Roman Landholding in Asia Minor Author(s): Thomas Robert ...

Vol. Ixv] Roman Landholding in Asia Minor 221
the theory outlined above, and provides a plausible explana-
tion of the land available for his Pisidian colonies, as well as
for later imperial estates. Even so, much remains unex-
plained; for Amyntas' territory probably did not include the
region of the supposed estates near Cibyra, nor those at
Tembrion and Eulandra in Phrygia; indubitable evidence of
imperial holdings in Galatia is late, and private holdings are
found among them.
As other client kingdoms were annexed the royal lands came
under the imperial administration. Gwatkin has listed what
is known of the royal lands of Cappadocia annexed by Tiberius
in 17. They included good grazing lands for horses and good
mines and yielded a revenue sufficient to permit a reduction
both of the dues which the feudal lords had paid under the
kings and of the one per cent sales tax over the whole empire.73
The inheritance of Augustus from Agrippa (he received
inheritances from many others74), and the claim which Tiberius
laid to the property of Sejanus75 provide examples of the
means by which the imperial properties continued to grow
under subsequent emperors. The effects of this process must
have become important by the time of Nero, who was the
sole heir of all the Julio-Claudian properties, and who added
greatly to his holdings by the numerous confiscations under
his rule.76 With his reign comes the first definite piece of
inscriptional evidence. The procurator and the legate of
Galatia marked the boundary between the city of Sagalassus
and a village of Nero named Tymbrianassus.77 There is no
evidence that the estate had been Galatian royal land, and
the need of marking the boundaries might possibly imply that
73 Strabo xII, 2, 6; 2, 10; 2, 8; Tac. Ann. II, 42 and 56; Gwatkin, op. cit. (in
note 66), 18-22.
74 Suet. Aug. 101; Cass. Dio LVI, 32; cf. Hirschfeld, KI. Schr. 516-575.
75 Tac. Ann. vi, 2.
76 Tac. Ann. xiv, 22 and 57-60; Pliny, N.H. xviii, 35; Tac. Ann. xvI, 33;
Cass. Dio LXII, 26, 1 f.; for imperial officials in Asia, cf. Hirschfeld, op. cit.
(in note 74), 561 f.; I.G.R.P. iv, 957, 1179, 1331.
77 I.G.R.P. iiI, 335.