Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes

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30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 13.—Distributions of the carcharhinid shark genera Rhizoprionodon (solid circles) and Loxodon (stars). species that appears to be circumglobally distributed along warm, shallow, marine coasts, including the Pacific Plate. The species purportedly attains about 9 m TL, but there are few, if any, authenticated records of specimens over 5.5 m TL. Dirrhizodon (often referred to as Hemipristis), monotypic, attains about 2.5 m TL, and is restricted to the Indo-West Pacific, from the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean to the Gulf of Thailand. CENTRISCIDAE (excluding Macrorhamphosidae) The shrimpfishes consist of two genera {Aeoliscus, Centriscus) and four species of small (to about 150 mm TL), shallow-dwelling, suprabenthic fishes presently found only in the Indo-Pacific (Macfarlane, 1923:243, reported a fossil species of centriscid as common in the Oligocene rocks from Alsace to Baku, central Europe). They occur in a variety of habitats, from coral-reefs to muddy bottoms near mangroves. The family ranges from the Red Sea and eastern Indian Ocean to along much of the western margin of the Pacific Plate (however, unknown from Samoa). I know of only three records from the Pacific Plate nonmarginally: one for Honolulu (Fowler, 1928), one in the USNM collections supposedly collected by Alexander Agassiz in 1899 from Makemo, Tuamotus, and one at the Bishop Museum from Ponape. I consider the first two of these records as questionable, as does J.E. Randall (in litt.). On the other hand, the Ponape record (Aeoliscus) is undoubtedly valid, and R.A. Croft, Fisheries Officer in Ponape and a marine fish collector, informs me that he has obtained shrimpfish in Ponape. The presence of shrimpfish in the Eastern Caroline Islands chain, which extends westward to the Yap and Palau islands (where centriscids are common; California Academy of Sciences collections) on the margin of the Philippine Plate, is evidence for operation of the Caroline Islands conduit, which is allowing dispersal onto the Pacific Plate from the continental areas to the west.
NUMBER 367 CENTROPOMIDAE In the Caribbean, snooks are seen occasionally The snooks, according to Greenwood (1976), in coral-reef areas adjacent to mangroves (Ran- comprise three extant genera (Centropomus, Psamdall, 1968). moperca, Lates) and about 18 species of moderately large (to about 1.5 m), free-swimming fishes. CEPOLIDAE Seven of the species are in African freshwaters. The marine species frequently enter brackish wa- (including Owstoniidae) ter, and some species that live primarily in fresh- The bandfishes comprise four or five genera water spawn in estuaries (Lake, 1971). There are and about 10-15 species of small (to perhaps 700 three Indo-West Pacific marine species with an mm TL), benthic or suprabenthic fishes that overall range from the Persian Gulf to Taiwan, usually occur in moderately deep water (up to the Philippines, and northern Australia. The re- 400 m), but are often taken at much shallower maining species are in the New World tropics depths (almost on shore after storms in the Med- (Greenwood, 1976, fig. 36, presents a world disiterranean-Atlantic area). The species occur on tribution map for the family). A western Atlantic rocky or muddy bottom. Little is known about species of the western hemisphere genus Centropo- their reproductive biology. mus has been reported (Fraser-Brunner, 1931) at The bandfishes occur from the eastern Atlantic least once from West Africa (Nigeria). The indi- eastward to the western margins of the Philippine vidual was probably a waif. The fossil record for and Pacific plates (Figure 14). There is a single the family ranges from the Eocene of Monte western Atlantic record (Kanazawa, 1952) of a Bolca, northern Italy, to the Holocene, and in- cepolid (Cepola), which is based on a specimen cludes also the Paris Basin, Austria, Portugal, and taken from the stomach of a grouper (Serranidae) Croatia to Egypt, the Sahara, and eastern Africa caught at Bermuda. The specific identification of (Greenwood, 1976). the specimen was not possible because of its poor FIGURE 14.—Distribution of the fishes of the family Cepolidae (stars indicate unspecified localities in general area). 31
Page 1 and 2: m Pacific Plate Biogeography, with
Page 3 and 4: S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B
Page 5 and 6: Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknow
Page 7: S FOR PACIFIC PC.A'l'F. HIGCKOCNAPH
Page 10 and 11: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 12 and 13: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 14 and 15: distributions are of the utmost imp
Page 16 and 17: 8 care. In most instances restricte
Page 18 and 19: 10 endemism. Another exceptional ar
Page 20 and 21: 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 24 and 25: 16 Abalistes stellatus is a common,
Page 36 and 37: 28 and to 11 species with several a
Page 44 and 45: 36 so many suspect records of speci
Page 46 and 47: 38 examined were left in doubt; hen
Page 52 and 53: 44 Girella punctata from Batan Isla
Page 54 and 55: 46 Karnella (1980) revised 31 of th
Page 56 and 57: 48 species. The largest species att
Page 58 and 59: 50 tered in the USNM catalog as que
Page 62 and 63: 54 are distributed as follows: one
Page 64 and 65: 56 Pacific (one in Japan, Australia
Page 66 and 67: 58 about 350 mm TL) that inhabits f
Page 68 and 69: 60 Islands and Paragunnellichthys,
Page 70 and 71: 62 (not including the New Zealand f
Page 72 and 73: 64 been taken there (R.F. Myers, pe
Page 74 and 75: 66 long pelagic stages (10-12 month
Page 76 and 77: 68 The Brachaeluridae (Brachaelurus
Page 82 and 83: 74 scription, and I suspect that th
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80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
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82 PSEUDOCHROMIDAE This Indo-Pacifi
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86 reported for the western Atlanti
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96 small to moderately large (to ab
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100 Islands, one only from Rapa, on
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102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZO
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106 lands (the other two subspecies
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108 iana, and main Fiji islands hav
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110 * ELEGANS BMANNINei • HETANES
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122 TABLE 2.—List of probable Typ
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126 areas on the Plate that offered
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128 The endemic genera belong in th
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132 (Sverdrup et al., 1942, charts
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134 tion hypothesis. A sister-speci
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136 cific, is antiequatorially dist
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140 the Marquesas may be a recent g
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144 arc that formed adjacent to a c
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146 on the Palau-Kyushu Ridge about
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148 on the two plates would form mi
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Appendix 1 The Andesite Line Gutenb
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Literature Cited Abbott, R.T. 1960.
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164 Borodin, N.A. 1930. Scientific
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166 Cressey, R.F., and J.E. Randall
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168 Time and Space. Ada Horti Bergi
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172 of the National Science Museum,
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174 McGowan, J.A. 1958. The Trochus
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176 Cantherhines. Copeia, 1964(2):3
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178 Russell, B.C., and J.E. Randall
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180 the United States National Muse
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182 aponidae) from Australia. Ameri
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Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes

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