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Elias Manuel Morgado Pinheiro Dissertação de Mestrado em ...

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RESUMO<br />

Orig<strong>em</strong> e Difusão do Carro <strong>de</strong> Guerra<br />

Uma das mais b<strong>em</strong> sucedidas tecnologias da Ida<strong>de</strong> do Bronze foi o carro <strong>de</strong><br />

guerra. O seu sucesso levou a uma dispersão inaudita através da Ásia. A probl<strong>em</strong>ática<br />

das suas origens é tradicionalmente abordada numa base regional. O presente estudo<br />

preten<strong>de</strong> abordar o assunto <strong>de</strong> um ponto <strong>de</strong> vista trans-regional, focando as ligações<br />

existentes entre diferentes regiões, <strong>de</strong> forma a gerar uma visão mais abrangente do<br />

probl<strong>em</strong>a. Para além disso, procura evi<strong>de</strong>nciar as ligações existentes entre as regiões<br />

mais periféricas, a Índia e a China, e o tradicional núcleo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento do carro<br />

<strong>de</strong> guerra, a Ásia Oci<strong>de</strong>ntal e as estepes Eurasiáticas.<br />

Consi<strong>de</strong>rando as ligações entre as estepes a sul do Urais e a Ásia Oci<strong>de</strong>ntal, é<br />

possível concluir que os primeiros passos no <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento do carro <strong>de</strong> guerra<br />

ocorreram nas estepes da região <strong>de</strong> Sintashta, c. 2000 BC. Contudo, na Ásia Oci<strong>de</strong>ntal,<br />

essa tecnologia foi mais tar<strong>de</strong> adaptada a mo<strong>de</strong>los autóctones, <strong>de</strong> forma a criar um<br />

veículo melhor equipado para lidar com as necessida<strong>de</strong>s locais. Apesar da existência <strong>de</strong><br />

pequenas adaptações locais, as s<strong>em</strong>elhanças entre os vários mo<strong>de</strong>los <strong>de</strong> carros <strong>de</strong> guerra<br />

permit<strong>em</strong> rejeitar a possibilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> um <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>em</strong> diferentes<br />

regiões. De facto, é possível i<strong>de</strong>ntificar uma só tradição referente ao carro <strong>de</strong> guerra ao<br />

longo do continente asiático, da Ásia Oci<strong>de</strong>ntal à China, e das estepes Eurasiáticas à<br />

Índia.<br />

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: carro <strong>de</strong> guerra, estepe, Ásia, Índia, China, orig<strong>em</strong> do carro <strong>de</strong><br />

guerra, difusão do carro <strong>de</strong> guerra, ligações trans-regionais.<br />

Abstract<br />

The Origin and Spread of the War Chariot<br />

One of the most successful Bronze Age technologies was the light war chariot.<br />

Its success meant an unprece<strong>de</strong>nted spread throughout all of Asia. The subject of its<br />

origins is traditionally approached on regional basis. The present work seeks to address<br />

the issue from a trans-regional standpoint, focusing in the connections between different<br />

regions, and thus creating a broa<strong>de</strong>r un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of the probl<strong>em</strong>. Furthermore, it seeks<br />

to highlight the connections between the more peripheral regions, India and China, and<br />

the traditional cluster of <strong>de</strong>velopment of the war chariot, West Asia and the Eurasian<br />

steppes.<br />

Consi<strong>de</strong>ring the connections between the steppes south of the Urals and West<br />

Asia, it is possible to conclu<strong>de</strong> that the first <strong>de</strong>velopments towards the light chariot took<br />

place in the Sintashta region, c. 2000 BC. However, in West Asia, that particular<br />

technology was adapted to native chariot <strong>de</strong>signs, in or<strong>de</strong>r to produce a vehicle better<br />

suited to specific regional needs. Despite minor local adaptations, the similarities<br />

between all chariots‟ <strong>de</strong>signs discard the possibility of in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>de</strong>velopment in<br />

different regions. In fact, a single and continuous chariot tradition can be seen<br />

throughout the continent, from West Asia to China, from the Eurasian steppes to India.<br />

KEY-WORDS: war-chariot, steppe, Asia, India, China, origin of the war chariot, spread<br />

of the war chariot, trans-regional connections<br />

iii

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