Core Python Programming (2nd Edition)

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Copyright Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States, please contact: International Sales international@pearsoned.com Visit us on the Web: www.prenhallprofessional.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chun, Wesley. Core Python programming / Wesley J. Chun. 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-226993-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1.Python (Computer program language)I. Title. QA76.73.P98C48 2006 005.13'3dc22 2006019559 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department One Lake Street Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Fax: (201) 236-3290 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Courier in Stoughton, Massachusetts. First printing, September 2006 Dedication To my parents, who taught me that everybody is different. And to my wife, who lives with someone who is different.
Page 2 and 3: Table of Contents | Index Core Pyth
Page 4 and 5: The Complete Developer's Guide to P
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents | Index Copyright
Page 8 and 9: Section 6.2. Strings Section 6.3. S
Page 10 and 11: Section 11.5. Formal Arguments Sect
Page 12 and 13: Section 19.4. Brief Tour of Other G
Page 16 and 17: Praise for Core Python Programming
Page 18 and 19: Prentice Hall Core Series Core J2EE
Page 20 and 21: Another set of first edition reader
Page 22 and 23: We will continue to update the book
Page 24 and 25: Dictionaries are Python's mapping o
Page 26 and 27: and you will find it fun! We first
Page 28 and 29: Acknowledgments Acknowledgments for
Page 30 and 31: Christian Tismer (creator of Stackl
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 1. Welcome to Python! Chapt
Page 34 and 35: 1.2. Origins Work on Python began i
Page 36 and 37: which you can build an application,
Page 38 and 39: often provides an extended distract
Page 40 and 41: Build It Yourself For most other pl
Page 42 and 43: Windows/DOS To add Python to your s
Page 44 and 45: It is also possible in Unix to auto
Page 46 and 47: MacOS X is very Unix-like (based on
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1-5. Starting IDLE in Window
Page 50 and 51: 1.6. Python Documentation Python do
Page 52 and 53: orrow features from languages such
Page 54 and 55: 1.8. Other Implementations The "sta
Page 56 and 57: 1.9. Exercises 1-1. Python Installa
Page 58 and 59: abs(4) 4 >>> abs(-4) 4 We will intr
Page 60 and 61: %s means to substitute a string whi
Page 62 and 63: It's very tempting for beginners to
Page 64 and 65:
2.4. Operators The standard mathema
Page 66 and 67:
2.5. Variables and Assignment Rules
Page 68 and 69:
All numeric types are covered in Ch
Page 70 and 71:
2.8. Lists and Tuples Lists and tup
Page 72 and 73:
2.10. Code Blocks Use Indentation C
Page 74 and 75:
2.12. while Loop The standard while
Page 76 and 77:
Using the string format operator al
Page 78 and 79:
2.14. List Comprehensions These are
Page 80 and 81:
case you would have to revert back
Page 82 and 83:
2.17. Functions Like many other lan
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2.18. Classes Classes are a core pa
Page 87 and 88:
2.19. Modules A module is a logical
Page 89 and 90:
2.20. Useful Functions In this chap
Page 91 and 92:
2-4. User Input with raw_input(). a
Page 93 and 94:
put in your own as you write your c
Page 95 and 96:
Chapter 3. Python Basics Chapter To
Page 97 and 98:
3.1.3. Multiple Statement Groups as
Page 99 and 100:
3.2. Variable Assignment This secti
Page 101:
Another way of assigning multiple v
Page 104 and 105:
[a] access keyword obsoleted as of
Page 106 and 107:
three PEPs: 7 (Style Guide for C Co
Page 108 and 109:
3. Module imports Import all the mo
Page 110 and 111:
Tests in the main body are an easy
Page 112 and 113:
As responsible programmers, we are
Page 114 and 115:
● It is explicitly removed from a
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Lines 13 The Unix startup line is f
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1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 3 'readTe
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3.7. Related Modules/Developer Tool
Page 122 and 123:
3-10. Exceptions. Replace the call
Page 124 and 125:
4.1. Python Objects Python uses the
Page 126 and 127:
4.3. Other Built-in Types ● Type
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4.4. Internal Types ● Code ● Fr
Page 130 and 131:
4.5. Standard Type Operators 4.5.1.
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Example 2: foo1 and foo2 reference
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4.5.3. Boolean In the above example
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4.6. Standard Type Built-in Functio
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str(2e10) '20000000000.0' >>> >>> s
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>>> type(foo) # assumes foo instant
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then we do not even need to check b
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4.7. Type Factory Functions Since P
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Another way of categorizing the sta
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Sequence types are those whose elem
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4.10. Exercises 4-1. Python Objects
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 5. Numbers Chapter Topics
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Okay, now that you have a good idea
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Core Style: Use uppercase "L" with
Page 159 and 160:
5.3. Double Precision Floating Poin
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aComplex.real -8.333 >>> aComplex.i
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Automatic numeric coercion makes li
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True Division This is where divisio
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see that the unary operator binds m
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Bitwise Operator Function ~num (una
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In addition, because of the unifica
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divmod(10,2.5) (4.0, 0.0) >>> divmo
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floor(-1.2) -2.0 round(-1.2) -1.0 -
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5.7. Other Numeric Types 5.7.1. Boo
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cannot "be continued." If we were t
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uniform() Does almost the same thin
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5.9. Exercises The exercises in thi
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Why do we get 134L and not 1342 in
Page 188 and 189:
Chapter 6. Sequences: Strings, List
Page 190 and 191:
obj not in seq Tests if obj is not
Page 192 and 193:
if not provided, or if None is used
Page 194 and 195:
Extended Slicing with Stride Indice
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above. 6.1.3. Built-in Functions (B
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[a] New in Python 2.3. [b] key argu
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considered a substring. To access s
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6.3. Strings and Operators 6.3.1. S
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Notice how the omission of both ind
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numeric identifier strings that we
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method (see example below). There i
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6.4. String-Only Operators 6.4.1. F
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'6c' >>> >>> "%X" % 108 '6C' >>> >>
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>>> print s.substitute(lang='Python
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6.5. Built-in Functions 6.5.1. Stan
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isinstance() calls to verify type:
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string.isalpha() [a] , [b] [c] Retu
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>>> quest.endswith('color?') True >
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\t 011 9 0x09 HT Horizontal tab \n
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string was created when the operati
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convert the numeric value of the by
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Example 6.2. Simple Unicode String
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Mistake #2: Using the string module
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6.9. Related Modules Table 6.10 lis
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6.10. Summary of String Highlights
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How to Update Lists You can update
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str_list[2] 'over' >>> str_list[:2]
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Traceback (innermost last): File ""
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3. 4. 5. If elements are of the sam
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sum(a, 5) 20 >>> a = [6., 4., 5.] >
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[a] Removes and returns obj at give
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original list object is left as is,
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28 while True: 29 while True: 30 tr
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(Q)uit Enter choice: v You picked:
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Line-by-Line Explanation Because of
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6.16. Tuples Tuples are another con
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6.17. Tuple Operators and Built-in
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6.18. Special Features of Tuples 6.
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(4, True, 5) >>> (4, 2) < (3, 5) #
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6.19. Related Modules Table 6.12 li
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[id(x) for x in hubby] [9919616, 11
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6.21. Summary of Sequences Sequence
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str() • • • strip() • swapc
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d. Take a string and append a backw
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6-12. Strings. a. b. c. Create a fu
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6-19. Multi-Column Output. Given an
Page 284 and 285:
7.1. Mapping Type: Dictionaries Dic
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dict2 = {'name': 'earth', 'port': 8
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dict2['arch'] = 'sunos5' # add new
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Beginning with Python 2.2, programm
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size, their keys match, and so do t
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dict(zip(('x', 'y'), (1, 2))) {'y':
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7.4. Mapping Type Built-in Methods
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dict2= {'host':'earth', 'port':80}
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7.5. Dictionary Keys Dictionary val
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39 try: 40 choice = raw_input(promp
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7.6. Set Types In mathematics, a se
Page 306 and 307:
... print i ... c e h o p s How to
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superset of the second set (is a su
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s &= set('shop') >>> s set(['h', 's
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7.9. Set Type Built-in Methods 7.9.
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7.10. Operator, Function/Method Sum
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7.11. Related Modules The sets modu
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7-5. userpw2.py. The following prob
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characters in srcstr that are beyon
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Chapter 8. Conditionals and Loops C
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8.2. else Statement Like other lang
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8.3. elif (aka else-if) Statement e
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8.4. Conditional Expressions (aka "
Page 331 and 332:
One must use caution when using whi
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Iterating by Sequence Item >>> name
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ange(start, end, step=1) range() wi
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are "sequence-related" is that half
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8.8. continue Statement Core Note:
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8.10. else Statement ... Take Two I
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8.11. Iterators and the iter() Func
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Dictionaries Dictionaries and files
Page 347 and 348:
8.12. List Comprehensions List comp
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and split each line up into words,
Page 351 and 352:
of building up this long list, it w
Page 353 and 354:
lines)? That way, we can use the ma
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8.15. Exercises 8-1. Conditionals.
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8-9. Fibonacci Numbers. The Fibonac
Page 360 and 361:
Chapter 9. Files and Input/Output C
Page 362 and 363:
9.2. File Built-in Functions [open(
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you see references to open(), you c
Page 366 and 367:
Note that there is no "writeline()"
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We originally described how this pr
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f.seek(-12, 1) # move back 12 bytes
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9.4. File Built-in Attributes File
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9.6. Command-Line Arguments The sys
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9.7. File System Access to your fil
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Separation basename() Remove direct
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53 print '*** deleting test file' 5
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to confirm that the directory is in
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9.8. File Execution Whether we want
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other external extension modules th
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9.10. Related Modules There are ple
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Some other Python modules that gene
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9-10. Home Finances. Create a home
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9-15. Copying Files. Prompt for two
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9-24. File Transfer Between Archive
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10.1. What Are Exceptions? 10.1.1.
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10.2. Exceptions in Python As you w
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our case with the foo (non-)attribu
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As you can see, our code now runs s
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etval = None return retval Bear in
Page 408 and 409:
except (Exc1[, Exc2[, ... ExcN]])[,
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except Exception, e: # handle real
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try: ... float(['float() does not',
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13 log = open('cardlog.txt', 'w') 1
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determine whether there were defect
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log.write('no txns this month\n') f
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10.4. Context Management 10.4.1. wi
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Now the with_suite executes. When e
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10.6. Raising Exceptions The interp
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aise string, args, tb Same as above
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try: assert 1 == 0, 'One does not e
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[d] Error in FloatingPointError flo
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[h] Unicode- UnicodeError related e
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10.9. *Creating Exceptions Although
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79 f.close() 80 81 for eachTest in
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the host's name and the port number
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10.10. Why Exceptions (Now)? There
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10.12. Exceptions and the sys Modul
Page 444 and 445:
10.14. Exercises 10-1. Raising Exce
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10-9. Improving math.sqrt(). The ma
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11.1. What Are Functions? Functions
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Stated Number of Objects to Return
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Keyword arguments may also be used
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Line-by-Line Explanation Lines 14 O
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11.3. Creating Functions 11.3.1. de
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modules foo and bar, but can use th
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The main motivation behind decorato
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func = deco1(deco_arg)(deco2(func))
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11.4. Passing Functions The concept
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11.5. Formal Arguments A Python fun
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mandatory, whereas default argument
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11.6. Variable-Length Arguments The
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formal arg1: 1220 formal arg2: 740.
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We will leave a timeit() function a
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11.7. Functional Programming Python
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a(0,9) 9 >>> >>> b = lambda *z: z >
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In Figure 11-1, we observe our orig
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consisting of all the return values
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sequences together. This idiom was
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print 'the total is:', reduce((lamb
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some of those arguments, such as ma
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11.8. Variable Scope The scope of a
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print is_this_global def 11.8.3. Nu
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count2 = counter(100) >>> print cou
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For example, let us assume that fun
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name, e.g., post_logged() will log
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variable. Beginning in 2.1, the ent
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11.9. *Recursion A function is recu
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Now that we have our generator func
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count.next() 5 >>> count.next() 6 >
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11-3. Functions. In this exercise,
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11-14. *Recursion. We also looked a
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12.1. What Are Modules? A module al
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definitely vary as you go from syst
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Notice that each of the namespaces
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You will see just how useful they a
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It is possible to import specific m
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12.5. Features of Module Import 12.
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# impter.py # ############# import
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getting them "registered" (or rathe
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foo() We are going to ask for the d
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Furthermore, we can go down one mor
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12.8. Other Features of Modules 12.
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# overly massive handlers for the c
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12.9. Related Modules The following
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12-6. Extended Import. Create a new
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13.1. Introduction Before we get in
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class MyNewObjectType: 'define MyNe
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(We will add print statements to ou
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Each subclass must define its own c
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13.2. Object-Oriented Programming T
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interfacing with components of the
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derive; and class_suite consists of
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100 >>> C.foo = C.foo + 1 >>> print
Page 558 and 559:
As you can tell, dir() returns a li
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ascertain the location of a class s
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In contrast for those of you using
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id(c1), id(c2), id(c3) # all refer
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13.6. Instance Attributes Instances
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wasWkEnd = HotelRoomCalc(119, 0.045
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The __dict__ attribute consists of
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However, we can only update the val
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As we have seen above, it is perilo
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override a parent method where you
Page 578 and 579:
tcm = TestClassMethod() >>> TestCla
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13.10. Subclassing and Derivation C
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13.11. Inheritance Inheritance desc
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Now let us create the child class C
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class C(P): def __init__(self): sup
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def keys(self): return sorted(self.
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gc = GC() >>> gc.foo() # GC C1 P1 c
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class B(object): pass class C(objec
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isinstance(c2, C2) True >>> isinsta
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The super() function was added in 2
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13.13. Customizing Classes with Spe
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C.__*rshift__(self, obj) Right shif
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The Numeric Types set of special me
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We still have a few problems ... on
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The output is very nice, exactly wh
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1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 3 class T
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from randseq import RandSeq >>> for
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Addition We define the addition ope
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[9 :: 'foofoofoo'] >>> b + e [3 ::
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which we raise in such cases. Lines
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13.15. *Delegation 13.15.1. Wrappin
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wrappedComplex.imag # imaginary att
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Creation time, modification time, a
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Wrapping a Specific Object with Enh
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13.16. Advanced Features of New-Sty
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preventing users from adding instan
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A descriptor is a class attribute,
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hide such a descriptor, just as you
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43 FileDescr.saved.remove(self.name
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If we try it out, we see that it sa
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def fget(self): return ~self.__x de
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print '*** Created class %r at: %s'
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44 __metaclass__ = ReqStrSugRepr 45
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... print '%s(%d, %d) = %d' % \ ...
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13.18. Exercises 13-1. Programming.
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cash.update(100000.4567) >>> cash 1
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13-9. Queue Class. A queue is a dat
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13-17. Subclassing Numeric Types. T
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Chapter 14. Execution Environment C
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Internally, BIFs are represented as
Page 658 and 659:
__dict__ object. Later on in this c
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>>> c.foo # bound method object >>
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14.2. Code Objects Callables are a
Page 664 and 665:
14.3.2. compile() compile() is a fu
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not a string representation of an i
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The above was performed with raw_in
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-----------------------------------
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A sequence was chosen; enter the se
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them into real Python objects. Othe
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import import2 And here are the con
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$ python /usr/local/lib/python2x/CG
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wait() Wait for child process to co
Page 682 and 683:
As you can see, popen() returns a f
Page 684 and 685:
14.5.5. subprocess Module After Pyt
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14.6. Restricted Execution At one t
Page 688 and 689:
Calling sys.exit() causes the Pytho
Page 690 and 691:
14.8. Miscellaneous Operating Syste
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14.9. Related Modules In Table 14.9
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14-9. Shells. Create a shell (opera
Page 696 and 697:
Chapter 15. Regular Expressions Cha
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Python supports REs through the sta
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15.2. Special Symbols and Character
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"\.". 15.2.3. Matching from the Beg
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We will now introduce the most comm
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\d+(\.\d*)? Strings representing si
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match(pattern, string, flags=0) Att
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m = re.match('foo', 'foo') # patter
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15.3.7. Matching Any Single Charact
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... >>> In the above code, we creat
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Subgroup searches result in a more
Page 718 and 719:
saving the output to a whodata.txt
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15.4. Regular Expressions Example W
Page 722 and 723:
domain. After the final double-colo
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patt = '\d+-\d+-\d+' >>> re.search(
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15.5. Exercises Regular Expressions
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15-19. Extract the complete timesta
Page 730 and 731:
16.1. Introduction 16.1.1. What Is
Page 732 and 733:
The teller is, of course, the serve
Page 734 and 735:
16.2. Sockets: Communication Endpoi
Page 736 and 737:
word "datagram." Because these sock
Page 738 and 739:
Method Description Server Socket Me
Page 740 and 741:
We do not implement this in our exa
Page 742 and 743:
it can immediately make a connectio
Page 744 and 745:
One way to create this "friendly" e
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cs = socket() # create client socke
Page 748 and 749:
[a] Socket address families support
Page 750 and 751:
16.4. *SocketServer Module SocketSe
Page 752 and 753:
Lines 1115 18 print 'waiting for co
Page 754 and 755:
$ And here is the server's: $ tsTse
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This is a timestamp TCP server usin
Page 758 and 759:
calling the write() method of the t
Page 761 and 762:
16.7. Exercises 16-1. Sockets. What
Page 763 and 764:
3. Add logging capability to your n
Page 765 and 766:
17.1. What Are Internet Clients? Be
Page 767 and 768:
3. 4. Client logs in with username
Page 769 and 770:
pwd() Current working directory cwd
Page 771 and 772:
31 f.quit() 32 return 33 print '***
Page 773 and 774:
after-hours, using Python is a grea
Page 775 and 776:
17.3.3. Python and NNTP Based on yo
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article (id) Also similar to body()
Page 779 and 780:
16 except socket.gaierror, e: 17 pr
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deltas = [ x[1]-x[0] for x in parti
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17.4. Electronic Mail Electronic ma
Page 785 and 786:
4. Make service request(s) Quit As
Page 787 and 788:
data: (250, 'ok ; id=20051226235837
Page 789 and 790:
... p.quit() Before we take a look
Page 791 and 792:
any errors. Example 17.3. SMTP and
Page 793 and 794:
17.5. Related Modules One of Python
Page 795 and 796:
17.6. Exercises FTP 17-1. Simple FT
Page 797 and 798:
E-MAIL 17-16. Threaded Newsreader.
Page 799 and 800:
Miscellaneous c. d. e. - Is the mes
Page 801 and 802:
Chapter 18. Multithreaded Programmi
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18.2. Threads and Processes 18.2.1.
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Those of you interested in the sour
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18.3.5. Python Threading Modules Py
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The same loops from onethr.py are e
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25 thread.start_new_thread(loop, 26
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18.5. tHReading Module We will now
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isDaemon() Return daemon flag of th
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In this example we pass in a callab
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19 print 'start loop', nloop, 'at:'
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16 def sum(x): 17 sleep(0.1) 18 if
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We use the Queue module to provide
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for random numbers!) Seriously, tho
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18.7. Exercises 18-1. Processes ver
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Chapter 19. GUI Programming Chapter
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distribution for specific instructi
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some applications use root rather t
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either from the Tkinter topics page
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Example 19.2. Button Widget Demo (t
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in the Label widget. The greater th
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PFAs fits perfectly into a situatio
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Lines 3033 These lines represent ou
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71 def doLS(self, ev=None): 72 erro
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Line-by-Line Explanation Lines 15 T
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The last pieces of code in listdir.
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Things are different once we start
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Our second example uses the Python
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Lines 537 Here we instantiate a Fra
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our primary widgets. This is exactl
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Qt/KDE-Related Modules PyQt Python
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19-9. Multithreaded Chat Applicatio
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20.1. Introduction This introductor
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As you can see from the figure, the
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net_loc can be broken down into sev
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urlunparse(urltup) Unparses a tuple
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urlretrieve(urlstr, localfile=None,
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87 if eachLink not in self.q: 88 se
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urllib Functions Description urlope
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(). This code was inspired by Mike
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parse the newly downloaded page and
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20.4. CGI: Helping Web Servers Proc
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Finally, as you can probably guess,
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This HTML file presents a form to t
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Example 20.4. Results Screen CGI co
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Both friends.html and friends1.py a
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The other reason for creating actio
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12 ERROR 13 %s 14 16 ''' 17 18 def
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link with all the existing informat
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Now the user is able to make change
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This script outputs Unicode strings
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When more than one checkbox is subm
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Figure 20-16. Submitting our advanc
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Figure 20-17. Results page generate
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This script has one main class that
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113 MAXBYTES = 1024 114 langlist =
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all the information and sends the f
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20.8. Web (HTTP) Servers Until now,
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33 main() This server subclasses Ba
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[b] Interface to the non-validating
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20.10. Exercises 20-1. urllib Modul
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20-19. Electronic Commerce Engine.
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Chapter 21. Database Programming Ch
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When you query a database, you can
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Python world. As a software enginee
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This string (not float) indicates t
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DatabaseError Database error DataEr
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callproc( func[, args]) Call a stor
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● http://python.org/topics/databa
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cur.execute("INSERT INTO users VALU
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'', None, '{pgsql=C*T*/pgsql}'] ['t
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23 24 if db == 'sqlite': 25 try: 26
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140 db = setup() 141 print '*** Con
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whereas Gadfly does not, so rows ha
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21.3. Object-Relational Managers (O
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54 def insert(self): 55 d = [dict(z
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44 def create(self): 45 Users = sel
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the rows from the database and pret
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The code works something like this:
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We hope that we have provided you w
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adodbapi http://adodbapi.sf.net Syb
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Chapter 22. Extending Python Chapte
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● Added/extra (non-Python) functi
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The following code represents our l
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usr/include/python2.x, where the "2
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} res = PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i",
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PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords() with
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$ python setup.py build running bui
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1 #include 2 #include 3 #include
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after its reference count has decre
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22.3. Related Topics SWIG There is
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22.4. Exercises 22-1. Extending Pyt
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23.1. Web Services There are many W
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The field names are given in the or
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23.2. Programming Microsoft Office
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This script launches Excel and writ
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23.2.3. Microsoft Word The next dem
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Applying PowerPoint in an applicati
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This script launches Outlook, creat
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Then when you are trying to send a
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Lines 113 We import all of the attr
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23.3. Python and Java Programming w
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Example 23.8. Swing "Hello World" i
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23.4. Exercises Web Services 23-1.
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23-15. Excel Cell Formatting. In th
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23-21. Python and Jython. Find a Py
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Chapter 22 Chapter 23
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or print i, s[i] for i, x in enumer
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Chapter 4 1. Python objects All Pyt
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When i % 2 == 0, it's even (divisib
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Chapter 7 1. Dictionary methods dic
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Chapter 8 3. range() built-in funct
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Chapter 10 1. Raising exceptions e)
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Chapter 12 2. Importing attributes
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Chapter 14 1. Callable objects Func
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9. Python floats [0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?
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Chapter 17 20. Identifiers pass is
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Chapter 19 1. Client/server archite
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Chapter 21 1. Extending Python ●
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Chapter 23 3. Web services and the
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Python Keywords Table B.1 lists Pyt
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[a] Boolean comparisons return eith
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% Modulo/remainder • • • •
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isnumeric() • isspace() • istit
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String Format Operator Conversion S
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- Use left justification + Use a pl
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string.isdigit() [b] [c] Returns tr
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List Type Built-in Methods In Table
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[c] New in Python 2.3. [d] New in P
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s.copy() Copy operation: return (sh
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[d] Encoding that this file useswhe
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OverflowError Calculation exceeded
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[i] Warning about FutureWarning con
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[a] Get attribute; getattr() built-
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__radd__, or __iadd__. [f] New in P
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= • • • • • • • •
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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| (pipe symbol) 2nd 3rd |= (pipe eq
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arguments class methods command-lin
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instance attributes vs. methods mod
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compound statements concatenation (
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copy( ) creating 2nd dict( ) exact
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sys module try statement with multi
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float( ) built-in function 2nd floa
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eturn values standard type 2nd vari
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grouping 2nd groups( ) method GTK+
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installing Python instance attribut
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through files iterators about any n
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list( ) built-in function 2nd list(
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for re module group(s) invoking 2nd
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modulus operator MRO [See method re
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and OOP classic classes vs. descrip
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intersection update ( &= ) key-look
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PyQt PyQtGPL Pyrex Python Enhanceme
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tuple elements/tuples repetition li
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for statement used with keys for 2n
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about as original Internet protocol
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ules for suites static data static
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subtraction ( - ) operator suites 2
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definition of examples exiting glob
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categorizing standard function to c
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Universal NEWLINE Support (UNS) 2nd
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wxGlade wxPython 2nd 3rd wxWidgets
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