Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes

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distributions are of the utmost importance for vicariographic studies. If one knows the cladistically determined closest relatives (sister groups) of endemic taxa, and the distributions of those relatives, one can narrow the geographic and temporal search for the pertinent vicariant events. Unfortunately, few cladistic studies of Indo-Pacific organisms are available, and for species of Indo-Pacific fishes, none (however, see Vari, 1978, for an Indo-West Pacific fish family). In con- FIGURE 4.—Age of the Pacific Ocean Basin. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY AGE OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN BASIN (Based on information contained in B.C Heezen and D.J. Fornari, IS7S. Geological Map of ttw Pacific Ocean.) LEGEND I Pleistocene 5. Eocene 2. Pliocene 6 Paleocene 3 Miocene 7. Upper Cretaceoui 4 Oligocene 8. Lower Cretaceoui 9 Upper Juraeeic [Continental shelf 8k slope structing my hypotheses I have had to rely on the inferences and intuitive assessments of relationships as given by authors, and on some verbal assessments made at my request. That these statements of relationships tend to support my findings based solely on areas of endemism is not surprising to me, but I recognize the deficiences of my study and look forward to its correction, elaboration, falsification, or corroboration—by others.
NUMBER 367 Acknowledgments Numerous individuals have provided information or other assistance that has been incorporated into my study; others listened patiently to my discussions and constructively challenged my ideas or offered suggestions for improvement of certain sections of the manuscript. To all of them I here extend my sincere appreciation: Gerald R. Allen, K. Amaoka, William D. Anderson, Jr., Albert H. Banner, Hans Bath, Marie Louise Bauchot, Ross T. Bell, Adam Ben-Tuvia, Marinus Boeseman, James E. Bohlke (deceased). Kurt Bruwelheide, Warren E. Burgess, Bruce A. Carlson, John H. Caruso, E.H. Chave, Barry Chernoff, Daniel M. Cohen, Bruce B. Collette, Leonard J.V. Compagno, Roger F. Cressey, William P. Davis, Charles E. Dawson, Guido Dingerkus, Terry Erwin, William F. Eschmeyer, Isabel P. Farfante, Norma Feinberg, Ross M. Feltes, William L. Fink, Thomas H. Fraser, Warren C. Freihofer, John A.F. Garrick, Ray W. George, Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., J. Gill, Janet R. Gomon, Martin F. Gomon, Patricia H. Hansen, Phillip C. Heemstra, John B. Heiser, Dannie A. Hensley, Robert W. Hiatt, Douglas F. Hoese, Walter Ivantsoff, E. Dale Jackson (deceased), Susan Jewett, G. David Johnson, Robert K.Johnson, Harry T. Kami, Robert Kanazawa, E. Allison Kay, Leslie K. Knapp, Alan J. Kohn, Karl F. Koopman, Louis S. Kornicker, Ernest A. Lachner, Harry S. Ladd, Raymond S. Manning, John D. McEachran, R.J. Mackay, John E. McKosker, William G. Melson, Henry W. Menard, Robert Rush Miller, Robert F. Myers, Izumi Nakamura, Gareth Nelson, Dan Nicholson, James N. Norris, N.V. Parin, David L. Pawson, Theodore W. Pietsch, Winston Ponder, Stuart G. Poss, Christopher Powell, John E. Randall, Harald A. Rehder, Clyde F. Roper, Donn E. Rosen, Richard H. Rosenblatt, Joseph Rosewater, W.C. Ruark, Barry C. Russell; Joseph L. Russo, Seymour O. Schlanger, James B. Shaklee, Takeshi Shimuzu, Eli Silver, William F. Smith-Vaniz, August E. Spreitzer, Michael J. Sweeney, Leighton R. Taylor, W. Ralph Taylor, Thomas B. Thorson, Enrico Tortonese, Ethelwyn Trewavas, James C. Tyler, Richard P. Van, Gilbert L. Voss, Richard C. Wass, George E. Watson, Alwyne C. Wheeler, Peter J. Whitehead, Austin B. Williams, Jeffrey T. Williams, Richard Winterbottom, George R. Zug. The base map used for most of the distributions was prepared by August E. Spreitzer. Jack R. Schroeder masterfully rendered Figure 3, and Penelope K. Hollingsworth, Figures 61 and 63. Complete drafts of the manuscript were generously reviewed and constructively criticized by Gareth Nelson, John E. Randall, and Richard H. Rosenblatt. Especial appreciation goes to my editor, Barbara T. Spann, who found innumerable ways to improve the manuscript and bring it to a publishable state. Acknowledgment is accorded Elsevier Publishing Company for permission to reproduce the information in Figure 62. Grants for fieldwork from the Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, the Lewis and Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund, and the Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Program enabled me to obtain important distributional data on fishes. Above all, the contribution of John E. Randall stands out. His incomparable knowledge of Indo- Pacific fishes, his publications, and his collections, together with his unstinted imparting of information, permeate my study. To him I dedicate this study. Thank you, Jack, even though you continually encouraged me to shelve it and return to revising genera. You may well have been correct. Methods DISTRIBUTION MAPS.—The distribution maps include delineations of the major lithospheric plates and the distributions are based on information taken from the pre-1982 literature (including several studies in press), specimens I examined in museum collections (particularly the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Australian Museum, California Academy of Sciences, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and Bishop Museum), and information supplied by colleagues based on their unpublished studies or examination of collections under their
Page 1 and 2: m Pacific Plate Biogeography, with
Page 3 and 4: S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B
Page 5 and 6: Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknow
Page 7: S FOR PACIFIC PC.A'l'F. HIGCKOCNAPH
Page 10 and 11: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 12 and 13: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 16 and 17: 8 care. In most instances restricte
Page 18 and 19: 10 endemism. Another exceptional ar
Page 20 and 21: 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 24 and 25: 16 Abalistes stellatus is a common,
Page 36 and 37: 28 and to 11 species with several a
Page 44 and 45: 36 so many suspect records of speci
Page 46 and 47: 38 examined were left in doubt; hen
Page 52 and 53: 44 Girella punctata from Batan Isla
Page 54 and 55: 46 Karnella (1980) revised 31 of th
Page 56 and 57: 48 species. The largest species att
Page 58 and 59: 50 tered in the USNM catalog as que
Page 62 and 63: 54 are distributed as follows: one
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56 Pacific (one in Japan, Australia
Page 66 and 67:
58 about 350 mm TL) that inhabits f
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60 Islands and Paragunnellichthys,
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62 (not including the New Zealand f
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64 been taken there (R.F. Myers, pe
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66 long pelagic stages (10-12 month
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68 The Brachaeluridae (Brachaelurus
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70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
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74 scription, and I suspect that th
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82 PSEUDOCHROMIDAE This Indo-Pacifi
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86 reported for the western Atlanti
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96 small to moderately large (to ab
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100 Islands, one only from Rapa, on
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102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZO
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106 lands (the other two subspecies
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108 iana, and main Fiji islands hav
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110 * ELEGANS BMANNINei • HETANES
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122 TABLE 2.—List of probable Typ
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126 areas on the Plate that offered
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128 The endemic genera belong in th
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132 (Sverdrup et al., 1942, charts
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134 tion hypothesis. A sister-speci
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136 cific, is antiequatorially dist
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140 the Marquesas may be a recent g
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144 arc that formed adjacent to a c
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146 on the Palau-Kyushu Ridge about
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148 on the two plates would form mi
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Appendix 1 The Andesite Line Gutenb
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Literature Cited Abbott, R.T. 1960.
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164 Borodin, N.A. 1930. Scientific
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166 Cressey, R.F., and J.E. Randall
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168 Time and Space. Ada Horti Bergi
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172 of the National Science Museum,
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174 McGowan, J.A. 1958. The Trochus
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176 Cantherhines. Copeia, 1964(2):3
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178 Russell, B.C., and J.E. Randall
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180 the United States National Muse
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182 aponidae) from Australia. Ameri
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