TNT: Trinitrotoluenes and Mono and Dinitrotoluenes

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THE MANUFACTURE OF TNT 39 temperature is then raised to 120°, and held at this point until the charges is finished as indicated by the control analyses. In some parts of (Jermany trinitrotoluene is ma.de from dinitrotoluene, which occurs as a by-product in various processes of the manufacture of other materials. I n such a en.se, the dinitrotoluene is melted, sulphonated with one and one-fourth its weight of oleum, nitrated with three-fifths its weight of nitric acid at temperatures varying from 100 to VMY\ and finally separated from the spent, acid, washed and crystallized. A good comparison of the three processes used in the United States mn.v be* obtained from n sutnnmrv of
40 TRINITROTOLUENE tion of the higher grade of product turned out, £he threestage process may be said to be the best. Many engineers have investigated to the extreme the conditions necessary for the best yields and the best product possible in the manufacture of TNT. Much credit is due one of these investigators, M. Coparisow, because of the light his research has thrown upon the nitration of toluene, and the cure for the troubles encountered in this reaction. A summary of Coparisow's work is given here, it being taken from a recent article. (3) " The mineral matter present during the process of nitration may act either as a catalyst or as a chemical reagent, and this action may explain some of the curious occurrences in the course of a nitration. Furthermore, when mineral acids act upon the metal parts of the apparatus, hydrogen may be set free, and may reduce some of the nitro-compounds. Under the working conditions amino groups may be diazotized yielding cresols and nitrocresols, whose salts are highly explosive, and this action may explain some of the heretofore mysterious accidents in TNT plants. These may be obtained as by-products, through the action of the hydrogen, and the oxidizing action of the nitric acid itself:" " 1. Trinitrobenzoic acid and tetranitromethane. These result from oxidation in case of overheating or pressure. The intense odor of the tetranitromethane is sometimes observed in the factories, but the trinitrobenzoic acid, owing to its solubility, generally escapes detection. 77 " 2. Phenolic compounds. These, like cresols, may result from the reduction of the nitro-compounds by the
Page 1 and 2: T N T rri r R r N I T E O T O L U E
Page 3 and 4: WHOSE SACRIFICES AND LOVE HAVE MADE
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE IN
Page 7 and 8: 2 TRINITROTOLUENE use in specificat
Page 9 and 10: 4 TRINITROTOLUENE On the other hand
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER II HISTORICAL SOME doubt ex
Page 13 and 14: 8 TRINITROTOLUENE ter's work, isola
Page 15 and 16: 10 TRINITROTOLUENE uene was identif
Page 17 and 18: 12 TRINITROTOLUENE toluene is nothi
Page 19 and 20: 14 TRINITROTOLUENE Ortho Meta Para
Page 21 and 22: 16 TEINITROTOLUENE obtained; the or
Page 23 and 24: 18 TRINITROTOLUENE proved it to be
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER III THE THEORETICAL NITRATI
Page 27 and 28: 22 TRINITROTOLUENE stage has result
Page 29 and 30: 24 TRINITROTOLUENE another nitro-gr
Page 31 and 32: 26 TRINITROTOLUENE (The German theo
Page 33 and 34: 28 TRINITROTOLUENE ' the small amou
Page 35 and 36: 30 TRINITROTOLUENE responds instant
Page 37 and 38: 32 TRINITROTOLUENE in the manufactu
Page 39 and 40: 34 TRINITROTOLUENE This principle o
Page 41 and 42: 36 TRINITROTOLUENE such that the wa
Page 43: 38 TRINITROTOLUENE 2.2. The total a
Page 47 and 48: 42 TRINITROTOLUENE Following the ni
Page 49 and 50: 44 TRINITROTOLUENE have been used w
Page 51 and 52: 46 TRINITROTOLUENE This is necessar
Page 53 and 54: 48 TRINITROTOLUENE granted in 1914,
Page 55 and 56: 50 TRINITROTOLUENE good plan to ove
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER V THE PURIFICATION OF TNT T
Page 59 and 60: 54 TRINITROTOLUENE with the top of
Page 61 and 62: 56 TRINITROTOLUENE has been added,
Page 63 and 64: 58 TRINITROTOLUENE 6. Modified Solv
Page 65 and 66: 60 TRINITROTOLUENE to the decomposi
Page 67 and 68: 62 TRINITROTOLUENE and the samples
Page 69 and 70: 64 TRINITROTOLUENE cent alcohol, co
Page 71 and 72: 66 TRINITROTOLUENE Care must be tak
Page 73 and 74: 68 TRINITROTOLUENE this it will sol
Page 75 and 76: 70 TRINITROTOLUENE This last is the
Page 77 and 78: 72 TRINITROTOLUENE gible. The adopt
Page 79 and 80: 74 TRINITROTOLUENE Na2O No. 1. Na2S
Page 81 and 82: 76 TRINITROTOLUENE pressed into pla
Page 83 and 84: 78 TRINITROTOLUENE governed almost
Page 85 and 86: 80 TRINITROTOLUENE The complete tab
Page 87 and 88: 82 TRINITROTOLUENE ting off the car
Page 89 and 90: 84 TRINITROTOLUENE Dimethylaniline
Page 91 and 92: 86 TRINITROTOLUENE trinitrotoluene
Page 93 and 94: 88 TRINITROTOLUENE the stilbenes ar
Page 95 and 96:
90 TRINITROTOLUENE reaction of expl
Page 97 and 98:
92 TRINITROTOLUENE In his report, h
Page 99 and 100:
94 TRINITROTOLUENE The density of T
Page 101 and 102:
96 TRINITROTOLUENE tion. Extended r
Page 103 and 104:
Jill X JTROTOLITXE v.i!.-. A mui-h
Page 105 and 106:
TIJIMTRUTOLUEXE *>.», r.i* ;rv u "
Page 107 and 108:
1 u-2 TRINITROTOLUENE The Dinitroto
Page 109 and 110:
104 TRINITROTOLUENE as thoroughly a
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER IX ACCIDENTS TXT is conside
Page 113 and 114:
1 OS TRINITROTOLUEXE A metallic con
Page 115 and 116:
110 TRIXITROTOIXEKE The workman, im
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER X TNT DISEASES THE problem
Page 119 and 120:
114 TRIXITROTOIXEXE then mixed with
Page 121 and 122:
116 TRINITROTOLUENE There are six d
Page 123 and 124:
11 N TRINITROTOLUENE actual increas
Page 125 and 126:
REFERENCES CHAPTER II (1) Anallen,
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES 123 >n. Chem. Soc, 1903,
Page 129 and 130:
126 INDEX FAGH Boiling-point of the
Page 131 and 132:
128 INDEX PAGE Grainer 45 Graining
Page 133 and 134:
130 INDEX P Packing PAGE 61 Para ni
Page 135 and 136:
132 INDEX PAGE Toluene detection of
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TNT: Trinitrotoluenes and Mono and Dinitrotoluenes

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