Manual on Compliance with and Enforcement of Multilateral ...

Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... 3
Foreword .................................................................................................................. 15
How To Use This <strong>Manual</strong> .......................................................................................... 17
Format ...................................................................................................... 17
Different Users ......................................................................................... 18
Finding Information .................................................................................. 18
Caveats ..................................................................................................... 19
States with Experiences in the <strong>Manual</strong> ........................................................... 21
States Otherwise Mentioned in the <strong>Manual</strong> ................................................... 22
Tutorial on How to Use the <strong>Manual</strong> ......................................................... 23
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 29
Rationale .................................................................................................. 29
Nature and Scope of the UNEP Guidelines and <strong>Manual</strong> ......................... 30
The Guidelines ......................................................................................... 31
Structure of the Guidelines ....................................................................... 32
Compliance .............................................................................................. 33
Enforcement ............................................................................................. 34
Development and Review of the <strong>Manual</strong> ................................................. 36
Chapter I Compliance With MEAs ................................................................... 41
Compliance guidelines - explanatory notes and examples ...................................... 43
Assessing Benefits and Costs of Ratifying, Complying with, and
Enforcing MEAs .............................................................................................. 44
Primer on Negotiating and Ratifying MEAs .................................................... 51
What is an MEA? ...................................................................................... 51
What is the Process for Negotiating an MEA? ........................................... 52
How do States Commit to an MEA? .......................................................... 53
What does it Mean to be a “Party” to an MEA? ........................................ 54
How do MEAs Function? ......................................................................... 54
How do States Withdraw from an MEA? ................................................... 55
A. Background on Compliance ................................................................................. 59
Purpose, Scope, and Definition of Terms Used in the Compliance Chapter ... 59
B. Preparing for Negotiations ................................................................................... 61
Regular Exchange of Information Among States ............................................. 65
Consultations between Negotiating Sessions .................................................. 69
Workshops on Compliance ............................................................................ 72
Institutional and Ministerial Coordination at the National Level .................... 75
Avoiding Overlaps and Encouraging Synergies with Existing MEAs ............... 83
C. Negotiating MEAs ................................................................................................ 87
Effective Participation in Negotiations ............................................................ 87
Informal Negotiations ............................................................................... 89
Assess the Geographical Scope of an MEA and Identify
Interested States ........................................................................................ 95
Financial Mechanisms to Facilitate Participation in Negotiations ............ 100
Table of Contents • Preliminaries