Manual on Compliance with and Enforcement of Multilateral ...

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2 [41(b)] (starting on page 200) which addresses import and export controls. n Note that the explanatory text provides a brief discussion of monitoring trade in restricted substances and endangered species. n There is a cross-reference to “international environmental crime” in Guideline [38]. n A text box discusses the UNEP handbook for customs officers for regulating ozone depleting substances (ODS). n A second text box provides examples of efforts to control illegal trade in wildlife and ODS. n A box includes a list of some additional resources. n There is also a checklist of options for import and export control. manUal On COmPlianCe WiTH anD enFOrCemenT OF meas
Introduction This <strong>Manual</strong> seeks to promote and enhance effective implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). It has been developed to facilitate the use and application of the “Guidelines on Compliance with and Enforcement of Multilateral Environmental Agreements” (set forth in Annex I). The Guidelines were developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), with the cooperation of more than 70 States and many other stakeholders. UNEP’s Governing Council (the body that directs and oversees UNEP’s work) approved these Guidelines at Cartagena in February 2002. In its decision adopting the Guidelines, the Governing Council called for UNEP “to take steps for advancing capacity-building and strengthening of developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, and countries with economies in transition, in accordance with the guidelines.” This <strong>Manual</strong> has been prepared to facilitate the use of the Guidelines and to promote their use according to this Governing Council decision. rationale Over the past few decades, the number and scope of international environmental agreements have grown rapidly. It is estimated that there are 700 or more different international agreements that govern some aspect of the environment; and several more are being negotiated at the bilateral, regional, and global levels. In many instances, States recognised an environmental problem, negotiated an MEA to address the problem, and then signed and ratified the MEA, without conducting a serious assessment of whether particular States actually have the financial, personnel, and technical resources to implement the MEA. Now, many States are faced with the challenge of implementing numerous MEAs with limited resources. In addition to scarce resources, politicians often need to be convinced of an MEA’s importance considering the other pressing priorities facing a developing country. There are a number of modest measures that States and MEAs (through their Secretariats and Conferences of the Parties) can adopt to facilitate compliance with and enforcement of MEAs. The Guidelines and this <strong>Manual</strong> are designed to provide guidance on how to implement MEAs. Expanding upon the Guidelines, this <strong>Manual</strong> provides ideas, approaches, and experiences that Governments and other stakeholders may consider when seeking to improve compliance and enforcement. Governments have expressed particular interest in approaches designed to simplify MEA implementation — such as priority setting and MEA clustering — in countries with limited resources to implement MEAs. The Guidelines and <strong>Manual</strong> have been informed by a variety of sources. These include regional guidelines on compliance and enforcement, experiences of MEAs in developing global mechanisms for compliance and enforcement, and decades of institutional experience at UNEP. UNEP has had a unique role in developing and implementing MEAs. UNEP has been involved in the development and negotiation of most MEAs. Moreover, UNEP has worked to implement MEAs at the national and regional level through initiatives such as the Partnership for Development of Environmental Laws and Institutions in Africa (PADELIA). In this context, UNEP has played a leading role in working with Governments and MEA Secretariats to promote compliance with and enforcement of MEAs. Introduction • Preliminaries 2
Page 1: Manual on Complian
Page 6 and 7: UNEP promotes environmentally frien
Page 8 and 9: UNEP is particularly grateful to th
Page 10 and 11: Summary of Contents Acknowledgments
Page 12 and 13: Embrace Specific Approaches to Enco
Page 14 and 15: 10 The Convention on Biological Div
Page 16 and 17: 12 Media Actions to Highlight Envir
Page 19 and 20: Foreword After decades of developin
Page 21 and 22: How To Use This Manual</str
Page 23 and 24: Once a person is familiar with the
Page 25 and 26: Albania Antigua and Barbuda Argenti
Page 27 and 28: Tutorial on How to Use the manual T
Page 29 and 30: seen — are used almost entirely a
Page 31: development; assistance in developi
Page 35 and 36: text of the Guidelines are provided
Page 37 and 38: Chapter I touches upon the preparat
Page 39 and 40: (c) capable of being monitored effe
Page 41 and 42: additional case studies, highlighte
Page 45: Chapter I Compliance With MEAs COmP
Page 48 and 49: CH I Assessing Benefits and Costs o
Page 50 and 51: CH I States have developed a range
Page 52 and 53: CH I cost-beneFit anaLysis oF ratiF
Page 54 and 55: CH I an MEA is relevant to the Stat
Page 56 and 57: CH I tion (due to trade, habitat lo
Page 58 and 59: CH I What does it mean to be a “P
Page 60 and 61: CH I n the length of time it takes
Page 62 and 63: CH I 4 Additional Materials on MEAs
Page 64 and 65: CH I - A The brief introductory sec
Page 66 and 67: CH I - B Accordingly, one basic way
Page 68 and 69: CH I - B ˛ CHECKLIST FOR STEPS TO
Page 70 and 71: CH I - B Funding and the particular
Page 72 and 73: CH I - B eu coordination oF member
Page 74 and 75: CH I - B 0 the unFccc exPerience in
Page 76 and 77: CH I - B Workshops on Compliance [1
Page 78 and 79: CH I - B regionaL workshoPs in asia
Page 80 and 81: CH I - B A number of States have es
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CH I - B sri Lanka’s environmenta
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CH I - B 0 kazakhstan’s aPProach
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CH I - B 2 cameroon’s Process For
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CH I - B \ [33(f)] [34(h)] [40] [41
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CH I - B Additional Resources on Sy
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CH I - C by consensus). Various com
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CH I - C 0 n before negotiations, a
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CH I - C ˛ CHECKLIST FOR STRATEGIE
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CH I - C ˛ Checklist for steps to
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CH I - C Negotiating blocs can vary
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CH I - C These agreements can foste
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CH I - C Financial Mechanisms to Fa
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CH I - C NASA photo 102 UNeCe: loNg
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CH I - C Differentiated obligations
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CH I - C 106 AMeNdMeNts ANd AdjUstM
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CH I - C Ensure Transparency and Pa
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CH I - C Public Participation in th
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CH I - C Researching Domestic Impli
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CH I - C Sustainability Impact Asse
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CH I - C 116 information in order t
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CH I - C An Overview of Compliance-
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CH I - C National Implementation Pl
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CH I - C 122 CoUNtry progrAMMes (Cp
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CH I - C 124 developiNg A desertifi
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CH I - C National Implementation Pl
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CH I - C 128 NAtioNAl AdAptAtioN pr
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CH I - C Where limited resources me
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CH I - C 132 fUNdiNg for reportiNg
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CH I - C 134 NAtioNAl reportiNg thr
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CH I - C 136 review of NAtioNAl rep
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CH I - C NASA Visible Earth photo O
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CH I - C A Survey of Monitoring and
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CH I - C 142 MoNitoriNg ANd reporti
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CH I - C Compliance Mechanisms [14]
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CH I - C The Montreux Record: A Reg
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CH I - C Compliance Mechanisms in V
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CH I - C Compliance Mechanisms in R
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CH I - C ˛ CHECKLIST FOR COMPLIANC
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CH I - C Review of the Effectivenes
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CH I - C 160 Ad hoC opeN-eNded work
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CH I - C Reviewing Implementation o
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CH I - C 164 the Cites review of si
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CH I - C UNECE Compliance Mechanism
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CH I - C 168 developMeNt of A CoMpl
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CH I - C 170 lAw of the seA triBUNA
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CH I - C 172 iNterNAtioNAl CoUrt of
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CH I - C 174 strAtegiC Use of iNter
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CH I - C ˛ CHECKLIST FOR INTERNATI
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CH I - C 178 MANUAL ON COMPLIANCE W
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CH I - D ˛ CHECKLIST FOR RATIFICAT
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CH I - D instances, states are enco
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CH I - D 184 ivory Coast’s ProCes
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CH I - D Implementing Laws and Regu
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CH I - D As a practical matter, the
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CH I - D 190 develoPinG a national
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CH I - D ˛ CheCKlIst for DeveloPIN
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CH I - D Enforcement Programmes and
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CH I - D Designate National Focal P
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CH I - D One of the challenges of h
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CH I - D 200 Coordination of mea fo
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CH I - D ˛ CheCKlIst for foCal PoI
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CH I - D Involve Stakeholders, Loca
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CH I - D thetic medicines). Many or
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CH I - D Capacity Building and Tech
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CH I - D 210 Bali strateGiC Plan fo
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CH I - D 212 CaPaCity BuildinG thro
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CH I - D approaches for financial a
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CH I - D 216 imProvinG reGional Coo
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CH I - D financial mechanisms for I
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CH I - D technology transfer activi
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CH I - D the green Customs Initiati
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CH I - E It is true of all global a
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CH I - E National Coordinating Comm
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CH I - E UNfCCC and the Kyoto Proto
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CH I - E Capacity Building and Tech
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CH I - E regional environmental Cen
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CH I - E global Initiatives to shar
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CH I - E In addition to global netw
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CH I - E 238 PaCifiC reGional envir
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CH I - E regional Networks and sout
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CH I - E 4 Other Regional Networks
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CH I - E Review of Effectiveness of
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CH I - E 246 • CITES Identificati
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CH I - E 248 http://www.unep.fr/ozo
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CH I - E For the Espoo Convention (
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CH I - E 252 Guidelines, manual, an
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CH I - E 254 leGislative GuidanCe t
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CH I - E legislative guidance to Im
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CH I - E 258 reGional PlanninG for
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CH I - E 260 aCtion Plan of the env
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CH I - E 262 PreParinG a reGional s
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CH I - E framework Convention on th
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CH I - E Increasing Awareness of ME
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CH I - E 268 PromotinG imPlementati
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CH I - E tiatives to promote synerg
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CH I - E Most of these measures are
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CH I - E governs the disposal of ol
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CH I - E 276 Joint liaison GrouP fo
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CH I - E UNU handbook and Workshops
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CH I - E synergies between the rams
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CH I - E 282 uneP/wCmC ProJeCt on h
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CH I - E 284 strateGiC aPProaCh to
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CH I - E 4 Additional Resources On
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CHP II 288 MANUAL ON COMPLIANCE WIT
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CH II - A the Guidelines also ackno
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CH II - A most extensive requiremen
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CH II - A Definitions Used in the E
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CH II - A 296 oecD englIsh-russIan
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CH II - A 298 MANUAL ON COMPLIANCE
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CH II - B of developing environment
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CH II - B 302 n Offset approaches.
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CH II - B Putting the Tools Togethe
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CH II - B Additional Resources On C
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CH II - B 4 Additional Resources On
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CH II - B 310 License Suspension Cr
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CH II - B 4 312 Additional Resource
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CH II - B ˛ CHECKLIST FOR ESTABLIS
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CH II - C Adaptively Developing Imp
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CH II - C Laws may be drafted by: 3
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CH II - C 320 DevelopIng a fraMewor
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CH II - C 322 Issue-baseD MoDules t
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CH II - C 324 cost estIMates In roM
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CH II - C Regulatory Impact Assessm
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CH II - C Limitations of Cost-Benef
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CH II - C the political process of
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CH II - C Partnership Project for t
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CH II - C 334 consultants to facIlI
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CH II - C 336 f) Realistic strategi
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CH II - C 338 IncorporatIng Meas In
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CH II - C Checklist For Developing
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CH II - C The Guidelines recognise
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CH II - C Technological Considerati
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CH II - C Comprehensive Environment
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CH II - C and employees who violate
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CH II - C by the central government
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CH II - C As discussed above, fines
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CH II - C Valuation Studies” foll
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CH II - C The lists are shared with
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CH II - C 358 sanctIons for non-coM
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CH II - C Brazil’s Environmental
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CH II - C 362 coMpounDIng of penalt
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CH II - C Sanctions for Environment
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CH II - C Penalties for Environment
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CH II - C Assessing and Valuing Dam
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CH II - C 4 Additional Resources On
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CH II - D 372 (i) Access of the pub
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CH II - D Jamaica’s Natural Resou
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CH II - D 376 vertical Designation
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CH II - D Designation of Responsibi
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CH II - D 380 participatory managem
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CH II - D Landsat Image Remote sens
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Page 390 and 391:
CH II - D 386 inDian government env
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CH II - D Use of Affidavits in Arge
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CH II - D 390 brazil’s participat
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CH II - D Although initially consid
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CH II - D 396 specialiseD environme
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CH II - D 398 cameroon’s eFForts
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CH II - D Institutional Frameworks
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CH II - D A survey of some National
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CH II - D ˛ CheCklist of oPtioNs f
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CH II - D 406 Julian Newman/EIA Ind
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CH II - D 408 inspection powers in
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CH II - D ˛ CheCklist foR tyPes of
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CH II - D In addition to the case s
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CH II - D 414 guyana’s compliance
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CH II - D Criteria for Enforcement
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CH II - D National Environmental Cr
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CH II - D \ [41(k)] 420 Some States
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CH II - D Ecotourism Another way to
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CH II - D economic mechanisms in as
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CH II - D 426 ECotoUriSm in KEnyA B
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CH II - D economic instruments in B
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CH II - D Usepa’s economic instru
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CH II - D 432 gEorgiA’S rEnEwAblE
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CH II - D Uganda’s national envir
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CH II - D environmental funds in Bu
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CH II - D eeCCa environmental funds
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CH II - D 440 zimbAbwE’S CArbon t
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CH II - D environment funds in the
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CH II - D 444 thE gAmbiA’S Enviro
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CH II - D 4 Additional Resources On
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CH II - D Certification Systems [41
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CH II - D assist in raising awarene
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CH II - D 452 iSo 14000 The Interna
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CH II - D environmental self-auditi
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CH II - D 456 A zAmbiAn girlS SChoo
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CH II - D 458 CitizEn SUitS in thE
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CH II - D standing for a Ukrainian
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CH II - D 4 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ON
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CH II - D legal requirements for ac
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CH II - D public access to informat
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CH II - D macedonia’s public rela
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CH II - D freedom of access to envi
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CH II - D Processes for Public Part
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CH II - D Public Participation in P
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CH II - D 4 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ON
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CH II - D 478 CitizEnS SUbmiSSion o
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CH II - D romania’s experience wi
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CH II - D 4 IIED, An Activist Appro
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CH II - D 4 Additional Resources On
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CH II - D 486 tElEPhonE “hotlinES
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CH II - D General Approaches to Pub
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CH II - D 490 thE PhiliPPinES: StAK
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CH II - D evolution of public parti
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CH II - D Informing all Governmenta
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CH II - D 496 Use of the Media to e
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CH II - D 498 canada’s environMen
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CH II - D National Capacity Self-As
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CH II - D Armenia’s National Capa
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CH II - D 504 consolidation of legi
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CH II - D 506 aUstralia’s special
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CH II - D Guyana’s Environmental
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CH II - D 4 Additional Resources on
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CH II - D 512 nigeria’s institUti
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CH II - D Burkina Faso’s Conferen
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CH II - D 516 institUtional coordin
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CH II - D Inter-Agency Coordination
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CH II - D © USDA Mauritius’ Envi
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CH II - D Improving Institutional C
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CH II - D National/Sub-national Rel
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CH II - D Implementing MEAs in the
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CH II - D Coordination with NGOs an
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CH II - D 530 pUBlic involveMent in
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CH II - D 532 cooperative efforts i
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CH II - D 534 pUBlic-private Manage
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CH II - D Participatory Mapping and
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CH II - D 538 ecotoUrisM concession
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CH II - D 4 Additional Resources on
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CH II - D H.M. Revenue and Customs
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CH II - D Strengthening the Capacit
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CH II - D “Training” in this se
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CH II - D In addition to the case s
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CH II - D Uganda’s Casebook and H
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CH II - D Degree and Certificate Co
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CH II - D Short Courses to Assist I
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CH II - D 556 the cUstoMs technical
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CH II - D 558 BUilding capacity to
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CH II - D Capacity Development to I
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CH II - D The National Forest Polic
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CH II - D 564 roManian legal provis
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CH II - D Environmental education a
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CH II - D 568 capacity bUilDiNg for
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CH II - D The Aarhus Convention and
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CH II - D 572 makiNg meaS acceSSibl
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CH II - D Other Approaches for Educ
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CH II - D Sustainable Environmental
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CH II - D 578 romaNia’S iNformati
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CH II - D Environmental Calendar an
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CH II - D ˛ ChECKLIST FoR PRoMoTIN
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CH II - D 584 the bUyer beware camp
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CH II - D Celebrities in Media Camp
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CH II - D Focusing Environmental Aw
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CH II - D 590 eDUcatiNg local commU
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CH II - D Environmental Education i
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CH II - D New York’s high School
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CH II - D Bahamas: Youth Education
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CH II - D Youth Initiative in Seych
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CH II - D Youth and Sustainable Con
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CH II - D 602 baraNgay yoUth coUNci
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CH II - D Educational Campaigns for
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CH II - E ˛ CHECKLIST for DEVELoPI
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CH II - E 608 • Environmental law
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CH II - E 610 The NorTh AmericAN Ag
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CH II - E 612 hArmoNisATioN of eNvi
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CH II - E Cooperation in Judicial P
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CH II - E 616 The europeAN uNioN (e
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CH II - E The European Judicial Net
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CH II - E Adequate, effective, and
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CH II - E Channels of Communication
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CH II - E at which national weaknes
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CH II - E 626 JoiNT Air QuAliTy moN
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CH II - E Macedonian and Albanian C
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CH II - E 630 ciTes Tigers DATAbAse
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CH II - E Technology, Expertise, an
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CH II - E Prior Informed Consent (c
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CH II - E Transborder Communication
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CH II - E Allocation of Adequate Re
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CH II - E Jordan), South Caucasus,
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CH II - E For example: 642 • UN G
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CH II - E 644 The Aims proJecT iN s
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CH II - E 646 oecD guiDiNg priNcipl
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CH II - E Transboundary EIA Guideli
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CH II - E Regional Centres and Work
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CH II - E regional Environmental Co
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CH II - E 654 iNTerpol TrAiNiNg cou
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CH II - E The International Network
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Annexes • ANNEXES 659 ANNEXES
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ANNEX - I A. Purpose 6. The purpose
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ANNEX - I 664 multilateral environm
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ANNEX - I 666 7. Dispute settlement
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ANNEX - I 668 2. Capacity-building
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ANNEX - I II. GUIDELINES FOR NATION
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ANNEX - I 672 verification and prov
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ANNEX - I 674 technology for promot
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ANNEX - I 676 of illegal shipments
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ANNEX - II endorsed by the UNEP GC
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ANNEX - III Finally, to find out wh
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ANNEX - IV They developed a respons
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ANNEX - IV agency as it pertains to
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ANNEX - IV 4 Additional Resources F
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ANNEX - V • Division of Policy De
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ANNEX - V • International Environ
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ANNEX - V • Secretariat of the St
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ANNEX - V International NGOs, Netwo
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ANNEX - V World Wide Fund for Natur
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ANNEX - VI Edith Brown Weiss & Haro
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ANNEX - VI Nicholas A. Robinson, Co
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Annex VII Selected Internet Resourc
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General Internet Resources for MEAs
Page 711:
Web Sites with Specific Publication
Page 714 and 715:
ANNEX - VIII Vanuatu, Yemen, and Za
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ANNEX - IX BERCEN: Balkan Environme
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ANNEX - IX DECRG: (World Bank’s)
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ANNEX - IX GAAm: Environmental Asse
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ANNEX - IX LDC: Least developed cou
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ANNEX - IX NIPAS: (Philippines) Nat
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ANNEX - IX RPPN: Private Natural He
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ANNEX - IX USEPA: U.S. Environmenta
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ANNEX - X A Aarhus Convention ABS A
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ANNEX - X Ad referendum Advanced In
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ANNEX - X Approval ASCOBANS ASEAN A
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ANNEX - X Biodiversity Biodiversity
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ANNEX - X C Capacity building Carbo
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ANNEX - X CITES Clean Development M
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ANNEX - X Consensus Contact group C
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ANNEX - X D DCPI DEC Decision Decis
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ANNEX - X EC Economic Instruments E
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ANNEX - X ETIS EU EUROBATS European
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ANNEX - X Framework convention Frie
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ANNEX - X Global Biodiversity Forum
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ANNEX - X H Habitat Hard law Hazard
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ANNEX - X IFI IIFB ILO IMF IMO Impl
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ANNEX - X International Indigenous
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ANNEX - X IWC J Jakarta Mandate JI
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ANNEX - X LMO London Convention LRT
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ANNEX - X Memorandum of Understandi
Page 766 and 767:
ANNEX - X NAP NAPA National Communi
Page 768 and 769:
ANNEX - X Obligation clauses/ provi
Page 770 and 771:
ANNEX - X Party Patent PCA Permanen
Page 772 and 773:
ANNEX - X Preambular paragraphs Pre
Page 774 and 775:
ANNEX - X Ramsar Site Range State R
Page 776 and 777:
ANNEX - X Rio Conference Rio Conven
Page 778 and 779:
ANNEX - X SBSTTA Scale of assessmen
Page 780 and 781:
ANNEX - X Soft law Sound management
Page 782 and 783:
ANNEX - X Stockholm Conference Stoc
Page 784 and 785:
ANNEX - X To give the floor To seek
Page 786 and 787:
ANNEX - X UN/ESCWA or ESCWA Unanimi
Page 788 and 789:
ANNEX - X UNWTO UPOV USG V Verbatim
Page 790 and 791:
ANNEX - X WHYCOS WIPO Wise use WMO
Page 792 and 793:
ANNEX - X 4 Additional resources on
Page 794 and 795:
ANNEX - XI Model Document of Access
Page 796:
ANNEX - XI Additional Resources On
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