when slips are rented.
9.6 Anchorage of Mooring Buoys and Floating Docks
Mooring buoys will be anchored or fixed to the sea floor so that vessels visiting certain sites
would be able to safely moor near points of interest intended as dive and snorkeling sites.
These facilities are being considered to prevent the use of anchors in these areas because of
the presence of live coralline structures. Vessels will only be permitted to remain at these
sites for short durations. In addition fixed floating docks for smaller vessels will be placed in
PC1 and IP1 ponds (see Figure 9.3) to function as launching pads for divers and snorkelers to
PC1 and kayakers in IP1.
A floating dock is a platform or ramp supported by pontoons. The dock is usually held in
place by vertical poles embedded in the soil under the water or by anchored cables. This type
of dock maintains a fixed vertical relationship to watercraft secured to it, independent of tidal
influences. These structures are being proposed to mitigate the risks of damage to the area
posed by anchors. The risk of larger vessels being grounded in entrance shoals will be
reduced since only small vessels will be permitted to enter these areas.
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Figure 9.3: Sample of a Floating Dock.
Application for the installation of floating docks and mooring buoys will be made to the
Minister of Natural Resources through the authority of the National Lands Act and the
Private Works Construction Act. Presently no traditional use of these specific areas will be
compromised.
9.7 Options for Mitigating Navigational Risks
Options for mitigating navigational impact risks presented by operation of water crafts
associated with the development will include the need for:
i. all Yum Balisi water craft will be required to maintain a safe operating distance
from other water vessels;
ii. all Yum Balisi water craft operating in waters between the mainland base and the
Fisherman’s Caye will be required to be visibly identifiable at a minimum distance of
100 meters (night or day) by being outfitted with flags or other high-visibility
markings, safety lighting and collision warning equipment (air horns or safety flairs);
iii. all water craft operators will be properly trained in water craft handling and safety;
and
iv. all staff and visitors will be required to wear life vest while traveling to and from the
island.
Options for mitigating navigational impact risks presented by placement of stationary
floating decks within semi-enclosed ponds will include the need for:
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i. all such placements to be strictly maintained within their designated areas;
ii. all such placement shall be outfitted with safety lighting; and
iii. the entrance to all such placements will be demarcated by all-weather visibility buoys
deployed to mark entrance channels.
Options for mitigating navigational impact risks presented by release of floating docks during
hurricanes will include the need for:
i. anchorage of all floating docks to 5-10-ton moorings via high quality poly rope
having adequate integrity and slack to accommodate > 7 meter seas; and
ii. relocation of all floating docks to safe areas, in the event of direct overpass by a
Category 4 Hurricane.
9.8 Navigational Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The navigational impact risks presented by the proposed development are summarized in
Table 9.1.
9.8.1 Water Craft Impacts
Direct negative navigational impact risks from operation of the facility’s watercrafts in the
vicinity of Fisherman’s Caye, the remaining Pelican Cayes and the shore base are those
primarily concerned with the increased potential for watercraft groundings, collision, and
personal injury. These are all avoidable impacts. Indirect and residual negative navigational
impact risks are small or negligible. Measures available for mitigating avoidable navigational
impacts include:
i. Operational practices- which require that all water craft operators be properly
trained in water craft handling & safety; and all vessels to be properly maintained
and equipped with navigational aids and sea safety equipment (life vests, flares;
and tools);
ii. Development measures- which require that all development water craft operating
in waters between the island and the mainland be visibly identifiable at a minimum
distance of 100 meters (night or day) by being outfitted with flags or other highvisibility
markings, safety lighting and collision warning equipment (air horns,
radios, GPS’ or safety flairs).
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Table 9.1: Mitigation Matrix of Navigational Impacts.
MITIGATION MATRIX OF NAVIGATIONAL IMPACTS
IMPACT
CATEGORY
Water
Craft
Impacts
Marina
Impacts
Impacts of
Mooring
Buoys
Floating
Docks
Impacts
DIRECT
IMPACT
Increased
collision risk,
risk of
grounding
Increased
collision risk
Positive
impacts,
reduce
damage to
corals and
seagrass
Increased
risk of
collision in
ponds
MTIGATING
MEASURES
Operators trained in
operating of vessels and
safety; vessels properly
maintained, and
equipped, vessels to be
outfitted with radio, GPS,
flags, highly visible
markings, safety lighting
and air horns
Berthing Facilities to be
properly outfitted with
visible lighting and flags,
access entrance properly
marked by buoys,
Installed under
supervision of Fisheries
Dept.
Properly outfitted with
reflectors , flags and
lighting,
INDIRECT MITIGATING RESIDUAL
IMPACTS MEASURES IMPACTS
Negligible None Small amount of
contamination
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Nil None Negligible None
----- ------- ------- -------
Risk of
structures
released
during
storms or
hurricanes
9.9 Navigational Monitoring Requirements
Secure
structures
properly during
storms and
relocate during
hurricane
threats to the
area
Risk of structures
coming lose during
hurricanes and
storm and posing
risk to navigation
within the area
MITIGATING
MEASURES
Use four stroke
engines,
properly
maintain
vessels,
engines
serviced out of
water on dry
dock on
mainland
Secure
structures
properly during
storms and
relocate during
hurricane
threats to the
area
Monitoring requirements with respect to navigational risks will primarily concern the need
for the Belize Port Authority to inspect facilities annually to ensure that all safety equipment
and other safety requirements are being complied with. Management will need to ensure that
all lose equipment are securely stored against storms and hurricanes; that minimum visibility
requirements of 500 meters for water craft and stationary features, and that all stationary
features are deployed within their designated areas and are properly demarcated with signal
buoys.
9.10 Boat Usage and Characteristics
Boat usage by the proposed development will involve one 45 feet work vessel to transport
material and supplies and a slightly larger water taxi type vessel to transport staff and visitors
to and from the island.
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In addition two small vessels will remain on the island to conduct tours and dives near the
vicinity of the caye.
Three small (≤ 50 ft) piers will be established on the leeward side of the island. One, the
transient pier inside PC2 pond, will be used to off load staff and visitors, a second pier
located to the left of PC2 entrance will be used to offload materials and supplies and another
access pier on the northern tip of the island will allow access to the research center.
Boat storage during calm weather conditions, will involve docking of the 45-ft work boat and
35 ft smaller vessels near the transient pier while the larger passenger vessel will dock at the
main berthing facility. All vessels can remain safely docked even during times with rough
seas of 3 – 6 feet waves since these areas lie within an atoll and remain quite sheltered. Boat
storage during more severe (hurricane) weather conditions will involve transfer of all vessels
to safer areas for proper storage.
All vessels despite their size will be required to have four stroke or similar type fuel efficient
engines currently available on the market. All fuel dispensing activities will occur at the
shore base or at other mainland facilities. Consequently, the key impact risks posed by the
above-described boat usage and storage characteristics are likely to include the risk of
petroleum pollution impacts from improper fuel (or bilge) storage or dispensing; and/or
injury impacts to manatee or staff from improper boat operation.
9.11 Boat Use Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The potential impacts presented by the proposed development’s boat usage plan are
summarized as follows:
1. Direct Negative Impacts Risks resulting from boat usage and docking facilities are those
associated with petroleum contamination of coastal marine waters. There will be limited
physical disturbance to the coastal areas designated for installation of piers and berthing
facility. These impacts, while unavoidable, can be diminished in scope.
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214

2. Indirect Negative Impacts Risks resulting from boat usage and docking facilities are those
associated with increased propeller-injury risks to manatee and staff. These impacts are
avoidable.
3. Residual Negative Impacts Risks resulting from boat usage and pier are those associated
with low level petroleum pollution of shallow coastal waters in the area from marine engine
exhaust, which is unavoidable.
9.12 Options for Mitigating Boat Usage Impact Risks
Options for mitigating petroleum pollution impact risks presented by fuel (and bilge)
dispensing and engine operating activities will include the following:
i. no fuel dispensing service will be provided at the berthing facility;
ii. fuel dispensing for backup generator will be carried out by trained persons only;
iii. the fuel storage tank will be maintained within bonds having 110% of the
capacity storage volume;
iv. The discharge of all bilge material will be strictly monitored and only petroleum
tight containers shall be used during its transportation;
v. all vessels will be outfitted with fuel-efficient/pollution limiting 4 cycle engines;
vi. All boat operators and marina and maintenance staff will be properly trained in
the safe operating & fuel/bilge-handling practices.
It is believed that the proposed mitigation measures should significantly reduce the potential
impacts associated with transportation related issues associated with the proposed
development. The Developers are not averse to any additional mitigation requirement which
may have been inadvertently omitted.
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CHAPTER 10: DREDGING AND LAND FILL ACTIVITES
10.1 Introduction
Fisherman’s Caye is an over-washed mangrove island which is about 0.16m (0.5 ft) below
mean sea level (msl), with the highest elevations located on the eastern side of the property
and the lowest elevations in the center of the island. In 2006, 15 acres of land located on the
southern end of the island was partially filled before being bought by the present owners.
Some areas near the coast and the center of the filled area remain inundated during high tides
despite the previous land filling operations (see Plate 10.1).
The proposed Yum Balisi’s Eco-tourism development involves the raising of this 15 acres
area an additional average of 2 feet to allow for the construction of the related facilities. This
means that a total of approximately 43 thousand cubic yards of material will be needed. In
addition to this volume, a 25% compaction allowance must be added bringing the total figure
to 54,000 cubic yards.
PL3 Pond
Plate 10.1: Area Inundated During High Tide.
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10.2 Options for supply of Required Filled
Several options for the supply of the required filled material were examined. These included
the possibility of identifying new burrow sites adjacent or near the area required to be
elevated, importing material from mainland, importing sea sand dredged from other areas
outside the boundaries of the reserve, or dredging of existing burrow sites (see Table 10.1).
Table 10.1: Comparison of Options for Fill Material.
Source of Material
1
2
3
4
New Borrow
Sites
adjacent or
near project
Importing
Material from
Mainland
Importing sea
sand dredged
from other
areas outside
the reserve
Dredging of
existing
burrow sites
Environmental Impacts
Disturbance of new area that are near
to corals and seagrass beds; siltation
and sedimentation of adjacent corals
and seagrass beds; dredge pipes will
be laid longer distances and may
impact corals and seagrass beds.
Impacts to the project area would be
primarily due to siltation and
sedimentation during offloading
material; And introduction of foreign
type (exogenous) material with
possible introductions of terrestrial
organisms, and with differences in
grain size that could increase siltation
or which may be readily washed and
eroded.
Disturbance of new area and impacts
associated with changes in water
quality of the area in particular
turbidity due to sedimentation which
could impact sensitive ecosystems;
Impacts to the project area would be
primarily due to siltation and
sedimentation during offloading
material; impacts of sedimentation or
siltation from dewatering of dredged
material.
Impacts to this area would be
minimized by the fact that the area
is already a disturbed area;
Burrow site would have to be
deepened with possibly effects to
the soil nourishing dynamics in the
area;
On a positive side deep hole tend to
attract large fish looking for
shelter;
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Other Consideration
The identification of new burrow sites is
best done in the presence and supervision
of the Fisheries, Petroleum and Geology,
and DOE personnel.
Financial Cost – Moderate to expensive-
as compared to dredging existing sites
because of distance, extra pipe, site
preparation, and booster pumps.
The cost of fill material comprised of
coarse silica sand and its transportation
by barge will be extremely expensive.
Presently a transport barges with a
maximum capacity to transport 300 cubic
yard of material charges approximately
$9,000 to load, off-load and transport a
trip to San Pedro- if we were to use these
figures this activity would cost
approximately 1 million dollars for
marine transportation alone and another
800 thousand dollars for the material at
$300. 00 dollars per truck load containing
15 cubic yards.
This option will also be extremely
expensive, and transfers the negative
impacts to another site; the advantage is
the possible use of a site that poses no or
little threat to any sensitive ecosystem
(sea grass beds, corals etc.).
This option is the preferred option since
it is economical viable and less impacting
than the other options;
Some corals would need to be
transplanted as part of the mitigation
measures;
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Based on this assessment the team is recommending that the material be obtained from an
existing burrow site near the project site. This activity would need to be closely supervised
by the relevant regulatory agencies. In the event that difficulties arises with the use of this
proposed site, consideration to the importation of fill material from mainland and recapping it
with a thinner layer of the coralline sand (8-10 inches) remains an open option albeit its high
cost. This would then reduce the volume of dredged material to approximately 20,000 cubic
yards.
10.3 Assessment of Existing Burrow Sites
The team assessed three old burrow sites in the area (see Plate 10.2). Two of these were ruled
out because the environmental sensitivity of the immediate area despite it being dredge
before.
Burrow Site 1 (BS-1) had several patch coral immediately around the existing site and
would require extensive mitigation measure with the potential for severe impacts on coral
heads and adjacent seagrass.
Plate 10.2: Existing Old Burrow Sites.
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218

Burrow Site 2 (BS-2), at the left entrance of PC1 lagoon, was also assessed, however
because of the extreme proximity to the mangroves bordering the lagoon it was felt that
dredging activities in this area would seriously jeopardize the rich bio-diversity that co-exist
with the prop root system of the fringing mangroves surrounding the island. The bio-diversity
of this lagoon is one of the unique features which set aside the Pelican Cayes from the rest of
the mangrove islands of the region. In addition the area was adjacent to several patches of
living corals.
Burrow Site 3, this is the old site where dredging had occurred for the initial filling of the
caye. A burrow pit was located within a shallow area measuring approximately 300 ft. X 150
ft. The burrow pit had been dredge in certain areas to depths of 10 ft. The scars have mainly
exposed coral rubble and sand (see Plate 10.3). The adjacent areas on the west and east of the
old burrow site have large coral heads and sparse sea grass beds (see Plate 10.4) indicating
that a similar habitat existed in the pit before dredging had occurred. Dredging activities
began some 25ft. from some small mangrove islands north of the pit.
Plate 10.3: Coral Rubble and Coarse Calcareous Sand.
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219

Plate 10.4: Seagrass at Edge of Existing Burrow Site.
Two transects of the shoal and barrow pit were taken by BET (see Figure 10.1). The transect
of the northern edge of the shoal indicated a steep drop to depth of approximately 80 feet. A
visual inspection of the edge indicated that the upper 25 to 30 feet was comprised of coarse
calcareous material. Some of this material had fallen into the channel as a result of the last
earthquake of 2009. A cross section transect of the proposed burrow area, showed an average
depth of 10.78 feet with varying depths from the shoal at 2.25 feet deep to a depth of
approximately 20 feet inside the burrow area.
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220

Figure 10.1: Transect of Proposed Burrow Site 3.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Burrow Pit
221

A thorough inspection of the adjacent corals indicated that approximately 50 coral heads of
the Montastrea and Siderestrea species were found in area of influence and that this area had
approximately 25% of coral cover. These heads are scattered on the small faro that
eventually leads to a drop off. In particular, there is a cluster of these coral heads on the east
of the burrow pit. A portion of the drop off from the faro was affected by the earthquake in
May, causing the gradual slope characteristic of these reef types to collapse forming a
straight downward gradient (fall) (see Plate 10.5). Since the drop off goes to depths of
approximately 80 ft. all the substrate and corals which collapsed, was covered with the
accompanying coral rubble. Sponges and gorgonians were still visible around the edges of
the unaffected slopes.
80ft deep
Channel
Plate 10.5: Faro Affected by the Earthquake in May 2009.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Crack in sediment layer
due to Earthquake
222

10.4 Environmental Impacts of Dredging BS3 and Land Filling Activities
The existing site is an already disturbed site and using it would prevent the disturbance of
any new site(s). For this site to be used it would need to be expanded and a few corals heads
would need to be transplanted as part of the mitigation measures (personal interview with
Fisheries Dept. Personnel). Cores of this area were attempted but due to the very coarse and
unconsolidated nature of the material present these were unable to be obtained. However,
two grab samples of this area were taken. PBS1 was taken inside the burrow area and PB2
was taken on the edge of the east shoal. Both samples showed high content of very coarse
coralline material. This material was primarily biogenic in origin. The coarse nature of the
material indicates that there exists less fine material in the composition of the sediment. This
then suggests that siltation rates would be significantly reduced as opposed to using other
sites having a greater percentage of finer sediments.
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223

Further mining of this burrow site could impact the area by reducing the flow velocities and
wave heights inside the burrow pit. As a result, the sand transport capacity inside the pit will
decrease and sediments will settle in the pit area, resulting in deposition. Thus, the pit will act
as a sink for sediments originating from the surrounding areas, depending on the local flow
and wave patterns. Hence, erosion of the sea floor will take place in the (immediate) area
surrounding the pit. In addition, this burrow site will remain devoid of any seagrass and coral
formations for many years which are already the case. Although there have been anecdotal
references to fish being attracted to deep furrows
The disposal of dredged spoils on the island to be used as fill could result in siltation and
smothering of the biodiversity in nearby ponds and corals.
10.5 Dredged Material
The material present in this pit is primarily corral rubble and shell sand deposits developed
over many year, as a result of fluctuating sea level which allowed transportation and
deposition of mobile sand to accumulate in these areas. A High percentage (50-60 percent) of
these deposits was generated through biogenic production of carbonate secreting organisms
primarily corals and Halimeda algae (see plate 10.6). This material is over six feet deep as
was verified by the team during attempts to obtain cores of the area.
An examination of edge of the faro which had sloughed off into the channel during the recent
earthquake indicates that this material could be as much as 25 to 30 feet thick as can be seen
in Plate 3.3b.
The area examined is the preferred option and is located within a shoal that lies
approximately 0.5 kilometers south –southwest of the project site delineated by UTM
coordinates:
(1) N1842674, E0373275, (2) N1842633, E0373191, (3) N1842607, E0373240and (4)
N18742711, E0373206.
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10.6 Method of Extraction and Mitigation Measures
The material will be dredged using a shallow draft
IMS, Versi Dredge (horizontal auger – suction
type) or similar type dredge, with a dredging
capacity of 150 cubic yards per hour (25 tons per
hour) and 12" diameter discharge hose. This dredge
is being considered over others since it minimizes
sediment re-suspension in the water column and
protects downstream water quality.
The initial laying of dredging pipes will be done under the strict supervision of Departments
of Environment, and Fisheries to ensure that all proper light and other impact that could be
associated with this activity are minimized.
During dredging a silt curtain will be placed completely around the burrow site to prevent
siltation of surrounding environment. In addition the area intended to receive the dredge
spoils material will be surrounded by a berm lined with a very fine silt curtain to allow for
dewatering of the material. This site will be located so that it maintains a minimum distance
of 30 feet from the edges of ponds and other coastlines to reduce the impacts of siltation and
increased turbidity on corals and the ecology of the ponds.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
225

CHAPTER 11: EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND DISASTER
PREVENTION
11.1 Introduction
Belize is a country that has had frequent encounters with devastating hurricanes and tropical
storms. More recently in May 28, 2009, communities in the southern part of the country were
dealt another experience by a 7.1 magnitude earthquake that caused damages to several
homes and other structures. Hence, Belize has had its share of experiences with these and
other natural phenomena, including forest fires and the pine beetle infestation which had
devastated large areas of the Mountain Pine Ridge.
If the risks associated with these natural phenomena are not properly managed and planned
for, they can result in very serious disasters. In Belize, the National Emergency Management
Organization (NEMO) working in conjunction with other government and non –government
institutions has the responsibility for emergency management and disaster prevention.
Emergency Management is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It is a discipline
that involves preparing, supporting, and rebuilding when natural or man made disasters
occur. The actions (efforts to avoid or ameliorate the impact) taken depends in part on the
perceptions of the risk and the measures taken to address and prevent the perceived risks. As
such, an effective emergency management system will rely on the emergency plans available.
11.2 Yum Balisi’s Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan
To reduce the risks associated with the potential impacts of a disaster on the proposed
development, the project proponents intends to develop and implement an Comprehensive
Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) aimed at identifying the different potential risks that
could impact the development. This plan will focus on six (6) potential types of risks that can
arise from various sources and affect the operation and success or sustainability of the project
in some form or fashion. Table 11.1 outlines some of the more likely risks posed to the
development which lies on the southern coast of Belize.
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Table 11.1: Summary of the Disaster Preparedness Plans for Yum Balisi.
Risks
1 Hurricanes and
tropical storms
Description Mitigation
Measures
Hurricanes and storms can vary in
strength and intensity and cause severe
damage to the island and the project’s
infrastructure thus affecting the
sustainability of the project.
2 Earthquakes The Southern Part of Belize was recently
affected by an earthquake (in May 2009)
in the Motagua Fault. The Motagua fault
increases the risk of earthquakes making it
significantly higher for structures located
in the southern part of the country.
3 Fire While the development is not at risk from
forest fires it still has to ensure fire
prevention and mitigation from human
carelessness and accidents or electrical
shortages. Fire outbreaks can vary in size
and can cause irreparable damage to the
project’s infrastructure.
4 Fuel/Oil Spills
and Leaks
This incident could pose a serious impact
to the sensitive environment in which the
caye is found.
5 Climate Change Climate Change related issues can affect
the area in several ways – increased
frequency of storms and hurricanes,
increase in sea level rise, and coral
bleaching due to increase in temperature
of the sea affecting the natural beauty of
the area.
6 Medical
emergency
associated with
an accident at sea
during
transportation or
swimming/diving
Medical emergencies can occur at any
moment without giving notice and
therefore requires a quick and coordinated
effort to respond to this need.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Prepare a Hurricane
Preparedness Plan for
the facility.
Secure proper insurance
coverage.
Structures built to
withstand a category 3‐4
hurricane.
Building construction
must consider the
phenomenon of
liquefaction during earth
quakes.
Provide proper insurance
coverage.
Prepare a Fire Prevention
and Response Plan and
carry out fire drills at
least two times per year.
Provide proper insurance
coverage.
All electrical work will be
done by certified
electrician and wiring
inspected every two
years against corrosion
and breaks.
An Oil Spill Contingency
Plan will be prepared and
staff trained in oil spill
response.
All petroleum products
stored in bunded areas
and oil absorbent pads
maintained.
Provide adequate
insurance coverage.
Building will be elevated
at least 36 inches.
Provide adequate
insurance for hurricanes
Monitor health of reef
system and record any
change over time
Medical Emergency Plan
(Transportation and
Evacuation).
First Aid Equipment and
staff trained in CPR/First
Aid
Response
Stages
Alert, Response,
Damage Assessment,
and Recovery.
Planning, Response
Damage Assessment,
and Recovery.
Planning, Fire Drills,
Fire Suppression
Response, Damage
Assessment.
Report and
Response, Clean‐
up/Recovery
Damage Assessment.
Plan. Report.
Planning, Response,
Report.
227

How well the development addresses these potential risks in the overall planning,
development and management of the Yum Balisi Development will determine to a great
extent the success and sustainability of the project. Yum Balisi will seek to have a
comprehensive insurance to mitigate any possible loss of assets from these potential risks.
All emergency plans will be developed to be consistent with national requirement and will be
submitted to the respective relevant institutions for their vetting. These plans will be
disseminated among all staff and rehearsed through regular drills to ensure they remain
relevant and effective. These actions supported by other measures, including proper
insurance coverage will assist to mitigate and ameliorate any negative effects these types of
risks could have on the infrastructure, operation, and management of the development.
11.3 Emergency Management Structure
The prevention of man-made or natural disasters and emergency response to identified
hazards and risks require the collective effort of every stakeholder and in particular the
management and staff of the organization responsible for addressing these issues. It is only
through team effort that disasters could be averted and effective plans prepared and
implemented.
The Management of Yum Balisi will establish an Emergency Response Committee (ERC)
and to address any of the aforementioned risks in accordance with specific Emergency
Response Plans that will be developed through the involvement of all staff. This Emergency
Response Committee will be headed by the Operations Manager or some other Senior
Management Staff with the authority to issue instructions and make decisions. The
committee will be charged with reviewing and revising plans to maintain it current and for
the execution of all drills and emergency response plans during emergencies.
In addition, the emergency response committee will conduct periodic meetings to ensure that
all staff, especially those recently employed, are familiar with the various plans, their roles,
and to address important issues concerning their implementation.
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11.4 Contact Information
Contact information is an important factor in considering emergency situations. It can be
used in cases of fire, medical and hurricane emergencies. Table11.2 list the possible contact
information for emergencies. This table must be supplemented by the emergency committee
that should include the numbers of committee members and staff.
Table11.2: Emergency Services Numbers.
Institution Contact Number Other Contacts
Dangriga Hospital 522-3832, 3833, 3834 Fax: 522-2805
Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital 223-1548, 5686, 5689, 5691 Fax: 223-3081
Belize Medical Associates 223-0303 or 223-0304 Fax: 223-1261
Universal Health Partners 2237-7870,7873 Fax: 223-7865, 7866
Sub-Aquatics of Belize Limited-
Hyperbaric Chamber
226-2851, 226-2852, 226-3195
Dangriga Police 522-2022, or 911 Fax: 502-3090
Dangriga Fire Department 522-2091
Astrum Helicopters 222-5100
DEMO Dangriga 522-0061
NEMO Headquarters - Belmopan 822-2054/822-0995 Fax: 822-2861
11.5 Hurricane Preparedness Plan
11.5.1 Introduction
Tropical storms and hurricanes are the most common natural phenomenon affecting Belize
and the one most likely to impact the development. Belize lies within the hurricane belt, and
is most likely to be affected or impacted during the later months of the season. Because of its
shallow coastline and many wooden structures, Belize is vulnerable to high wind and storm
surge.
According to the Hurricane Statistics for Belize, there have been 21 hurricanes since 1945
which have touched or hit the country directly, with several of them severely impacting the
country’s buildings, infrastructure, development, and economy. The capital city of Belmopan
was built as a direct response to the devastation suffered in Belize City from Hurricane Hattie
in 1961.
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In October 2001, Hurricane Iris, a category four hurricane devastated Southern Belize.
Fisherman’s Caye was almost in the direct path of this hurricane that damaged several island
in its path (see Plate 11.1a and 11.b).
Plates 11.1a and 11.1b Hurricane Iris Path and Image of it Over the Coast of Belize
11.5.2 Potential Impacts of Hurricanes and Mitigation Measures
Damages resulting from hurricanes will be those primarily associated with strong wind and
storm surges. Strong wind and storm surges on the proposed development can have several
negative results on the property. The destruction of landscaping, structural foundations etc. is
most notable as sudden barrages of salt water can be very corrosive and can undermine
structures. Objects as well as people can be drawn out to sea depending on the intensity of
the surge.
Storm Surge analysis for the site indicates that water level increases of 5 to 10 feet can be
expected to occur for category 4-5 hurricanes with return periods of 50 years. This
information will be considered in the determination of the final design of the structures and
their elevation above sea level.
The impacts of hurricane and tropical storms on the island coastline are issues of major
concern. During hurricane Iris many islands with exposed beaches and coastlines suffered
severe erosion. Islands like Fisherman’s Caye have been known to be cut across by channels
as a result of storm surges caused by hurricanes. To mitigate against these, very limited
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clearance of fringing mangroves will be carried out. Areas that are exposed to erosion
processes will have their coastline fortified through the replanting of mangroves or other
saline resistance plant species.
11.5.3 Yum Balisi’s Hurricane Preparedness Plan
Yum Balisi’s hurricane preparedness plan will involve planning, alert, response, damage
assessment, and recovery stage to deal with any natural disaster involving hurricanes, storms,
or tropical depressions. The hurricane preparedness plan will focus in protecting the lives of
its visitors and employees and in protecting the assets of the development.
The hurricane season in Belize commences officially on June 1 st and ends on November 30 th .
The Hurricane Preparedness Plan (HPP) for Yum Balisi is aimed at making reasonable
preparations should the project be threatened by an imminent tropical storm or hurricane. The
plan will focus in securing the facilities and evacuating all visitors off the island. Vessels and
other floating structures will be secured or moved to other safer areas out of the direct
predicted path and provide sufficient time to allow for the complete evacuation of all staff.
An important element of the plan is its recovery program to ensure that the project is able to
continue to function after the hurricane has passed.
For this plan to be effective the staff is required to review the plan every year prior to the
beginning of the Hurricane Season: There will also be simulation exercises in relation to
various elements of the plan.
The purpose of this hurricane preparedness plan is to ensure the maximum safety of lives and
property during an incoming storm. For the plan to be effective it will require that all staff are
completely familiar with the plan and understand their role. During an alert it is also
important that guests are made familiar with the plan, in particular the evacuation plan. The
hurricane preparedness plan and any of its components does not supersede any plan which
the National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) or District Emergency
Management Organization (DEMO) may have for the area but is intended to support and
strengthen this national effort to protect human lives and property.
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11.5.3.1 Information System
The official information channel shall be the National Meteorological Service and NEMO.
The “official alert” system for a storm or hurricane entails the coordination between
management, and the DEMO and information obtained from the Belize National
Meteorological Service (NMS).
The emergency coordinator will be responsible for activating the hurricane plan.
The proposed project will follow the official alert and hurricane categories profile put in
place by NEMO (see Figure 11.2). The categories assigned to tropical disturbances are
dependent on wind speed and is shown in Table 11.3.
Figure 11.2: NEMO’s Official Hurricane Alert System.
Table 11.3: Category Assigned to Tropical Disturbances.
Category Wind Strength
Tropical Depression 29 mph – 38 mph
Tropical Storm 39 mph – 73 mph
Hurricane Category 1 74 mph – 95 mph
Hurricane Category 2 96 mph – 110 mph
Hurricane Category 3 111 mph – 130 mph
Hurricane Category 4 131 mph – 155 mph
Hurricane Category 5 Above 155 mph
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11.5.3.2 Pre-Hurricane Season Preparation
1. At the beginning of May each year the Emergency Committee will review with staff
the hurricane preparedness plan and update contact numbers.
2. During the review the roles of individual staff members will be clearly defined.
3. The hurricane response coordinator working with staff will ensure that all the
required hurricane items are available and properly maintained ready for use.
4. A detailed inventory of all items and their condition will be prepared and the
Emergency Coordinator will also ensure that all buildings and assets such as
equipment, and boats are photographed (digital with date) at the beginning of each
hurricane season, for possible insurance claims.
5. Hurricane tracking charts and radios will be secured to ensure proper tracking and
communication in the event of an alert.
11.5.3.3 Preliminary Alert - Hurricane Watch –Red Flag
1. The Emergency Committee will alert all staff of hurricane watch and ask them to stay
in tune with any updates from the Belize Weather Bureau.
2. Guests are informed of the hurricane alert and the plan in place for possible
evacuation.
3. A list of all the guests and management staff on the island is prepared.
4. Vessels are maintained full with fuel and on the ready.
5. Staff will commence securing buildings and other loose items.
11.5.3.4 Hurricane Warning – Red 1 Phase (Watch)
1. All tourists are evacuated off the Island;
2. Smaller boats and other items are sent to places of safer refuge.
3. Captains of larger vessels at marina are informed of the need to move to areas outside
of the direct path of hurricane and seek safe harbor.
4. All buildings are secured with hurricane shutters and all other lose items securely
stored.
5. Management will identify employees to report to work after the hurricane or after the
Green Phase “all clear “is given.
6. The hurricane preparedness coordinator will inform DEMO/NEMO of actions taken.
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11.5.3.5 Hurricane Warning – RED 2 Phase
1. All staff is evacuated and all papers and documents sent to headquarters for
safekeeping.
11.5.3.6 Fourth Phase – Green (All Clear)
This is the ALL CLEAR, which will be declared by NEMO after the hurricane has passed
and recovery plan put in place.
1. The Hurricane Emergency Committee will attempt to return and survey the project
site as soon as possible,
2. The Emergency Committee will immediately make a brief report on all damages
(supported with photographs), and prepare an estimate of damages, and submit the
same to DEMO and Management for their perusal.
3. Clean-up phase will commence with the assistance of project employees, and all
available human resources, where possible.
11.6 Earthquake Preparedness Plan
11.6.1 Introduction
Approximately every 8 years, Belize experiences a 6.0 magnitude on the Richter scale
subterranean earthquake in the ocean at the fault between Hunting Caye and Puerto Cortez.
According to the Belize Development Trust, Belize has a 100% chance of seeing five (5)
earthquakes and 75% of seeing 10 in the next century. Furthermore, the Northern Lagoon
where the Blue Hole is located is cut up into three reef sections separated by three wrench
faults see Figure 11.3.
Belize does not have a National Earthquake Information Center or seismic station and all
earthquake disaster preparedness rests on NEMO. Unlike hurricanes that normally allow
sufficient time to prepare for, earthquakes strike suddenly, violently and without warning.
Earthquake preparedness depends to a great extent on the early measure taken to plan for
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these seismic movements by ensuring that the construction of building and other structures
take these into consideration and by identifying potential hazards ahead of time.
Figure 11.3: Map of Major Faults Affecting Belize (USGS Nat’l Earthquake Info Center.
11.6.2 Earthquake Preparedness and Mitigation Measures
As part of its response to threats by earthquakes, Yum Balisi will implement the following
mitigation measures:
1. Electrical wires will be inspected annually to detect breaks and leaks that
could cause electrical fires after these movements.
2. Yum Balisi developers shall ensure that its architects take into consideration
standards and measures to plan for seismic movement.
3. In the event of any earth movement staff will be asked to notify the
emergency manager coordinator who shall make the necessary contacts with
DEMO.
4. All gas will be turned off and fires put out to prevent accidental fires.
5. Boats and captains will be mobilized in the event of any potential threat of a
tsunami.
6. The Emergency Committee will immediately make a brief report on all
damages (supported with photographs), and prepare an estimate of damages,
and submit the same to DEMO and Management for their consideration.
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11.7 Fire Prevention and Response Plan
11.7.1 Introduction
Since Yum Balisi is on an isolated island approximately 20 miles away from the nearest
municipality, there will exist the need that it develops its own capacity to prevent and
suppress any potential fire on the island.
The risk of fire(s) at the Project Site is related to smoking, cooking, marina vessels, electrical
shortages, operating water-vessels and other equipment (generators). The fire prevention and
response plan will focus on the possibility of a fire outbreak, whether large or small, that
might occur. Fire prevention will depend to a great extent on the measures taken during the
early planning stages to ensure the presence of firefighting equipment and building designs
for the prevention of fires and the avoidance of any associated disaster.
The objective of the plan is to establish procedures and practices that will minimize the risk
of fires and in the case of a fire it shall provide for its immediate suppression and
notification.
The coordination of the plan shall be the responsibility of the Emergency Response
Coordinator who shall be responsible to ensure that all staff and guests are familiar with
evacuation routes.
11.7.2 Fire Prevention and Emergency Response Plan
The Fire Prevention and Emergency Response Plan shall include the following:
1. Immediately report all fires or emergencies to the Dangriga Fire Department at
(522) 2091 or call “911”.
2. Prevent all project personnel from setting open fires.
3. Prevent the escape of fires caused directly or indirectly as a result of project
operations (welding works etc. ) and extinguish all said fires. Report all fire
occurrences to the Dangriga Fire Department at (522) 2091 or call “911”.
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4. Ensure that all electrical wires be encased in conduits to protect against corrosion
by the elements.
5. Ensure that all wiring shall be of the highest standard designed for marine
environments.
6. The Emergency Response Coordinator shall ensure that all personnel are trained
in fire suppression and prevention measures, and the use of fire suppression
equipment.
7. Staff will be informed of the dangers associated with fires, locations of
extinguishers and equipment, and individual responsibilities for fire prevention
and suppression during safety briefings.
11.7.3 Fire Protection and Suppression Equipment
All cottages/huts and other buildings on the property will be protected from fire by means of
the following:
A) Fire Detection and Alarm Systems.
• Smoke detectors: Yum Balisi will install fire detection equipment in the form of
smoke detectors in each of the units and in the building hallways and walkways. The
smoke detectors will activate the smoke alarm possibly signaling a fire or of
something burning.
• Manually activated pull station: The main office complex and other multiple and
general use buildings will have manually activated pull stations installed in hallways
which can be activated by anyone that sees a fire. It is essential that both guests and
staff are aware of these warning devices and their potential use in detecting fires.
B) Fire Suppression Systems
• Fire Extinguishers: Yum Balisi will install multi-purpose dry
chemical (Class ABC) fire extinguishers. Dry chemical
extinguishers will range in sizes of 5 lbs to 10 lbs and will be
installed in the hallways and walkways of the general purpose
buildings and in each cottage/hut. These will also be installed at
key areas such as the generator house, maintenance and fuel storage areas and marina.
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Class A extinguishers are for ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood,
cardboard, and most plastics. Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids
such as gasoline, kerosene, grease, and oil. The numerical rating for class B
extinguishers indicates the approximate number of square feet of fire it can
extinguish. Class C fires involve electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring,
circuit breakers, and outlets.
• Portable Fire Carts: Yum Balisi will procure a portable fire cart to assist with the
suppression of fire throughout the facility this cart will be located near the marina but
will be made available for any emergency. The cart comes equipped with its own
water pump and hose for easy deployment into not readily accessible areas,
11.7.4 Fire Prevention
Fire prevention is perhaps the most important element of a fire contingency plan. Since water
is plentiful the design of the facility should provide for its ready access to prevent and control
fires on the island.
The National Fire Service Act of 2001 requires that the national fires service carry out
inspections of any public premise to ensure that reasonable steps are taken in its design to
prevent the occurrence of fire and related disaster to ensure the protection of life and
property.
Yum Balisi shall ensure that all fire codes are complied with and only certified electricians
shall be used to carry out any and all electrical works. All construction work shall comply
with all internally accepted codes to ensure the inclusion of all safety provisions associated
with wiring; plumbing, fuel storage, heating, and cooling systems associated with the facility.
In addition, there shall be a conscious effort by the architects of Yum Balisi to use fire
retardants or non-flammable building materials. In addition, Yum Balisi intends to have the
following guidelines implemented:
A. Smoking and Fire Rules:
• Smoking shall be strictly prohibited in vessels and near fuel storage area.
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• The establishment shall provide butt extinguishers for the extinguishment of
smoking materials within permitted smoking areas.
• All public toilets shall have a metal receptacle, at least 6 inches in diameter by
8 inches deep, half-filled with sand for ashes and discarded smokes, and
within easy reach of anyone utilizing the facility.
• The management of the facility shall post signs regarding smoking and fire
rules in conspicuous places for all employees and visitors to see.
• All supervisory personnel shall ensure compliance with these rules.
11.7.5 Fire Response
The extent of damage associated with a fire is often dependent on the response time and the
adequacy of the response measures. Most disasters resulting from fire could have been
avoided by proper planning and the implementation of a well thought out fire response plan.
While it is difficult to portray a response plan for the project site that takes into account the
different scenarios that might arise from a fire, it is important to have a general fire response
plan with which all staff members should be completely familiar. This plan should have
guidelines for combating fires and the use of fire suppression equipment.
All staff must be trained in the basic theory of fire suppression and in the use of equipment
and evacuation routes for visitors. The management of Yum Balisi will ensure that it
develops a comprehensive evacuation plan in the event of fires particularly when these occur
in general or multiple use public facilities.
All fires commence small and its ultimate size will depend on how fast and effectively the
staff responds. Since all fires require a source of fuel, oxygen and a source of ignition, they
are controlled by removing any one of these elements.
Recommended fire response plan:
a) Sound the alarm.
b) Report fire immediately to the National Fire Service.
c) Evacuate the area or building of any visitors.
d) Use an extinguishing media (fire extinguisher, a bucket of sand, or fire cart).
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e) Remove all accelerants away from the fire.
f) Have all electricity and power supply to the structure turned off.
g) Check to see that the fire is completely extinguished.
h) Inspect the fire area and assess for damages.
i) Take pictures of any damages suffered.
j) Close off the area for safety purposes.
k) Prepare a report of the incident and submit it to the Management for further action
including any possible insurance claim.
11.8 Hydrocarbons Spills and Leaks Contingency Plan
11.8.1 Purpose of the Plan
Fisherman’s Caye lies within a Marine Reserve which has been declared a World Heritage
Site requiring that all efforts be made to protect the sensitive ecology of the area from any
spills or leaks of hydrocarbons into the environment. The Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP)
is intended to guide Yum Balisi personnel through the processes required to manage an oil
spill or fuel leak on the caye or surrounding waters.
This plan focuses on the possible spillage of refined petroleum product, primarily diesel and
gasoline and does not include the possibility of spillage of heavy fuel oil since these oils are
not envisaged to be used nor stored on the caye.
The proposed development will institute and develop a plan that focuses on the prevention of
leaks and spills but which also provides Yum Balisi’s staff with the appropriate training,
materials and equipment, and guidelines to be able to contain these and respond
appropriately.
Contingency plans describe information and processes for containing and cleaning up a spill
that occurs in a defined area of the project. Because the approaches and methods for
responding to oil spills are constantly evolving, and each spill provides an opportunity to
learn how to better prepare for future incidents, contingency plans are also constantly
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improving and providing increased protection to human health and the environment from
these accidents.
The plan’s three main objectives can be summarized as follows:
1. Increase staff awareness on spill response procedures taking into consideration the
different governmental tier response levels.
2. Define the coordinating mechanisms necessary for staff to utilize their resources in
response procedures.
3. Establish and define clearly the roles and responsibility of Management in spill
contingency and response procedures.
This plan institutes the need for a timely and effective response to incidents involving leaks
and spills. In order to respond rapidly and successfully to a leak or spill, personnel
responsible for containing and cleaning up the spill must know the steps that need to be
followed during and after the spill.
11.8.2 National Oils Spill or Chemical Spill Response Policy
The Environmental Protection Act makes it mandatory that any person using or exploiting
the environment take all effort to protect the environment against unnecessary damage or
from pollution by harmful substances. In addition the pollution regulations make it
mandatory that all spills and leaks are immediately contained and reported to the Department
of the Environment. The Department of the Environment in close collaboration with NEMO
has prepared a National Oil Spill Contingency Plan where it outlines the response
procedures, roles, and responsibilities of those involved.
Tables 11.4 and 11.5 are DOE tier levels as described by the National Emergency
Preparedness Plan for Oil Spills (NEPPOS).
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Table 11.4: Marine Spills Levels.
Tier Quantity (gals) Location Response
I 1,000-10,000 Coastal/ Marine To be managed by polluter
II 10,000-100,000 Coastal/ Marine
III >100,000 Coastal/ Marine
Requires government assistance for
management
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Requires Government and/or external
assistance
Table 11.5: Inland Spill Level.
Level Quantity Location Response
A 1,000 or poses significant health
hazard and requires evacuation
On land or
Inland
On land or
Inland
To be managed by polluter
Responsible party requires
GOB assistance to manage
the discharge.
Since Yum Balisi will not be storing more than 1000 gallons of refined petroleum product at
any given time, both tier I and Level A are most applicable to the size and types of spills that
could be associated with the development. It is also the intention of Yum Balisi to have the
fuel transported to the island by a licensed distributor with the appropriate equipment and
trained personnel.
11.8.3 Fuel Management
The management of fuel needed by the development is perhaps one of the most critical
potential sources of contamination and safety issue that could severely impact the project and
surrounding environment if proper attention is not given to it. The main focus of
management will be the prevention of leaks and spill through the implementation of a
stringent fuel management plan which also addresses issues associated with spent or
unusable oils and fuels. The fuel management plan will address issues with its transportation,
transfer, and storage. Fuel will be managed to prevent spills and leaks via the following:
A. Transportation:
• Fuel will be purchased from a licensed supplier with experience in transporting fuel
to islands.
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• Suppliers will be asked to provide Yum Balisi’s management with a notification of
the intended departure of shipment to be guided to the offloading pier.
• A maximum amount of 1,000 gallons of refined petroleum product shall be stored on
the island.
• All vessels transporting fuel will be provided with oil spill containment and clean-up
equipment and materials and shall be given a copy of oil spill notification list in the
event of an incident.
• During transfer of fuel from vessel to the islands facility all lines will be properly
connected before pumping and strictly supervised.
B. Storage:
• All fuel will be stored in above ground double walled storage tanks which shall be
place within a reinforced concrete containment wall.
• The containment walls will be designed to contain
110% of the maximum tank volume.
• To protect against any accidental fire all fuel storage
tanks will be sited away from all electrical installations
and shall be placed near the loading and offloading pier.
• The fuel storage area will be enclosed by a chain link
fence to avoid access by others.
• Highly visible “No Smoking “and “Danger! Highly Flammable” signs will be posted
on the fence.
• Any fuel dispensed will be dispensed with the containment area,
and any spill will be immediately and appropriately dealt with
through the use of absorbent pads which shall be stored in sealed
containers within the fuel storage area.
• Soiled absorbent pads will be placed in specially lined plastic
containers with covers.
C. Documentation: All fuel received and consumed will be properly recorded in a fuel
ledger book.
D. Maintenance: Because of the corrosive nature of salt air, Yum Balisi shall ensure the
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implementation of a strict maintenance program which will require regular inspection of
all storage tanks, containment walls, fire extinguishers, pipes, valves, and generators for
spills and/or leaks. Another important issue is fuel lines. The generator shall be placed
within a sound attenuated structure that allows for easy servicing and collection of spent
oil. The fuel tanks must be as close as possible to the generators.
E. Waste Oil Management:
Although waste oil will be produced in very small quantities primarily from the servicing of
the back-up generator, waste oil, if not appropriately managed, could pose a risk to the fragile
environment of the island and surrounding areas. Oil containers for outboard engines and
other engines on vessels using the marina and other facilities are another potential source.
However, it is important to understand that a very small amount of waste oil can contaminate
a large amount of water. Waste oil will be managed according to the following:
• Storage: All waste oil will be stored in properly sealed containers and inside a roofed
containment area until transported back to mainland.
• Handling: The use of waste oil will be strictly prohibited on the island and all volumes
generated will be properly recorded on a ledger which will also record the dates these are
generated and transported back to mainland.
• Disposal: No waste oil taken to mainland shall be disposed off without the written
permission of the DOE. All waste will be properly stored and disposed with in
accordance with DOE’s waste oil disposal program and guidelines.
11.9 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
11.9.1 Introduction
According to a recent report entitled “Vulnerability Assessment of The Belize Coastal Zone”
prepared in 2008 as part of the Second National Communications to the United nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), there exist sufficient evidence
indicating that sea surface temperatures have increased by a mean of 0. 13°C per decade
since the mid 1800s and that mean sea level has risen 2 mm per year in the Mesoamerican
region.
In addition, there exist projected increases in the frequency and severity of storms.
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Fisherman’s Caye is a mangrove island that prior to land filling activities was entirely below
sea level. Subsequent land filling activities has elevated an area of approximately 15 acres
and some other smaller areas a few inches above MSL.
This report and others prepared by Cayetano et al. in 1996 that did an Aerial Video-assisted
Vulnerability Assessment and a report by Gibson et al in 1999 that did an assessment of the
coastal zone adaptation to climate change, indicate that major impacts on the biophysical
resources of Belize will be from sea level rise, increased sea surface temperatures, changes in
weather patterns and increased storm activity.
11.9.2 Projected Impacts Associated with Climate Change
The modeling work done by Cayetano et al. in 1996 using the Brunn Equation indicated that
a mean sea level increase of 30 cm in fifty years would result in the loss of approximately 30
m of beach in areas north of Dangriga and 16 m on beaches south of Dangriga.
Corals were assessed as most susceptible to increased sea surface temperature and frequent
storm events. Corals are predicted to be lost due to bleaching, disease, and physical damage.
Mangroves and sea grass beds were assessed as most susceptible to changes in weather
patterns and storm events that will result in physical damage and changes in biological
processes such as reproduction. Mangroves are expected to retreat sequentially to maintain
their position within the ecosystem. Coastal areas, beaches and cayes will be most
susceptible to increasing sea levels and increase in storm events. These areas would suffer
from inundation, erosion, and storm surges. The socioeconomic impacts will be from loss of
habitat and coastal areas which in turn will directly affect the tourism and fisheries industries.
11.9.3 Yum Balisi’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaption Plan
There is very little Yum Balisi can do to mitigate and adapt to it vulnerability to climate
change. Its response is limited to taking into consideration sea level rise and increase
frequency and intensity of hurricanes and tropical storms into its design. In addition, Yum
Balisi will participate with other institutions in monitoring the impact of climate change and
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sea level rise on surrounding eco-systems. The construction of an interpretive center will
serve as a vehicle to sensitize guests and visitors of the potential impact of climate change
and the area’s eco-system.
11.10 Medical Emergencies
11.10.1 Introduction
Medical emergency plans are essential tools in developments of this nature which are
somewhat isolated from mainland facilities and which have specific transportation issues to
address to transport cases to medical facilities throughout Belize. Medical emergencies are
most likely to occur for food poisoning or other medical illness that visitors and staff could
be exposed to while on the island or to infections and diseases contracted elsewhere during
their visit. There also exist the risk of swimming or diving accidents and accidents during
transportation.
To assist in addressing some of these issues Yum Balisi will have staff trained in first
aid/CPR to be able to offer basic first aid treatment in the event of a medical emergency.
11.10.2 First Aid Services
First Aid is the provision of limited care for an illness or injury, which is provided, usually
by a certified person, to a sick or injured patient until definitive medical treatment can be
accessed, or until the illness or injury is dealt with (as not all illnesses or injuries will require
a higher level of treatment). It generally consists of series of simple, sometimes life saving,
medical techniques, that an individual, either with or without formal medical training, can be
trained to perform with minimal equipment.
This equipment usually involves the medical supplies commonly found in a first aid kit. A
first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid, particularly in
a medical emergency. Most first aid kits contain bandages for controlling bleeding, personal
protective equipment such as gloves and a breathing barrier for performing rescue breathing
and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), and a first aid instruction manual.
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In addition, management will establish contacts with BATSUB and Astrum for helicopter
services to medical facilities in Belize City, or the Decompression Chamber in San Pedro in
the instance of any emergency requiring urgent life saving services from these facilities.
11.10.3 Transportation (Evacuation) of Patient
When the patient must be transported to a recognized health institution for further treatment
as quickly as possible, the act of preparing the patient and notifying the institution is a very
important and critical issue. Time is of the essence and therefore important in a life and death
situation. For this reason, it is important to establish relations with the health institution and
notifying them on the project’s plan and whether the institution is able to assist in emergency
cases. The Emergency Coordinator will be required to make transportation arrangements to
the health institution in the event of a medical emergency.
In the event of medical emergencies, the medical facilities on mainland should be notified
ahead of time while the patient is on his way so that the health professionals could prepare to
receive them ahead of time. All medical information should be relayed to the person in
charge including the patient’s conditions, age, sex, blood type, and possible allergies to
medications. This can be gleaned from information taken during guest registration.
The closest health institution is the Dangriga Regional Hospital where professionals are
available and able to render primary and secondary healthcare services. Any serious health
related problems or need for tertiary health care should seek the services of the Karl Heusner
Memorial Hospital, Medical Associates Hospital, or Universal Health Partners Hospital in
Belize City. The only decompression chamber is located in San Pedro and would require that
the patient to be transported by helicopter.
Transportation or evacuation of the less seriously ill patient will first involve boat
transportation to Dangriga or the Seign Bight pier with possible referrals to the previously
mentioned health centers. If further and immediate treatment is required then patients will be
transported by ambulance to the facilities in Belize City or airlifted (airplane or helicopter) to
the facilities in Belize City or San Pedro in the event of the need of a decompression
chamber.
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CHAPTER 12: SOCIAL SETTING
12.1 Introduction
Belize is known for its rich cultural diversity, hence the developers named the project based
on two of these cultures. Yum Balisi takes its name from “Yum” which in Maya signifies
‘god’ or father and “Balisi” which is the Garifuna word for Belize. Yum Balisi Sustainable
Luxury Resort is one of three development projects which will incorporate a Yum Balisi
Beachfront Resort (Project II) in the village of Hopkins and Yum Balisi Mountain Resort
(Project III) on the eastern edge of the Maya Mountain adjacent to Mayflower Bocawina
National Park. It is projected that several millions of dollars will be invested in this
development alone.
However, it is argued that most of the benefits from these types of capital investments are
derived at the regional and national levels, while negative social impacts are experienced
locally and that these projects potentially contribute little to the economic welfare of rural
communities in either the short or long term. Therefore it was important to conduct a rapid
social impact assessment, within the EIA process, in order to have the impacts of these
projects, on local communities, projected, mitigated, monitored, and managed over the
project’s life cycle at the community level. In particular, the benefits to the local community
(e.g. additional employment, in particular for skilled labor during and after the construction
phase, increased business, better amenities such as water supply, health and education)
should be maximized and the costs (e. g. negative environmental effects, social migration,
sanitation and waste disposal) minimized.
Although, the village of Riversdale is only 8 miles due west by sea from the project site,
Hopkins, at 10.5 miles northwest from the project site, has been chosen as the mainland
staging area due to its close accessibility from the Southern Highway and it being the
proposed site for Yum Balisi Beachfront Resort and mainland base, hence the focus on the
rapid social impact assessment on this village. Notwithstanding this, it is envisioned that
villages of Riversdale, Seine Bight, and Placencia will see some sort of impact. Dangriga
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Town via the Commerce Bight Port (18 miles) may be impacted especially with the
transportation of construction materials.
12.2 Regional Demographics
All the communities to be impacted by the development lie within the Stann Creek District,
one of the smallest of the six districts in Belize with an area of 986 sq. miles and a 2000
population of 24, 548 representing 10.2 % of the total population of Belize and a population
density of 24.9 per square mile. However, with an estimated 3.4% growth rate for Belize in
2008 and the district mid-year estimate, the district population was estimated at 33,300
reflecting a density population of 33.77 per square mile (SIB: 2008 Belize Mid-Year
Population Estimates).
Hopkins is the village that will be most likely impacted by the development of the caye with
Placencia, Seine Bight, Riversdale, and Dangriga Town (Commerce Bight) to a lesser degree.
The communities had a combined population of 31,400 in 2008 (Personal Conversation with
Village Chairmen/Community Leader; SIB: 2008 Belize Mid-Year Population Estimates).
Table 12.1: Population of Affected Community by Yum Balisi Development.
Community Males Females Total Estimates
2000
2000 2000 2008 (Total)
Hopkins/Sittee
River
345 412 757 1,200
Seine Bight,
Maya Beach
& Riversdale
377 454 831 1,600
Placencia 237 221 458
2,000
Dangriga 4,572 4,242 8,814
Total 5,186 4,917 10,103
District
Immigration
12,734 11,818
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24,548
12,000
14,600
31,400
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In-country migration to the area has been mostly from laborers from the Cayo and Toledo
districts who are seeking jobs in the citrus, banana and shrimp farms and most recently in the
tourism sector. Their permanence and settlement in the area is limited by the lack of village
lots. Although, the present Village Council authorities have not presented a plan for
addressing this development issue of the area, in Hopkins, for example, the local political
representative is actively pursuing the reclamation of some land for house lots.
Table 12.2: Community and Livelihood.
Community
Livelihood
Hopkins Fishing, Farming, Hunting,
Handicraft, Tourism Services
(local owned hotels and guest
house, and Tour Guides) Migrant
Labour
Seine Bight, Maya Beach Fishing, Handicraft, Tourism
Services (Tour Guides), Migrant
Labour
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Role of Women
Domestic Work, Local Cuisine
Entrepreneurs and Art and Handicraft,
Tourism Industry
Domestic Work, Local Cuisine
Entrepreneurs and Art and Handicraft,
Tourism Industry
Riversdale/Sittee River Fishing, Hunting Domestic Work but 2 are fisher folks
Placencia
Dangriga
Fishing, Handicraft, Tourism
Services (local owned hotels and
guest house, and Tour guides),
Migrant Labour
Agriculture, Trading, Fishing,
Hunting, Handicraft, Tourism
Services, (local owned hotels and
guest house), Public Service,
Migrant Labour
Domestic, Local Cuisine Entrepreneurs,
Art and Handicraft, Tourism Industry
Domestic Work, Art and Handicraft,
Public Service
12.2.1 Hopkins and Sittee River
Hopkins Village on the coast of the Stann Creek District in Belize was founded in 1942, to
replace the village of Newtown, which was devastated by a hurricane, is located some 25
minutes south of Dangriga Town or 19 miles from the Hummingbird Highway and just 4
miles off the Southern Highway (see Figure 12.1).
The population estimates stands at 1,200 villagers, mostly of Garifuna descent. The
livelihood depends mostly on fishing, farming, some hunting, and more recently many have
found work in the growing tourism industry as tour guides, local guest house and restaurants
owners and local handicraft gifts shops owners.
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The village has 24 hours electricity, telephone (landline and cellular coverage) and potable
water supply. It has a small health center staffed with a nurse, a police station staffed with
one police constable and a primary school. The village also boasts of a private “sanitation
services”( basic garbage collection), two gas stations and butane gas depot, a construction
hardware store, seven grocery stores, some fourteen guest houses or lodges and thirty-one
restaurants/bars. It also has nine gift shops and at least one internet cafes,
The village has daily bus services provided by a local villager as well as service providers
from Placencia and Dangriga. The village is also accessed via air by services provided by
two local companies who fly into the Dangriga Airstrip and then visitors travel onward by
road to the village.
12.2.2 Sittee River Village
Sittee River village is a small Creole community four miles south of Hopkins via a dirt road.
The Southern Highway entrance road passes the ruins of a 19th century sugar mill which has
been designated a park. There is a small general store with camping and a community phone
on the main village road. The present population stands at 400 residents. The livelihood is the
same as that of neighboring Hopkins.
Figure 12.1: Map of Coastal Communities in the Stann Creek District.
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12.2.3 Seine Bight (including Maya Beach and Riversdale Community)
The Seine Bight and Maya Beach communities are located some 26 miles off the Southern
Highway and three miles north of Placencia. Its 2008-estimated population stood at 1600
villagers of whom the majority is Garinagu followed by Maya and North Americans and with
a growing population of migrant Hispanics and other races. Founded in 1987, Riversdale has
13 families with a total population of 60.
The Seine Bight/Maya Beach villagers have access to 24 hours electricity, potable water,
cable television, telephone (landline and cellular coverage) and “sanitation services” (basic
garbage disposal). The villagers are serviced by a Health Center staffed with a nurse and
community nurse’s aide and a Police Station with two (2) resident police constables. There is
a primary school with 450 students and 16 teachers and two religious denominations with
their own church buildings. The village proper has several groceries stores and one vegetable
store, some local restaurants and bars and several private internet cafes. The village has a
Tour Guide Association. However, between Riversdale and Placencia there are
approximately 30 plus resorts and several Bed and Breakfast facilities mostly owned by
foreigners, some of which hold Belize Residency or Nationality.
The village has several individual taxi services. In addition, there are daily bus services
provided by service providers from Placencia and Dangriga. The village is also accessed via
air by services provided by two local companies who fly into the Placencia Airstrip and then
visitors travel a short distance by road to the village.
The Riversdale Community on the other hand has limited services and is normally bypassed
by tourist on their way south to the peninsula.
Fishing and some hunting were the predominant activities for the men in these communities.
However, there has been a decline in the number of persons conducting fishing as a living. It
is estimated that there exist only about 10 to 15 permanent fisher folks in Seine Bight. On the
other hand, almost the entire community of Riversdale consists of fisher folks including two
prominent “fisherwomen”.
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12.2.4 Placencia
The village of Placencia has seen a fast growing tourism industry and with that a growing
population of 2,000 (estimates) for 2008. With the growing tourism industry, the village
population is increasing at a yearly rate of 2.5 %”.
The Placencia Fishing Cooperative was established in June 1962 to commercialize and
export the production of lobster, conch, shrimp, and scale fish. However, the cooperative has
seen a decline in overall production as well as cooperative members since the 1980’s have
been diversifying into tourism related activities. Today it can be safely stated that, with the
exception of a few, do both fishing and tourism related activity. It is anticipated that with this
increase in development, the cooperative membership will be able to take advantage of the
new seafood market being created.
Placencia along with Ambergris Caye and Cayo have 49% of the hotels in the country.
Placencia has had a notable growth of doubled the number of hotels in just ten years and
tourism has transformed a traditional fishing village into the fastest growing tourism
destination.
While the economic impact on the village is more obvious, the socio-cultural impact of
tourism on these traditional fishing villages is yet to be properly documented.
Plate 12.1: Placencia Fishing Cooperative.
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12.3 Infrastructure and Services
12.3.1 Education and Health Services
A. Educational Facilities
Primary schools are available in Hopkins, Placencia, and Seine Bight. Riversdale is the
exception as its primary school students need to travel to other nearby primary schools.
There are no high schools or Junior Colleges in these villages so students must seek higher
education outside their communities such as Independence Village and Dangriga Town.
The Stann Creek District has three high schools (Delille, Ecumenical, and Independence
High Schools) and one Junior College. Enrollment in 2006/2007 school year at the secondary
schools in Stann Creek District totaled 1,815. It is estimated that about 50 students from
these communities seek higher education in these institutions.
Students seeking university education attend the Belmopan and Belize City Campuses of the
University of Belize (UB); no data specific to the Stann District was available from UB.
B. Heath and Medical Facilities
The Southern Regional Hospital is located in Dangriga which is approximately 36 miles of
paved (24 miles) and dirt (12miles) road from the development’s mainland staging area in
Hopkins plus an additional 10.5 miles sea travel to the island. In case of major medical
requirements, the patients are referred to Belize City where tertiary treatment and twentyfour
hour services are available. Among the coastal communities in the project’s zone of
influence only Hopkins, Seine Bight, and Placentia have Health Centers. While Placencia has
a resident physician and a nurse, Hopkins and Seine Bight have only a nurse and a nurse
helper.
12.3.2 Other Social Amenities
Most of the communities have the following social amenities: cable TV, potable water and
electricity, one Police station, churches and internet cafes, etc. Placencia has a rudimentary
fire control service.
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Table 12.3: Social Infrastructure/Amenities of Villages.
Community School Fire
Station
Police
Station
Health
Center
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Church Community
Center
Cable
TV
Internet
Cafe
Hopkins/Sittee
River
2 0 1 1 2 1 0 Yes
Seine Bight 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 yes
Maya Beach 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 yes
Riversdale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No
Placencia 1 * 1 1 2 1 1 Several
* Rudimentary fire control system
12.3.3 Labor and Employment
Tourism and agriculture are the economic drivers for the Stann Creek District. Tourism
visitors to the Stann Creek District are attracted for its scenic views, the cayes, the rainforest,
archaeological sites and its world re-known Jaguar Reserve.
The rural communities, especially, continue to depend on the agriculture industry as the
major money earner. The agricultural production of this district can be characterized by the
export crops such as citrus, bananas, papaya, cacao, a newly developed organically produced
fruits and subsistence farming. Shrimp farming is major employer generating much needed
foreign exchange income for the area although there has been a steady decline in exports due
to the global demand and production trends.
Table 12.4 shows employment statistics for the Stann Creek district. Due to a general slow
down in export activities, unemployment now stands at about 15% of the available labor
force. Interviews with the tourism industry’s players indicate that there has been a decline in
tourist visitation to the area and tourism related expansions in the communities have been
mostly those that were already in the pipeline.
The proposed development will contribute to the development of the tourism industry in the
district by providing direct and indirect economic opportunities to services suppliers, be it for
job skills or for supplies. As a corporate citizen, Yum Balisi will adhere to its policy to seek
job skills within the local communities and to provide on-the-job training to some of the
unskilled job seekers. It is estimated that for the period of the construction phase a minimum
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of 60 job placements will be available and a permanent staff of a minimum of 40 personnel
once it is completed will be employed. In addition, Yum Balisi will require other service
providers such a food and material suppliers etc.
Table 12.4: Employment Data in the Stann Creek District during 2003-2006.
Employment Situation Total Male % Female %
a. Employed-2003 8,880 5,984 67. 4 2,994 33. 7
b. Employed-2005 10,419 7,167 68. 8 3,252 31. 2
c. Employed-2006 10,909 6,890 63. 2 4,019 36. 8
a. Unemployed-2003 1,434 556 38. 8 878 61. 2
b. Unemployed-2005 1,195 481 40. 3 713 59. 7
c. Unemployed-2006 1,408 444 31. 5 963 68. 4
a. Job Seekers-2003 746 366 49. 1 380 50. 9
b. Job Seekers-2005 680 332 48. 8 348 51. 2
c. Job Seekers-2006 889 389 43. 8 500 56. 2
a. Total Available Labor Force‘03 11,060
b. Total Available Labor Force‘05 12,292
c. Total Available Labor Force‘06 13,006
Source: Labour Force Survey by CSO in 2006
12.3.4 Communication Utilities
Riversdale being the smallest community lacks the amenities which the older and/or bigger
communities enjoy. All other communities have 24 hours electricity, landline telephone
services or satellite and cellular coverage, internet facilities and cable television.
Communication amenities to the island will be limited to radio, cell phones or satellite
communications.
12.3.5 Roads and Transportation
The staging area for the Yum Balisi development site and surrounding communities are
linked by the Southern Highway and main feeder roads running from the junction of the
Southern Highway. Access to Dangriga is through the Southern Highway and the
Hummingbird Highway while access to Belmopan City and Belize City is through the
Hummingbird and Western Highways.
Traffic to the region of the proposed development has increased over the last few years due
mainly to the increasing tourism activity and shrimp farms and subsequent population growth
of the area. The area is serviced by bus lines service providers both locally and from
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Dangriga and Toledo. The movement of cargo and fuel container vehicles from Belize City
to area has been on the increase due to the construction boom, including an increase in use of
private vehicles to the area’s tourist destinations by both local and foreign tourists.
Hopkins’ four-mile access road from the Southern Highway junction is a dirt road with about
half a mile of asphalted section. Access to the Placencia peninsula is via a 26-mile dirt road
which GOB has started to upgrade for paving from the Santa Cruz junction to the wharf in
the village of Placencia.
In addition to its proposed helipad, Yum Balisi will have access to the Placencia Village
landing strip both for tourist arrivals/departures as well as for emergencies. The other nearest
landing strip is the Dangriga Municipal Airstrip which is approximately 36 miles away.
12.3.6 District Emergency Response Support
A. Hurricane Preparedness
The Stann Creek District, being a coastal district is vulnerable to tropical storms and
hurricanes. In October 2001 Hurricane Iris hit the district, in particular the Placencia
Peninsula and surroundings, this gave the National Emergency Management Organization
(NEMO) the opportunity to address the hurricane preparedness issues of the area. This
resulted in the development of a Hurricane Preparedness Plan for these coastal villages in the
Placencia peninsula and surrounding areas. The plan singled out security and evacuation as
the two main issues in the area. This plan also gave each Village Council Chairman the
authority to put into effect and manage the Plan in the event of a hurricane threat or eminent
strike.
It is worthy to note that the National Emergency Management Organization, NEMO, has
upgraded its ability to deal with national disasters by the construction of a national
headquarters in Belmopan, the establishment of a coordinated national body, with District
Emergency Management Organizations. Annual exercises in hurricane preparedness are
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conducted with objective to improve of the system. Exercises include hurricane simulation,
rescue and recovery exercises, as well as evacuation of personnel.
Yum Balisi as indicated in Chapter 11, because of its vulnerability and isolation and distance
from the mainland will develop and implement a Comprehensive Hurricane Preparedness
Plan and will be liaising with the local authorities during these emergency situations.
C. Earthquake Preparedness
It can be safely said, that the general public pays little attention that Belize lies in an
earthquake prone area and is susceptible to earthquakes disasters. The most recent
earthquake, whose epicenter was some miles off the coast of Honduras this year, and which
affected the southern part of the country, has brought Belizean to realize that earthquake
preparedness is also just as important as hurricane preparedness.
Statistically, approximately every 8 years, Belize experiences a 6.0 magnitude on the Richter
scale subterranean earthquake in the ocean at the fault between Hunting Caye and Puerto
Cortez. According to the Belize Development Trust, Belize has a 100% chance of seeing 5
earthquakes and 75% of seeing 10 in the next century. Furthermore, the Northern Lagoon
where the Blue Hole is located is cut up into three reef sections separated by three wrench
faults see Figure 11.3.
Belize does not have a National Earthquake Information Center seismic station and all
earthquake disaster preparedness rests on NEMO. Placencia and the surrounding areas are
now aware that they should now pay more attention to earthquake preparedness especially
since earthquakes strike suddenly, violently and without warning. Earthquake preparedness
depends to a great extent on the early measure taken to plan for these seismic movements by
ensuring that the construction of building and other structures take these into consideration
and by identifying potential hazards ahead of time.
Yum Balisi as part of it emergency Management and Disaster Prevention Plan (see Chapter
11) will also develop and implement a Comprehensive Earthquake Preparedness Plan and
will be liaising with the local authorities during these emergency situations as well.
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12.4 NGOs, CBOs and Public Interest
Prominent resident non-government or community-based organizations in the area include
the BTIA-Placencia branch, the Friends of Nature, the Placencia Fishermen Cooperative, the
Peninsula Citizens for Sustainable Development and the Placencia Humane Society. This
report highlights some of the major concerns both positive and negative expressed by NGOs
and CBOs with respect to the project. Below is a summary of their concern.
12.4.1 Placencia BTIA
The Placencia BTIA Branch, a community-based organization, is one of the largest and most
active branches in the country. The BTIA can be credited for making tourism a buoyant and
striving sector in the peninsula and surrounding areas. In discussions with the BTIA
members, it was reported that although the employment rate in the tourism sector was high
compared to other sectors in the area, it has seen a decline of tourist visitations and the earlier
than normal “vacation” release of seasonal tourism related employees in some of the resorts.
Despite a lower visitation rate this year, they believe that the future of tourism in the
peninsula and surrounding areas will continue to expand. Notwithstanding this, the area has
seen growing Hispanic/Mestizo community taking permanent residence status and most
recently some Chinese entrepreneurs.
This type of sound development at Fisherman’s Caye would be most welcomed in the area,
since it generates employment and boost the local economy of the area. Generally, it is the
expressed feeling that the development will attract more tourists to the peninsula and
surrounding area and thus increase business activity.
The main tourism attractions include:
a. snorkeling, scuba diving, fishing, whale shark viewing( April-May at the Gladden
Split).
b. June’s Lobster Fest, a showcase of lobster cuisine by locals.
c. visits to the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, the old Serpon Sugar Mill in
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Sittee River, tubing in the Sibun River, caving in the St. Herman’s Caves.
The main positive concerns on the proposed development are related to employment and job
creation and the possibility for some residents to enter or expand their business. Both
Community leaders and the community expressed their hope that the developers adhere to
the recommendations of the EIA.
12.4.2 Friends of Nature (FoN)
FoN is a conservation Non-Governmental Organization with its administrative offices
located in the community of Placencia. Members of the board of the Friends of Laughing
Bird Caye and Friends of Placencia Lagoon officially registered the organization in March
2002. FoN was formed through the amalgamation of those two existing community groups.
The mission of the organization is: "Preserving and promoting the sustainability of marine
resources, islands, and cayes for our children and the country of Belize". FoN co-manages
Gladden Spit and Silk Cayes Marine Reserve with the Fisheries Department and Laughing
Bird Caye National Park with the Forestry Department.
FoN maintains deep roots in the community. Their constituency includes the six coastal
villages in the central southern region of Belize. The six communities are: Hopkins, Sittee
River, Seine Bight, Placencia, Independence, and Monkey River. The Chairperson of each
Village Council sits on FoN's Board of Directors, which also includes representatives from
other key stakeholder groups. FoN’s motto is "Protecting our natural resources by developing
our human resources".
12.4.3 The Peninsula Citizens for Sustainable Development (PCSD)
The PCSD is a Belizean non-profit corporation and grass roots community organization of
Placencia Peninsula residents concerned with the rapid, and often poorly planned and
executed, development of the Peninsula. PCSD seeks to bring information about proposed
developments to Peninsula residents to ensure that all developments are environmentally
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sustainable with respect water quality and mangrove protection of the fragile eco-systems of
the Peninsula and its communities and cultures.
12.4.4 The Placencia Humane Society
The Placencia Humane Society was formed in 1999 as a response to meet the need for
regular veterinary care on the Placencia Peninsula. The Placencia Humane Society now
offers temporary emergency shelter for stray and injured pets, no-interest loans to area
residents who need help caring for their pets, spaying and neutering clinics for feral cats.
12.5 Impacts to Community
The proposed development can be classified as a relatively small-high-end Eco-Tourism
Resort development. The communities are fully aware that any new development does affect
their community be it in a positive or negative way. There has been an increase in job
creation and subsequent employment for locals as a result of the growth of the tourism
industry in the area. Tourism with its better wages has influenced several individuals from
leaving their fishing livelihood. It has also put more women on the employment list as their
services are required in the hotel industry. There has also been an increase in individual
entrepreneurship where some enter into business arrangements with resort boutiques or
handicraft shops for their sales of handicraft. It is estimated that 50% of the working
population is employed in some sort of tourism related activity.
The potential positive impacts identified by members of nearby communities such as
Hopkins, and Sittee include the following:
i. Increased employment and job creation and the possibility for some villagers
to enter or expand their business, such as handicraft marketing at the arts and
craft shop to be established in the resort;
ii. That opportunity for employment be provided during the construction and
post-construction phase of the development.
iii. The overall apprehension of the villagers is that they hope any benefits
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derived from the tourism trickles downs.
iv. Peddling of drugs and the possibility of crime and its increase,
v. A general sentiment by village leaders is that they hope the developers
develop the island in manner that does not destroy the beauty of the area and
they hope that government ensures that the development is strictly monitored.
Several of the local NGO’s and local representatives of International NGO’s have expressed
their concerns and opposition to the development of the islands within the Pelican Cayes
Group. Their concerns are centered on the areas classification as a World Heritage Site which
they feel should remain as strict conservation areas.
The main concerns expressed by them, in no order of priority, are:
(i) concern of the effects of labeling Belize’s Barrier Reef on the World Heritage
Site Danger List,
(ii) possible destruction of the beautiful snorkeling and diving grounds,
(iii) the disposal sewerage waste and of solid waste will severely impact an already
fragile ecosystem;
(iv) the cutting of mangroves would result in the loss of breeding grounds for local
fishery and lack of protection from storms;
(v) concerns on where the source of fill material for the island will come from, and
the negative impacts which dredging activities in the area will have on the corals
and other important ecosystems of the area;
(vi) concerns that dredging activities could probably lead to increase erosion in the
areas near to burrow sites;
(vii) Concerns were expressed that senior management jobs in these resorts are usually
reserved for outsiders while the local people are employed for the menial jobs
only.
The project will have direct social benefits through the creation of new employment and
other indirect benefits associated with tourist staying at the resort visiting other tourist
destinations on mainland such as Placencia, Hopkins, Monkey River, and other points of
interest contributing to the local economy of the area.
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The emphasis in the protection of the island’s ecology will also allow for the resources to
become a source of revenue generation while at the sometime allowing for this local source
of attraction to be able to be visited by Belizeans who traditionally have had limited access to
these areas because of the absence of facilities and lack of opportunities to do so.
Since Yum Balisi is already within a marine reserve, the negative impacts normally
associated with these types of projects due to loss of traditional fishing ground can be
expected to be minimal. In fact the impact to local fisher folks is assessed to have a minor net
positive impact to local fisher folks by providing them with an outlet for preferential prices
on their catch.
From an economic stand point there exists the possibility for the local resorts to be negatively
affected by the increase in competition. This issue however is mitigated by the fact that the
resort is intended as a high-end tourism development which will be targeting a niche market
different from those being targeted by several of the other establishments in the area. In
addition, competition is a good vehicle to promote higher standards and it is expected that
some of the technology and best practices employed in the construction and operations of the
facilities would also spill over to other existing tourism facilities in the area.
Another general negative social impact often associated with the increase of tourism in an
area, is the increase in crime rate (theft and drug use) and sexually transmitted diseases which
seems to accompany the growth of the industry. Since the proposed resort is a relatively
small one and exist relatively isolated from the nearby communities, its impact on the
increase of crime rate and prostitution within these nearby communities is assessed as minor
or negligible.
Another social concern is the impacts created by migrant workers seeking employment.
Migrant workers place additional housing demands and pressures on the limited social
infrastructure of these small villages or communities. The project is not expected to
contribute to this issue since it will actively seek the employment of residents within the
existing communities.
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A. General Mitigation
(i) The project will create much desired employment in the area during the
construction and operational phase of the project.
(ii) Jobs in senior and managerial positions will be made available to Belizeans with
training in the hospitality sector. All job employment will be sourced locally.
(iii) Produce needed by the resort will be sourced locally first.
(iv) Programs will be developed with local NGO’s to provide opportunities for
deserving students and other deserving Belizean citizens to experience and learn
about the ecology of the area.
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CHAPTER 13: ALTERNATIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT
13.1 Introduction
Belize belongs to the 83% of all countries in which tourism is one of the top five exports. It is
also part of the 38% of the world's nations in which tourism is the main source of foreign
exchange. A study conducted by BTB indicated that one out of every four jobs was related to
tourism. Therefore it comes as no surprise that this industry features prominently in GOB’s
effort to eradicate poverty.
Belize is ranked seventeenth in the world as a destination for adventure and experiential
travelers (BTB 2009). A study conducted in 2002 by the Travel Industry Association of
America to examine attitudes of tourists related to sustainable tourism behavior, showed at
least 55 million Americans who could be classified as “sustainable tourists” who have high
expectations for unique and culturally authentic travel experiences that preserve and protect
the ecological and cultural environment. Also, of interest to Belize is the fact that 81% of this
segment of tourists (16.3 million American adults) report that they prefer to stay in smallscale
accommodations and visit small towns and rural areas.
The increasing awareness of the economic development potential of tourism together with
concern over tourism impacts has motivated many destinations to become more strategic in
their role in managing the growth of the tourism sector. Traditional environmental concerns
have focused on issues such as overuse of water resources, air pollution, land degradation,
waste and litter problems, inadequate sewage treatment, aesthetic pollution, habitat
destruction, and eco-system alteration.
More recently, the debate on tourism’s impacts has evolved to concerns about the
opportunities and threats that tourism presents for biodiversity conservation. The flip-side of
this increasing concern is a growing appreciation that tourism can make significant
contributions to local environmental management and the conservation of biodiversity. It can
provide a source of financing and an economic justification for protected areas, offer
economic alternatives for local communities, and raise awareness through interpretive
practices about the importance of biodiversity. Belize has enacted the EIA regulations to
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espond to the need for responsible environmental management of tourism's impact and to
address the environmental issues associated with its growth in a more comprehensive
manner.
In considering the implementation of a proposed conceptual development plan, there is often
a consideration of the various developmental alternatives that an investor would have to
consider prior to a decision to move forward with his plans. There are usually two or more
important developmental alternatives for each proposed activity to think about.
The evaluation of alternatives may encompass a wide range of economic, social, and
environmental considerations associated with the various available options. This section
focuses on an evaluation of alternatives to the overall proposed development inclusive of the
‘No Action Alternative’. It focused on the options that were more practical for the proposed
project area. It does not intend to repeat the individual assessments of the various alternatives
for specific activities (water and energy supply, waste water treatment etc.) which are best
addressed in their respective chapters.
13.2 The ‘No Action Alternative’
In the analysis of the development alternatives, the option with the highest cost benefit, the
most technically feasible and with the least residual environmental impact is usually
identified as the preferred option.
The ‘No Action Alternative’ although discussed and required to be considered often
represents an option that is not economically viable for private properties in consideration
that the purchase of a property is almost always linked to the economic opportunities it
presents in their development. Such is the case with Fisherman’s Caye where the owner
purchased the property in the real estate market where it was marketed as prime property for
tourism development.
Although this option would result in the least negative environmental impacts, it also has the
potential to be the most economically expensive option due to the potential loss associated
with opportunity cost and the abandonment of existing investments made in the purchase of
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the property and existing infrastructure. The initial investment already incurred on the
purchase of the property is the primary reason for the no action alternative not to be found
economically feasible. In addition, this option would result in the loss of investment capital,
and the loss of economic opportunities such as employment generation, revenue and foreign
exchange generation etc. Moreover, the true recreational and aesthetic value of the island and
its resource would be denied the opportunity of being developed.
Hence, the ‘No Action Alternative’ is primarily being used as a baseline mark for the
comparison of the other remaining development options. A choice was then made on the
option that made the most economic sense while at the same time resulting in less negative
environmental impacts or external costs. At the end, the success of any project development
depends on the implementation of adequate mitigation measures, which are derived by
identifying a combination of a lesser environmentally damaging alternative, and those that
are the most economically feasible to implement. The unique ecological features of the
Fisherman’s Caye and the Pelican Cayes were the primary consideration that determined the
final proposed development.
13.3 Development Alternatives
In considering the ecological importance of Fisherman’s Caye and the integral role it plays as
part of the South Water Caye Marine Reserve and current World Heritage Site status, Yum
Balisi Limited and its parent company Geneva International are proposing the development
of a high-end eco-friendly resort that would minimize the environmental impacts to Islands
pristine ecosystem while at the same time allowing for its true economic value to be
developed. The development is proposed to take place in areas that had already been cleared
and partially filled by previous owners while preserving and conserving the remaining
mangrove and surrounding ecosystems in particular those associated with the island’s ponds.
The intent is to give the resort the feeling of being “of” the land and not simply being “on”
the land.
The project’s initial conceptual plan has been significantly modified to reduce its footprint
and to make it consistent with the results of the studies during the preparation of the
environmental impact assessment of the island. The present development is proposed to
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cover a footprint of less than 15% of the overall landmass and will be comprised of three
types of accommodations. The area proposed to be developed includes areas that had been
cleared and partially filled by previous owners and will entail very little further clearing.
There will be a total of 35 luxury units (35 rooms/35 bathrooms) primarily on the eastern and
southern sections of the island. Hence, the evaluation of options is portrayed in the changes
made to the original conceptual plan and what is now presented as the proposed development
plan.
Table 13.1: Development Alternatives
Environmental
Issues
Environmental
Footprint
Impacts to
ponds unique
ecosystem
Mangrove
Clearance
Dredging
Siting of
Marina
No Action
Alternative
Ecosystem
remains in its
natural form
with limited
economic
benefits
Impacts would
remain as
minimal – but
little benefits
derived from it
No
environmental
impact
No
environmental
impact
No
environmental
impacts
Option 1- Original
Conceptual Plan
Original Plan called for 60
resort units requiring more
clearance of mangrove
because of larger required
by projects footprint. This
option could have generated
greater financial benefits but
the impacts to the islands
ecosystem would have been
greater.
Proposed Marina would
have severely impacted
pond’s ecosystem
Would have required
clearance of additional three
acres of mangrove
Would have required
additional fill material for 3
acres of new area
Proposed Marina in Pond
PC1 would have
compromised ponds
biodiversity.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Option 2 Final Conceptual Plan
Final Plan proposes 35 units
significantly reducing the projects
density and pressures on resources such
as water and waste management related
issues. Facilities to be built on land that
has already been altered (cleared and
partially filled). The intent is to reduce
additional requirement for mangrove
clearance and dredging while using the
natural features of the ponds and
remaining natural areas as the selling
point for the resort.
Only a small transient platform for
offloading of visitors to ponds –limited
impacts allowing economic benefits to
be derived by these pond’s unique
natural features
No additional clearance of mangrove
required except for pruning to allow for
interpretive trails and access to
walkways
Only Requires fill to elevate already
previously
Only a small transient docking facility
will be allowed to allow visitors to enjoy
view or study the pond’s biodiversity.
Instead of having a full-service marina
on the Island the investors have opted to
go for a small docking facility located on
the leeward side of the island which
would run parallel to the coastline
avoiding the need to clear mangrove
except for the where the access pier
would connect with the elevated
interpretive boardwalk. The construction
of the facility in this area avoid area of
rich biodiversity and would require no
dredging since it has the required depths
268

Siting of Ecolodges/Overwater
cabanas
Elevated
Boardwalk
Construction
Siting of
Utilities
No
environmental
impacts
No
environmental
impacts
13.4 Recommended Option
Siting of overwater cabanas
in pond (PC1) would have
compromised biodiversity
of pond
Would require pruning of
mangroves to allow for its
construction. These impacts
are somewhat offset by the
educational benefits.
Utility areas sited in areas
where they could pose
problems.
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
for berthing of even large vessel.
Relocating overwater cabana on the
north-western tip and leeward side of
island allows for avoidance of
biodiversity rich areas and greater
enjoyment of ocean view and tradewinds
while enjoying protection at the
same time.
Impacts are similar to that of option one
– only that the walkways now ensures
that it interconnects with areas of interest
from an environmental education point
of view.
Utility areas relocated and sited to areas
where they have easy access to service
pier and where noise and odor would not
become a nuisance to the rest of the
development. Siting some of these
facilities (fuel storage and generator
house) near access or service pier
reduces the environmental risks
associated with possible spills.
Based on the evaluation of the various issues associated with the alternatives examined, the
option with the highest economic opportunity, the most technically feasible and with the least
negative environmental impacts is the revised conceptual development plan now being
proposed. This plan unlike the initial conceptual plan has the benefit of being designed on the
basis of the baseline information obtained from the EIA.
Although the selection of the "No Action Alternative” would have led to little or no negative
impacts to the environment, it would in itself have led to a lost of opportunity to develop the
true economic recreational and touristic potential of the island and its resources. In addition,
this option would have no regards to the value of the property and its land use potential and
the fact that it is private property sold under the premises of being a prime property for
tourism development.
The “No Action Alternative”, would have probably led to the sterilization of the area by
maintaining it in its natural form at a tremendous opportunity loss. Similarly, the economic
implications of non-development are significant. The increase in foreign exchange earnings
269

and employment opportunities that could be created would cease to exist if no development
takes place.
From a dynamic efficiency standpoint, it should be apparent that a conscientious tourism
project would maximize the use of the areas resources at the site without compromising the
long term benefits. A resort facility offers the best opportunity to capitalize on the area’s
unique attraction while keeping important environmental parameters intact. For the proposed
Yum Balisi revised conceptual development plan it is essential that the quality of the caye’s
natural resources be maintained at the highest level possible. Since the unique environment
of the area is the basic resource being marketed, the island’s careful development will lead to
its enhancement rather than its destruction, while allowing the development of a marketable
product and the recreational potential which the area has to offer. Belizean would benefit by
being able to visit these areas and partake in the proposed conservation programmes.
Presently few Belizean are able to appreciate the beauty of the area because of its
undeveloped state.
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270

CHAPTER 14: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
14.1 Introduction
The foregoing section in this report provides a summary of the assessment of the potential
environmental impacts, as they affect the surrounding air, water, soil, ecosystems, and human
settlements in the area. In most cases, it is possible to reduce potential adverse impacts to the
point where the impacts are insignificant or negligible, either through effective design, the
use of green technologies and best practices or through sound operational management of the
facilities.
An environmental impact is defined as any change to an existing condition of the
environment. The nature of the impacts may be categorized in terms of:
• Direction -positive or negative
• Duration -long or short term
• Location -direct or indirect
• Magnitude -large or small
• Extent -wide or local
• Significance -large or small
To systematically identify the impacts associated with the proposed Yum Balisi
development, an impact matrix was used to array the main project activities against the
relevant environmental factors. This matrix is shown in Table 13.1 and 13.2.
Table 14.1: Impact Matrix for Site Preparation and Construction.
ACTIVITY/IMPACT
DIRECTION DURATION LOCATION MAGNITUDE EXTENT SIGNIFICANCE
Pos Neg Long Short Direct Indirect Major Minor Wide Local Large Small
1. Site Preparation
Retain Vegetation x x x x x x
Vegetation Removal x x x x x x
Habitat Removal x x x x x x
Increased
infiltration/runoff
x x x x x x
Increased flood
potential
x x x x x x
Increased soil
erosion
x x x x x x
Noise x x x x x x
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ACTIVITY
/IMPACT
DIRECTION DURATION LOCATION MAGNITUDE EXTENT SIGNIFICANCE
Pos Neg Long Short Direct Indirect Major Minor Wide Local Large Small
2. Dredging & Fill
Habitat alteration x x x x x x
Water quality
impacts
x x x x x x
sedimentation
3. Material
Transport
x x x x x x
Dusting & spillage x x x x x x
Impact on marine
traffic
x x x x x x
Impact to land base
sources
x x x x x x
4. Improper
Material Storage
Water contamination x x x x x x
Suspended solid
runoff
5. Construction
Work
x x x x x x
Noise x x x x x x
Dust x x x x x x
Coastline
enhancement/
damage/modification
x x x x x x x
Mangrove/sea grass
removal
x x x x x x
Visual intrusion x x x x x x
Refueling of vessels
and fuel storage
onsite
x x x x x x
Repair of vessels
onsite
6. Construction
Crew
x x x x x x
Sewage generation x x x x x x
Solid waste
x x x x x x
generation
Emergency response x x x x x x
Water Consumption x x x x x x
Food Hygiene
7. Landscape &
Replanting
x x x x x x
Vegetation/habitat
reintroduction
8. Employment
x x x x x x
Job creation x x x x x x
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Table 14.2: Impact Matrix for Operational Phase.
ACTIVITY/IMPACT
DIRECTION DURATION LOCATION MAGNITUDE EXTENT SIGNIFICANCE
Pos Neg Long Short Dir Ind Maj Min Wide Local Large Small
1. Water supply/Consumption
Sustainable supply x x x x x x
Water conservation methods x x x x x x
2. Wastewater generation/Disposal
Sewage x x x x x x
Greywater x x x x x x
Brine x x x x x x
3 Solid Waste Management
littering x x x x x
Water pollution x x x x x x
Beach cleanup x x x x x x
4 Energy Generation
Noise pollution x x x x x x
Water pollution/from oil spills or leaks x x x x x x
Air pollution x x x x x x
Green house gases/ climate change x x x x x x
5. Transportation/Traffic
Traffic accidents x x x x x x
Fuel spills x x x x x x
Damage to reef /groundings x x x x x x
4. Impact to Island’s Ecosystem
Water Pollution x x x x x x
Erosion x x x x x x
Overcrowding x x x x x x
Access x x x x x x
Recreational Activities x x x x x x x
Solid waste generation & disposal x x x x x x
Water sports x x x x x x
5. Emergency Response
Emergency response x x x x x x
6. Landscaping
Vegetation/habitat removal x x x x x x
Local vegetation/habitat intro. x x x x x x
Retain Vegetation x x x x x x
Improved aesthetics x x x x x x
7. Site Access (piers and marina)
Increased traffic x x x x x x
Impact to long shore currents x x x x x x
Impacts to sea grass/corals x x x x x
Impact to fishery x x x x x x
8. Lighting
Disturbance of nocturnal fauna x x x x x x
Visual intrusion x x x x x x
9. Social
accommodation for staff x x x x x x
Introduction of diseases
Job creation x x x x x x
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The following Environmental Mitigation Plan defines a set of recommended technologies,
practices, and operational measures to prevent or mitigate adverse impacts related to the
construction and operation s of the proposed Yum Balisi Eco-Tourism Facility on
Fisherman’s Caye.
14.2 Site Preparation and Construction
14.2.1 Site Preparation and Vegetation Clearance
The mangrove clearance of 15 acres of the island was carried out in 2006 by the previous
owners of the lands in question. This area represents the majority (80 %) of the project’s
footprint since the new owners want to develop this cleared area with the minimum alteration
to the remaining mangrove stands. The plan involves keeping the remaining mangrove stands
in their natural state which will be used to teach and demonstrate the importance of the
mangrove ecology of the Pelican Cayes. To assist with this, a system of elevated walkways
will be built through the mangroves accompanied by a research center and an auditorium for
lectures on marine ecology using the ecology of the island, (pond, corals, seagrass beds, and
mangroves) as a living laboratory.
From the remaining stumps and remaining vegetation present on the island it would appear
that the majority of the cleared vegetation involved were red and black mangroves with a few
standing white mangroves near the east coast of the island. The impacts of this vegetation
clearance were somewhat mitigated by the narrow strip of fringing red mangroves which had
been left along the islands coastline and the edges bordering the inner ponds.
From conversation with locals that frequent the area, it would appear that even prior to the
clearance of the vegetation, very few birds would frequent the island. At the time of the study
very few bird were seen in the area. The remaining trees had none of the tale-tale signs of
birds such as the white staining left on leaves. In addition mangrove stands used as roosting
or nesting sites for seabirds and wetland birds such as the Neo-Tropical Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax brasilianus), the Brown Pelican (Pelicanus occidentalis) and the Little Blue
Heron (Egretta caerulea)would tend to be taller than normal because of the guano produced
by these birds. The mangroves observed on the island appeared stunted and did not bear any
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of signs of high bird habitation. Hence, it would appear that the minor clearance and future
activities impacts on bird populations of the area would be low to almost negligible.
The removal of vegetation during the clearance of the 15 acres, has allowed for an increase
potential in the runoff of the fill material used to partially fill these cleared areas. Runoff
during heavy rainfall may carry sediments, bits of vegetation and particulates with it into
ponds and the near shore marine waters. However, due to the generally flat topography of the
project site, the negative impact of sediment loaded storm water runoff may not be
substantial or significant. At the time of the study, brushes and other vegetation including
vines had begun to colonize the newly filled areas slowing down some of the runoff. In
addition, old fine meshed curtains placed around the reclaimed area to prevent siltation from
dewatering of dredged material may have also been helpful in preventing siltation of ponds
and surrounding marine ecosystem from storm water runoff. Any soil erosion taking place is
expected to be localized and contained.
With the intention of mitigating against the negative impact associated with the clearance of
vegetation on the island, it was decided to leave the remaining mangroves untouched because
of their importance to the ecology of the area. The retaining of much of the remaining
mangrove (60 to 65%) is expected to significantly and satisfactorily mitigate the negative
impacts associated with the previous clearance of the 15 acres.
As previously discussed, onsite avifauna species diversity was low, but with the remaining
mangrove stands and new plants being replanted to provide habitats for concealment,
foraging, and nesting, local birds may be attracted to inhabit the island. The proposed site is
considered less than ideal for supporting large and diverse bird populations. As such the
potential negative impacts of construction work and the development, on avifauna
frequenting the site, are expected to be short-term and minor and possibly positive in the long
term.
Birds presently using the project site will primarily be impacted by noise generated by
construction activities. It is expected, however, that they will retreat to adjacent surrounding
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vegetation communities and will return once construction activities have ceased and the
facility is operational.
Mitigation
(vi) Exposed areas should be replanted and landscaped as soon as possible to reduce
soil erosion, sediment, and organic runoff.
(vii) To reduce the amount of organic waste, and deter its inappropriate and unsightly
disposal, softer vegetation should be composted on site and used for soil
amendment during landscaping, whilst harder trunks and branches should be
chipped (using a wood chipper).
(viii) The burning of the waste vegetation will not be allowed.
(ix) The removal of any additional remaining fringing mangroves will be avoided
except to allow for limited access to piers and berthing facility.
(x) Landscaping of the area will involve only native salt tolerant species. No exotic
ornamental plants will be planted as part of the island’s landscaping programme.
(xi) Much of the remaining mangrove stands will be maintained in its original form.
(xii) Fringing mangroves will be protected from the potential impacts of sedimentation
that can result from the dewatering of dredged spoils.
14.2.2 Dredging and Land Filling Activities
Presently the inner 15 acres of land that had been cleared and filled with dredge material is
not more than two feet above sea level at its highest point. Several areas have compacted and
subsided since the initial dredging activities leaving some of these areas periodically
inundated during high tides. This has allowed for a transformation of this area’s landform
from a swampy and mucky area to a more consolidated area largely of white coralline sand.
In addition to this 15 acres of reclaimed land there exist on the north-western tip of the
island, an area measuring 50 ft x 200 ft, which was reportedly filled many years ago by a
fisherman that once used the area as a fishing base. This area was reportedly filled by hand
and has been solidly compacted to about three feet above sea level.
The proposed land fill activity is associated primarily with raising the area that had already
been reclaimed so that they no longer are inundated by the tides and to allow for the proper
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installation of the proposed structures. These areas will be raised to an elevation of three to
four feet above MSL [mean sea level].
This material is proposed to be extracted from one of the three burrow sites that were
investigated by the team. Two burrow sites were ruled out because of the following reasons.
Burrow Site No. 1 was ruled out because of its proximity to the large lagoon containing a
vibrant growth of tunicates and sponges off the prop roots of the mangroves fringing this
lagoon (see Chapter 10 – Plate 10.2). It was felt that the risk of them being impacted by the
dredging activities was too high. The other site labeled Burrow Site No. 2 was also ruled out
because it was too near to some sensitive corals and too close to the edge of the precipice.
The third option or site labeled Burrow Site No. 3 was considered as a preferable option than
dredging in a new area affecting the immediate ecology of that area. This site would be
slightly expanded and dredged deeper. Some minor coral structures located near the area will
be exposed to the threats resulting from sedimentation and turbidity impacts. This would
constitute the most notable impacts associated with the dredging activities. The moderate
extent of the secondary impacts to the corals from dredging activity will result mainly as a
function of the deployment of sediment curtains at the burrow site and around along the path
of the spoil discharge pipes.
The greatest environmental impact associated directly with the land filling activities is the
potential for the ecology of the ponds (PC2, IP1, PL1, and PL3) to be affected by siltation
from the run-off from the dewatering of dredged material and heavy rains. This silt has the
potential to smother the tunicate, sponges, and other marine life living on the prop roots of
the fringing mangroves. To mitigate against these impacts retaining walls made of geo-textile
material will be placed around the area to be filled and on the edge of the ponds to contain
spoils (see Plate 14.1).
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277

Plate 14.1: Geo-Textile Retaining Walls Used.
The moderate adverse impacts ascribed to the prop roots are mainly as a function of the
placement of a fine-mesh geo-textile membrane around the dewatering site to protect the
fringing mangroves around the perimeter of the pond and island.
The tertiary impacts of the loss of nursery function and prop root habitat have also been
classified as minimal. This is mainly a function of the majority of the fringing mangrove
remaining intact. The presence of the fringing mangroves also diminishes the impacts which
the marina and pier construction could have on long shore currents and subsequent erosion of
the island’s coastline.
The most notable primary aquatic impacts arising from the dredging operations are expected
to be an increase in sedimentation and turbidity, as well as an increase in BOD and Hydrogen
Sulphide.
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The magnitude of the turbidity and sedimentation impacts associated with the dredging
activity is a function of the scope of the activity and the consistency of the material to be
dredged. The scope of the activity is reduced by the fact that the area to be filled and elevated
had already been partially filled in 2006. This fact combined with the presence of course
coralline site located within the proposed dredge site reduces the impact associated with
siltation and changes in water quality of the area.
The dredging method to be applied utilizes a ‘Suction’ Dredge. Suction dredging of the
intended area will result in a relative small plume at the point of suction. In addition, during
dredging silt curtains will be deployed around the cutter head to prevent siltation of adjacent
areas. The excavated material, which is calcareous and coarse coralline sand, is to be pumped
from this burrow site to the caye. This material will then be deposited within a retaining wall
lined by a fine-meshed geo-textile polymer held in place by wooden stakes every five feet
apart. This will allow for the de-watering of the dredged spoils, while constraining the return
of highly turbid outflows to the surrounding seas.
The turbidity and sedimentation influences are associated with the burrow pits, as well as the
spoil discharge pipes and return flows from the retaining walls. It is expected that the net
flow of the turbidity plume will be towards the south and east, which is coincident with net
current movement in the area. This is in the direction of the open sea and avoids much of the
nearby fringing corals.
The primary sedimentation and turbidity impacts have been assessed as major because of the
sensitivity of the area. The estimated volume of 40, 0000 m 3 although much smaller than
those associated with similar type development of islands in the south of the country has the
potential to significantly impact the area’s ecology if appropriate measures are not
implemented. To ameliorate these impacts the activity would need to be closely supervised
and sediment curtains must be deployed to accompany the dredging operation.
The geographic area to be most affected by sedimentation and turbidity influences is the area
located immediately around the proposed burrow pit, which is approximately 0.5 km from
Fisherman’s island. It is approximately 75 meter away from a small mangrove island which
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279

lies within the existing shoal. Apart from the ‘moderate’ impacts mentioned above, most of
the impacts to the areas have been assessed as moderate provided the implementation
measures are strictly adhered to.
Since most of the existing larger islands in the area are geographically removed from the
proposed burrow site the areas around them are not expected to be significantly affected by
the ‘secondary’ turbidity and sedimentation impacts.
Mitigation:
(vii) Restrict dredging to the site that has already been disturbed by previous dredging.
(viii) Carry out dredging with a suction dredge.
(ix) Deploy silt curtain around burrow site.
(x) Carry out activity under the supervision of an environmental or fisheries officer.
(xi) Limit dredging activities to avoid period of excessive rough seas.
(xii) Carry out monitoring of adjacent areas for sedimentation or siltation impact.
14.2.3 Aesthetics
The proposed development will have some visual impact on the aesthetics of the location
because the proposed development will be taking place in an undeveloped area and the
natural aesthetics of the island will be altered by the construction of structures and building
associated with the proposed development. In addition the island must be kept clean from the
unsightly accumulation of any floating marine debris.
Mitigation
i. Ensure that the proposed development has a landscape plan that incorporates as much
of the existing vegetation and natural landscape features of the island;
ii. Plants to be introduced should be where possible all native to Belize and salt tolerant
species.
iii. Implement a beach or shoreline clean-up programme to keep the island free from any
floating marine debris.
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14.2.4 Solid Waste Generation
During the construction phase of the proposed project, solid waste generation may occur
mainly from two points:
i. From materials used in the construction activities
ii. Solid waste generated from the day-to-day living activities of the crew within the
campsite.
Mitigation
i. Garbage bins should be strategically placed within the campsite and construction site.
ii. The bins at the construction campsite should be adequately designed and covered to
prevent waste from becoming airborne, accessed by vermin and to minimize odor.
iii. The bins should be emptied regularly and all material scheduled for disposal on
mainland properly bagged.
14.2.5 Wastewater Generation and Disposal
With every construction campsite comes the need to provide construction workers with
showers and sanitary conveniences. The disposal of the wastewater generated at the
construction campsite has the potential to have a negative impact on the sensitive ecosystem
of the area despite the fact that this is intended only for the duration of the construction
period.
Mitigation
i. Provide portable sanitary conveniences for the construction workers for control of
sewage waste. A ratio of approximately 20 workers per chemical toilet should be
used.
ii. All toilets should be serviced regularly.
iii. All waste from the portable toilets should be placed in sealed containers for final
disposal on mainland at a site approved by DOE.
iv. Grey water from kitchen and shower stalls will be discharged to an elevated leach
field.
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14.2.6 Storage of Raw Material and Equipment
Raw materials, for example sand, gravel, and cement and other materials used in the
construction of the proposed development will be stored onsite. There will be a potential for
dust to become air or waterborne.
Stored fuels and the repair of construction equipment has the potential to leak fuels, oils etc.
Mitigation
i. Raw materials that generate dust should be covered or wet frequently to prevent
them from becoming air or waterborne.
ii. Equipment should be stored on impermeable hard stands surrounded by berms to
contain any accidental surface runoff from spills.
iii. Bulk storage of fuels and oils should be in clearly marked containers (tanks/drums
etc. ) indicating the type and quantity being stored.
iv. In addition, these containers should be surrounded by berms to contain the volume
+ 10% being stored in the event of an accidental spillage.
14.2.7 Transportation of Raw Material and Equipment
The transportation of construction material and workers during the construction phase will
increase the traffic of water vessels in the area. It is expected that barges will transport
construction materials and heavy equipment to the site supported by a 45 foot pelican skiff
that will transport lighter material and work crew. This has the potential to directly impact
the traffic of water vessels in the area.
Mitigation:
i. all Yum Balisi water craft to maintain a safe operating distance from other
water vessels;
ii. all Yum Balisi water craft operating in waters between the mainland base and
the fisherman’s caye to be visibly identifiable at a minimum distance of 100
meters (night or day) by being outfitted with flags or other high-visibility
markings, safety lighting and collision warning equipment (air horns or safety
flairs);
iii. all water craft operators will be properly trained in water craft handling &
safety;
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iv. All workers transported to the worksite will be required to wear life vest while
traveling to and from the island;
v. no refueling or servicing of vessels will be permitted on the island- all vessels
will be required to fuel on mainland and to carry out all servicing of engines
on mainland except in cases of emergencies;
vi. fuel dispensing for generator will be properly supervised to prevent any
spillage;
vii. The fuel storage tank will be maintained within bonds having 110% of the
capacity storage volume. ;
14.2.8 Noise Pollution
The proposed construction of 60 cottages/huts and other related ancillary facilities will
involve pile driving, building construction, and landscaping. It is anticipated that construction
activities will take place seven (7) days per week.
Pile driving will be the first step which will necessitate heavy motorized equipment to carry
out work. In addition it can be expected that the construction activities would be supported
by a diesel generator to provide electricity required by the various power tools, pumps and
other equipment that would be used.
Construction of the exterior enclosure or “shell” (superstructure) of the buildings will include
construction of the framework (installation of beams and columns), floor decks, facade
(exterior walls and cladding), and roof construction. These activities will require the use of a
number of power tools and equipment. Interior construction and finishing of the building will
include the construction of interior walls, installation of lighting fixtures, and interior finishes
(flooring, painting, etc. ), as well as mechanical and electrical work. It is expected that much
of the construction work would be carried out within a 12 month’s period.
The general construction phase is expected to last 18 months. During this period the noise
level in the area can be expected to be significantly elevated. The impact of this noise is
limited to its impact to wildlife in the area and since the nearest communities of Riversdale
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and Hopkins are approximately 16-18 miles away respectively, very few persons would be
impacted. The greatest impact of noise would be to the construction crew itself.
The types of noises emitted from the power tool equipment are considered intermittent noise
with the exception of noise from the generator, which is considered as continuous noise.
The proposed construction activity will general generate intermittent noise within an
estimated 100 dBA which is the noise produced from a power saw or similar type equipment
according to a report entitled “Noise levels and exposure patterns to do-it-yourself power
tools” by L. G. McClymont and D. C. Simpson. In many developed countries occupational
safety standards require that employees handling these tools for prolonged period be given
ear plugs or other noise abatement safety equipment.
A report produced by the University of Oxford provides the following information contained
in Table 14.3 that gives a good comparison of the different noise levels associated with
different activities.
Table 14.3: Noise Level Comparison.
Activity dB(A) Activity dB(A)
Quiet office 40-50 Power drill 90-100
Normal conversation 50-60 Heavy lorry (7m away) 95-100
Loud radio 65-70 Bar of a night club 95-105
Tractor cab 75-85 Road drill 100-110
Busy street 78-85 Chain saw 115-120
Mitigation
i. Use equipment that has low noise emissions as stated by the manufacturers.
ii. Operate noise-generating equipment during regular working hours (e.g. 7 am
– 7 pm) so as to reduce the potential of creating a noise nuisance during the
night. Other lower noise emitting activities could be programmed for later if
work is to proceed late into the night.
iii. Construction workers operating equipment that generates noise should be
equipped with noise protection. As a guide, workers operating equipment
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generating noise of 80 dBA (decibels) continuously for 8 hours or more
should use earplugs. Workers with more prolonged exposure to noise levels of
70 - 80 dBA should wear ear muffs.
iv. Maintain power tools in optimum condition.
v. Fit silencers or mufflers on generators.
vi. Keep power saw blades sharp.
vii. Use vibration damped blades.
viii. Clamp material to be cut.
14.2.9 Air Quality
Site preparation and construction has the potential to have a two-fold direct negative impact
on air quality. The first impact is air pollution generated from the fugitive dust from material
cut and the second is airborne dust from the storage and use of sand and cement. Fugitive
dust has the potential to affect the health of construction workers, and the ecology of the area.
Mitigation
i. Worksite sand storage site should be dampened every 4-6 hours or within reason to
prevent a dust nuisance and on hotter days, this frequency should be increased.
ii. Keep cement stored in enclosed area or under tarp.
iii. Use sanders with vacuum bags.
iv. Construction workers working in dusty areas should be provided and fitted with
masks.
14.2.10 Emergency Response
During the construction phase of the proposed eco-tourism resort the possibility of accidental
injury is high. There exists the possibility for either minor or major accidents.
Mitigation
i. A lead person should be identified and appointed to be responsible for emergencies
occurring on the site. This person should be clearly identified to the construction
workers.
ii. The construction management team should have onsite first aid kits and make
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arrangements for a nurse and doctor at Dangriga or other nearby community to be on
call for the construction site.
14.2.11 Social
During the construction phase, an average of 45 tradesmen and laborers will be utilized and
at peak construction an estimated 60 will be needed. This represents a welcomed
employment opportunity within the study area. This has the potential to be a significant
positive impact.
Mitigation
i. hire local tradesmen and laborers
14.3 Operational Phase
14.3.1 Water Supply and Consumption
Given 100% occupancy and a per capita consumption of 60gallons per day per person, a total
daily water consumption of approximately 10,000 gallons per day can be expected for the
proposed development.
It can be reasonably concluded that the supply of fresh water which will be primarily by
means of rainwater harvesting supplemented by a relatively small desalination (RO) plant
will have only minimal environmental impact on the receiving environment providing the
recommended mitigation measures are implemented. In addition, the proposed conservation
measures are expected to have a significant beneficial impact on the reduction of the
customary water consumption of these types of developments.
Mitigation
In addition to design and infrastructural measures for the harvesting of rainwater and the
reduction of water consumption, the development should also ensure operational measures
are employed in order to properly manage the use of this resource. Perhaps the greatest
impacts come from the potential contamination of the fresh water collected and stored and
from the impacts to the fragile ecology of the area from the resulting brine during the
operations of the RO plant. Summarized is a list of recommended strategies for ameliorating
the potential negative impacts associated with water supply. Many of these measure focuses
on the reduction of water consumption:
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Design:
vii. Brine from proposed backup RO system will be diluted with treated effluent
to reduce the concentration of brine.
viii. The diluted brine will then be discharge by means of a diffuser pipe into the
channel in an area where there exist no corals
ix. All building shall be outfitted with gutters and individual rainwater storage
tanks.
x. All tanks will be interconnected to the main fresh water reservoir.
xi. Only low-flush toilets will be used.
xii. All taps will be outfitted with water saving devices.
Housekeeping:
x. Staff will be required to not leave the taps running while cleaning.
xi. Make sure that all faucets do not leak and are in good repair.
xii. Cleaning and maintenance staff will be required to report immediately any
leaking or dripping faucet or toilet
xiii. Guests will be given the option of changing linen and towels every two or
three days.
xiv. Laundry staff will use only the minimum required amount of phosphate free
detergent in the laundry.
xv. Laundry staff will be encouraged to re-use rinse-water in the first cycle of
washing of the next load.
xvi. Hotel guests will be given politely written cards as to how to conserve water
in their bathrooms, for example to, shut off water during tooth brushing,
shaving, and other unnecessary period
xvii. Meters will be installed in the kitchen and Laundromat to track the
consumption of water.
xviii. Establish an effective employee training program about water conservation.
14.3.2 Water Storage
Using the total water consumption flow rate calculated at 10,000 gallons per day, the
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proposed tank volume has the ability to sustain a water supply to the resort for 2 days in the
event of a water shortage. The tank will be connected to the individual water storage tanks
and shall have provisions for treatment either by ultraviolet light or chlorination. This cistern
will need to be designed in consideration of the geology of the site.
Mitigation
iv. The greatest potential impact is the possibility for the fresh water supply required
by the facility to become contaminated. This is intended to be mitigated by the
installation of an ultraviolet treatment system supported by a backup chlorination
treatment system.
v. Storage reservoirs will be outfitted with Hypalon liners to prevent seepage or
cross contamination from ground water. In addition the cistern will be properly
covered to prevent any access by vermin or pests.
vi. Storage tanks will be placed on piles in consideration of its weight and the
geology of the island.
14.3.3 Wastewater Generation and Disposal
The operation of the Yum Balisi facilities will generate moderate amounts of wastewater
from guest water usage, and from the operation of the laundry and kitchen facilities. The
approved capacity of the treatment plant for the proposed for the Yum Balisi Eco-Resort on
Fisherman’s Caye, is approximately 10,000 gallons per day although the estimated volume of
waste water generated on a daily basis is approximately 8,000gpd.
The two (2) main impacts relevant to the proposed undertaking are increased nutrients and
fecal coliform in the water column.
The situation resulting from the increased nutrients in the water column is generally referred
to as eutrophication. Eutrophication is primarily caused by the elevated presence of limiting
nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates. Phosphates are generally derived from gray water
effluents, while sewage effluent from the flushing of toilets is the main source of nitrates. In
general a major source of phosphates in gray water effluents is from detergents.
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The oligotrophic waters of Fisherman’s Caye and its surroundings are hence very sensitive to
any anthropogenic increase in these nutrients. Concentrations of phosphate of >1ppm can
cause eutrophication of these waters. A secondary impact of eutrophication could result in
algae encrustation of corals and the possibility of red tide blooms.
However the assessed impact that would arise from the discharge of treated effluent in the
receiving environment is predicted as minor because of the level of treatment that will be met
by the proposed wastewater treatment system supported by other post treatment mitigation
measures.
These measures incorporates a water recycling scheme with very limited discharge of
effluents for irrigation and mixing with brine after passing through a HDPE lined elevated
leach field.
The sewage technology to be applied is one which is considered as state of the art and is
classified as an “advance wastewater treatment” system which means that the treatment will
provide a reclaimed water product that:
(a) Contains not more, on an annual average basis, than the following concentrations:
1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10mg/l
2. Suspended Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10mg/l
3. Total Nitrogen, expressed as N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3mg/l
4. Total Phosphorus, expressed as P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1mg/l
(b) Has received high level disinfection, by means of chlorination, ozonation, or
ultraviolet radiation to kill any pathogen. This chlorine will be completely removed
before ambient discharge. These standards exceed present national standards.
The treatment plant or ‘Package Plant’ proposed can reduce the Biological Oxygen Demand
and Total Suspended Solids by 97% to less than 10 mg/L, Total Nitrogen Loads can be
reduced by 67% to less than 10 mg/L, Total Free Ammonia Loading can be reduced by 97.
5% to less than 1 mg/L and Phosphorus can be reduced by 80% or to 2 – 3 mg/L (see
Appendix C). The system proposed is a “Purestream ES Model BESST" treatment plant.
The presence of fecal coliform on the environment and its potential impact on the proposed
development is an important one. A result of the field survey indicates that there were very
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low levels of Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform counts. With the commissioning of the Yum
Balisi development, the primary impact from fecal coliform on the development has been
characterized as minor in consideration of the proposed wastewater treatment technology and
additional supplementary mitigation measures. Treated effluent resulting from the
wastewater treatment plant will receive the high level of disinfection, by means of
chlorination or ultraviolet radiation to kill any pathogen. The excess chlorine will be
completely removed before ambient discharge. These standards exceed present national
standards.
Mitigation
Install 10,000 gallons per day capacity “Purestream ES Model BESST" treatment plant that
will treat wastewater to meets the following standards:
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD5) ≤ 10mg/l;
• Suspended Solids ≤ 10mg/l;
• Total Nitrogen, expressed as N ≤ 3mg/l;
• Total Phosphorus, expressed as P ≤ 1mg/l.
i. Treated effluent resulting from the wastewater treatment plant will receive
the high level disinfection, by means of chlorination or ultraviolet
radiation to kill any pathogen.
ii. The excess chlorine will be completely removed before ambient
discharge.
iii. Wastewater will be recycled for flushing of toilets, and landscaping.
iv. Wastewater from package plant will be used to dilute brine from RO
before its discharge.
v. Treated effluent from package plant will be sent through a HDPE lined
elevated leach field.
vi. Leach field will be located near mangrove where all overflows will be
discharged for further polishing.
vii. Wastewater coming from kitchen will be sent through an oil trap before
being sent to package plant.
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14.3.4 Solid Waste Management
On isolated islands such as Fisherman’s Caye the proper management of solid waste is an
issue of great importance because of the limitations that exist and the impacts which the
mismanagement of solid waste could have on the environment of the area.
Solid waste composition for the development can be expected to be somewhat similar to that
generated by San Pedro, Belize’s premier tourist destination which also lies on an island with
almost all of its needs imported from mainland (see Chapter 6).
The greatest contributor in terms of the volume of waste generated is expected to be
packaging materials. This is expected to be in the form of wooden crates, carton boxes,
styrofoam boxes, and insulation foam mats and slabs.
During the operational phase of the project the amount of packaging sent to the island will be
reduced by the removal of unnecessary packaging and wrapping at the mainland headquarters
before shipment to the island. The main constituent of waste generated on the island is
expected to encompass food waste, plastics, paper, glass, metals, rubber, and wood.
The proposed management scheme for solid waste at Yum Balisi involves a system of
reduction at source through the implementation of a green procurement policy and the
removal of excess packaging on mainland. In addition this effort will be supported through
the promotion of reuse and recycling initiatives. Waste will be separated in organic and
inorganic for further treatment.
A solid waste management plan calls for a sorting system and temporary storage into a
central collection center prior to compaction and subsequent transportation to mainland.
At the central collection station site, biodegradable (organic waste) will be composted in an
earth tub, while cans will be compacted and bottles crushed to reduce volumes as a means of
lowering transportation costs. Disposal of non-biodegradable waste on mainland will occur at
the Dangriga municipal solid waste disposal site.
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The main environmental issues related to the generation and management of solid waste are
the potential for the attraction of pests and vermin to the site. The potential for increasing the
incidence pathogenic diseases carried by these, ground water contamination from leachate
and issues associated with littering.
The attraction of some unwanted wildlife and pests to the main development sites as a
consequence of the increased availability of food in the form of improper storage and
disposal of discards from the restaurants and refreshment stands could also become a
nuisance. The animals relevant in this regard would be mainly rats inadvertently introduced
to the site, crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) and vagrant and opportunistic birds such as the
Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and the Frigate Bird
(Fregata magnificens).
The impacts of the solid waste management related issues on the environment of the area is
assessed as minor primarily as a result of the proposed solid waste management plan for the
island. A beach clean-up program for marine debris washed up on shore is expected to bring
a net positive impact to the ecology and aesthetics of the area.
Mitigation
i. Implement a solid waste program which promotes the 3Rs (reduce, reuse
and recycle).
ii. Implement a green procurement policy to ensure the purchase of
environmentally friendly alternatives.
iii. Remove excess packaging and wrappings prior to transporting product to
the island.
iv. Promote and implement a waste separation program and provide color
coded garbage containers for the following categories: Glass, plastics cans
and biodegradables.
v. Ensure central collection center is enclosed to prevent access by pests or
wildlife and a bunded area provide for the temporary storage of waste.
vi. Use only properly covered containers and provide visible signs promoting
recycling.
vii. Ensure cans are compacted and bottles crushed prior to shipment back to
mainland.
viii. Locate site near loading and offloading pier.
ix. Container should be roll-on roll-off type containers that can be securely
covered during transportation to mainland to prevent littering.
x. Biodegradable or organic waste will be compacted utilizing the ‘Earth
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Tub’ technology.
xi. Implement a beach Cleanup program for the collection of marine debris
washed up on the island.
14.3.5 Transportation and Related Facilities (Marina, Piers, and Floating Docks)
The main primary impact associated with the construction of the marina, other offloading/
unloading piers, and other associated standing platforms in the sea and various internal
lagoons (ponds) are those directly associated with their construction and impacts of boating
related activities. To mitigate against these impacts, all structures will be sited in areas
devoid of coral and not requiring the need to dredge. The structures will all allow for ready
access by intended vessels and provide sufficient shelter and refuge from rough seas. These
structures will only require minimum clearance of fringing mangroves to allow for access
pier. All other fringing mangroves will be maintained in its natural state. A positive aspect of
these structures is that they form an artificial habitat for attached benthic flora and fauna.
The secondary impact of importance associated with the construction of transportation
related structures is petroleum pollution associated with the use of vessels, the unauthorized
and inappropriate discharge of ‘bilge water’ in the area or from fuel spills.
The secondary impact of petroleum pollution can be deleterious to the ecology of the area.
However, given the recommended mitigation measures recommended, the potential impacts
to the area is assessed as moderate to minor given the fact that no fuel is to be dispensed at
any of the facilities on the caye for transportation related issues. Only a small amount will be
stored in a 1,000 gal fiberglass fuel tank for the back-up diesel generator.
The greatest potential impact to the area arises from the increased boating activities. The
primary concern is the possibility of shoreline erosion as a result of wakes produced by fast
moving vessels and the damage to reefs structure by grounding of vessels in the many shoals
that exist in the area. The secondary impacts of control are those associated with the
increased possibilities of accidents and fuel spills in the area.
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Mitigation
i. Marina, pier and all other related overwater structures will be sited in areas devoid
of coral, and with sufficient depths not requiring dredging.
ii. Mangrove clearance shall be limited to provide landings for access piers only.
iii. To protect the sensitive ecosystem of the large lagoon a floating platform will be
anchored to the substrate of the lagoon for small vessel to dock and to serve as a
launch pad for divers and snorkelers wishing to explore the ecology of the area.
iv. Fixed mooring sites will be provided for dive vessels and other larger vessels
visiting dive sites of interest near the island.
v. No fuel will be dispensed at any of the facility.
vi. No vessel maintenance aside from emergency repairs will be encouraged on the
island or its facilities.
vii. During construction, navigation aids such as channel beacons, buoys shall be
utilized to warn approaching water vessels.
viii. Any stain, paint, or preservative to be applied will be completely dried/cured on
land before its installation on the marina.
ix. The Decking and piles for the structural frame will be wood treated with
chromated copper arsenate (CCA) which is does not leach.
x. All utility lines electricity and water will run alongside the elevated walkway out
of reach of visitors on the underside of the deck along the length of the structural
frame.
xi. These utility lines in the marina berthing structures will be installed to provide
maximum public safety as well as protection from impacts, mechanical wear and
damage, and environmental elements such as heat and the corrosiveness of sea
water.
xii. The marina shall be equipped with fire extinguishers and a portable fire cart to
suppress, control and extinguish fires on boats, docks, and buildings.
xiii. This cart will be self contained and equipped with gasoline engine driven pumps,
adequate hose lengths, locking wheels and all fire lines will be from materials that
will stand up under the required working pressures and temperatures, and be
corrosion resistant.
xiv. Fishing from the marinas and other facilities will be strictly prohibited.
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xv. To reduce potential impacts associated with pollution, all vessels docked at the
marina will be required to use oil filtration devices on bilge pumps, or commercial
oil-absorbent pads placed in the bilge to soak up oil and fuel prior to bilge water
discharge.
xvi. All vessels shall be required to collect drainings from sump plumbing before they
enter the bilge.
xvii. Marina and berthing facilities will be required to be provided with adequate
garbage storage and disposal services. Rainproof garbage receptacles will be
strategically placed throughout the facility where spilt content may not get into
water and where they provide ready access to boat users and visitors.
xviii. Marina maintenance staff will be required to ensure that all housekeeping
standard form part of the rental agreement signed by marina users and marina
staff are required to monitor their adherence. Users and boaters will be informed
of the prohibition regarding sewage discharge and sensitized about the potential
health and environmental hazards associated with the discharge of sewage on the
area’s ecosystem.
xix. Boaters will also be informed of the benefits of having well-tuned engines to cut
down on emissions and save on fuel.
xx. Boater will be required to comply with reduced speed limits within marinas and
adjacent waterways, which shall be considered as no wake zones.
xxi. This staff shall also ensure routine marina upkeep and maintenance which will
include: the regular collection of all litter in covered containers; the regular
maintenance of fire suppression equipment; the removal of debris that
accumulates on the shore; as well as maintenance of 'wear and tear' on structures
and coatings.
xxii. Marina will post signs s prohibiting the discharge of any waste into marina waters
and surrounding waters and only phosphate free detergents will be permitted on
the island and it facilities and will include this as part of the rental agreement
when slips are rented.
xxiii. All Yum Balisi water craft will be required to maintain a safe operating distance
from other water vessels.
xxiv. All Yum Balisi water craft operating in waters between the mainland base and the
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Fisherman’s caye will be required to be visibly identifiable at a minimum distance
of 100 meters (night or day) by being outfitted with flags or other high-visibility
markings, safety lighting and collision warning equipment (air horns or safety
flairs).
xxv. All water craft operators will be properly trained in water craft handling & safety.
xxvi. All staff and visitors will be required to wear life vest while traveling to and from
the island.
xxvii. All stationary floating decks within semi-enclosed ponds will include the need
for:
• The entrance to all such placements will be demarcated by all-weather
visibility buoys deployed to mark entrance channels.
• All such placements to be strictly maintained within their designated areas;
• All such placements are to be visibly identifiable at a minimum distance of
500 meters (night or day) by being outfitted with safety lighting.
14.3.6 Energy Generation Impacts
On installation and operation the “hybrid wind generation system” (wind turbines + solar
energy generation system + back-up diesel generator and batteries) will create some adverse
environmental impacts. However, the impacts of this hybrid energy generation system are
mostly associated with the diesel generator which will be used as the tertiary (back-up)
source of energy. Petroleum oils (diesel and used oils) and noise pollution are considered two
of the main polluters. The developer and management will therefore take into consideration
the following mitigation steps during the acquisition, installation, and operation of the
system.
Mitigation
i. In procuring the generators emphasis will be placed in obtaining those that are rated
high in noise attenuation through wind turbine/diesel engine design and exhaust
silencers (diesel generators).
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ii. Proper siting of both wind turbine and diesel generations stations is instrumental in
avoiding the negative impacts of noise pollution during their operation. The stations
will be sited in such a way that the noise emitted is carried away from the visiting
population and living areas by the prevailing winds.
iii. In addition to siting, noise displacement will be kept to a minimum by individual
diesel generator engine house enclosed in a central generator building with acoustic
tiling.
iv. Diesel and waste oil spills and leaks will be a constant threat. Qualified personnel will
be assigned to properly manage and handle these threats. In the event of a spill or leak
these will be immediately cleaned up and disposed of according to the environmental
guidelines. Noting the sensitivity of the caye and the area, all waste oil or
contaminated fuel will be removed from the caye and taken to the approved DOE site
for disposal/recycling.
v. A 1,000 gallons maximum of diesel fuel will be stored on the island in an approved
double-wall fiberglass fuel tank in a containment area capable of holding 110% of the
tank’s rated volume.
vi. Batteries used for the generators and for energy storage from the solar photovoltaic
panels invariably will have to be replaced. These replaced worn-out batteries will be
removed from and taken to an approved DOE mainland recycle/disposal site.
vii. Replaced solar photovoltaic panels will also need to be removed from and taken to an
approved DOE mainland recycle/disposal site.
14.3.7 Emergency Preparedness
While this subsection is not necessarily based on the impact which an activity or set of
activities could have on the environment, its emphasis lie on how well the possibilities of
natural and man made disasters are being integrated in the overall project design and
development.
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For the Yum Balisi development, it is important that measures be taken to address six
potential types of risks that can arise from various sources and affect the operation and
success or sustainability of the project in some form or fashion. The risks identified are those
posed by: i) hurricanes and tropical storms; ii) earthquakes; iii) fires; iv) fuel/oil spills and
leaks; v) sea level rise as a result of climate change; and vi) those posed by medical
emergencies.
How well the development addresses these potential risks in the overall planning,
development and management of the Yum Balisi Development will determine to a great
extent the success and sustainability of the project. An important mitigation measure for any
development of this nature against these risks is the need to ensure adequate insurance
coverage to address these potential risks. However, additional mitigation measures must be
considered by the development in early planning stage and operational stages to prevent the
occurrence.
Mitigation
xii. Provide proper insurance coverage for all identified risks.
xiii. Establish an emergency response team.
xiv. Appoint a senior staff member as the emergency response coordinator.
xv. Develop a comprehensive emergency response plan supported by
individualized emergency response plan fro the six identified risks or
threats.
xvi. Ensure structures are designed to withstand at least a category 3 hurricane.
xvii. Ensure design of structures take into consideration the potential for
seismic movements and sea level rise due to climate change impact.
xviii. Ensure that all structures confirm with local and international fire codes
for similar type structures.
xix. Provide and maintain emergency response equipment: first aid kits, smoke
detectors, fire alarms, fire extinguishers, fire cart, absorbent pads and
booms and radios.
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xx. Provide training to staff in first aid and emergency response, first aid and
CPR.
xxi. Maintain and update a list of emergency related numbers.
xxii. Require management and staff to carry out the various emergency
response drills associated with the various identified risks or threats.
14.3.8 Social and Economic Impacts
The proposed development can be classified as a relatively small-high-end Eco-Tourism
Resort development. The potential positive impacts identified by members of nearby
communities such as Hopkins, and Sittee include the following:
i. Increased employment and job creation and the possibility for some villagers to enter
or expand their business, such as handicraft marketing at the arts and craft shop to be
established in the resort;
ii. A general sentiment by village leaders is that they hope the developers develop the
island in manner that does not destroy the beauty of the area and they hope that
government ensures that the development is strictly monitored.
iii. That opportunity for employment is provided during the construction and postconstruction
phase of the development.
The project will have other indirect benefits associated with tourist staying at the resort
visiting other tourist destinations on mainland such as Placencia, Hopkins, Monkey River,
and other points of interest contributing to the local economy of the area. The emphasis in the
protection of the islands ecology will also allow for the resources to become a source of
revenue generation and a local source of attractions for many Belizeans who have very
limited access to these areas because of the absence of facilities and lack of opportunities to
do so.
Since the island is already within a marine reserve the negative impacts normal associated
with these types of projects due to loss of traditional fishing ground can be expected to be
minimal. In fact the impact to local fisher folks is assessed to have a minor net positive
impact to local fisher folks by providing them with an outlet for preferential prices on their
catch.
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Several of the local NGO’s and local representatives of International NGO’s have expressed
their concerns and opposition to the development of the islands within the Pelican Cayes
Group. Their concerns are centered on the areas classification as a World Heritage Site which
they feel should remain as strict conservation areas.
The main concerns expressed by them, in no order of priority, are:
i. the disposal sewerage waste and of solid waste will severely impact an already
fragile ecosystem;
ii. the cutting of mangroves would result in the loss of breeding grounds for local
fishery and lack of protection from storms;
iii. concerns on where the source of fill material for the island will come from, and the
negative impacts which dredging activities in the area will have on the corals and
other important ecosystems of the area;
iv. concerns that dredging activities could probably lead to increase erosion in the areas
near to burrow sites;
v. Concerns were expressed that senior management jobs in these resorts are usually
reserved for outsiders while the local people are employed for the menial jobs only.
From an economic stand point there exists the possibility for the local resorts to be negatively
affected by the increase in competition. This issue however is mitigated by the fact that the
resort is intended as a high-end tourism development which will be targeting a different
specific type of clientele from those being targeted by several of the other establishments in
the area. In addition competition is good vehicle to promote higher standards and it is
expected that some of technology and best practices employed in the facilities would also
spill over to other existing tourism facilities in the area.
A general negative social impact often associated with the increase of tourism in an area is
the increase in crime rate and sexually transmitted diseases which seems to accompany the
growth of the industry. Since the proposed resort is a relatively small one and exist relatively
isolated from the nearby communities its impact on the increase of crime rate and prostitution
within these nearby communities is assessed as minor.
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Another social concern is the impacts created by migrant workers seeking employment.
Migrant workers place additional housing demands and pressures on the limited social
infrastructure of these small villages or communities.
Mitigation
(v) The project will create much desired employment in the area during the
construction and operational phase of the project.
(vi) Jobs in senior and managerial positions will be made available to Belizeans with
training in the hospitality sector.
(vii) Produce needed by the resort will attempt to be sourced locally first.
(viii) Programs will be developed with local NGO’s to provide opportunities for
deserving students to experience and learn about the ecology of the area.
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CHAPTER 15: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
15.1 INTRODUCTION
This section suggests environmental monitoring requirements for the proposed Yum Balisi
Eco- Tourism Resort on Fisherman’s Island, the largest island of the Pelican Island Groups
which is privately owned by the Geneva Organization.
Monitoring is intended to provide the environmental information necessary to ensure that the
recommended mitigation measures set out in the projects design are implemented in
accordance with the requirements of existing legislations and recommended mitigation plan
to determine the effectiveness of the recommended measures in ameliorating the impacts
associated with the proposed activities. These findings are also used to determine the need
for additional measures at an early stage. Compliance monitoring is also supported by a
series of other environmental monitoring requirements using predetermined key indicators to
ensure that pollution or related problems are discovered in time to prevent or repair adverse
effects.
The information obtained from the project’s monitoring programme is used by management
and permitting agencies to observe for any changes over time that may be associated with the
development. These changes would in principle vary over time in both magnitude and
direction. In the case of the latter, it is important to understand that changes to the
environment may be positive or negative. Hence, the environmental monitoring plan for Yum
Balisi is expected to detect and record the positive and beneficial impacts that may be
associated with the project’s activities and not only the perceived or anticipated negative
impacts.
15.2 Yum Balisi’s Monitoring Programme
The proposed monitoring programme for Yum Balisi has been developed not only in relation
to satisfying the statutory requirements of the EIA process, but also as a consequence of the
proper implementation of the proposed development.
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The parameters chosen for the Yum Balisi monitoring program are those that have been
identified in the in the EIA as the indicators most likely to be significantly impacted by the
project’s proposed activities.
The Yum Balisi management is cognizant that the success of this project depends
significantly on a healthy marine environment and is committed to ensure that the
development proceeds in a manner consistent with the environmental sensitivity of the area
and its World Heritage Status. This will require to a great extent that the quality of
surrounding marine environment and the present unaffected ponds are not compromised so as
to maintain their present ecological integrity which is important to the sustainability of the
entire project.
Water quality parameter will be monitored to detect any changes in the water quality of the
ponds and surrounding marine waters that could negatively impact the health of their
respective ecosystems and the long term sustainability of the project.
A complete water quality-monitoring program will be developed for the entire project. Water
samples will be collected and analyzed using the Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water
and Wastewater. Yum Balisi project Water Quality program will include the quarterly testing
of the following parameters: BOD5, Nitrates, Phosphates, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity,
Total Fecal Coliform, and grease and oils.
In addition, in-situ testing of water quality would be carried out using recognized field testing
equipments. A total of seven samples will be taken from around the entire caye for testing.
The following provides a recommended list of parameters:
a) In situ Measurements:
• Salinity
• Turbidity
• Temperature
• Total Dissolved Solids
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Ph
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
303

) Laboratory Analysis:
• Total Suspended Solids
• E. Coli and Fecal Coliform
• Total Nitrate
• Total Phosphate
• Grease and Oil
The determination of Total Suspended Solids is necessary as increases may adversely affect
aquatic life due to the reduction of light penetration.
In addition, wastewater will be monitored on a regular basis to ensure compliance with the
proposed standards recommended in the EIA and as means of ensuring that the wastewater
treatment facility and supporting measures are performing as designed.
The biodiversity of the area, in particular the health of the ponds with its rich diversity of
sponges, tunicates and ascidians and that of the adjacent corals will be monitored and studies
supported through some of the proposed support facilities.
The effectiveness of engineering considerations in particular those associated with mitigating
identified potential negative impacts will be assessed periodically to determine their
effectiveness and their possible improvement or applicability elsewhere.
The details of the proposed Monitoring Plans for Fisherman’s Caye are outlined in
Tables 15.1a to 15e below.
Table 15.1a: Water Quality Monitoring of Ponds and Marine Waters.
Parameter Frequency Indicator
Levels
Salinity
35 – 36 mg/L
Turbidity 650Ntu
Temperature 26 - 31
Quarterly
o
Total Dissolved Solids
Dissolved Oxygen 4. 6 – 5. 0 mg/L
pH 7. 3 -8. 6
Total Suspended Solids 100 mg/l
Total Coliform &
E. coli - Fecal Coliform *
100 counts
Phosphate 1 mg/L
Total Nitrogen 10 mg/L
Sampling
Sites
Sample
(PC1,PC2,
PL3 & 4
coastal
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Authority
Reported To
DOE
* and Public
Health
304

Table 15.1b: Wastewater Quality Monitoring.
Parameter Frequency Recommended
STD
Temperature ≤ 33
Oxygen Demand
Biochemical (BOD5)
10 mg/L
Oxygen Demand
Chemical (COD)
50 mg/L
pH 6 - 9
Total Suspended Solids 10 mg/l
Total Coliform &
E. coli - Fecal Coliform *
< 50 counts
Phosphate 1 mg/L
Total Nitrogen 3 mg/L
Ammonia 1mg/L
Grease and Oil 10 mg/L
Table 15.1c: Engineering Aspects Monitoring.
Sampling
Sites
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Authority
Reported To
DOE
* and Public
Health
Activity Frequency Parameters Sampling Sites Authority
Reported To
Energy Generation and
recommended mitigation
measures
Safety considerations in
relation to navigational
lights, marker buoy for
the dredge and marina.
Commence
1 st yr. :
Quarterly
while
system is
being
debugging.
After which
it will be
done yearly.
Construction
phase
activities to
be done on a
weekly
basis.
Inspection of
containment
areas, piping
and storage
tanks.
Determine
effectiveness of
energy supply
system.
All lights
aboard the
dredge as well
as beacons
marking the
path of the spoil
delivery pipes
and sediment
curtains must be
functional, and
all marker
buoys must be
deployed
appropriately.
Fuel Storage
Areas (diesel
and LPG)
Energy
Installations
DOE
Burrow Site Geology/DOE/
Fisheries/Port
Authority
305

Table 15.1d: Biodiversity Monitoring.
Parameters Frequency Indicators Sampling Sites Authority
Reported To
Marine Life in Ponds Twice
Yearly
Coral Reef Cover and
Diversity
Sea-grass biomass and
density
Twice per
year (June
and
December)
Twice per
year (June
and
December)
Finfish Populations Twice per
year (June
and
December)
Bird Twice per
year (June
and
December)
Endangered Species
(Manatee population and
Salt Water Crocodiles)
Abundance
sponges,
tunicate and
ascidians.
Coral Bleaching
and Population
changes and
diversity
profiles to be
compared over
time.
Detect any
discernible
trend that may
be associated
with the
proposed
development.
Population
changes and
shifts in
diversity to be
observed over
time and
compared with
baseline.
Population
changes and
diversity profile
to be noted and
compared with
baseline
Ongoing Record any
sighting
Pests (Rats, geckoes, etc.) Ongoing Record any
introduction
Ponds PC1 & PC2
Patch Reefs, in
particular reefs
near burrow sites,
entrance to ponds
Near entrances of
Ponds PC1 and
PC2,
Northwestern
coast near
Fisherman’s camp
Areas monitored
in bio-diversity
assessment (Chap.
4 and supporting
Annexes) and
Marina.
Entire caye
Waters
surrounding caye
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
Fisheries/DOE
Entire Island DOE/Public Health
and Island
306

Table 15.1e: Coastal Dynamics Monitoring.
Activity Frequency Parameters Sampling Sites Authority
Reported to
Marina Construction &
Operations
Twice
yearly
Erosion
Piers Construction &
Operations
Dredging Daily Siltation and
turbidity
Land Filling Daily Siltation and
turbidity
15.3 Reporting
Near Marina
PC2 Coastline
Burrow Sites
and
Surrounding
Ponds and
surrounding
areas
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
DOE/Fish.
Dept.
DOE/Geology/
Fisheries
Reporting Requirements: Proper records of all monitoring will be kept and will be available
for inspection at times by the responsible authority. Reports on water quality monitoring will
be submitted to the Department of Environment on a quarterly basis. An annual report of all
monitoring will also need to be submitted to DOE for subsequent distribution to other
responsible authorities.
307

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List of Legislation Cited
Acts
The Environmental Protection Act No. 22/1992 and 328/2003
National lands Act 191, Revised Edition 2003
Land Utilization Act Chapter 188 Revised Edition 2000
Private Works Constructions Act, Chapter 337, Revised Edition 2003
Housing and Town Planning Act Chapter 182, Revised Edition 2000
Coastal Zone Management Authority Act Chap. 329 Rev. Ed. 2000
Mines and Minerals Act Chap. 226 Revised Edition 2000
The Forest Act Chap. 213, Revised Edition 2000
National Parks System Act, Chap. 215 Revised Edition 2000
Fisheries Act Chap. 210 Revised Edition 2000
Belize Port Authority Act Chaps. 233 and 233S Revised Edition 2000 & 2003 Respectively
Civil Aviation Act, Chapter 239, Revised Edition 2000
The Public Health, Act Chaps. 40 and 40 S Revised Edition 2000 and 2003 Respectively
Belize Tourist Board Act Chap. 275 of 2000
Occupational Health and Safety
Belize Water Industry Act No.1 of 2001
Solid Waste Management Authority Act Chap. 224 Rev. Ed. 2000
Wildlife Protection Act Chap. 220 Rev. Ed. 2000
Hotel and Tourist Accommodation Act Chap. 285 Rev. Ed. 2000
PACT Act Chap. 218 Rev. Ed. 2000
Regulations
Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations SI 107/1995 and 24/2007
Environmental Protection, Effluent Limitation Regulations SI 94, 1995, Revised Edition 2003
The Forests (Protection of Mangrove) Regulations SI No. 52 of 1989, 1989
Pollution Regulations SI 56, 1996, Revised Edition 2003
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
314

APPENDIX
Appendix A: The Conveyances (Minister’s Fiat (Grant)) Indicating Land Ownership
1. Conveyance between Eagle Land Development Ltd and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
2. Conveyance between Daniel A. Fabro and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
3. Conveyance between Dennis Francis Lampella and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
4. Conveyance between Paumen’s Pleasure Cove Lodge Ltd and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
Appendix B: Registered Quarry Permit No. 28 of 2009
Appendix C: "Purestream ES Model BESST"
Appendix D: Earth Tub – Green Mountain Technologies
Appendix E: Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment
Appendix F: List of Contributors to the Preparation of the EIA
Appendix G: In Water Surveys of Channels at Cat’s Caye* 2008. Report by Guadalupe
Rosado and John Romero (*Fisherman’s Caye)
Appendix H: Report on Subsoil Investigation on Cat’s Caye* Range. Report prepared
by Robert Allen (*Fisherman’s Caye)
Appendix J: Water Quality Laboratory Results
Appendix K: List of Fish Species – Fisherman’s Caye and Surroundings
Appendix L: Photographic Collection of Flora Found at Fishermen’s Caye
Environmental Impact Assessment – November 2010
315

APPENDIX
Environmental Impact Assessment –April 2010

Appendix A: The Conveyances (Minister’s Fiat (Grant)) Indicating Land Ownership
1. Conveyance between Eagle Land Development Ltd and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
2. Conveyance between Daniel A. Fabro and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
3. Conveyance between Dennis Francis Lampella and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
4. Conveyance between Paumen’s Pleasure Cove Lodge Ltd and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
Appendix B: Registered Quarry Permit No. 28 of 2009
Appendix C: "Purestream ES Model BESST"
Appendix D: Earth Tub – Green Mountain Technologies
Appendix E: Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment
Appendix F: List of Contributors to the Preparation of the EIA
Appendix G: Report on Subsoil Investigation on Cat’s Caye* Range. Report
prepared by Robert Allen (*Fisherman’s Caye)
Appendix H: Water Quality Laboratory Results
Appendix I: List of Flora and Fauna Species – Fisherman’s Caye and Surroundings
Appendix J: Photographic Collection of Flora and Fauna Identified at
Fishermen’s Caye
Appendix K: Contour Maps
Environmental Impact Assessment –April 2010
1

Appendix A:
The Conveyances (Minister’s Fiat (Grant)) Indicating Land Ownership
1. Conveyance between Eagle Land Development Ltd and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
2. Conveyance between Daniel A. Fabro and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
3. Conveyance between Dennis Francis Lampella and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
4. Conveyance between Paumen’s Pleasure Cove Lodge Ltd and Geneva Bz Big Cat Three, LLC.
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Appendix B:
Registered Quarry Permit No. 28 of 2009
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Appendix C:
"Purestream ES Model BESST"
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BESST
ENGINEERING DATA
DESCRIPTION OF THE BESST PROCESS
The BESST process is a modification of conventional activated sludge that incorporates an
anoxic selector zone and a sludge blanket clarifier. The BESST process may be designed for
1) carbonaceous (BOD) removal 2) BOD removal and nitrification 3) BOD removal
nitrification, and denitrification and 4) BOD removal, nitrification/denitrification and
phosphorous removal. For carbonaceous removal, the anoxic zone serves as a “selector
zone” that conditions the mixed liquor to improve settleability and to control filamentous
organism growth.
For nitrification, denitrification and phosphorous removal designs, the anoxic zone provides
the necessary conditions for dissimilarity nitrate reduction and phosphorous removal by
“luxury uptake”. In this process, ammonia nitrogen is oxidized to nitrite and then to nitrate
by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria, respectfully in the aeration zone. The nitrate is
then recycled to the anoxic zone where the nitrate is reduced by dissimilarity nitrate
reduction. In this reaction, the incoming BOD serves as the carbon source or electron donor
for the reduction of nitrate to elemental nitrogen. The phosphorous removal mechanism in
this process is the same as that employed in the Phostrip and modified Bardenflow processes.
In the BESST process, fermentation of soluble BOD occurs in the anoxic zone. The
fermentation products are selectively used or assimilated by a special group of
microorganisms that are capable of storing phosphorous. During the aerobic stage of
treatment, soluble phosphorous is taken up by the population of the phosphorous storing
bacteria (Acinetabacter) that was developed in the anoxic zone. The assimilated
phosphorous is then removed from the system as excess biomass or waste sludge. The
amount and rate of phosphorous removal depends primarily on the BOD/P ratio of the
influent wastewater.
Process Design
The Purestream ES, LLC Design Program for the BESST process is based on the Lawrence
and McCarty kinetic models for BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification (the
nomenclature as shown in the BESST guide is somewhat different than our standard U.S.
texts). The process model equations along with the kinetic coefficients and related critical
design parameters are presented in the attached BESST guide. The BESST process is capable
of removal of BOD to less than 5 mg/l, TSS removal to less 10 mg/l without filtration,
ammonia removal to less than 1.0 mg/l, total nitrogen removal to less than 10 mg/ and total
phosphorous removal to a range of 0.5 to 2.0 mg/l.
Higher levels of phosphorous removal down to 0.2 to 0.5 mg/l can be achieved by metal salt
addition to the aeration zone immediately prior to the mixed liquor entering the clarifier. A
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number of metal salts may be used including Alum (Al2(SO4)3.14H2O), Sodium Aluminate
(Na2O.Al2O3), Ferric Chloride (FeCl3), Ferrous Chloride (FeCl2), Ferrous Sulfate
(FeSO4.&H2O) or Ferric Sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3).
Since the bulk of phosphorous removed (over 80%) in the BESST process is accomplished
by biological uptake, the small polish dosages of a metal salt coagulant does not significantly
increase sludge production. For example, removal of phosphorous by FeSO4 is given by the
two following reactions:
Phosphorous Precipitation
3FeSO4 + 2PO4 -3
---------> Fe3 (PO4)2 + 3SO4 -2
Alkalinity Reduction and Hydroxide Precipitation
Fe +++
+ 3HCO -3
-----------> Fe(OH)3
According to the above two reactions, removal of 2 mg/l of PO4 -3
, would theoretically
produce 6 mg/l of additional sludge. In actual practice, a value of 5 mg/l of sludge per mg/l
of PO4 -3
removed provides a conservative design value. For an influent wastewater having
240 mg/l of incoming BOD and a sludge yield of 0.6 lbs TSS/lb BOD removal, and the use
of FeSO4 to remove 2 mg/l of PO4 -3
, the total increase in sludge production would be about
7%.
The BESST process utilizes a unique patented sludge blanket clarifier. The sludge blanket
clarifier utilizes a trapezoidal shape where the mixed liquor enters the bottom of the clarifier
through a specially designed baffel where hydraulically induced flocculation occurs. The
trapezoidal clarifier shape provides for a steadily increasing surface area from the bottom to
the top of the clarifier. This permits a gradually decreasing vertical velocity gradient within
the clarifier. The “top surface area” clarifier overflow rate is 150 to 250 gpd/ft 2
at average
daily design flow. The clarifier is normally designed for a daily peak flow rate of 3 times the
average flow ratio which translates to a peak “top surface” clarifier overflow rate of 450 to
750 gpd/ft 2
which is very conservative. The clarifier also includes a unique baffel
arrangement to allow sludge withdrawal at the bottom of the clarifier. The sludge
withdrawal design also incorporates the internal recycle between the aerobic and anoxic
zone. The normal design recycle/sludge withdrawal rate is a minimum of 4 times the average
daily flow. This high sludge withdrawal rate from the clarifier bottom creates a downward
velocity gradient within the clarifier that significantly improves the hydraulic efficiency of
the clarifier compared to a conventional clarifier.
The internal recycle between the aeration zone and the anoxic zone provides recycle BOD
that is required for endogenously supported nitrate reduction. This internal recycle of mixed
liquor also provides for recycle of phosphorous removal organisms developed in the anoxic
zone that are then carried into the aeration zone for phosphorous uptake. The recycle ratio is
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established based on the influent BOD/total phosphorous/ammonia nitrogen ratio. The
recycle ratio of 4.0 provides for a 25% - 35% safety factor for domestic wastewater. Higher
recycle rates ( up to 24:1 ) are used in conjunction with extreme wastewater conditions such
as would be found in hog manure or cattle waste.
The major process design parameters for this process depends on 1) wastewater strength and
biodegradability 2) wastewater temperature, influent and effluent BOD, N, and P
concentration. Typical HRT’s for the aeration zone range from 6 to 30 hrs. The HRT’s for
the anoxic zone typically range from 1 to 4 hrs for a selector zone used for carbonaceous
removal and 2-12 hrs for biological phosphorous removal and denitrification. The design
SRT is controlled by the temperature dependent nitrification and BOD removal kinetics and
the design effluent NH4-N requirements. The operating SRT is normally maintained at 50%
to 100% greater than the design SRT at a operating temperature to provide a safety factor and
to accommodate changes in influent wastewater characteristics. (Please note that SRT is
both a design parameter and a process control parameter).
Operational Parameters
The dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentration should be maintained at 2.0 to 4.0 mg/l in the
aeration zone, and less than 0.2 mg/l in the anoxic zone. Under influent loading conditions
less than the design values, the HRT in both the aeration zone and in the anoxic zone will be
greater than the design value. Under these conditions, the mixed liquor volatile solids
concentration in the system will normally be reduced to meet the process requirements. The
D.O. may be maintained at optimum levels by reducing air supply. The increased HRT in the
anoxic zone permits more time for exertion of D.O. demand and production of anoxic
conditions needed for fermentation.
The operating SRT is controlled by controlling the sludge wasting rate. SRT is normally
calculated based on aeration zone volume and MLVSS concentration since BOD removal
and nitrification kinetics controls the aeration zone volume. Provision is made in the
Purestream ES design for measurement of both the internal recycle and sludge wasting. The
operating SRT of the BESST process may be increased significantly above the design
requirements without sacrificing effluent quality since the “anoxic selector” zone conditions
the mixed liquor solids and the sludge blanket clarifier provides a “filtration/flocculation”
mechanism to prevent the discharge of pin-point floc normally associated with high SRT
systems.
Alkalinity and pH
If the influent wastewater is not properly buffered it is necessary to add alkalinity to the
influent wastewater for the BESST process designed for nitrification and denitrification. The
nitrification reaction consumes 7.1 mg/l of alkalinity as CaCO3 for each mg/l of ammonia
nitrogen oxidized. The denitrification reaction produces 3.57 mg/l of hydroxide alkalinity as
CaCO3 for each mg/l of nitrate-nitrogen reduced. For an influent wastewater having 40 mg/l
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of NH4-N, the total alkalinity should be 150-200 mg/l to insure adequate buffering. The pH
of the system should always be maintained between 7.0 to 8.5 S.U. by the addition alkalinity
when required.
Mechanical Design, Redundancy and Mechanical Reliability
The standard Purestream ES design for the BESST process provides for 100% redundancy in
total aeration blower capacity. The final clarifiers are integral to the modular system design
and have no moving parts. Since recycle is accomplished by air lift pumps, this also provides
for 100% redundancy in internal recycle and sludge wasting capacity. The BESST design
also includes single or multiple clarifiers, and single or multiple chlorination facilities where
required. Duplex chemical pumps are provided for alkalinity control, metal salt addition for
residual phosphorous removal and nutrient addition when required. Sludge holding tanks or
sludge digesters are not aerated due to the stability and sludge age of the wasted sludge. If
local requirements call for an aerated sludge digester, Purestream ES have designs for duplex
blowers to provide 100% redundancy. The Purestream ES digester design provides for either
gravity overflow through a “T” pipe (standard) or air lift decanting of the supernatant.
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Appendix D:
Earth Tub – Green Mountain Technologies
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Earth Tub
Commercial Duty Compost System
The Earth Tub is designed specifically for on-site composting of
food-wastes. The Earth Tub is a fully enclosed composting
vessel featuring power mixing, compost aeration, and
biofiltration of all process air. This self-contained unit is ideal for
composting at schools, universities, restaurants, hospitals and
supermarkets.
The Earth Tub Process
Loading
Organic materials such as food scraps, manure or yard waste
are loaded through the large hatchway in the cover.
Periodically, dry materials such as wood chips, shredded paper
or shavings can be added to insure that porosity and moisture
levels are ideal for composting.
Mixing
Turn on the auger motor and rotate the cover to shred and mix the new organic material into the
active compost. Two revolutions of the rotating cover are required to mix the outside and center
of the Earth Tub. The auger will shred and mix a ton or more of compost in 10-15 minutes.
During active composting, the Earth Tub should be mixed at least two times per week.
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Aerobics and odor control
Maintaining aerobic conditions and controlling temperature are essential for composting and
odor control. The aeration system draws air through the compost and forces the exhaust air
through our biofiltration air purification system to remove odors. Liquids are collected and
disposed to a sanitary sewer or holding tank. The overall cleanliness of the in-vessel design
allows the Earth Tub to be placed in commercial settings close to where waste is generated.
Waste reduction
Heat generated in the Earth Tub rapidly breaks down the food scraps. The volume reduction is
typically 70% or higher. After 3--4 weeks of active composting, open the discharge doors and
the auger pushes the compost out as it rotates past the discharge door. The compost can be cured
for 20-40 days for further stabilization.
Key features
• Easy to operate
• Rapid process reduces volume quickly
• Heavy-duty plastic construction
• Minimal need for bulking agent
• Short time required for mixing/loading
• Temperature controlled system
• Insulated for cold weather operation
• Thorough compost mixing
• Biofilter odor control system
Specifications
Tub Vessel Height 48" Mixing Auger 12" Dia. Stainless Steel
Overall Height 68" Auger Motor 3 Ph 2 hp 230/460V
Overall Diameter 90" Aeration Blower 80 CFM 100 watt
Foam Insulation R-12 Power Usage ~1080 KWH per year
Shipping Weight 450 lbs Liquid Drain 1” drain on biofilter
Volume 3 cubic yards
* Pounds per day of biomass per Earth Tub.
Processing
Capacity 40-150 ppd*
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Appendix E:
Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment
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TERMS OF REFERENCE AND FORMAT FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR
YUM BALISI ECO-RESORT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
LOCATED ON CAT CAYE, STANN CREEK DISTRICT
This Terms of Reference (TOR) has been prepared following the scoping for the most critical
issues that will need to be addressed by the proposed development.
In the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the preparers of this
document will need to focus the following specific areas of concern:
• Potential impacts marine flora & fauna associate with any dredging activities;
• Potential impacts to Water Quality;
• Potential impacts associated with Waste Management (both liquid and solid waste);
• Potential Impacts to the coastline and coastal habitats associated with dredging,
vegetation clearance;
• Potential Impacts to terrestrial Flora & Fauna associated with the removal of mangrove
cover.
• Provision of potable water supply and impacts associate therewith;
• Energy Generation and associated potential negative impacts.
Scoping of these issues speeds up the Environmental Impact Assessment process, cuts down its
cost, improves the quality of the development, and ensures that environmental concerns are
clearly addressed.
A. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
This section of the document deals primarily with information pertaining to the background of
the project and the physical & biological environment within which it is proposed. The EIA will
need to address:
Executive Summary:
1. Provide an overall summary of the proposed project, including implementation in phases
(if applicable).
2. Provide an outline of the overall management structure anticipated for the proposed
project.
3. Provide a review of any policy, legal and administrative framework that is relevant to the
proposed project.
4. Summarize the potential impacts of the proposed project.
1.1 THE PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LAYOUT PLAN
Provide legible maps at appropriate scales with proper labels and legends to illustrate the general
settings of project relative to the development sites, as well as the surrounding areas that are
likely to be impacted by the development. These maps shall include topographic and
bathymetric charts (where available), the position of conservation areas, political boundaries,
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geological and land use profiles, existing adjacent land use and marine uses (tourism, fishing,
etc.), navigational routes as well as any zoning scheme that may be in existence, or proposed
otherwise for the area. Additionally the following should be provided:
1.1.1 Provide a scaled map depicting the exact location of the project (GPS UTM
Coordinates) of the proposed development inclusive of their dimensions and
relation to the proposed excavation/dredge sites, access channel, marina, etc.,
other surrounding islands, communities, mainland and infrastructure within the
project area and zone of influence.
1.1.2 Provide a copy of the Land Tenure Documents, inclusive of original survey plans
and title documents.
1.1.3 Provide a copy of the company registration and articles of association.
1.1.4 Provide a scaled layout plan for the development including all facilities and
infrastructure including piers, seawalls, access channel, marina, floating pontoons,
board walks, utility structures, villas/cabañas, restaurant/bar, storage facilities,
power generation and waste treatment facilities, administrative buildings and
associated activities such as but not limited to volumes of dredging, amount of
mangrove clearance, fly fish camps, distances to nearby islands, etc.
1.1.5 Provide justification for the proposed development and the proposed activities
identified in 1.1.4.
1.1.6 Describe the expected number of persons (employees, guides, tourists, etc.) to be
associated with the project; this should be done in such a way as to determine
carrying capacity of the site.
1.1.7 Provide description, specifications and detailed designs (including the design,
dimensions and construction methods with the relevant maps and plans drawn to
scale) for the following:
a. Dredge activities and excavation activities
b. Waste treatment facilities; (liquid, solid, hazardous and international)
c. Recreational sites
d. Villas/cabañas and fly fish camp design plans taking into account buffer
zones, reserves, and existing LUA guidelines.
e. Piers & Marina for docking and any other related infrastructure (dimensions)
f. Access Channels and interior lagoon (locations, depths, widths and designs)
g. Potable water and source
h. Tourism facilities and amenities (if any)
i. Energy generating facility
1.1.8 Detail the time-frame of the project in terms of:
(a) The total time frame within which the undertaking is to take place, including
starting date and conclusion.
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(b) Describing the various phases of the project and the time-frame within which
each phase is to be accomplished including the acreage of land each phase shall
comprise of and the time-frame within which each phase is to be accomplished
(if possible).
2.0 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.01 Provide details of the basic physical environment of the project site and zone of
influence. This should include:
• Topography: An elevation map of the island, include the flood hazard and drainage
patterns around the project site;
• Geology: – Give a description of the characteristics of landforms, including a
description of the land surface, types of unconsolidated materials exposed (sediments),
and geological structures – faults and folds, (if they can be determined by field
mapping) in the immediate area.
• Current land use of the project site and adjacent properties;
• Navigation: Provide a description of the navigational routes near the project site (if
any), and a general description of the vessels which may use these routes.
• Depth Profile: Provide a depth profile of the proposed project area, specifically the
location for the proposed burrow sites (if applicable), the proposed access channel into
the marina and its relation to the island, lagoon and surrounding coralline structures and
the pathway the vessels will use in the project area.
• A general description of the marine environment to be impacted by the proposed
activity, including bathymetric profiles and water quality parameters, including:
dissolved oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, salinity, turbidity, temperature, pH,
macro-nutrients, Escherichia coli Count, as well as sediment characteristics including
origin, distribution and composition, including stratigraphy or sub-bottom profiles; and
meteorological features.
• Physical description of surrounding receiving water bodies including lagoon and sea
front.
• Provide information on siltation rates in regards to the access channel and marina basin
that are to be dredged.
B: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
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This section of the document primarily targets the environmental issues of critical concerns
based on information provided in section A. The following are the critical issues a high quality
EIA will need to address for this development. The EIA will need to address:
3.0 WATER RESOURCES
3.1 Establish a base line on the water resources of the project area for possible domestic
use, as well as recreational uses. This base line should include water quality
assessments for both seawater and possible groundwater in the area. The data collected
should include seasonal variations, particularly in regard to likely differences between
the dry season and rainy season. The base line should include at a minimum the
following parameters:
(i) Temperature; (vi) Dissolved oxygen (surface & below surface)
(ii) Total Coliform (vii) Conductivity
(iii) Biological Oxygen Demand (viii) pH;
(iv) Total suspended solids; (ix) Sulfides;
(v) Escherichia coli count; (x) Hardness;
(vi) Total Nitrate (as N03- N); (xi) Total Phosphate;
(v) Salinity
(Assays i, v & v, to be conducted in the field and the remainder to be conducted preferably by
an independent water quality consultant. The water quality analyses should contain the official
stamp of the laboratory and the signature of the technician).
3.2 Determine the projected water needs for the entire development; including drinking
water (potable) supplies, supply to household appliances, supply to proposed
commercial establishments, and recreational uses.
3.3 Assess all potential sources of water supply, quality and quantity, paying special
attention to determining the safe maximum sustainable yield it can provide. If surface
or ground water sources are intended for potable use, water quality assessments of the
intended sources should be conducted.
3.4 Given the results from above, evaluate the alternative options for the provision of water
supply for the entire development.
3.5 Evaluate the preferred option for water supply, based on environmental grounds.
Specify any residual impacts of meeting water needs through this option, their
significance, and any mitigation measures to be undertaken. Where the recommended
water supply source is ground water, a proper pump test on the aquifer must be
conducted. Provide detailed information for any water treatment processes that may be
employed to obtain the required volumes of potable water for the entire development.
3.6 Identify any potential impacts with respect to the selected water supply source and
mitigation measures to be undertaken.
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3.7 Identify and develop a water quality monitoring programme capable of detecting any
changes in groundwater quality, or the water quality of the sea or ‘receiving’ water
body.
4.0 FLORA AND FAUNA
This section deals primarily with information pertaining to a Rapid Ecological Assessment
(REA) of the proposed project site.
4.1 Marine Flora & Fauna:
4.1.1 Provide baseline data on the biological characteristics (field study) of the marine flora
and fauna within or adjacent to the project area and the zone of influence; include
within the benthic survey a benthic profile of the proposed burrow sites and any
coralline structure surrounding the island. This baseline assessment shall include, but
not be limited to, coral structures, sea grass beds, benthic and pelagic species diversity
and richness, the identification of species of commercial value, juveniles, rare or
endangered species of conservation significance.
4.1.2 Provide a coral reef assessment which includes but is not limited to coral reef diversity,
species richness, health, mortality (% dead, % live), and photographs of reef structures
within the proposed project site (inclusive of dredging locations) and zone of influence.
4.1.3 Describe the methodology used for the biological assessment, include date and time
surveys were conducted.
4.1.4 Highlight, where applicable, potential impacts to the marine flora and fauna within the
project site, and mitigation measures to address said impacts.
4.1.5 Provide information gathered on the existing or potential nursery capacity of the project
site.
4.2 Terrestrial Flora & Fauna:
4.2.1 Collect base line data (field study) on the various terrestrial flora & fauna including but
not limited to mangrove cover, rare or endangered species (birds, etc.), commercially
valuable species within or in areas adjacent to the project site, and sensitive habitats
within or adjacent to project site. This should provide a baseline from which to detect
changes in the abundance and vigor of the species due to this development.
4.2.2 Provide a general description of the methodology used to collect baseline data. This is
to include the date, time, area surveyed and methodology used.
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4.2.3 Estimate the acreage and type of vegetation within the development site designated for
removal as well as the percent of vegetation to be removed, taking into consideration
the establishment of appropriate buffer zones along all permanent water bodies.
4.2.4 Identify, if necessary, any species of conservation significance (threatened and
endangered species), such as manatees, crocodiles, turtles, etc., and specify detailed
measures for their protection, which may include the establishment of reserves within
the project site.
4.2.5 Highlight, where appropriate, measures that could be taken to enhance the habitat value
of the project area.
4.3 Provide legible maps of the terrestrial and aquatic habitats drawn to scale showing
ecosystem cover, natural drains, etc. This should incorporate clear indicators of percent
cover and habitat composition and health.
5.0 GEOLOGY AND EXTRACTION OF MATERIALS
5.1 Provide information on the specific soil type, and submit results of analysis carried out to
determine soil permeability/profile in the proposed project area.
5.2 Conduct a geotechnical study/assessment to determine the load bearing capacity of the
project site.
5.3 Determine the type and volume of construction materials required for the entire
development.
5.4 Identify and provide scaled maps showing the proposed burrow site locations for the
proposed project.
5.5 Provide information on the dimension and alignment of the access channel, proposed
marina and burrow sites (if any) to be dredged. This should include sub-bottom profiles
of the seabed showing the vertical extent of the various layers.
5.6 Determine the type and volumes of sediments to be extracted from the seafloor and
lagoon by the dredging process and the fate of this material, particular those that will not
be used in the filling and/or any excess material and identify any potential impacts
associated with the deposition of the spoils.
5.7 Determine the following for the dredging/excavation requirements for the project.
5.7.1 Disposal/use of dredged materials from the seabed and excavated materials from
the lagoon for the marina component;
5.7.2 Physical character of materials to be dredged and excavated;
5.7.3 Type of dredging equipment/method of dredging;
5.7.4 Need for shoreline protection and type of protection;
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5.8 Determine the need for dredging/excavation and impacts associated with the construction
of the marina facility.
5.9 Evaluate options for meeting the requirements of the Geology and Petroleum
Department with respect to mining/quarry licenses/permits including reviewing the
sources, volume, extraction methods and transportation as well as identifying:
5.9.1 Direct and indirect biological impacts on flora and fauna, marine and terrestrial
with emphasis on the sea grass beds, and mangroves.
5.9.2 Direct and indirect physical impacts (e.g. forest processes);
5.9.3 Impact on receiving water bodies, Caribbean Sea, lagoon, and mangrove
wetlands.
5.9.4 Specific mitigation measures for the above mentioned.
5.10 Identify the preferred option for the extraction methods, source and transportation of
materials, specifying the necessary mitigation measures, their residual impacts and
significance.
5.0 WASTE MANAGEMENT:
5.1 Liquid Waste:
5.1.1 Determine the nature and volume of liquid waste to be generated by the entire
project and vessels utilizing the marina, including sewage, brine, bilge and grey
water.
5.1.2 Evaluate options for collection, treatment, and disposal of liquid waste for the
proposed project.
5.1.3 Identify the preferred option(s) for liquid waste management, based on
environmental grounds, including necessary infrastructure, designs, locations and
land requirements: This needs to include an evaluation of any residual impacts
associated with the process, as well as any mitigation measures to be adopted in
circumventing or ameliorating the impacts associated with the process.
5.2 Solid Waste:
5.2.1 Determine the projected types, volumes and sources of solid waste from the
development both during construction and operation. This should include organic
and inorganic, wastes from marine vessels, (if applicable) and hazardous wastes.
5.2.2 Evaluate options for the collection, treatment and disposal of these wastes,
including possible storage and modes of transportation from the islands and
possible frequency of collection and disposal.
5.2.3 Select the preferred option(s) for disposal of these materials: This should be based
on environmental grounds, and should specify any residual impacts, their
significance and the mitigation measures which are to be implemented.
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5.2.4 If the EIA suggests the use of an existing landfill, assess the ability of the
community or local government to provide the necessary infrastructure, resources
and management for the collection, storage, treatment and final disposal of solid
waste generated by the project and provide appropriate recommendations for these,
in the event that they are inadequate.
6.0 ENERGY GENERATION
6.01 Determine the projected energy requirements for the development;
6.02 Evaluate options for meeting these needs using fossil fuel, solar or wind resources (and
others methods if relevant): For each of these options, it will be necessary to investigate
the following:
(i) Fuel storage;
(ii) Transportation;
(iii) Health and Safety;
(iv) Pollution sources, volumes and types;
(v) Significance of any pollution;
(vi) Mitigation measures.
6.03 Energy requirements will need to be discussed for both the construction and operational
phases of the proposed undertaking.
6.04 Select the preferred option for energy generation: This should be based on environmental
grounds, and should specify the residual impacts of generation of the preferred option,
their significance and the mitigation measures to be adopted.
7.0 WATER TRANSPORTATION
7.01 Determine the projected number and types and size of boats likely to be associated with
the entire development.
7.02 Evaluate options for storage of water borne vessels. This will require examination of:
i. Dredging requirements/volume of materials to be dredged;
ii. Disposal/use of dredged materials;
iii. Physical characteristics of materials to be dredged;
i. Benthic substrate
ii. Design of marina
vi. Type of dredging equipment;
vii. Need for shoreline protection;
viii. Near shore and off shore current patterns;
ix. Near shore and off shore sedimentation patterns;
xii. Transportation of construction materials;
xiii. Methods of controlling sedimentation of marina;
7.03 Provide bathymetry of the area to be dredged in particular the access channel and the
marina basin.
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7.04 Evaluate options for the construction of beach protection structures/devices and identify
the preferred option (if applicable).
7.05 Evaluate options for the supply of fuel to boats and identify the best method for
eliminating potential spillages and maximizing health and safety. This should include
options for the proper storage of the fuels.
7.06 Provide information on alternative sites considered and the rational for the selection of the
proposed site and design of the preferred choice for both the pier(s) and the marina.
7.07 Provide specifications (dimensions) of the proposed docking facilities, pier, breakwaters
(if any) and boardwalk indicating the type(s) of construction materials that will be used.
7.08 Identify the preferred option for the extraction methods, the source, and transportation of
materials for the construction of both pier and marina, specifying the necessary mitigation
measures to be used, their residual impacts and significance.
7.09 The plan of the marina must include dimensions to scale (e.g. length, height, width) for all
related structures both, land and water based, berthing and mooring arrangements as well
as the specific siting for the various facilities such as fuel dispensing and boat storage offland.
Text must be submitted (accompanying the plan) justifying the size and scope of the
marina and details on the type, size and number of vessels to be involved with this
undertaking.
7.10 Provide a map depicting navigational routes of vessels which utilize the zone of influence
and the relation to the development during operation.
8.0 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS
8.01 Determine the potential Social Impacts of the proposed tourism development in regards to
the impacts of project development activities during both the construction and operational
phases on marine traffic and traditional users of the area (fishers, etc.).
8.02 Provide information on other related issues such as the following:
i. Employment and other economic opportunities associated with project;
ii. Occupational health and safety;
iii. Security and tourist safety concerns with respect to tourists and visitors to the area in
general.
8.03 Describe any measures to safeguard human health and prevent injury, as well as
accommodating the continued boat traffic use of the area where the facility will be sited in
terms of:
i.The use and deployment of navigational aids;
ii.The placement of equipment and associated engineering structures that would minimize
65
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impacts to navigational use of the area
8:04 Identify emergency preparation, response and applicable management measures for the
proposed development (e.g. hurricane, floods, fires etc.). This should include evacuation
and hazard management plans inclusive of climate change adaptation measures (such as
sea level rise and structural/building design conducive with the climatic conditions of
project site).
9.0 NGO and PUBLIC INTEREST
9.1 Provide a summary on the views and concerns of local NGOs, public interest groups and
relevant government departments/agencies regarding the development of the project.
9.2 Provide a summary of the interviews used for the report including the name and
organization of all the interviewees and the date of the interview.
C: MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLANS
1.01 Identify all significant changes that may result from the implementation of the project.
This should include, but not be limited to, changes in the quality of the surrounding water
body near the project site, land use, noise, potential land use conflicts, navigation,
infrastructure, employment opportunities, socio-cultural behaviour, abundance and vigor
of flora and fauna, changes in abundance of pests and vectors, effects of the development
on aesthetics and visual quality.
1.02 The analysis should distinguish between significant positive and negative impacts; direct
and indirect impacts; immediate, medium and long-term impacts; irreversible or
unavoidable impacts including the magnitude of these impacts (low medium, high);
identify impacts that may result from accidental events (i.e. spills of hazardous waste,
accidental release of untreated effluent discharges, etc.). The analysis should be divided
into construction, operational and maintenance activities.
1.03 Based on the above investigations, develop a mitigation matrix outlining mitigation
measures for all potential negative environmental impacts.
1.04 Provide a detailed monitoring plan to be implemented for the project, identifying any
agency/body responsible for its implementation. The plan should include but not be
limited to monitoring of wastewater discharge characteristics (if any), water abstraction
levels changes in ecological species (including endangered species), contingency
measures to emergency response to accidental events (fire, flood, hurricane, leakages,
spillages, etc.).
1.05 Provide a detailed plan for the rehabilitation of the site to other uses in the event that the
project is discontinued.
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Appendix F:
List of Contributors to the Preparation of the EIA
Ismael E. Fabro – Lead Consultant – Environmental Consultant
Juan R. Rancharan - Environmental, Health and Safety Consultant
Guadalupe Rosado – Marine Biologist
Robert Allen – Civil Engineer
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CURRICULUM VITAE
ISMAEL ELIGIO FABRO
#2216 Juliet Soberanis St. Belama Phase I, Belize City, Belize
Tel/Fax: 501-223-1819 Cel: 501-6071947
iefabro@gmail.com
NATIONALITY: Belizean
LANGUAGES: English, Spanish
DATE OF BIRTH: February 13, 1958
AREAS OF EXPERTISE:
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Environmental, Health and Safety Audits
• Environmental Emergency Response Planning
• Water Quality Monitoring
• Natural Resources Assessment
• Ecology
• Pollution Control
• Ecological Effects of Pollution
• Training in Environment and Conservation
• Project Management
• Project Evaluation
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND:
Ismael Eligio Fabro is an environmental scientist with 18 years experience in
Environmental Management as Belize’s Chief Environmental Officer from 1990-
2008. Under his term as Chief Environmental, Mr. Fabro was responsible for the
institutional development of the Department of the Environment and the
development of Belize’s National Environmental Agenda. Two years after it was
first opened, with much hard work and planning, the Department of the
Environment was legally established under the Environmental Protection Act (EPA)
of 1992. Since then the EPA has undergone several amendments aimed at
improving Belize’s ability to respond to new environmental challenges, reflecting
the dynamic nature of environmental management in Belize.
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Under Mr. Fabro’s term in office, the Department was able to grow into one of
Belize’s most dynamic and respected Government Departments. During these 18
years Mr. Fabro played a leadership role in the development of Belize’s current
national environmental policies, legislations, plans and programs.
In October of 2005, Mr. Fabro was seconded to the position of acting Chief
Executive Officer of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment and
served in this capacity until June 2007. As Chief Executive Officer of the Ministry
he was able to positively influence the development of the new petroleum industry
and to accelerate the implementation of the strategic plans of the Forest, Lands and
Survey Department and other departments within the Ministry.
In both capacities Mr. Fabro had the opportunity to represent the Government of
Belize in numerous high-level National, Regional and International meetings,
negotiations and other forums. He sat as chair of the Pesticide Registration
Subcommittee of the Pesticide Control Board, National Environmental Appraisal
Committee and the Environmental Subcommittee of the National Emergency
Management Organization and as member of the Solid Waste Management
Authority, Protected Areas Conservation Trust and several other committees.
Educated primarily in the USA and Belize, Mr. Ismael Fabro was the recipient of a
USAID/ Campus Scholarship under which he obtained a Bachelor of Science Degree
graduating, summa cum laude, at the top of his class in Mankato State University, a
current branch of Minnesota State University. During this period Mr. Fabro also
managed to complete his postgraduate courses obtaining a Master of Science Degree
shortly thereafter.
Prior to heading the Department of the Environment in 1990, Mr. Fabro had served
as the head of the science division of Edward P. Yorke High School where he also
served as a Biology and Chemistry Teacher from 1981-1989.
In addition to these 27 years of Public Service Mr. Fabro had worked at the Belize
Sugar Industry as assistant chemist (1978-1979) and at Pallotti High School (1979-
1981) as the chemistry teacher.
Mr. Fabro currently works as an Environmental Consultant and is the managing
director of Belize Environmental Technologies, a newly registered environmental
consulting company.
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EDUCATION AND TRAINING:
Master of Science, Ecology
MANKATO STATE UNIVERSITY, USA (1993)
Bachelor of Science (SUMMA CUM LAUDE), Biology with Emphasis in the
Environmental Sciences and a Minor in Chemistry
MANKATO STATE UNIVERSITY, USA (1987)
Associates of Science Degree (Dean’s List), Majors in Chemistry and Biology
ST. JOHN’S JUNIOR COLLEGE, BELIZE (1978)
Secondary School Honour Graduation Diploma,
ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE, BELIZE (1976)
Certificate in Environmental Protection
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING, TAIWAN (1998)
Certificate in Human Resources Management
THE WORLD TRADE INSTITUTE, USA (1995)
Certificate in Management Skills Development
THE WORLD TRADE INSTITUTE, USA (1995)
Certificate in Environmental Assessment and Monitoring (Langkawi Awards for
Environmental Studies-Commonwealth Secretariat)
COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, INDIA (1991)
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS ATTENDED:
As head of the Department of the environment for 18 years, Mr. Fabro had the opportunity
to represent Belize in numerous international high level meetings and conferences and
served as head of delegation on many occasions.
Selected Conferences and Meetings:
XXVIII Extraordinary Meeting of The Central American Commission on Environment and
Development (CCAD) on the Regional Strategy For Climate Change, Regional Strategy on
Agriculture and the Environment and The Regional Integrated Water Resources Strategy,
Dominican Republic, (March 2008)
As Belize’s CCAD Liaison Officer, Mr Fabro attended most of the technical preparatory and
ministerial meetings of the CCAD.
Conference on the Use of Dispersants in Sensitive Coastal Areas (Oil Spills Preparedness Plan),
Panama, (Dec 2007)
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X Regional Forum: Renewable Energy Initiatives in Central America’s Sugar Industry, Belize,
2007
Eight Meeting of the Conference of the Parties on Biological Diversity, Brazil, (March 2006).
Head of Delegation.
II Central American Conference on Renewable Energy, Honduras, (Feb.2005)
Regional Meeting on the Stockholm Convention to review draft Guidelines on Best Available
Techniques and Best Environmental Practices relevant to Article5 and Annex C of the
Convention, Argentina, (March 2005)
Eight Special Session of the Governing Council/ Global Ministerial Environment Forum, Korea
(March 2004). Head of Delegation
Regional GRULAC Consultations on SAICM and meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the
development of a strategic approach to International Chemicals Management, Kenya (Oct. 2004)
Cleaner Production and Environmental Management Systems Workshop, Belize 2004
Conference on Environmental Risk Assessment on Pesticide Use, El Salvador, (Nov. 2004)
Regional Workshop on the Management of Solid Waste in Central America, El Salvador, (Mar.
2004)
USEPA-Pesticide Registration Training Workshop, USA, (Oct. 2003)
Regional Forum on Renewable Energy and Meeting of the Steering Committee of CCAD’s
Alliance on Energy and the Environment, Panama, (June 2003)
Seminar on Cooperation on responses to Oil Spill at Sea, organized by the Regional Activity
Center/ Regional Marine Pollution Education, Information and Training Center- Caribbean,
Panama (April 2003)
Training Workshop on FAO Specifications Applicable to Pesticide Registration of Agricultural
Pesticides, Belize, (July 2003)
First Intergovernmental Review Meeting of the Global Program of Action (GPA), Canada, (Nov
2001)
Conference on Enhancing Defence- Environmental Cooperation in Central America and the
Caribbean, Costa Rica, (May 2001)
First Meeting of the Regional Task Force on the Environment, Guyana (2001)
The Twenty- First Session of the Governing Council of UNEP, Kenya (Feb. 2001)
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Regional Seminar on Phyto-sanitary Registration and Intellectual Property Rights, Guatemala,
(July 2001)
5 th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Canada,
(Feb. 2000). Attended Meeting as head of delegation.
III Regional Meeting on the Institutional Development of the Environmental Health Divisions
within the Ministries of Health, Chile (2000)
Conference of Plenipotentiaries to Adopt the Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land- Based
Sources and Activities of the Wider Caribbean Region, Aruba, (Oct 1999). Head of Delegation
Seminar for High Level Government Officials on Economic Globalization, Sustainable
Development and the Environment in Central America, Costa Rica, (Feb. 1997)
Management Development Seminar on Internal Relations, Economics and Negotiations, Belize,
(Nov 1995)
Second National Symposium on the State of the Belize Environment, Belize, (Oct. 1995)
Organized and chaired several sessions.
3 rd International Meeting of the INTERNATIONAL Society for Ecological Economics, Costa
Rica, (Oct, 1994). Organized and chaired several sessions.
Workshop on Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Belize, (Dec. 1993)
Seminar on Environmental Management, Costa Rica, (Mar. 1992)
First National Symposium on State of the Belize Environment, (Jun. 1992)
Regional Workshop on Data Management using SPSS+PC, Costa Rica, (Nov. 1990)
AWARDS:
Commonwealth Scholarship (Langkawi Awards for Environmental Studies in Environmental
Assessment and Monitoring (1991)
USAID/ Campus Scholarship (1985-1987)
Honour Student Award, Mankato State University (1986)
SUMMA CUM LAUDE Graduate (1987)
Belize Government Associate Degree Achievement Scholarship (1976)
Holy Redeemer Credit Union High School Achievement Scholarship (1972)
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COMPUTER SKILLS:
Microsoft Office Suite
Statistics: Inferential and Descriptive Statistic using SPSS-X and Excel
World-Wide-Web, E-mail and Search Engines
CAREER HISTORY:
July 2008 - Present Environmental Consultant and Managing Director Belize Environmental
Technologies
July 2007 – June 2008 Chief Environmental Officer, Department of the Environment
Oct 2005 – June 2007 Chief Executive Officer (Acting), Ministry of Natural Resources and the
Environment (Seconded)
Jan 1990 – Sep 2005 Chief Environmental Officer, Department of the Environment
Nov 1989 – Dec 1990 Environmental Officer in the Department of the Environment
Sep 1981- Nov. 1989 Biology and Chemistry Teacher (Head of Science Division) Edward P.
Yorke High school
Sep 1979 – May 1981 Chemistry and General Science Teacher, Pallotti High School
Sep 1978- May 1979 Assistant Chemist, Belize Sugar Industries
OTHER INFORMATION:
Fluent in both spoken and written English and Spanish
Excellent writing abilities
Excellent interpersonal skills
Avid reader and sport enthusiast
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OBJECTIVE
Juan R. Rancharan
To maximize on my expertise and working experience through consultancies in agriculture and
environmental policies and other related issues while contributing to the sustainable development
of Belize.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
2008 – Present Private Environmental, Health and Safety Consultant,
Belize City, Belize
Consultant
Provide consultancy expertise in the following areas:
Agricultural and Extension Education
Environmental and Natural Resources Management
Environmental Policy
Health and Safety
English – Spanish Translations
2005 - 2008 Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment, Belmopan,
Belize
Policy Coordinator/Sustainable Development Officer
Provided support to the Ministry in the implementation and
coordination of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development
policies, strategies and activities, in particular the implementation
of Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements (MEA’s) to which
Belize is a party.
Monitored the implementation of existing projects and coordinated
the review and monitory of project proposals requiring
Ministry’s endorsement with a view to ensuring that its objectives
and activities are consistent with national priorities and with
Ministry’s policies, goals and objectives.
Supported the coordination of activities arising from the Central
American Commission on Environment and Development (CCAD) and
CARICOM on matters pertaining to Natural Resources, Environment
and Sustainable Development.
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Represented the Ministry as its designated representative on select
Project Steering Committees/Project Execution Groups.
Provided oversight for the organization of Ministry’s events
including forums, conferences and meetings.
2003 - 2005 High Commission of Belize, Ottawa, Canada
Counsellor/Head of Chancery
Assisted in the establishment of the Belize High Commission to
Canada including diplomatic, administrative and logistical
arrangements.
Responsible for Belize-Canada Bilateral Programmes and general
implementation of government foreign policy as well as trade,
tourism and Consular matters.
Administered, coordinated, supervised and monitored the activities
and performance of local recruited personnel.
Acted as the Head of Chancery and Financial Officer of the High
Commission.
1997 - 2003 Embassy of Belize, Havana, Cuba
Administrative Assistant/First Secretary/Head of Chancery
Assisted in the establishment of the Belize Embassy to Cuba
including diplomatic, administrative and logistical arrangements.
Responsible for Belize-Cuba Bilateral Programmes and general
implementation of government foreign policy, trade matters and
Consular matters. This included the implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of the Cuba-Belize Education Programme, Health
Cooperation Programme, Agriculture Projects and all other
cooperation programmes between Belize and Cuba.
Administered, supervised and monitored the activities and
performance of locally recruited staff.
Acted as the Head of Chancery and Financial Officer of the
Embassy.
1995 – 1997 Belize Sugar Industries Limited, Tower Hill, Orange Walk, Belize
Company Health and Safety Officer
Responsible for developing, implementing, monitoring and
evaluating the company’s Health and Safety Programme.
Investigated accidents to identify causes, prepared detailed reports
of same and provided recommendations on improvement in safety
standards to be adopted.
Trained staff and employees on all aspects of the company’s
Health and Safety Procedures.
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Liaised with other agencies, managers and staff on purchasing
requirements of equipment and other items relating to health and
safety.
Conducted Company Health and Safety Audits; a critical, in-depth
examination of an organisation's health and safety management
system. The audit covered the whole system including risk
assessment procedures, issue and control of personal protective
equipment etc.
1987 - 1995 Belize Sugar Industries Limited, Tower Hill, Orange Walk,
Belize.
Senior Technical Officer
Responsible for developing, implementing, monitoring and
evaluating the Sugarcane Technical Support Service (SETSS).
Developed, organized and carried out in-house training of the
company’s Field Technical Officers.
Coordinated and supervised the allocation of farm land preparation
equipment, inputs and credit facilities in the implementation of the
land preparation programme for sugarcane farmers with the
objective of promoting the newly released sugarcane varieties.
Developed and conducted seminars, workshops and demonstrations
on the recommended sugarcane farming operations.
Liaised with the Belize Cane Farmers’ Association and other
agencies to communicate and promote SETSS.
Responsible for organizing exhibits for various Agricultural/Trade
Shows.
Prepared monthly reports on SETSS development and advances to
document the programme’s innovative approach.
1980 – 1982 Atlantic Bank Limited, Belize City, Belize
Banking Clerk
Responsible for conducting various financial and banking
transactions while assigned on rotation as bank teller, teller
supervisor, proof teller and Letter of Credit Officer.
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EDUCATION
1986 – 1987 Masters in Agricultural and Extension Education
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Courses (Selected)
• Programme Development in Extension Education
• Methods of Plan Change
• Extension Administration and Supervision
• Developing Instructional Materials and Advance Instructional
Techniques
• Fundamental Plant Pest Management
• Principles of Post-harvest Horticulture
• Marketing (Agriculture)
1983 - 1985 Bachelors in Agricultural and Extension Education (Honours)
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Courses (Selected)
• Development and Role of Extension Education
• Development and Philosophy of Agricultural Education
• Evaluation of Extension Education Programme
• Agricultural Youth Programmes
• Farm Firm Management
• Horticultural Vegetable Gardening and Worlds Vegetables
• Farm Machinery
• Agricultural Construction and Maintenance
• Extension Internship – Vegetable Crop Production, Homestead,
Florida, USA
1978-1980 Associate’s Degree in Maths, Biology, and Chemistry
St. John’s Junior College, Belize City, Belize
CERTIFICATES (Selected)
2007 Capacity Building on “Sustainable Development, Trade, Investment and
Intellectual Property Rights, CEPAL - ECLAC, Costa Rica.
1997 Certificate in Health and Safety, London, England.
1993 Travelling Seminar – Sugarcane Industries – Tate and Lyle,
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Kenya, Zambia and Swaziland.
1991 Introduction to Management Programme, Tate and Lyle PLC, London,
England.
CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS (Recent)
November 2007 X Regional Forum – Renewable Energies in the Sugar Industry in
Central America, and XIII Meeting of the Technical Advisory
Committee of the Energy and Environment Partnership with
Central America (EEP), – Lead Organizer and Participant, Belize.
November 2007 National Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine
Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution in Belize.
October 2007 Areas of Cooperation in Mesoamerica in Climate Change -
Regional Technical Workshop, Belize.
September 2007 BIOENERGY 2007 International Conference and the XII Meeting
of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Energy and
Environment Partnership with Central America (EEP), Finland
(Head of Delegation).
February 2007 IX Regional Forum – Financial Opportunities for Renewable
Energy and Environmental Projects in Central America, and the XI
Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Energy and
Environment Partnership with Central America (EEP), Guatemala
(Head of Delegation).
June 2006 Environmental Ethics Protocol for Central America – Central
American Commission on Environment and Development
(CCAD), Workshop, Costa Rica.
April and June 2006 Belize National Security Policy and Strategy Workshop, Belize.
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COMMITTEES
2007 Belize Representative, Technical Advisory Committee of the Energy and
Environment Partnership with Central America (EEP), Salvador.
2007 GEF Operational Focal Point Representative on Project Executing Groups
for the following projects:
1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
– Second National Communications of Belize.
2. Integrating Protected Areas and Landscape Management in the Golden
Stream Watershed Project.
3. National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
2006 – 2007 Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MNRE )
Representative to the National Human Development Advisory Committee
(NHDAC)
2006 – 2007 Belize’s Representative to the Regional Steering Committees to the
“Environmental Protection and Maritime Transport Pollution Control
Project in the Gulf of Honduras” (Belize, Guatemala and Honduras),
Honduras.
2006 – Present Member – Policy and Agriculture - National Steering Committee –
GEF Small Grants Programme
2003 – 2005 Founding Member of the Latin American Consular Group, Ottawa
Chapter, Canada
2003 – 2005 Alternate Member to the diplomatic group: Grupo Latino
Americano (GRULA), Ottawa, Canada
2003 – 2005 Alternate Member to the diplomatic group: CARICOM, Ottawa,
Canada
1998 – 2003 Alternate Member to the diplomatic group: Grupo Latino
Americano y del Caribe (GRULAC), Havana, Cuba
1998 – 2003 Health and Safety Advisor to the International School of Havana,
Havana, Cuba
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AWARDS
1986 - 1987 Dean’s and Presidents List, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida,
USA
1986 Recipient of the first Agricultural Extension Education Department’s
Foreign Student Assistantship Award to pursue graduate studies,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
.
1987 Elected to Phi Kappa Phi and Alpha Zeta, National Honour Societies in
recognition and encouragement to superior scholarship in All Academic
Disciplines and Agriculture Disciplines respectively, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA..
1983 - 1985 Dean’s and Presidents List, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida,
USA
1983 Recipient of the Belize Sugar Industries Ltd. Belize’s Independence
Undergraduate Scholarship
1980 Dean’s List, St. John’s Junior College, Belize City, Belize
1978 Government of Belize Sixth Form Scholarship
1978 St. Francis Xavier College Graduating Class Valedictorian
COMPUTER LITERACY
Microsoft Office Suite, Adobe PageMaker
PERSONAL DATA
Nationality: Belizean
Country of Residence: Belize
Date of Birth: June 24, 1961
Age: 47
Marital Status: Married
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Languages: English and Spanish (Spoken and Written - Fluent)
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ROBERT K. ALLEN
7 Bermuda Street
P.O. Box 559
City of Belmopan
Tel.: 501 822 0025
Cell: 501 601 8408
E-mail: rallen64@hotmail.com
______________________________________________________________________________
Personal Details
Nationality: Belizean
Date of Birth: 8 th December 1971
Profession: Registered Professional Engineer (Civil Engineer)
Languages: English
OBJECTIVE: Pursue a career in the field of engineering that will utilize both my
experience and background, and offers opportunity for growth and
advancement.
EDUCATION:
Short Courses:
Bachelor of Engineering – Civil
University of Leeds, United Kingdom, 2001
Associate Degree in Building/Civil Engineering
Belize Technical College, 1991
High School Diploma
Belmopan Comprehensive High School, 1989
Urban solid Waste by Local Government
Organizations:
Member of the Association of Professional Engineers of Belize
Member of the American Steel Institute
_______________________________________________________________________
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Experience Summary
Robert K. Allen has over eight years experience in Civil and Structural engineering
encompassing project design and management, contract documentation and
administration, engineering specifications and site engineering.
He has held the post of project engineer and project manager/coordinator in building,
bridges and road infrastructure. He also held the post of City Engineer at the Belize
City Council.
Some of the projects undertaking by Mr. Robert Allen are as follows:
Structural Design of various building throughout the country of Belize such as:
Maypen Bridge
Haulover slab replacement
B.A.H.A. New Administration Building
Dangriga Sporting Complex
Pomona Sporting Complex
Project Supervision of various building throughout the country such as:
Professional Experience:
From July 2009 to date
Construction of Dangriga Library
Construction of Dangriga Library/Museum
Rehabilitation works to Hawksworth bridge
Re-electrification work – B.D.F. Headquarters
B.A.H.A. Headquarters (countrywide)
Resident Engineer for the construction of National Coast Guard
Headquarters, Belize City
From Jan 2007-June 2009
City Engineer in the Belize City Council which responsibilities include:
• giving technical, engineering, and architectural advice to various heads of City
Department and the City Administrator;
• assist in projecting a broad plan of public works improvement;
• preparing engineering and architectural activity report;
• present the City’s position and policies to other jurisdictions, private firms and
the general public on engineering and architectural matters;
• initiating engineering and architectural studies or programme reviews in
response to enquiries from the Council, City management, or when professional
judgment requires it;
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• making recommendations for engineering and architectural consultants and
contracts involved in the design or construction of public works projects;
• prepare land use development, planning and zoning;
• overseeing the construction and maintenance of street, canals, drainage, creek,
coastal structures systems and all municipal services, recreational and
maintenance facilities and equipment;
• supervising traffic management, including the design and maintenance of traffic
control systems and liaising with the Police Department on traffic enforcement
and control matters;
• supervising solid waste and liquid waste management and enforcing sanitation,
Public Health and Environmental Laws and Regulations; and
• supervising procurement works
From 2001-2007
Executive Engineer in the Ministry of Works with responsibility for the design and site
supervision of buildings, bridges and road projects
From 1991-2007
Draftsman Grade 11 in the Ministry of Works
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Appendix G:
Report on Subsoil Investigation on Cat’s Caye* Range. Report prepared by Robert Allen
(*Fisherman’s Caye).
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Appendix H:
Water Quality Laboratory Results
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Appendix I:
List of Flora and Fauna Species – Fisherman’s Caye and Surroundings
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List of Fish Species
Scientific Name Common Name
Abudefduf saxatilis Sergeant Major
Acanthurus bahianus Ocean Surgeon
Acanthurus chirurgus Doctorfish
Acanthurus coeruleus Blue Tang
Anisotremus surinamensis Black Margate
Anisotremus virginicus Porkfish
Archosargus probatocephalus Sheepshead
Aulostomus maculatus Trumpetfish
Calamus calamus Saucereye Porgy
Caranx ruber Bar Jack
Canthigaster rostrata Sharpnose Puffer
Chaetodon capistratus Foureye Butterflyfish
Chaetodon striatus Banded Butterflyfish
Cephalopholis cruentatus Grasby
Gerres cinereus Yellowfin Mojarra
Gobisoma oceanops Neon Goby
Holacanthus ciliaris Queen Angelfish
Haemulon flavolineatum French Angelfish
Haemulon macrostomum Spanish Grunt
Haemulon plumierii White Grunt
Haemulon sciurus Bluestriped Grunt
Haemulon striatum Striped Grunt
Halichoeres bivittatus Slippery Dick
Halichoeres maculipinna Clown Wrasse
Holocentrus rufus Longspine Squirrelfish
Hypoplectrus puella Barred Hamlet
Hypoplectrus unicolor Butter Hamlet
Kyphosus sectatrix Bermuda Chub
Lutjanus analis Mutton Snapper
Lutjanus apodos Schoolmaster
Lutjauns cyanopterus Cubera Snapper
Lutjanus griseus Gray Snapper
Microspathodon chrysurus Yellowtail Damselfish
Mycteroperca bonaci Black Grouper
Ocyurus chrysurus Yellowtail Snapper
Pomacanthus arcuatus Gray Angelfish
Pseudupeneus maculatus Spotted Goatfish
Sparisoma aurofrenatum Redband Parrotfish
Sphyraena barracuda Great Barracuda
Sparisoma chrysopterum Redtail Parrotfish
Scarus guacamaia Rainbow Parrotfish
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Scarus iserti Striped Parrotfish
Scarus taeniopterus Princess Parrotfish
Sparisoma rubripinne Yellowtail Parrotfish
Sparisoma viride Stoplight Parrotfish
Stegastes adustus Dusky Damselfish
Trachinotus falcatus Permit
List of Coral Species
Scientific Name Common Name
Siderastrea siderea Massive Starlet Coral
Manicina areolata Rose Coral
Montastrea annularis Boulder Star Coral
Montasrea cavernosa Great Star Coral
Montastrea faveolata Mountainous Star Coral
Porites porites Finger Coral
Porites asteroides Mustard Hill Coral
Diploria clivosa Knobby Brain Coral
Diploria strigosa Symmetrical Brain Coral
Agaricia agaracites Lettuce Coral
Agaricia tenuifolia Thin Leaf Lettuce
Millipora alcicornis Branching Fire Coral
Millipora complenata Blade Fire Coral
Pseudoplexaura spp. Porous Sea Rod
Eunicea mammosa Swollen-Knob Candelabrum
Gorgonia ventalina Common Sea Fan
List of Other Reef Creatures
Scientific Name Common Name
Anamobaea orstedii Split-crown Feather Duster
Bartholomea annulata Corkscrew anemone
Condylactis gigantea Giant Anemone
Clavelina picta Painted Tunicate
Clavelina Puerto-secensis Blue Bell Tunicate
Cassiopea frondosa Upside-down Jellyfish
Crassostrea rhizophorae Mangrove Oyster
Echinometra viridis Reef Urchin
Ophiocoma Sp. Brittle Star
Palythoa caribaeorum White Encrusting Zoanthid
Panulirus Argus Caribbean Spiny Lobster
Stenorhynchus seticornis Yellowline Arrow Crab
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List of Plant Species
Scientific Name Common Name
Acanthophora spicifera
Acetabularia calyculus Green Mermaid’s Wine Glass
Avrainvillea asarifolia Saucer Blade Algae
Avrainvillea nigricans
Bostrychia montagnei
Bostrychia tenella
Caulerpa cupressoides Cactus Tree Alga
Caulerpa mexicana Flat Green Feather Alga
Caulerpa paspaloides
Caulerpa prolifera Oval-Blade Alga
Caulerpa sertularioides Green Feather Alga
Caulerpa racemosa Green Grape Alga
Caulerpa verticulata
Dictyospharia cavernosa Green Bubble Weed
Dictyota bartayresii
Dictyota divaricata
Halemeda incrassate Three Finger Leaf Alga
Halemeda optunia Lettuce Leaf Algae
Laurencia papillosa
Lobophora variegata
Padina boergesenii Leafy Rolled-Blade Alga
Penicillus dumetosus Bristle Ball Brush
Penicillus pyriformis Flat-Top Bristle Brush
Stypopodium zonale Leafy Flat-Bed Alga
Ph: Rhodophyta Lavender Crust Algae
Galaxaura Sp. Tubular Thicket Algae
Graciliaria tikvahiae
Udotea conglutinate Mermaid’s Fans
Venricaria ventricosa Sea Pearl
Thalassia testudinum Turtle Grass
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Porifera: Sponges
Scientific Name Common Name
Amphimedon Compressa Erect Rope Sponge
Amphimedon vidris
Aplysina fulva Scattered Pore Rope Sponge
Aplysina lacunosa Convoluted Barrel Sponge
Aplysilla Longispina
Aplysilla rosea
Biemna caribea
Svenzea cristinae
Cliona varians
Clathria schoenus Peach Encrusting Sponge
Clathria spinosa
Desmapsamma anchorata
Dysidea etheria
Haliclona coerulea
Haliclona cuaçaoensis
Haliclona implexiformis
Haliclona manglaris
Iotrochota birotulata
Lissodendoryx isodictyalis
Monanchora arbuscula
Phorbas Amaranthus
Scopalina ruetzleri
Spongia tubulifera
Svenzea devoogdae
Svenzea zeai
Tedania ignis
Tectitethya crypta
Xestospongia Carbonaria
Crustaceans
Scientific Name Common Name
Mithrax coryphe
Mithrax sculptus Green Clinging Crab
Thor dobkini
Thor floridanus
Thor manningi
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Appendix J: Photographic Collection of Flora Identified at Fishermen’s Caye
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Photographic Collection of Flora and Fauna Identified at Fishermen’s Caye
a. Algae
Halimeda sp. Caulerpa sp.
Caulerpa sp. Avrainvillea sp.
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Laurencia sp.
Eucheuma sp.
Thalassia testudinum
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. Invertebrates
Anemone
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Tunicates
Feather Worm
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Boring Sponge
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c. Corals
Millepora
alcicornis
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Siderastrea siderea
Sea Whip (Plexaura sp.)
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Appendix M: Contour Maps
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A. Contour Maps for Main Lagoon – PC1
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B. Contour Map for Proposed Berthing Facility Area
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C. Contour Maps for Pond – PC2
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D. Contour Map for Pond IP1
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