Elias Manuel Morgado Pinheiro Dissertação de Mestrado em ...

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ABBREVIATIONS ARM Archives Royales de Mari CTH Catalogue de Textes Hittites EIEC Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture KBo Keilschrifttexte aus Boğazköy RHA Revue Hittite et Asiatique RV Rig Veda ŚBM Vājasaneyi Madhyandina Sākhā TS Taittirīya Saṃhita VSM Vajasaneyi Madhyandiniy v
Introduction When one considers the late Bronze Age major battlefields, there is one common element among them, from Europe to China, the war chariot. While vehicles had been used in the battlefield before, they were slow and cumbersome, relegated to support functions. The introduction of the war chariot in military formations marked a clear departure from these early traditions. Built for speed rather than strength, the war chariot allowed for the use of vehicles in the heart of battle. This was nothing short than a revolution. In the same way that a disciplined infantry formation multiplies the combat efficiency of individual fighters, becoming an entity greater than the sum of its parts, the war chariot allowed man and horse to function as one, thus increasing the martial potential of both parties. Whether used as a close quarter fighting vehicle or as a fast moving firing platform, the chariot provided an unprecedented increase in the effectiveness of the warrior/archer. Therefore, these men became the elite warriors of the world greatest armies. What is truly remarkable, however, is how fast this new technology spread throughout all of Asia, from the Eurasian steppes to China proper. The oldest chariots known today, dating c.2000 BC, were found in the Eurasian steppes. However, its use in large scale battle was first attested in the battle of Megiddo, c. 1457 BC, between Egypt and a coalition of Canaanite forces, in West Asia. It is possible that chariots had been used before, but no record remains. Simultaneously, literary evidence place chariots in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent in c. 1500 BC, in connection to the migration of Indic speaking peoples into the region. In addition, chariot remains were found at the Shang capital of Anyang, dated c. 1200 B.C. Since all these chariots shared the same basic design, it is highly improbable that such complex technology could emerge simultaneously and in a similar fashion in such distant locations. Therefore, a common origin must be found. Several possibilities have been presented as possible places of origin of the chariot. However, this approach to the subject carries with it the assumption of a single origin, that the entire design was developed in a single location, and maintained afterwards. However, that might not be the case. In fact, evidence suggests different designs in different regions. It is accepted that the war chariot was used in different 1
Page 1 and 2: THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF THE WAR CH
Page 3 and 4: AGRADECIMENTOS A todos os que de al
Page 5: Table of Contents Introduction ....
Page 9 and 10: established. While this is true to
Page 11 and 12: I. Origins of the war chariot The c
Page 13 and 14: “Nothing much further need be sai
Page 15 and 16: Unlike its predecessors, Littauer a
Page 17 and 18: 3370 BC, probably c.3300-3100 BC 15
Page 19 and 20: horizontal articulation, which woul
Page 21 and 22: wheeled version of the first. Howev
Page 23 and 24: infantrymen, armed with a light lea
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 7 Hittie Chariot, after Paul V
Page 27 and 28: However, in light of the similariti
Page 29 and 30: crewmembers. Although Egyptian tomb
Page 31 and 32: its probable use on the battlefield
Page 33 and 34: millennium BC, which “consisted o
Page 35 and 36: efuge, due to abundant forage. In t
Page 37 and 38: Near East, and concludes that it li
Page 39 and 40: limited to cattle raiding and triba
Page 41 and 42: organized, and judging by their gra
Page 43 and 44: Therefore, one can conclude that th
Page 45 and 46: account for more than 5%, with the
Page 47 and 48: Later, c. 4200BC, in the Dnieper an
Page 49 and 50: most of the evidence has been unear
Page 51 and 52: More conclusive data can be obtaine
Page 53 and 54: of bitting. If even one mature hors
Page 55 and 56: anše.zi.zi (later anše.kur.ra,
Page 57 and 58:
V by some 95 , the Tepe Hissar seal
Page 59 and 60:
ARM VI 76 Even though some findings
Page 61 and 62:
Whether in the steppe or in the Mid
Page 63 and 64:
―Its axle, heavy-laden, is not he
Page 65 and 66:
Considering India, the introduction
Page 67 and 68:
Map. 4 Archaeological cultures asso
Page 69 and 70:
a prior date 127 . Furthermore, the
Page 71 and 72:
Fig. 17 Reconstruction of the buria
Page 73 and 74:
Uralian steppes to the Indus region
Page 75 and 76:
Chinese chariots were significantly
Page 77 and 78:
domesticated horses suggests a conn
Page 79 and 80:
Fig. 19 a) Chariot from barrow 11,
Page 81 and 82:
conventions that came with it. Whil
Page 83 and 84:
Conclusion The subject of the origi
Page 85 and 86:
detailed information regarding the
Page 87 and 88:
Bibliography Agapov, S.A., Vasiliev
Page 89 and 90:
Flad R. K.., Yuan Jing, Li Shuichen
Page 91 and 92:
Littauer, M. A., Les Premiers Véhi
Page 93 and 94:
Piotrovsky, B., Early Cultures of t
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