Manual on Compliance with and Enforcement of Multilateral ...

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Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brunei Cambodia Cape Verde Chad Chile Costa Rica Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia France Germany Grenada Guatemala Honduras Hungary 22 States 1 Otherwise Mentioned in the <strong>Manual</strong> 2 Iceland Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kiribati Kuwait Laos Lesotho Liberia Libya Luxembourg Malaysia Maldives Mali Marshall Islands Mauritania Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia manUal On COmPlianCe WiTH anD enFOrCemenT OF meas Niger Palau Panama Peru Poland Qatar Rwanda Saint Kitts & Nevis Samoa Sao Tome & Principe Serbia & Montenegro Solomon Islands Suriname Swaziland Sweden Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu United Arab Emirates Uruguay Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen The names used here do not necessarily correspond to the official denomination of the States. These States include those States that are specifically mentioned by name as supporting or otherwise participating in specific initiatives or adopting particular approaches. This list does not include States that are listed solely for the purpose of enumerating the States included in a specific negotiating bloc (e.g., in Annex VIII). Nor does the list necessarily include all the States that are members of regional organizations that are highlighted in specific case studies.
Tutorial on How to Use the manual There are a few basic ways to use the <strong>Manual</strong>. First, readers may peruse the <strong>Manual</strong> to identify a range of considerations and approaches in negotiating, complying with, and enforcing MEAs. This is self-explanatory, but the reader may wish to consult the table of users and guidelines of particular interest. The second way to use the <strong>Manual</strong> is to start with a particular issue or “tool.” The third way is to start with a particular guideline. This brief tutorial walks through a few examples. Example 1(a) Starting with a Particular Issue (Preparing for Negotiations) n Read the relevant Guideline first [number 10]. It provides general information on actions to improve preparation for negotiation of MEAs (including a checklist). n Then read the explanatory text and case studies of the sub-Guidelines (a, b, c, …). They provide further clarification and examples (on Exchange of information among states; Consultations between negotiating sessions; Workshops on compliance; and Institutional and ministerial coordination at the national level). n Note that there is a Checklist for Environmental Treaty Making. n There is also explanatory text on avoiding overlaps and encouraging synergies with existing MEAs. Example 1(b) Starting with a Particular Issue (Media) n Read the relevant Guidelines first [numbers 30 and 31]. They provide general information on the use of public awareness and the media to improve compliance with MEAs. n Then read the explanatory text and case study. They provide further clarification and examples: CITES (in explanatory text); discussion of the usefulness of negative publicity; a case study of a public awareness campaign; and other examples. n There is also a cross-reference to Guideline [44] for more discussion of use of the Media and Public Awareness. n Go to Guideline [44] (starting on p. 565). n A brief review of Guideline [44] reveals that it discusses use of the media and public awareness in an enforcement context, with several specific examples, including use of a media campaign to target a specific environmental challenge. n Note the structure of Guideline [44]: chapeau with general analysis for the guideline, followed by six specific tools (most with case studies). n In contrast with the first example — Preparations for MEA Negotiations — note that this example highlights a tool that is found in both the Compliance and Enforcement Chapters of the <strong>Manual</strong>. This is because Media and Public Awareness are found in both the Compliance and Enforcement Chapters of the Guidelines. To reduce duplication and overlap, most of the explanatory text How to use this <strong>Manual</strong> • Preliminaries 2
Page 1: Manual on Complian
Page 6 and 7: UNEP promotes environmentally frien
Page 8 and 9: UNEP is particularly grateful to th
Page 10 and 11: Summary of Contents Acknowledgments
Page 12 and 13: Embrace Specific Approaches to Enco
Page 14 and 15: 10 The Convention on Biological Div
Page 16 and 17: 12 Media Actions to Highlight Envir
Page 19 and 20: Foreword After decades of developin
Page 21 and 22: How To Use This Manual</str
Page 23 and 24: Once a person is familiar with the
Page 25: Albania Antigua and Barbuda Argenti
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Page 31 and 32: development; assistance in developi
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Page 58 and 59: CH I What does it mean to be a “P
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Page 64 and 65: CH I - A The brief introductory sec
Page 66 and 67: CH I - B Accordingly, one basic way
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Page 70 and 71: CH I - B Funding and the particular
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CH I - B Workshops on Compliance [1
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CH I - B regionaL workshoPs in asia
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CH I - B A number of States have es
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CH I - B sri Lanka’s environmenta
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CH I - B 0 kazakhstan’s aPProach
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CH I - B 2 cameroon’s Process For
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CH I - B \ [33(f)] [34(h)] [40] [41
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CH I - B Additional Resources on Sy
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CH I - C by consensus). Various com
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CH I - C 0 n before negotiations, a
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CH I - C ˛ CHECKLIST FOR STRATEGIE
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CH I - C ˛ Checklist for steps to
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CH I - C Negotiating blocs can vary
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CH I - C These agreements can foste
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CH I - C Financial Mechanisms to Fa
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CH I - C NASA photo 102 UNeCe: loNg
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CH I - C Differentiated obligations
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CH I - C 106 AMeNdMeNts ANd AdjUstM
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CH I - C Ensure Transparency and Pa
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CH I - C Public Participation in th
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CH I - C Researching Domestic Impli
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CH I - C Sustainability Impact Asse
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CH I - C 116 information in order t
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CH I - C An Overview of Compliance-
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CH I - C National Implementation Pl
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CH I - C 122 CoUNtry progrAMMes (Cp
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CH I - C 124 developiNg A desertifi
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CH I - C National Implementation Pl
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CH I - C 128 NAtioNAl AdAptAtioN pr
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CH I - C Where limited resources me
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CH I - C 132 fUNdiNg for reportiNg
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CH I - C 134 NAtioNAl reportiNg thr
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CH I - C 136 review of NAtioNAl rep
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CH I - C NASA Visible Earth photo O
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CH I - C A Survey of Monitoring and
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CH I - C 142 MoNitoriNg ANd reporti
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CH I - C Compliance Mechanisms [14]
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CH I - C The Montreux Record: A Reg
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CH I - C Compliance Mechanisms in V
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CH I - C Compliance Mechanisms in R
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CH I - C ˛ CHECKLIST FOR COMPLIANC
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CH I - C Review of the Effectivenes
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CH I - C 160 Ad hoC opeN-eNded work
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CH I - C Reviewing Implementation o
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CH I - C 164 the Cites review of si
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CH I - C UNECE Compliance Mechanism
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CH I - C 168 developMeNt of A CoMpl
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CH I - C 170 lAw of the seA triBUNA
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CH I - C 172 iNterNAtioNAl CoUrt of
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CH I - C 174 strAtegiC Use of iNter
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CH I - C ˛ CHECKLIST FOR INTERNATI
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CH I - C 178 MANUAL ON COMPLIANCE W
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CH I - D ˛ CHECKLIST FOR RATIFICAT
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CH I - D instances, states are enco
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CH I - D 184 ivory Coast’s ProCes
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CH I - D Implementing Laws and Regu
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CH I - D As a practical matter, the
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CH I - D 190 develoPinG a national
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CH I - D ˛ CheCKlIst for DeveloPIN
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CH I - D Enforcement Programmes and
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CH I - D Designate National Focal P
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CH I - D One of the challenges of h
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CH I - D 200 Coordination of mea fo
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CH I - D ˛ CheCKlIst for foCal PoI
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CH I - D Involve Stakeholders, Loca
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CH I - D thetic medicines). Many or
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CH I - D Capacity Building and Tech
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CH I - D 210 Bali strateGiC Plan fo
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CH I - D 212 CaPaCity BuildinG thro
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CH I - D approaches for financial a
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CH I - D 216 imProvinG reGional Coo
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CH I - D financial mechanisms for I
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CH I - D technology transfer activi
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CH I - D the green Customs Initiati
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CH I - E It is true of all global a
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CH I - E National Coordinating Comm
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CH I - E UNfCCC and the Kyoto Proto
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CH I - E Capacity Building and Tech
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CH I - E regional environmental Cen
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CH I - E global Initiatives to shar
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CH I - E In addition to global netw
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CH I - E 238 PaCifiC reGional envir
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CH I - E regional Networks and sout
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CH I - E 4 Other Regional Networks
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CH I - E Review of Effectiveness of
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CH I - E 246 • CITES Identificati
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CH I - E 248 http://www.unep.fr/ozo
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CH I - E For the Espoo Convention (
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CH I - E 252 Guidelines, manual, an
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CH I - E 254 leGislative GuidanCe t
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CH I - E legislative guidance to Im
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CH I - E 258 reGional PlanninG for
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CH I - E 260 aCtion Plan of the env
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CH I - E 262 PreParinG a reGional s
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CH I - E framework Convention on th
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CH I - E Increasing Awareness of ME
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CH I - E 268 PromotinG imPlementati
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CH I - E tiatives to promote synerg
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CH I - E Most of these measures are
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CH I - E governs the disposal of ol
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CH I - E 276 Joint liaison GrouP fo
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CH I - E UNU handbook and Workshops
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CH I - E synergies between the rams
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CH I - E 282 uneP/wCmC ProJeCt on h
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CH I - E 284 strateGiC aPProaCh to
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CH I - E 4 Additional Resources On
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CHP II 288 MANUAL ON COMPLIANCE WIT
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CH II - A the Guidelines also ackno
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CH II - A most extensive requiremen
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CH II - A Definitions Used in the E
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CH II - A 296 oecD englIsh-russIan
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CH II - A 298 MANUAL ON COMPLIANCE
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CH II - B of developing environment
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CH II - B 302 n Offset approaches.
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CH II - B Putting the Tools Togethe
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CH II - B Additional Resources On C
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CH II - B 4 Additional Resources On
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CH II - B 310 License Suspension Cr
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CH II - B 4 312 Additional Resource
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CH II - B ˛ CHECKLIST FOR ESTABLIS
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CH II - C Adaptively Developing Imp
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CH II - C Laws may be drafted by: 3
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CH II - C 320 DevelopIng a fraMewor
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CH II - C 322 Issue-baseD MoDules t
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CH II - C 324 cost estIMates In roM
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CH II - C Regulatory Impact Assessm
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CH II - C Limitations of Cost-Benef
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CH II - C the political process of
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CH II - C Partnership Project for t
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CH II - C 334 consultants to facIlI
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CH II - C 336 f) Realistic strategi
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CH II - C 338 IncorporatIng Meas In
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CH II - C Checklist For Developing
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CH II - C The Guidelines recognise
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CH II - C Technological Considerati
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CH II - C Comprehensive Environment
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CH II - C and employees who violate
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CH II - C by the central government
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CH II - C As discussed above, fines
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CH II - C Valuation Studies” foll
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CH II - C The lists are shared with
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CH II - C 358 sanctIons for non-coM
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CH II - C Brazil’s Environmental
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CH II - C 362 coMpounDIng of penalt
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CH II - C Sanctions for Environment
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CH II - C Penalties for Environment
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CH II - C Assessing and Valuing Dam
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CH II - C 4 Additional Resources On
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CH II - D 372 (i) Access of the pub
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CH II - D Jamaica’s Natural Resou
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CH II - D 376 vertical Designation
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CH II - D Designation of Responsibi
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CH II - D 380 participatory managem
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CH II - D Landsat Image Remote sens
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CH II - D 386 inDian government env
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CH II - D Use of Affidavits in Arge
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CH II - D 390 brazil’s participat
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CH II - D Although initially consid
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CH II - D 396 specialiseD environme
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CH II - D 398 cameroon’s eFForts
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CH II - D Institutional Frameworks
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CH II - D A survey of some National
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CH II - D ˛ CheCklist of oPtioNs f
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CH II - D 406 Julian Newman/EIA Ind
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CH II - D 408 inspection powers in
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CH II - D ˛ CheCklist foR tyPes of
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CH II - D In addition to the case s
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CH II - D 414 guyana’s compliance
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CH II - D Criteria for Enforcement
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CH II - D National Environmental Cr
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CH II - D \ [41(k)] 420 Some States
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CH II - D Ecotourism Another way to
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CH II - D economic mechanisms in as
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CH II - D 426 ECotoUriSm in KEnyA B
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CH II - D economic instruments in B
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CH II - D Usepa’s economic instru
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CH II - D 432 gEorgiA’S rEnEwAblE
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CH II - D Uganda’s national envir
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CH II - D environmental funds in Bu
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CH II - D eeCCa environmental funds
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CH II - D 440 zimbAbwE’S CArbon t
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CH II - D environment funds in the
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CH II - D 444 thE gAmbiA’S Enviro
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CH II - D 4 Additional Resources On
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CH II - D Certification Systems [41
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CH II - D assist in raising awarene
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CH II - D 452 iSo 14000 The Interna
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CH II - D environmental self-auditi
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CH II - D 456 A zAmbiAn girlS SChoo
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CH II - D 458 CitizEn SUitS in thE
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CH II - D standing for a Ukrainian
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CH II - D 4 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ON
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CH II - D legal requirements for ac
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CH II - D public access to informat
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CH II - D macedonia’s public rela
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CH II - D freedom of access to envi
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CH II - D Processes for Public Part
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CH II - D Public Participation in P
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CH II - D 4 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ON
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CH II - D 478 CitizEnS SUbmiSSion o
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CH II - D romania’s experience wi
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CH II - D 4 IIED, An Activist Appro
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CH II - D 4 Additional Resources On
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CH II - D 486 tElEPhonE “hotlinES
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CH II - D General Approaches to Pub
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CH II - D 490 thE PhiliPPinES: StAK
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CH II - D evolution of public parti
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CH II - D Informing all Governmenta
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CH II - D 496 Use of the Media to e
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CH II - D 498 canada’s environMen
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CH II - D National Capacity Self-As
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CH II - D Armenia’s National Capa
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CH II - D 504 consolidation of legi
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CH II - D 506 aUstralia’s special
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CH II - D Guyana’s Environmental
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CH II - D 4 Additional Resources on
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CH II - D 512 nigeria’s institUti
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CH II - D Burkina Faso’s Conferen
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CH II - D 516 institUtional coordin
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CH II - D Inter-Agency Coordination
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CH II - D © USDA Mauritius’ Envi
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CH II - D Improving Institutional C
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CH II - D National/Sub-national Rel
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CH II - D Implementing MEAs in the
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CH II - D Coordination with NGOs an
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CH II - D 530 pUBlic involveMent in
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CH II - D 532 cooperative efforts i
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CH II - D 534 pUBlic-private Manage
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CH II - D Participatory Mapping and
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CH II - D 538 ecotoUrisM concession
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CH II - D 4 Additional Resources on
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CH II - D H.M. Revenue and Customs
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CH II - D Strengthening the Capacit
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CH II - D “Training” in this se
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CH II - D In addition to the case s
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CH II - D Uganda’s Casebook and H
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CH II - D Degree and Certificate Co
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CH II - D Short Courses to Assist I
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CH II - D 556 the cUstoMs technical
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CH II - D 558 BUilding capacity to
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CH II - D Capacity Development to I
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CH II - D The National Forest Polic
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CH II - D 564 roManian legal provis
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CH II - D Environmental education a
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CH II - D 568 capacity bUilDiNg for
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CH II - D The Aarhus Convention and
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CH II - D 572 makiNg meaS acceSSibl
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CH II - D Other Approaches for Educ
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CH II - D Sustainable Environmental
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CH II - D 578 romaNia’S iNformati
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CH II - D Environmental Calendar an
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CH II - D ˛ ChECKLIST FoR PRoMoTIN
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CH II - D 584 the bUyer beware camp
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CH II - D Celebrities in Media Camp
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CH II - D Focusing Environmental Aw
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CH II - D 590 eDUcatiNg local commU
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CH II - D Environmental Education i
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CH II - D New York’s high School
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CH II - D Bahamas: Youth Education
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CH II - D Youth Initiative in Seych
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CH II - D Youth and Sustainable Con
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CH II - D 602 baraNgay yoUth coUNci
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CH II - D Educational Campaigns for
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CH II - E ˛ CHECKLIST for DEVELoPI
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CH II - E 608 • Environmental law
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CH II - E 610 The NorTh AmericAN Ag
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CH II - E 612 hArmoNisATioN of eNvi
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CH II - E Cooperation in Judicial P
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CH II - E 616 The europeAN uNioN (e
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CH II - E The European Judicial Net
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CH II - E Adequate, effective, and
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CH II - E Channels of Communication
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CH II - E at which national weaknes
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CH II - E 626 JoiNT Air QuAliTy moN
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CH II - E Macedonian and Albanian C
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CH II - E 630 ciTes Tigers DATAbAse
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CH II - E Technology, Expertise, an
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CH II - E Prior Informed Consent (c
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CH II - E Transborder Communication
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CH II - E Allocation of Adequate Re
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CH II - E Jordan), South Caucasus,
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CH II - E For example: 642 • UN G
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CH II - E 644 The Aims proJecT iN s
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CH II - E 646 oecD guiDiNg priNcipl
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CH II - E Transboundary EIA Guideli
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CH II - E Regional Centres and Work
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CH II - E regional Environmental Co
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CH II - E 654 iNTerpol TrAiNiNg cou
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CH II - E The International Network
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Annexes • ANNEXES 659 ANNEXES
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ANNEX - I A. Purpose 6. The purpose
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ANNEX - I 664 multilateral environm
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ANNEX - I 666 7. Dispute settlement
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ANNEX - I 668 2. Capacity-building
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ANNEX - I II. GUIDELINES FOR NATION
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ANNEX - I 672 verification and prov
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ANNEX - I 674 technology for promot
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ANNEX - I 676 of illegal shipments
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ANNEX - II endorsed by the UNEP GC
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ANNEX - III Finally, to find out wh
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ANNEX - IV They developed a respons
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ANNEX - IV agency as it pertains to
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ANNEX - IV 4 Additional Resources F
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ANNEX - V • Division of Policy De
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ANNEX - V • International Environ
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ANNEX - V • Secretariat of the St
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ANNEX - V International NGOs, Netwo
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ANNEX - V World Wide Fund for Natur
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ANNEX - VI Edith Brown Weiss & Haro
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ANNEX - VI Nicholas A. Robinson, Co
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Annex VII Selected Internet Resourc
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General Internet Resources for MEAs
Page 711:
Web Sites with Specific Publication
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ANNEX - VIII Vanuatu, Yemen, and Za
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ANNEX - IX BERCEN: Balkan Environme
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ANNEX - IX DECRG: (World Bank’s)
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ANNEX - IX GAAm: Environmental Asse
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ANNEX - IX LDC: Least developed cou
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ANNEX - IX NIPAS: (Philippines) Nat
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ANNEX - IX RPPN: Private Natural He
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ANNEX - IX USEPA: U.S. Environmenta
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ANNEX - X A Aarhus Convention ABS A
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ANNEX - X Ad referendum Advanced In
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ANNEX - X Approval ASCOBANS ASEAN A
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ANNEX - X Biodiversity Biodiversity
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ANNEX - X C Capacity building Carbo
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ANNEX - X CITES Clean Development M
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ANNEX - X Consensus Contact group C
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ANNEX - X D DCPI DEC Decision Decis
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ANNEX - X EC Economic Instruments E
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ANNEX - X ETIS EU EUROBATS European
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ANNEX - X Framework convention Frie
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ANNEX - X Global Biodiversity Forum
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ANNEX - X H Habitat Hard law Hazard
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ANNEX - X IFI IIFB ILO IMF IMO Impl
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ANNEX - X International Indigenous
Page 760 and 761:
ANNEX - X IWC J Jakarta Mandate JI
Page 762 and 763:
ANNEX - X LMO London Convention LRT
Page 764 and 765:
ANNEX - X Memorandum of Understandi
Page 766 and 767:
ANNEX - X NAP NAPA National Communi
Page 768 and 769:
ANNEX - X Obligation clauses/ provi
Page 770 and 771:
ANNEX - X Party Patent PCA Permanen
Page 772 and 773:
ANNEX - X Preambular paragraphs Pre
Page 774 and 775:
ANNEX - X Ramsar Site Range State R
Page 776 and 777:
ANNEX - X Rio Conference Rio Conven
Page 778 and 779:
ANNEX - X SBSTTA Scale of assessmen
Page 780 and 781:
ANNEX - X Soft law Sound management
Page 782 and 783:
ANNEX - X Stockholm Conference Stoc
Page 784 and 785:
ANNEX - X To give the floor To seek
Page 786 and 787:
ANNEX - X UN/ESCWA or ESCWA Unanimi
Page 788 and 789:
ANNEX - X UNWTO UPOV USG V Verbatim
Page 790 and 791:
ANNEX - X WHYCOS WIPO Wise use WMO
Page 792 and 793:
ANNEX - X 4 Additional resources on
Page 794 and 795:
ANNEX - XI Model Document of Access
Page 796:
ANNEX - XI Additional Resources On
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