Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes

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34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY synonymous with the widely distributed western ably synonymous. The last two named species Pacific species C. falco, which occurs as far east as then, are very close, if not identical. the western margin of the Philippine and Pacific Lavenberg and Yanez (1972) stated that Cir- Plates, between the Marianas and Fiji. rhitus wilhelmi (Easter Island, Rapa, Hots du Bass, Four of the endemic Pacific Plate species are Pitcairn Island group; Randall, pers. comm.) and widely distributed on the Plate (Figure 60), and C. splendens (Lord Howe Island) form a "group" include one monotypic, endemic Plate genus, within Cirrhitus. If true, the endemicity of the Isocirrhitus (I. sexfasciatus, Marshall and Tuamotu "possibly new genus" on the Pacific Plate (Figure islands), and possibly a second, undescribed (for 60) would be eliminated; however, Randall (in Cirrhitus wilhelmi; J.E. Randall, pers. comm.; Cres- litt.) does not consider these two species to be sey and Randall, 1978, assigned C. wilhelmi to congeneric. Arablycirrhitus without comment). The proportion The evidence, although weak, seems to indicate of cirrhitids restricted to the Pacific Plate is, that the Pacific Plate endemic cirrhitids tend to perhaps, the highest among all the Indo-Pacific have allopatric Indo-West Pacific sister species fish families. (or slightly differentiated populations); however, Relationships among the cirrhitid species have not been treated cladistically. If, however, Ran- a new revision seems desirable. dall's (1963) comments to the effect that certain species are more closely related can be extrapo- ClTHARIDAE lated to indicate sister-species groups, then the The Citharidae (= Eucitharidae) is a small closest relative of the Pacific Plate endemic, Par- family consisting of five monotypic genera acirrhites xanthus (Tuamotu, Society, and Marque- (Hubbs, 1945) of small, bottom-dwelling flatsas islands, Caroline Atoll; Randall, 1963, and in fishes (probably not attaining 300 mm TL) that litt.) is the allopatric western Pacific species P. ordinarily occur at depths of 100-200 m. The amblycephalus (Sangi Islands). Paracirrhites nisus family is distributed from the Mediterranean (Tuamotu, Oeno, and Phoenix islands; Randall, south to about 16°S latitude on the west African 1963, and in litt.) and P. bicolor (Caroline Atoll coast, and from the Red Sea south to southeast and Tuamotus; Randall, 1963, and in litt.), both Africa and eastward to Japan, the Philippines, Plate endemics, were considered to be closely and Arafura Sea. One species, Brachypleura nova- related, and are sympatric in at least part of their zeelandiae, was described from New Zealand, but ranges. It is not possible to decide the sister species Chabanud (1954) believes that locality to be of this pair from Randall's study. The two species erroneous, and cites the distribution of this species of Cirrhitops are allopatric: C. fasciatus from theas Maldives to the Arafura Sea. Indo-West Pacific (Japan, Madagascar, Mauritius) and the Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian exception) and C. hubbardi from the Bonin, Phoenix, CLINIDAE Gilbert, and Tuamotu islands. As implied above, The blennioid fishes of the family Clinidae (as Randall (1963) considered Cirrhitichthys senatus todefined by George and Springer, 1980, who ex- be "very closely related" to C. falco. The western cluded the Tripterygiidae, Labrisomidae, and margin of the Pacific Plate separates the distri- Chaenopsidae, which have often been treated as butions of the two species. Randall noted that the clinids) comprises about 20 genera and 70 species, Plate endemic Paracirrhites typee (Marquesas andmost of which are restricted to Australia and Guam; Kami, 1971) was "morphologically simi- Africa. The species are small (few, if any, reaching lar" to P. forsteri and P. hemistictus, both widely 300 mm SL) and benthic, although some species distributed Indo-Pacific species, and Randall inhabit kelp forests off California. The western (1973) stated that P. typee and P. forsteri are prob- hemisphere and Mediterranean species are all
NUMBER 367 •--.....--' FIGURE 15.—Distribution of the fishes of the family Clinidae sensu George and Springer, 1980 (star indicates unspecified New Guinea locality). oviparous, hence unspecialized, relative to the Indo-Pacific species, which are all viviparous. All but four or five (tropical) species are limited to warm-temperate waters. The family appears to have an antiequatorial distribution (Figure 15), except for the Indo-Malayan region, and is absent from the Pacific Plate. CLUPEIDAE The herring family comprises about 64 genera and 196 species (P.J. Whitehead, in litt.) of small (usually under 500 mm SL), free-swimming fishes with planktonic young. The herrings are usually marine coastal fishes, but several species are restricted to freshwater, particularly in the western hemisphere. The herrings are distributed circumglobally in tropical and temperate waters. Because of a lack of recent comprehensive revisions within the family, it is not possible to detail distributions, but it appears that no more than about six of the 104 Indo-Pacific species occur on the Pacific Plate nonmarginally (Whitehead, in litt.). The western Plate margin, therefore, represents a strong barrier to the eastward dispersal of the clupeids. Randall (1973) mentions several records of clupeids from the Society Islands that Whitehead (in Randall, 1973) considers questionable because the species are not otherwise reported from Oceania. For instance, Randall considered the record of Sardinetla gibbosa from the Society Islands (derived from Giinther's 1909 report of Clupea gibbosa) plausible because the species was also reported (by Giinther) from Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. On only this basis I would question the plausibility of S. gibbosa's occurring in the Society Islands, because Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa are on or close to the margin of the Pacific Plate, and many otherwise continental plate species have their eastern limits in these islands. However, Randall did not mention Giinther's inclusion of Ponape (Eastern Caroline Islands) in the range of S. gibbosa, and with this added locality I am more inclined to accept the Society Islands record of S. gibbosa. On the other hand, there have been 35
Page 1 and 2: m Pacific Plate Biogeography, with
Page 3 and 4: S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B
Page 5 and 6: Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknow
Page 7: S FOR PACIFIC PC.A'l'F. HIGCKOCNAPH
Page 10 and 11: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 12 and 13: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 14 and 15: distributions are of the utmost imp
Page 16 and 17: 8 care. In most instances restricte
Page 18 and 19: 10 endemism. Another exceptional ar
Page 20 and 21: 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 24 and 25: 16 Abalistes stellatus is a common,
Page 36 and 37: 28 and to 11 species with several a
Page 44 and 45: 36 so many suspect records of speci
Page 46 and 47: 38 examined were left in doubt; hen
Page 52 and 53: 44 Girella punctata from Batan Isla
Page 54 and 55: 46 Karnella (1980) revised 31 of th
Page 56 and 57: 48 species. The largest species att
Page 58 and 59: 50 tered in the USNM catalog as que
Page 62 and 63: 54 are distributed as follows: one
Page 64 and 65: 56 Pacific (one in Japan, Australia
Page 66 and 67: 58 about 350 mm TL) that inhabits f
Page 68 and 69: 60 Islands and Paragunnellichthys,
Page 70 and 71: 62 (not including the New Zealand f
Page 72 and 73: 64 been taken there (R.F. Myers, pe
Page 74 and 75: 66 long pelagic stages (10-12 month
Page 76 and 77: 68 The Brachaeluridae (Brachaelurus
Page 82 and 83: 74 scription, and I suspect that th
Page 90 and 91: 82 PSEUDOCHROMIDAE This Indo-Pacifi
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84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
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86 reported for the western Atlanti
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96 small to moderately large (to ab
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100 Islands, one only from Rapa, on
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102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZO
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106 lands (the other two subspecies
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108 iana, and main Fiji islands hav
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110 * ELEGANS BMANNINei • HETANES
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122 TABLE 2.—List of probable Typ
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126 areas on the Plate that offered
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128 The endemic genera belong in th
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132 (Sverdrup et al., 1942, charts
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134 tion hypothesis. A sister-speci
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136 cific, is antiequatorially dist
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140 the Marquesas may be a recent g
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144 arc that formed adjacent to a c
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146 on the Palau-Kyushu Ridge about
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148 on the two plates would form mi
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Appendix 1 The Andesite Line Gutenb
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Literature Cited Abbott, R.T. 1960.
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164 Borodin, N.A. 1930. Scientific
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166 Cressey, R.F., and J.E. Randall
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168 Time and Space. Ada Horti Bergi
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172 of the National Science Museum,
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174 McGowan, J.A. 1958. The Trochus
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176 Cantherhines. Copeia, 1964(2):3
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178 Russell, B.C., and J.E. Randall
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180 the United States National Muse
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182 aponidae) from Australia. Ameri
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Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes

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