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Table of Contents | Index Core Pyth
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The Complete Developer's Guide to P
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Table of Contents | Index Copyright
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Section 6.2. Strings Section 6.3. S
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Section 11.5. Formal Arguments Sect
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Section 19.4. Brief Tour of Other G
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Copyright Many of the designations
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Praise for Core Python Programming
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Prentice Hall Core Series Core J2EE
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Another set of first edition reader
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We will continue to update the book
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Dictionaries are Python's mapping o
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and you will find it fun! We first
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments for
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Christian Tismer (creator of Stackl
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Chapter 1. Welcome to Python! Chapt
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1.2. Origins Work on Python began i
- Page 36 and 37: which you can build an application,
- Page 38 and 39: often provides an extended distract
- Page 40 and 41: Build It Yourself For most other pl
- Page 42 and 43: Windows/DOS To add Python to your s
- Page 44 and 45: It is also possible in Unix to auto
- Page 46 and 47: MacOS X is very Unix-like (based on
- Page 48 and 49: Figure 1-5. Starting IDLE in Window
- Page 50 and 51: 1.6. Python Documentation Python do
- Page 52 and 53: orrow features from languages such
- Page 54 and 55: 1.8. Other Implementations The "sta
- Page 56 and 57: 1.9. Exercises 1-1. Python Installa
- Page 58 and 59: abs(4) 4 >>> abs(-4) 4 We will intr
- Page 60 and 61: %s means to substitute a string whi
- Page 62 and 63: It's very tempting for beginners to
- Page 64 and 65: 2.4. Operators The standard mathema
- Page 66 and 67: 2.5. Variables and Assignment Rules
- Page 68 and 69: All numeric types are covered in Ch
- Page 70 and 71: 2.8. Lists and Tuples Lists and tup
- Page 72 and 73: 2.10. Code Blocks Use Indentation C
- Page 74 and 75: 2.12. while Loop The standard while
- Page 76 and 77: Using the string format operator al
- Page 78 and 79: 2.14. List Comprehensions These are
- Page 80 and 81: case you would have to revert back
- Page 82 and 83: 2.17. Functions Like many other lan
- Page 84 and 85: 2.18. Classes Classes are a core pa
- Page 88 and 89: You will find references throughout
- Page 90 and 91: 2.21. Exercises 2-1. Variables, pri
- Page 92 and 93: 2-9. More Loops and Operators. Crea
- Page 94 and 95: 2-16. Files. Type in and/or run the
- Page 96 and 97: 3.1. Statements and Syntax Some rul
- Page 98 and 99: We caution the reader to be wary of
- Page 100 and 101: x = x + 1 ... can now be written as
- Page 103 and 104: 3.3. Identifiers Identifiers are th
- Page 105 and 106: 3.4. Basic Style Guidelines Comment
- Page 107 and 108: 1. Startup line Generally used only
- Page 109 and 110: Most projects tend to consist of a
- Page 111 and 112: 3.5. Memory Management So far you h
- Page 113 and 114: ● It (the object) is created x =
- Page 115 and 116: 3.6. First Python Programs Now that
- Page 117 and 118: meaning that os.path.exists() retur
- Page 119 and 120: You will find more examples of file
- Page 121 and 122: 3.8. Exercises 3-1. Identifiers. Wh
- Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4. Python Objects Chapter T
- Page 125 and 126: 4.2. Standard Types ● Numbers (se
- Page 127 and 128: 4.3.2. None, Python's Null Object P
- Page 129 and 130: 4.4.4. Slice Objects Slice objects
- Page 131 and 132: 'abc' > 'xyz' False >>> 'abc' < 'xy
- Page 133 and 134: a is b is an equivalent expression
- Page 135 and 136: Table 4.3. Standard Type Boolean Op
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Note the interesting output from th
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the interactive interpreter, let us
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def displayNumType(num): print num,
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`` String representation str Built-
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4.8. Categorizing the Standard Type
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side, lists can be modified without
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4.9. Unsupported Types Before we ex
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4-9. *Interning. Given the followin
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5.1. Introduction to Numbers Number
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5.2. Integers Python has several ty
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eal (long) value: Python 2.3 >>> 2
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5.4. Complex Numbers A long time ag
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5.5. Operators Numeric types suppor
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are internally converted to the sam
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only want to run Python with a spec
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98.7183139527 >>> 8 / 3 2 >>> 8.0 /
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5.6. Built-in and Factory Functions
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Operational [b] New in Python 2.2 a
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ound(-3.5) -4.0 >>> round(-3.4) -3.
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>>> oct(255) '0377' >>> oct(2309482
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print '%d' % bar 1 # no __nonzero__
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5.8. Related Modules There are a nu
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- [c] Negation • • • • numb
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5-4. Modulus. Determine whether a g
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5-16. Home Finance. Take an opening
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6.1. Sequences Sequence types all s
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with the brackets and colons giving
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Figure 6-5. Sequence slice: sequenc
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Here is another problem: we want to
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The str() function is most popular
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6.2. Strings Strings are among the
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eventually terminates, and the stri
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When counting forward, indexes star
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Tests for identifier validity. Firs
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Lines 2425 for each loop iteration.
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'Hello' + u' ' + 'World' + u'!' u'H
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[a] New in Python 2.0; likely uniqu
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>>> "MM/DD/YY = %02d/%02d/%d" % (2,
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f = open('C:\windows\temp\readme.tx
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min('AB12CD') '1' >>> min('ABabCDcd
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6.6. String Built-in Methods String
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string.split(str="", num=string.cou
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6.7. Special Features of Strings 6.
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Triple quotes lets the developer av
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6.8. Unicode Unicode string support
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the ASCII characters are identical
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● Never use the outdated string m
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Exceptions UnicodeError is defined
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[d] Obsoleted in Python 2.5 by hash
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6.11. Lists Like strings, lists pro
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6.12. Operators 6.12.1. Standard Ty
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False >>> >>> 'x' in mixup_list[1]
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6.13. Built-in Functions 6.13.1. St
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max(str_list) 'park' >>> max(num_li
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6.14. List Type Built-in Methods Li
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in (or not in) first, and then usin
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6.15. Special Features of Lists 6.1
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Lines 1943 The entire menu-driven a
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A queue is a first-in-first-out (FI
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Enter choice: v You picked: [v] ['B
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Like numbers and strings, tuples ar
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False >>> (2, 4) < (3, -1) True >>>
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Although tuple objects themselves a
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One of the questions in the Python
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6.20. *Copying Python Objects and S
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[9919616, 11800088] >>> [id(x) for
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isdecimal() • isdigit() • islow
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6.22. Exercises 6-1. Strings. Are t
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This is the program listing for Exe
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6-14. *Random Numbers. Design a "ro
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Chapter 7. Mapping and Set Types Ch
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Python dictionaries are implemented
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We will introduce all of a dictiona
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7.2. Mapping Type Operators Diction
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7.3. Mapping Type Built-in and Fact
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If we have reached this point, i.e.
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The hash() BIF is not really meant
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[d] New in Python 2.2. [e] New in P
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{}.fromkeys('xyz') {'y': None, 'x':
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We know that numbers and strings ar
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This is the familiar code that will
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!= Is not equal to < Is a (strict)
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7.7. Set Type Operators 7.7.1. Stan
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In the above examples, s is a set w
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7.8. Built-in Functions 7.8.1. Stan
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s.symmetric_difference_update(t) Up
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s.symmetric_ difference(t) s ^ t Sy
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7.12. Exercises 7-1. Dictionary Met
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7-6. Lists and Dictionaries. Create
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7-14. User Validation. Alter the pr
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8.1. if Statement The if statement
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if balance > 0.00: if balance - amt
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msgs = {'create': 'create item', 'd
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8.5. while Statement Python's while
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8.6. for Statement The other loopin
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The best of both worlds comes from
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We saw the shortest syntax earlier
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8.7. break Statement The break stat
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8.9. pass Statement One Python stat
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largest factor of 14 is 7 largest f
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There is a reversed() built-in func
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for eachURL in allURLs: if not each
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This syntax will filter or "capture
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8.13. Generator Expressions Generat
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days, the following was acceptable
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8.14. Related Modules Iterators wer
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8-3. range(). What argument(s) coul
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8-12. (Integer) Bit Operators. Writ
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9.1. File Objects File objects can
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[a] Open for read with universal NE
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9.3. File Built-in Methods Once ope
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time, file.xreadlines() was the mos
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Regardless of your platform, these
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file.truncate(size=file.tell()) Tru
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9.5. Standard Files There are gener
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expensive "calculators." Python has
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[a] Return current working director
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This code exercises some of the fun
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[] *** creating test file... *** up
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As you can tell from our lengthy di
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9.9. Persistent Storage Modules In
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The pickle module allows you to sto
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The fileinput module iterates over
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9.11. Exercises 9-1. File Filtering
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c. object, as well as how to perfor
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9-19. Generating Files. Create a si
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Chapter 10. Errors and Exceptions C
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Eiffel, and Java. The origins of ex
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IndexError: request for an out-of-r
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10.3. Detecting and Handling Except
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1.2345e+069 Unfortunately, float()
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except Exception1[, reason1]: suite
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not promote good Python coding styl
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the exception handler. Although rea
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eturn retval Upon running our new c
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These lines represent the general "
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10.3.10. try-finally Statement An a
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except (Exception6, Exception7), Ar
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● tHReading.BoundedSemaphore Sinc
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10.5. *Exceptions as Strings Prior
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If the additional parameter to the
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10.7. Assertions Assertions are dia
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10.8. Standard Exceptions Table 10.
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IndexError No such index in sequenc
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[c] Prior to Python 2.5, KeyboardIn
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21 return tuple(myargs) 22 23 def f
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The entire purpose of the updArgs()
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Lines 108110 We want to execute our
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10.11. Why Exceptions at All? If th
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10.13. Related Modules Table 10.3 l
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10-5. Exceptions. Name the exceptio
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Chapter 11. Functions and Functiona
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Also, like most other languages, yo
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11.2. Calling Functions 11.2.1. Fun
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Randomly chooses numbers and an ari
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Lines 16-28 represent the controlli
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File "", line 3, in foo NameError:
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Function attributes were added to P
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func = deco2(deco1(func)) Function
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14 pass 15 16 foo() 17 sleep(4) 18
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A more realistic example of passing
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The syntax for declaring variables
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grabWeb.py script, given in Example
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print 'formal arg 1:', arg1 print '
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additional non-keyword arg: 30 addi
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int('1234') = 1234 int('12.34') = F
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visualize their lambda equivalents.
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all of them take a function object
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$ python oddnogen.py [39, 77, 39, 7
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We have also discussed how map () c
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· def mySum(x,y): return x+y · la
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>>> add1(10) 11 >>> add1(1) 2 >>> m
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Why bother with so much repetition
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It is possible to "hide" or overrid
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If references are made from inside
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14 print output % ('w', id(w), w) 1
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21 try: 22 return f(*args, **kargs)
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File "", line 3, in NameError: y I
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17 k = 7 18 proc1() 19 print "j ==
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11.10. Generators Earlier in Chapte
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generator, but serves as a short fo
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11.11. Exercises 11-1. Arguments. C
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11-10. Functional Programming with
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Chapter 12. Modules Chapter Topics
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12.2. Modules and Files If modules
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12.3. Namespaces A namespace is a m
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ar = 100 print "in __main__, bar is
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12.4. Importing Modules 12.4.1. The
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workaround is to assign the module
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In practice, using from module impo
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and RuntimeWarning. These are descr
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12.6. Module Built-in Functions The
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12.7. Packages A package is a hiera
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The rationale behind this decision
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The world was pretty clean-cut when
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The workaround for this problem is
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12.10. Exercises 12-1. PathSearch v
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Chapter 13. Object-Oriented Program
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Classes and Instances Classes and i
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chapter, these attributes really ar
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>>> john.name 'John Doe' >>> john.p
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"AddrBookEntry," "RepairShop," etc.
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Person would include the Customer,
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13.3. Classes Recall that a class i
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13.4. Class Attributes What is an a
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In keeping with OOP tradition, Pyth
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eturns a type object when invoked.
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13.5. Instances Whereas a class is
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13.5.3. __new__() "Constructor" Met
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= InstTrack() >>> b.howMany() 2 >>>
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arguments in Section 11.5.2. One ca
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dir(c) ['__class__', '__delattr__',
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1.0 >>> x.conjugate() (1-2j) Attemp
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But... all of this changes if the c
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13.7. Binding and Method Invocation
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13.8. Static Methods and Class Meth
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13.9. Composition Once a class is d
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print 'calling parent method' class
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created an instance of C >>> c.__cl
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Core Note: Overriding __init__ does
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class RoundFloat(float): def __new_
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Simple Attribute Lookup Example The
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(, , , , , ) *MRO Problems Caused b
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13.12. Built-in Functions for Class
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class myClass(object): ... def __in
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c.foo = 100 >>> c.bar = 'Python' >>
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Object (Value) Comparison [c] C.__c
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[f] Test sequence membership; in ke
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subclass anything (except object of
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1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 3 class R
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mon - tue Traceback (most recent ca
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The answer is yes, you can, and it
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14-21). In the last part of next(),
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17 other.__num, \ 18 self.__string
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Not calling repr() on self.__string
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13.14. Privacy Attributes in Python
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Delegation is a characteristic of w
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dictionaries fails to find a succes
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38 39 def __getattr__(self, attr):
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code is identical to what you would
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OLD (not as good): BETTER: ● if t
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The signatures for __get__(), __set
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class C2(object): ... foo = DevNull
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Lines 2838 Saving the attribute tak
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Believe it or not, you have already
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class PI(object): pi = property(get
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if it is there, it will use the cla
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stacklevel=3) We will create three
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13.17. Related Modules and Document
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There are plenty of class, and obje
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Extra credit: Allow the user to opt
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13-7. Date Class. Provide an interf
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13-12. Chat Rooms. You have been pr
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d. e. f. In addition to instantiati
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14.1. Callable Objects A number of
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Internally, user-defined functions
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immediately garbage-collected. The
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callable(c) # instance is callable
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14.3. Executable Object Statements
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1 2 3 4 5 In the final example, we
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Note that once execution has comple
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22 print %s 23 %s = %s + %d 24 """
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3.0 arrrghhh ----------------------
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Calling sys.exit() causes the Pytho
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14.4. Executing Other (Python) Prog
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Earlier in this chapter, we describ
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14.5. Executing Other (Non-Python)
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from the interactive interpreter so
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type, operating system name, etc. A
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GNU/Linux >>> f = Popen('who', stdo
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14.7. Terminating Execution Clean e
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We execute the old exit function af
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[a] New in Python 2.3.
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14.10. Exercises 14-1. Callable Obj
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Part II: Advanced Topics Chapter 15
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15.1. Introduction/Motivation Manip
- Page 699 and 700:
with which to recognize multiple st
- Page 701 and 702:
\s Match any whitespace character,
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While the dot is good for allowing
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Using these shortcuts, we will pres
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15.3. REs and Python Now that we kn
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make function calls with the same s
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The chances are greater that the pa
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m = re.match('r2d2|c3po', 'c2do') #
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'ab' >>> m.group(2) # subgroup 2 'b
- Page 717 and 718:
% who wesc console Jun 20 20:33 wes
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You may have seen the use of raw st
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Sat May 5 16:36:23 1990::fclihw@alw
- Page 723 and 724:
Both of the above REs are the most
- Page 725 and 726:
patt = '.+?(\d+-\d+-\d+)' >>> re.ma
- Page 727 and 728:
15-13. type(). The type() built-in
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Chapter 16. Network Programming Cha
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System (NFS). If you are accessing
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includes any necessary exchange of
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other end; otherwise, you get the f
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16.3. Network Programming in Python
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networked applications In our multi
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22 if not data: 23 break 24 tcpCliS
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The TCP client socket (tcpCliSock)
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Creates a UDP server that accepts m
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way as the UDP server. Lines 1222 O
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[b] Convert IP address string to pa
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consists of an event handler for th
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This is a timestamp TCP client that
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16.5. *Introduction to the Twisted
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Our familiar timestamp TCP client w
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16.6. Related Modules Table 16.4 li
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16-7. Half-Duplex Chat. Create a si
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Chapter 17. Internet Client Program
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17.2. Transferring Files 17.2.1. Fi
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So how do we write an FTP client us
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drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 512 May 19
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allocated rather than depending on
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17.3. Network News 17.3.1. Usenet a
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from nntplib import NNTP n = NNTP('
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Finally, we are going to do blank l
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75 count += 1 76 lastBlank = False
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lines making up the article body an
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In order to send e-mail, your mail
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[a] SMTP-AUTH only. 17.4.5. Interac
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interested reader to the aforementi
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17.4.11. poplib.POP3 Class Methods
- Page 792 and 793:
(s). Line 14 puts everything togeth
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Module Description ftplib FTP proto
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NNTP 17-7. Recursion. The ftpmirror
- Page 798 and 799:
17-21. IMAP. Now that you are famil
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17-30. * Developing New Internet Cl
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18.1. Introduction/Motivation Befor
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18.3. Python, Threads, and the Glob
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Let us create two "time loops," one
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18.4. tHRead Module Let's take a lo
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We did not have any code that told
- Page 813 and 814:
As hinted in the earlier Core Note,
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18.5.1. Thread Class Another reason
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28 29 print 'all DONE at:', ctime()
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loop 0 done at: Sun Aug 13 18:49:21
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To generalize our subclass of Threa
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233 fib finished at: Sun Jun 18 19:
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18 def writer(queue, loops): 19 for
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18.6. Related Modules The table bel
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18-10. Take your solution to the pr
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19.1. Introduction 19.1.1. What Are
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19.2. Tkinter and Python Programmin
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created by the Tk class in Tkinter
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19.3. Tkinter Examples 19.3.1. Labe
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This example features both a Label
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Figure 19-4. Tkinter Label, Button,
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29 30 MyButton = pto(Button, top) 3
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13 self.label.pack() 14 15 self.cwd
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The Unix version of this applicatio
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number of files exceeds the size of
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19.4. Brief Tour of Other GUIs We h
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Our first example uses the Tix modu
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Our third example uses wxPython (an
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15 'Animals (in pairs; min: pair, m
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19.5. Related Modules and Other GUI
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19.6. Exercises 19-1. Client/Server
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Chapter 20. Web Programming Chapter
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and values chained as part of the r
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20.2. Web Surfing with Python: Crea
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scheme in case one is not provided
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If the "POST" request method is des
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28 ldir = dirname(path) # local dir
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final = '%s?name=%s&num=%d' % (base
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This script uses both techniques de
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20.3. Advanced Web Clients Web brow
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* http://www.null.com/home/overview
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Forms input from the client sent to
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20.5. Building CGI Applications 20.
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Figure 20-5. Friends form page in I
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If you are a Web site producer, you
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55 else: 56 showForm() 57 58 if __n
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If you look at the location or "Go
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71 error = 'Please select number of
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We click on the "Back" button, chec
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20.6. Using Unicode with CGI In Cha
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20.7. Advanced CGI We will now take
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Figure 20-14. Upload and multivalue
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The data are submitted to the serve
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When the script detects no form dat
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55 split(self.cookies['info'], ':')
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172 self.langs.append(eachLang.valu
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four-megabyte binary file.
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Module Description BaseHTTPServer P
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20.9. Related Modules In Table 20.7
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inascii En-/decodes data using base
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20-7. Count how many of each type o
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20-24. Advanced Web Clients. The cr
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21.1. Introduction 21.1.1. Persiste
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Inserting a Row INSERT INTO users V
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21.2. Python Database Application P
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Parameter Description user Username
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The commit() method is irrelevant i
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Table 21.7. Type Objects and Constr
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later on in this chapter. Let us no
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import psycopg >>> cxn = psycopg.co
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MySQL, but which does a few more th
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82 uid INTEGER, 83 prid INTEGER) 84
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The guts of consistent database acc
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The director of this movie is main(
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Example 21.2. SQLAlchemy ORM Exampl
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112 113 if__name__ == '__main__': 1
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103 print '\n*** Dropping users tab
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(3 users moved) LOGIN USERID PROJ#
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Jess 7912 1 Amy 7209 4 Melissa 8602
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21.4. Related Modules Table 21.8 li
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21.5. Exercises 21-1. Database API.
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22.1. Introduction/Motivation 22.1.
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22.2. Extending Python by Writing E
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To run our program, we issue the fo
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Python to C int PyArg_ParseTuple()
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of the string.) strdup() creates an
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The next step is to create a setup.
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Test Function The one last thing we
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59 if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s",
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As with the reference counting macr
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has the effect of giving a potentia
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Chapter 23. Miscellaneous Chapter T
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['YHOO', '30.76', '5/23/2006', '4:0
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If we run this script, we will get
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consider for the general audience.
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On line 13, we use what is known as
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20 sleep(1) 21 for i in RANGE: 22 r
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In our example, we just use a (titl
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olFolderDrafts (16), olFolderSentMa
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This script downloads stock quotes
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decimal point, e.g., "34.2" is disp
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write a GUI application using Swing
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Jython is a great development tool
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23-8. Microsoft Outlook and Web Ser
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Java, Python, Jython 23-16. Jython.
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Appendix A. Answers to Selected Exe
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Chapter 2 5. Loops and numbers a. b
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Chapter 3 4. Statements Use; 5. Sta
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Chapter 5 8. Geometry import math d
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Chapter 6 1. Strings find(), rfind(
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7. Inverting dictionaries list1 = o
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Chapter 9 2. File access f = open(r
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Chapter 11 2. Functions def sumtime
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Chapter 13 2. Functions versus meth
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Chapter 15 1. Matching strings bat,
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Chapter 16 3. Sockets TCP 6. Daytim
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Chapter 18 2. Python threads I/O-bo
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Chapter 20 15. CGI errors The Web s
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Chapter 22 1. DB-API The DB-API is
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Appendix B. Reference Tables Python
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Python Standard Operators and Funct
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Numeric Type Operators and Function
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Sequence Type Operators and Functio
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split() • title() • tuple() •
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String Format Operator Directives W
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String Type Built-in Methods The de
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string.title() [b] [c] Returns "tit
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Dictionary Type Built-in Methods In
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Set Types Operators and Functions T
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File Object Methods and Data Attrio
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Python Exceptions Table B.12 lists
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Error [i] UnboundLocalError Access
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Special Methods for Classes Table B
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Numeric Types: base representation
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Python Operator Summary Table B.14
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Appendix 3. About the Author Wesley
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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async* module "at-sign" ( @ ) atomi
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uilt-in types 2nd "built-in" names
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uilding applications cgi module coo
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UDP Web 2nd Windows close( ) built-
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cursor (database) cursor objects cu
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function attributes layers in modul
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distutils package division operator
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equality for sets eric3 errors/erro
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exponentiatial notation output expo
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isatty( ) iterating through 2nd 3rd
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constructs debugging/performance me
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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import cycles loading vs. locals( )
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Integrated Development Environments
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
- Page 1112 and 1113:
Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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loops [See also iterators.] and ite
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epetition 2nd searching vs. 2nd 3rd
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modulefinder modules [See also impo
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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complex creating double precision f
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object-oriented language object-ori
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SQLObject 2nd 3rd os module additio
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positional arguments (functions) PO
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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any single character ( . ) 2nd ASCI
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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elated modules removing set members
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standard files standard input stand
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min( ) no char type for non-NUL/ '0
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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truncate( ) built-in method 2nd 3rd
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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Web surfing 2nd 3rd while statement
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
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Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]