NEWSLETTER - Mycological Society of America

Mycological 

Society of America 

NEWSLETTER 

vol. 32 no. 1 June 1981 

ISSN 0541-4938

OFFICERS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 

MARIE L. FARR, President MARGARET BARR BIGELOW, President-Elect 

BARC-Wes t 

Beltsville, Maryland 20705 

University of Massachusetts 

Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 

HARRY D . THIERS , Vice-president ROGER GOOS, See.-Treas. 

Department of Biology 

San Francisco State University 

San Francisco, California 94132 

JAMES W. KIMBROUGH, Past Pres. (1980) 

University of Florida 

Gainesville, Florida 32611 

LARRY F. GRAND, Councilor 

(1979-81) 

North Carolina State University 

Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 

0 'NEIL R. COLLINS, Counci lor 

(1980-83) 

Department of Botany 

University of California 

Berkeley, California 947 20 

WALTER J. SUNDBERG, Coun&Zor 

(1980-83) 


Southern Illinois University 

Carbondale, Illinois 62901 

JATIES REID, Counci lor (1979-1981) 

University of Manitoba 

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 


University of Rhode Island 

Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 

ROBERT L. GILBERTSON, Past Pres. (1979) 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, Arizona 85721 

EDWARD E . BUTLER, Counci LOP 

(1979-81) 


Davis, California 95616 

DONALD T . WICKLOW, Counci LOP 

(1980-83) 

Northern Regional Research Center 

1815 N. University Street 

Peoria, Illinois 61604 

IAN K. ROSS, Councilor 

(1980-83) 

Department of Biological Sciences 


Santa Barbara, California 93106 

The Boston Mycological Club, Patrick Peterson, Treas., 21 112 Inman St., 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

Colorado Mycological Society, Joan L. Betz, Secretary, 501 Clermont Pkwy., 

Denver, CO 80220 

The New York Mycological Society, Attn.: Emil Lang,1700 York Ave., 

New York, NY 10028 

The North American Plycological Association, Gary Lincoff, Pres., New York 

Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 

Ohio Mushroom Society, W. Sturgeon, Pres., 121 Brookline Ave., 

Youngstown, OH 44505 

Oregon Mycological Society, Reg. Agent, Donald Goetz, 6548 SE 30th Ave., 

Portland, OR 97202 

Puget Sound Mycological Society, 200 2nd. Ave., North, Seattle, WA 98109 

Soci6t6 Mycologique de France, 36 Rue Geoffroy-Ste. Hilaire, Paris Ve, 

France

~ditors' Note . ...... 

General Announcements ... 

Symposia, Meetings, Forays. 

New Research. ....... 

Forthcoming Courses .... 

Fungi for Distribution. .. 

Fungi Wanted. ....... 

Identifications ...... 

Publications Available. .. 

Publications Wanted .... 

New Books by Members. ... 

Miscellaneous 

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER 

Volume 32, NO. 1, June 1981 

Edited by Donald H. Pfister and Geraldine C. Kaye 

....... 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Postodoctoral Positions/ 

Assistantships . ......... .12 

Positions Wanted . ......... -13 

Changes in Affiliation . ...... .14 

.......... 

Travels, Visits. .14 

Papers, Symposia, Workshops. .... .15 

Honors, Awards, Promotions . .... .I6 

Personal News. . .......... .18 

Notes and Comments . ........ .18 

Late News and Additions. ...... .20 

Annual Meeting--Schedule & Abstracts .21 

EDITORS' NOTE 

The cover and illustrations used in this issue are by Roland Thaxter. They have been 

taken from his original plates on deposit in the newly reorganized archives of the Farlow 

Reference Library and Herbarium. The cover, which depicts the Hyphomycete, Desmidiospora 

myrmecophila Thaxter (Botanical Gazette 16: 1891, plate 20), is unreduced. In looking 

over Thaxter's original illustrations, we were again struck by the uniformly high quality 

and attention to detail they display. We have purposely excluded Laboulbeniales in favor 

of the other groups he worked on. 

The bulk of this issue of the Newsletter consists of the program and abstracts for 

the MSA 50th Anniversary Meeting. Judging by the number of abstracts, it is going to be a 

record-breaking event. Meeting-related materials begin on page 21. 

Donald Pfister and Geraldine Kaye

NOTICE FROM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF IIYCOLOGIA 

GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS 

Members of MSA are reminded that the journal will be printed in a larger format 

than present, beginning with the January/February, 1982, issue (Vol. 74). "Instructions 

to Authors" were printed in the December, 1980, issue of the NEWSLETTER (pp. 37-40). 

Copies of the instruction^^^ are available from the Editor-in-Chief upon request. At the 

current rate of receipt of manuscripts and the turn-around time, articles submitted after 

1 July should reflect the new format. The time between receipt of the manuscript and its 

return to the author(s) after review is about four to six weeks. 

PIYCOLOGY IN CHINA 

To MSA Members: 

On behalf of the president of the Chinese Society of Pfycology I am pleased to 

inform you of the establishment of the society last September at Peking. Since the 

normalization of diplomatic relations between America and China, scientific cooperation 

has taken place, such as exchange of materials, literature, visits, etc. So far as 

mycological activities are concerned, there is no exchange being made yet, although indi- 

vidual contact has been getting along nicely. I wonder if there is any possibility to 

extend these events to a larger scale through the efforts of you and your society, extend- 

ing to the exchange of visiting groups, scholars, providing information of activities. 

Not a few Chinese young mycologists of various fields are anxious to promote them- 

selves staying for some time in American institutions. Things as such are of very much 

interest in this country for the present. 

Mycological research has been going on smoothly in this country. So far as taxono- 

mic studies, there has been organized Editorial Board of Chinese Cryptogamic Floras, of 

which I have been elected Editor-in-Chief. Problems relating to agriculture, industry 

& medical mycology are all being studied in different institutions, factories, and hospi- 

tals. In our institute there are tens of staff working on various fields of taxonomy and 

industrial mycology as well. I myself have been studying rusts and smuts since long. 

With the conditions as mentioned above, I write to you hoping for your favourable 

consideration in establishing intimate cooperation between your & our societies of myco- 

logy. Hoping to hear from you at your soonest convenience. 

TEXAS 1,UCOLOGIST 

Sincerely yours, 

Wang Yun-chang D. Sc. 

Professor of llycology 

President, Chinese Society of ?.lycology 

Institute of Microbiology 

Academia Sinica 

Bei j ing , China 

11 March 1981 

A Texas Hycology Discussion Group has been organized by Dr. Milton Huppert. The 

first meeting was scheduled for April, 1981. For more information, please contact Dr. 

Garry T. Cole. 

MICROBIAL ECOLOGISTS 

A Society for Microbial Ecologists of the Tropics has been formed under the Secretary- 

ship of Dr. R. R. Mishra, Dept. of Botany, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill 

Univ., Shillong, India.

July 1981 

SYMPOS IAj MEET INGSj FORAYS 

25-26: FORAY IN S.E. OHIO (Lake Hope State Park). Write Ohio Mushroom Society, Walt 

Sturgeon, 121 Brookline Ave., Youngstown, OH 44505. 

26-31: XI CONGRESS0 BRASILEIRO DE MICROBIOLOGIA, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 

Florianopolis-SC. Contact: Aquilles Amaury Cordova Santos, Universidade Federal 

de Santa Catarina, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Caixa Postal 476, 

88000 Florianopolis SC, Brasil. 

August 1981 

2-6: 73rd ANNUAL MEETING, AMERICAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, New Orleans, LA. 

Contact Steven C. Nelson, Director of Convention Services, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., 

St. Paul, MN 55121. 

15-21: MSA GOLDEN ANNIVERSAm! See details on page 21. 

16-20: ROCKY MOUNTAIN MUSHROOM CONFERENCE at Snowmass, CO. Contact: Dept. of Professional 

Education, Rocky Mountain Poison Center, W. 8th & Cherokee Sts., Denver, CO 80204. 

16-21: FIFTH NORTH AMERICAN CONFCPZNCE ON NYCORPXIZAE, sponsored by Faculty of Forestry 

and Geodesy of Laval University, Quebec City. Send inquiries to the Conference, 

c/o Dgpartment dlEcologie et Pgdologie, Univ. Laval, Ste.-Foy, Qu6. G1K 7P4, Canada. 

21-28: INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. 

27-31: 

23: COLORADO MUSHROOM FAIR, at Denver Botanic Gardens. Sponsored by Colorado Mycologi- 

cal Society, 501 Clermont, Denver, CO 80220. 

WILD FlIISHROOMS TELLURIDE, An Educational Conference on the Study and Cultivation of 

Wild Mushrooms. Dr. Rolf Singer will address plenary session. Cost $125 for 

meals, campsite and program. Contact: Fungophile, P.O. Box 15183, Lakewood, CO 

80215. 

28-30: NORTHEASTERN MYCOLOGICAL FORAY, Bennington College, Bennington, VT. Senior Myco- 

logist: Dr. Robert Shaffer. Write James Kronick or Robert Peabody. 

September 1981 

4-6: 28th CHARLES HORTON PECK FORAY, at Star Lake Campus of Potsdam College, Star Lake, 

N.Y. (in northwestern Adirondacks between Watertown and Tupper Lake.) Cost about 

$40 for 6 meals, 2 nights lodging. Contact: Jim Ginns, Wm. Saunders Bldg., Central 

Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6, Canada, or J. L. Lowe, College Env. Science 

& Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210. 

8-11: FUSARIUM IDENTIFICATION WORKSHOP, Univ. of Minnesota. Limit 30 participants; fee 

$75 students, $100 others. Instructors P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun from Pennsyl- 

vania State Univ.; Thor Kommedahl, Carol Windels from Univ. of Minnesota; S. N. 

Smith from California. Registration: R. A. Meronuck, Office Special Programs, 

Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 

3

4 

October 1981 

1-4: A. H. SMITH LAKE STATES FORAY, near Wisconsin Dells, WI. Contact: H. Burdsall. 

3-4: FORAY IN N.E. OHIO (Mill Creek Park, Youngstown). Write: Ohio Mushroom Society, 

Walt Sturgeon, 121 Brookline Ave., Youngstown, OH 44505. 

5-7: FUNGUS/INSECT PSLATIONSHIPS, at Eastern Branch Meetings of Entomological Soc. of 

America, Syracuse, NY. Contact moderators: Quentin Wheeler, Meredith Blackwell. 

15-18: MARGAP,ET McKENNY MEMORIAL FORAY (NAMA Annual Foray), Ft. Worden State Park, Port 

Townsend, WA. Hosts Puget Sound Mycological Soc.; principal mycologist Dr. Daniel 

Stuntz. Attendance limited to NMIA, PSMS members. 

18-22: NAMA POST FoRAY/FORAY at Lake Quinalt on the Olympic Peninsula. Contact: D. W. 

Schmitt, 13737 Peninsula P1. S.W. Port Orchard, WA 98366. 

8-12 February: VIIIth CONGRESS, INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL MYCOLOGY, 

Plassey Univ., Palmerston North, Mew Zealand. Further details from: The Secretariat, 

P.O. Box 63, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 

1-3 September: 5th INTERNATIOIiAL SYMPOSIUTf ON MYCOTOXINS AND PHYCOTOXINS, International 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vienna, Austria. Sponsored by World Health 

Organization. Write: Prof. Palle Krogh, Chairman, IUPAC Symposium Scientific 

Committee, c/o Verein Ssterreichischer Chemiker, Eschenbachgasse 9, A-1010 

Vienna, Austria. 

The "Annual" STUNTZ FORAY has been (at least for now) changed to a biennial foray. The next 

one will be in 1982--the host, place and time will be announced. If you wish to be included, 

on the mailing list, contact David R. Hosford. 

25-29 July: XI1 CONGRESS0 BRASILEIRO DE MICROBIOLOGIA, SZo Paulo, Brasil. Address Socie- 

dade Brasileira de Microbiologia, c/o JoZo S. Furtado, Instituto de Botsnica, C.P. 

4005, 01000 SBo Paulo SP, Brasil. 

28 Aug.-3 Sep.: THIRD INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS, Tokyo, Japan. Contact Organising 

Committee, c/o Sec. gen. Prof. K. Tubaki, Institute of Biological Sciences, Univ. of 

Tsukuba, Sakura-mura, Ibaraki 300-31, Japan, or David L. Hawkesworth, Secretary, 

International Mycological Association. 

NEW RESEARCH 

D. R..HOSFORD, J. TRAPPE: Effects of the Mt. St. Helen's eruptions on fungi, with parti- 

cular emphasis on mycorrhizal aspects. 

T. M. MUHSIN: Studies on dematiaceous Hyphomycetes of Iraq. 

J. W. KIMBROUGH: Biology, taxonomy, and ecology of Elaphomyces in Florida; Revisionary 

studies on the Coryneliales (G. L. Benny, J. W. Kimbrough). 

D. URGENT: Mycoflora of mountain hemlock in the Marble Mt. Wilderness Area; The genus 

Mycena in coastal ecosystems. 

F. DiCOSMO: Ontogeny and morphogenesis of Coelomycetes.

D. B. 0. SAVILE: Taxonomy of cereal rusts, for a forthcoming publication. Several hundred 

specimens later it is plain that things are not always what they seem! 

J. P. DEY: Fruticose and foliose lichens of North Carolina. 

J. N. REY, G. TURIAN: Development of the dematiaceous Coniosporium aeroalgicolum Tur., 

the common colonizer of subaerial algal comunities. 

F. RHOADES: Light microscopic study of the achlorophyllous orchid Eburophyton austiniae 

and its fungal "host." 

C. WALKER: Mycorrhizae of Sitka spruce; Endogonaceae on deep coal-mining spoils. 

E. L. STEWART: Selection and utilization of mycorrhizal fungi in revegetation of Minne- 

sota mining sites; Systematics of Deuteromycotina from fresh sawn lumber. 

M.A. Thesis projects at Humboldt State University: 

SUE SWEET: Taxonomy and ecology of the macrofungi of the Lanphere-Christensen Dunes 

Preserve, Arcata, CA. 

CHARLES McLAUCHLIN: Fleshy fungi associated with mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). 

JAN ACSAI: Some effects of bracken fern phytotoxins on ectomycorrhizal fungi of 

conifers. 

KEITH LHELAN: Mycorrhizae of coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens Endl.) 

JOHN WALKER: Revisionary-taxonomic work and compilation of information on Australian 

Uredinales. 

D. R. HOSFORD: Macrofungal succession on selected sites within the "Red zone" (devastated) 

area of Mt. St. Helens; The ecology and taxonomy of Armillaria ponderosa in Central 

Washington. 

ROBERT FOGEL: A taxonomic revision of the genus Hymenogaster (Basidiomycotina). 

GARRY T. COLE: Identification of surface wall antigens in Coccidioides immitis and 

Candida albicans (in collaboration with Dr. Milton Huppert). 

FORTHCOMING COURSES 

CULTIVATION OF EDIBLE PWSHP\OOMS will be taught by Xalph Kurtzman, Wednesday evenings 

30 Sept.-9 Dec. 1981. For information contact Linda Hawn, University Extension, Univ. of 

California, 2223 Fulton, Berkeley CA 94720. 

The Plant Pathology Dept., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, PfN .55101, will present 

advanced courses in: ASCO?.NCOTINA-DEUTEROMYCOTINA, winter quarter 1981-82; and BASIDIO- 

MYCOTINA, spring quarter 1982. Lake Itasca Biology Session, July 19-Aug. 22, will include 

FIELD PZYCOLOGY; request information from Chairman, Field Biology Program, 349 Bell Museum 

of Natural History, 10 Church S.E., Univ. of Minnesota, Plinneapolis, MN 55455. 

LICHENOLOGY will be taught at the Mountain Lake (VA) Biological Station, July 16-Aug. 

19. For information: Director, Mountain Lake Biological Station, Gilmer Hall, Univ. of 

Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901. 

N. C. Schenck and J. W. Kimbrough will teach BIOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND ECOLOGY OF MYCOR- 

RHIZAE, Fall 1982. Contact them at Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 

32611.

6 

During Fall Term 1981, Kenneth Erb will teach ALGAE AND FUNGI AND THEIR RELATION TO 

THE ENVIRONMENT at Hofstra Univ., Hempstead, NY 11550. 

K. E. Conway will teach MYCOLOGY during Fall 1981 semester at Oklahoma State Univ. 

N. L. Goodman will teach LABORATORY AND CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL 

MYCOSES, Univ. of Kentucky, July 6-31, 1981. Two sessions: Cutaneous and subcutaneous 

mycoses, July 6-17; Systemic mycoses, July 20-31. 

Reminder: Nancy S. ~eber's course on FALL MUSHROOMS will be held Sep. 6-12, 1981 

at Dillman's Sand Lake Lodge, Lac du Flambeau, WI 54538. For novice and intermediate 

level mushroom hunters. Contact her for details. 

MUSHROOM IDENTIFICATION FOR THE BEGINNER (1 credit of biology) will be offered 

October 1981 (tentatively 9, 10, 11) at the Cispus Environmental Learning Center. Contact 

the Dept. of Biological Sciences, Central Washington Univ., Ellensburg, WA 98926. 

Instructor: D. R. Hosford, Assoc. Prof. 

MARINE EIICROBIOLOGY will be offered by Dr. A. R. Cavaliere of Gettysburg College, 

July 20-Aug. 21. For information write: Duke Univ. Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 

28516. 

FUNGI, ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES are offered three times each year by correspondence from 

Prof. B. Kendrick. These are credit courses. 

A BASIC MUSHROOM IDENTIFICATION COURSE is given twice a year by the Colorado Mycologi- 

cal Society. [See Notes & Comments for address.] 

BASIDIOMYCETES 

FUNGI FOR DISTRIBUXION 

Once again V. Demoulin will provide cultures and specimens of Gasteromycetes and Hebelo- 

mina neerlandica (= E. microspora). 

D. R. Hosford offers collections of Rhizopogon and other Gasteromycetes indigenous to 

Washington State and/or Hymenomycetes in exchange for Gasteromycete specimens and/or 

cultures of the same. 

FUNGI IMPERFECT1 

R. H. Morrison has cultures of Drechslera sp. on turf grasses and forage grasses. He 

offers 2. dictyoides, D. phlei, D. nobleae, 2. erythrospila, D. catenaria, 2. poae, 

D. siccans, 2. festucae. 

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MISCELLANEOUS 

R. A. Humber will supply cultures of entomopathogens, many genera, mostly common Hypho- 

mycetes and Entomophthorales. 

Harold Eddleman writes "I am happy to send a list of 200 species available for exchange. 

These cultures are mainly for teaching, fermentation of foods and biomass, and gene- 

tics." [See Notes & Comments section.] 

Gaston Guzmsn offers Mexican macrofungi as exchange with fungi from other countries. 

John Walker has specimens of Australian plant parasitic fungi available for exchange.

FUNGI WANTE.D 

J. W. Paden: Galiella, Plectania, Urnula, other Sarcosomataceae, freshly collected, air 

dried specimens for culturing. Also Sarcoscypha, Microstoma (Sarcoscyphaceae). 

R. Currah (care of J. W. Carmichael): Cultures of Gymnoascaceae. 

L. J. Spielman: Cultures of fresh collections (not dried) of Valsa or Cytospora. 

R. P. Korf: Any and all Discomycetes collected in Azores, Madeira, Canaries (identified 

or not). 

0. Petrini: Specimens of Pleospora, Hypoxylon and Phaeosphaeria (Xylariaceae also 

wanted). If possible fresh collections. 

J. W. Kimbrough: Specimens of Coryneliales. 

BASIDIOMYCETES 

V. Demoulin: Gasteromycetes, especially Lycoperdon. 

K. Seifert: Air-dried fresh specimens of any Dacrymycetaceae. 

J. A. Schmitt (Saarbriicken): Russula specimens from America with descriptions from 

fresh collection. 

H. L. Lara: White-rot Basidiomycetes (preferably edible ones) such as Lentinus edodes. 

D. Prusso: Specimens of Tulostoma, especially from western U.S., with collection data. 

Liu Bo: A collection of Tremella mesenterica. 

K. Wells: Freshly collected, air-dried specimens of Tremella, Exidia, and Exidiopsis. 

W. J. Sundberg: Lepiota (sensu lato), specimens. 

B. S. Luther: Specimens of Lindtneria from anywhere. 

0. K. Miller: Cultures of Scleroderma. 

R. Fogel: Cultures and specimens of Hymenogaster and related hypogeous genera. 

G. Mueller: Cultures with voucher specimens and notes, if possible, of Laccaria sp. 

D. A. Wright: Resupinate Hydnaceae, with proper collection data (site, date, habitat). 

D. R. Hosford: Specimens, with field notes, of Rhizopogon, other hypogeous Gasteromycetes, 

Sclerodermas, and Tulostomas. Cultures of Rhizopogon. 


D. F. Hindal: Cultures of Aspergillus rugulosus. Studies are being conducted at West 

Virginia University on the production of antifungal metabolites by this fungus. 

Additional isolates are needed to determine whether the characteristics of our isolate 

are unique or a common feature of this fungus. 

A. Y. Rossman: Cultures of Cylindrocladium. 

S. Norman: Cercospora vosicola cultures. 

K. Seifert: Cultures or specimens of Trichurus spp. 

A. Weintraub: Prepared microscope slides of Alternaria spp. 

B. C. Sutton: Cultures of Coelomycetes, especially non-pycnidial species, for develop- 

mental studies. 

F. DiCosmo: Coelomycetes with appendaged conidia, cultures or specimens. Any aero-aquatic 

anamorphs esp. Helicoon spp. or Helicodendron spp.

M. J. OIBrien: Any cultures of long-spored Cercosporas; also C e r c o s brachiata ~ on 

Amaranthus sp., C. rhoina on sp.; Septoria rhoina on sp.; and 5. maculifera 

on Cuphea sp. 

J. Gallup: Strains of Alternaria/Stemphylium exhibiting good elements of sporulation 

needed for research project. Strains desired from various areas of the U.S.A. We 

are attempting to characterize the major antigens for these genera. Send postcard 

with address if you would like a transport container sent to you. 

LOWER FUNGI 

C. Walker: Any Endogonaceae, Glomus fascicula,tus to help with taxonomic study. 

T. Hammill: 14ucor spp., especially from the Mucedo section of llucor. 

R. Robbins: Axenic cultures of Achlya, Pythium, Brevilegnia, Saprolegnia, Phytophthora, 

or other Phycomycetes. Please notify before sending. 

R. W. Martin: Cultures of the parasitic Olpidiopsis spp. growing on members of the 

Saprolegniales or Peronosporales. Cultures may or may not be axenic. Contact before 

sending. 

S. A. Warner: Cultures of Sirolpidium spp., Myzocytium spp., Lagenidium spp. other than 

L. gieanteum or &. callinectes. 

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R. A. Humber: Entomophthorales. 

J. K. Misra: 'Cultures of Achlya for ecological studies. 

MYXOMYCETES 

M. L. Farr: Recent collections (specimens) of Diachea (any species), Myxomycetes. Must 

not be fumigated or heat-dried. 

H. W. Keller: Specimens of Licea, Clastodenna and Perichaena. 

K. L. Braun: Myxomycete specimens from Mexico. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

D. R. Hosford: Desert and arid-steppe fungi and hypogeous fungi, particularly Rhizopogon 

and Sedecula pulvinata. 

R. A. Humber: Entomogenous fungi--all groups, cultures or specimens. Contact R. A. 

Humber for permits. 

H. Eddleman: Cultures or samples from native fermentations especially fermentations of 

sorghum grain in Africa for food or alcohol. I am also working on fermentation of 

soybean protein to cheese-like food. [See Notes & Comments.] 

E. A. Johnson: Fungi with the ability to depolymerize algal cell walls including brown, 

green and red macroalgae. 

L. M. Johnson: Any fungi capable of degrading pesticidal compounds, particularly cultures 

that may be capable of metabolizing acylanilides. 

E. L. Stewart: Hypogeous fungi from the Gulf Coast, Midwest and Lake States. 

K. E. Conway: Cultures and/or specimens suitable for classroom activities to show develop- 

mental stages of various groups. 

Q. Wheeler: Beetles associated with plasmodia and sporocarps of llyxomycetes; beetles 

associated with fruiting bodies of puffballs; and mycophagous Coleoptera generally. 

Preserve in 70% ethanol. 

J. Walker: Specimens of plant parasitic fungi (all groups), other microfungi, mycorrhizal 

Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes.

ASCOMYCETES 

J. W. Paden: Sarcosomataceae. 

IDENTIFICATIONS 

R. Currah (Care of J. W. Carmichael): Will identify Gymnoascaceae. 

J. W. Kimbrough: Coprophilous Discomycetes. 

G. L. Benny: Coryneliales. 

F. DiCosmo: Phacfdiaceae, anamorphs and teleomorphs, and Coelomycetes with appendaged 

conidia. 

J. Walker: Gaeumannomyces and related scolecospored Ascomycetes. 

BAS IDIOPIYCETE S 

B. S. Luther: Lindtneria or Lindtneria-like fungi. 

W. J. Sundberg: Lepiota sp., notes and/or photos desirable. 

V. Demoulin: Lycoperdales and Sclerodermatales. 

J. A. Schmitt (Saarbriicken): Russula, dried specimens with description of the fresh 

collection. 

D. Largent : Rhodophyllaceae (notes and photo required). 

D. R. Hosford: Hypogeous Gasteromycetes, particularly Rhizopogons (with notes); and 

Gasteromycetes in general. 

J. Walker: Uredinales on Acacia; other rusts. 


R. H. Morrison: Drechslera sp. from grasses. 

J. R. Newhouse: Any Cylindrocladium spp. 

M. Christensen: Aspergillus, recently isolated cultures. 

LOWER FUNGI 

C. Walker: Endogonaceae. 

R. A. Humber: Entomophthorales (contact R. A. Humber for permits). 

MYXOMYCETES 

H. W. Keller: Corticolous Myxomycetes. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

R. A. Humber: Any entornopathogenic fungus (permits will be sent). 

E. L. Stewart: Gulf coast, Midwest, and Lake States hypogeous fungi. 

PUBLICATIONS FOR G IVE-AWAY, SALE, OR EXCHANGE 

B. Kendrick offers for sale: 14YCOLOGY (Miiller & Loeffler), $15; THE WHOLE FUNGUS 

(ed. Kendrick), $20; GENERA OF HYPHOMYCETES, $19; CHALARA & ALLIED GENERA, $10; ICONES 

GENERUM COELOMYCETUM I-XI1 (240 genera) + key, $24. 

John Walker offers reprints of taxonomic papers on Gaeumannomyces, Ophiobolus, etc 

CATALOGUE OF MYCOLOGICAL HERBARIA AND CULTURE COLLECTIONS IN AUSTRALASIA. Exchange 

welcomed.

10 

Write to James W. Kimbrough for a list of available reprints. 

A free postpaid issue of BIONEWS contains ready-to-use student guides for microbiology, 

genetics, and applications of microcomputers in laboratories. Request from H. Eddleman as 

many as you can use for students and staff; 12,000 available. [See Notes & Comments.] 

A. Weintraub has a number of books of medical and mycological interest for sale, as 

listed in MSA Newsletter 1980(1). 

R. J. Bandoni has complete, unbound volumes of MYCOLOGIA vols. 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 

32 for exchange for any MYCOLOGIA vols. 38-55. 

Tawfik M. Muhsin, Biology Dept., Education College, Basrah Univ., ~asrah/Iraq, has 

for give-away publications on aquatic fungi of Iraq: "Species of Saprolegnia" and "E- 

yuchus and Calyptralegnia." 

Andy MacKinnon offers new copies of THE BIRD'S NEST FUNGI by Harold J. Brodie for 

$5 Canadian. 

R. C; Summerbell will supply on request reprints of issues 1-7, ROT NOTS, the fungal 

voice of Western Canada (mycological humor and local news). 

price! ] 

[~d. note: It's worth the 

Journals for sale: Complete set of SABOURAUDIA (vols. 1-15 bound, vols. 16-18 unbound); 

REVIEW OF MEDICAL & VETERINARY MYCOLOGY 1943-1978 (all but 1978 bound). Best offer plus 

shipping charges (sold collectively only). Please contact Harry I. Lurie, M.D., Box 662, 

Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298. 

J. L. Maas offers MYCOLOGIA 54(1962) - 69(1977) incl.; $5 per volume, shipping extra. 

A. W. Poitras has for sale mycological books (send for list); MYCOLOGIA 40-72 

(1948-present, unbound); AMER. J. BOT. 35-67 (1948-1979, unbound). 

A limited number of complete sets of KARSTENIA 1-20 (1950-1980), including cumulative 

index (total 1590 pages) is available from Finnish Mycological Society. Price US $125 

including surface mail. Send order to Roland Skgten, Botanical Museum, Univ. of Helsinki, 

SF-00170 Helsinki 17, Finland. Make checks payable to Finnish Mycological Society. 

Publishers' clearance: THE NEl.lATODE-DESTROYING FUNGI by G. L. Barron is now available 

for US $7.50 (40% off list). Write to: Canadian Biological Publications, Box 214, Guelph, 

Ont. N1H 659, Canada. 

New York Botanical Garden: MYCOLOGIA INDEX TO VOLUMES 1-58 (1909-1966). Clothbound, 

1107 p. $20 (special half-price) plus postage. Publications Office, NYBG, Bronx, NY 10458. 

R. P. Korf has for sale: Coker & Beers, BOLETI OF NORTH CAROLINA; l1cIlvaine & Maca- 

dams, ONE THOUSAND AMERICAN FUNGI; Stevens, PLANT DISEASE FUNGI; Barnett, ILLUSTRATED 

GENERA OF IMPERFECT FUNGI, ed. 2; MYCOLOGIA 56 (1974). 

V. Demoulin offers Z. PILZK. 9 (N.F.) fasc. 8-12 (1930); TRANS. BRIT. MYCOL. SOC. 29 

(1946); Savulescu, MONOGPWJIA UREDINALELOR DIN ROMANIA, 1953. Exchange or sale to be 

discussed. 

Johannes A. Schmitt (Saarbriicken) has available his "Zur Verbreitung und Okologie 

epigaischer Gasteromycetes (~auchpilze) im Saarland," Abhandl. Arb. Gem. tier-u. pf1.-geogr. 

Heimatfarsch. Saarl. 8, 13-60 (1978).

Farlow Herbarium offers for sale: R. G. Wasson, G. & F. Cowan, and W. Rhodes, MARIA 

SABINA AND HER MAZATEC MUSHROOM VELADA, 1974. Deluxe edition with four records and musical 

score, inscribed by Dr. Wasson. 

Farlow Herbarium also has for sale: M. A. Sherwood, TAXONOMIC STUDIES IN THE PHACIDI- 

ALES: THE GENUS COCCOMYCES (RHYTIsMATAcEAE). Occasional Paper No. 15, 120 p. $12. 

Dept. Plant Pathology, attn. Prof. Robert Dickey, Cornell Univ., Ithaca NY 14853 has 

for sale: JOUR. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 1-78 (1913-1949), complete, bound, $110 plus shipping; 

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE BOYCE THOMPSON INSTITUTE 1-24 (1925-71), complete, bound, $90 plus 

shipping; REV. APPLIED MYCOLOGY 26-31 (1947-52); vol. 35 (1956) plus supp., unbound, $10 

per volume plus shipping; IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, PROC. 51-59 (1944-52) with vol. 55 

(1948) missing, bound, $24 the lot, plus shipping. Prices are suggested prices; any 

reasonable offer will be considered. 

PUBLICATIONS WANTED 

Johannes A. Schmitt, Saarbrucken, needs publications on Russula (North America, 

South America, Alaska, Asia). 

31. 

V. Demoulin wishes any volume of Z. PILZK. from 10 (N.F.) to 33, except 23, 29 and 

A. MacKinnon needs LOWER FUNGI IN THE LABORATORY, ed. by M. S. Fuller. 

Tawfik M. tluhsin (address in previous section) is interested in any paper related 

to aquatic fungi (Oomycetes), Hyphomycetes, or nematode-trapping fungi. 

John Walker seeks BIRD'S NEST FUNGI, H. Brodie (contact A. MacKinnon, previous 

section!); USTILAGINALES OF THE WORLD, G. L. Zundel. 

llichael McGinnis is looking for old medical mycology and tropical medicine books. 

David R. Hosford would like an original copy of Persoon's SYNOPSIS METHODICA FUNGORUM, 

1801. Please state price. 

J. K. Flisra needs AQUATIC PHYCOMYCETES by P. K. Sparrow Jr. (2nd ed., 1960) in any 

condition; also any reprints pertaining to aquatic fungi. 

Somebody at Dept. of Biology, Humboldt State Univ. (perhaps Jan Acsai and Keith 

Whelan?) is looking for 2 copies of PfYCOTROPHY IN PLANTS by Arthur P. Kelley (1950), Chron- 

ica Botanica Co., Waltham, MA. 

R. B. Gardiner seeks BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE SMUT FUNGI by G. W. Fischer & C. S. 

Holton; MANUAL OF NORTH AMERICAN SMUT FUNGI, G. W. Fischer. 

G. W. Karr needs a copy of PLANT DISEASE REPORTER INDEX 1978, vol. 62 no. 13. 

Library, NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456 is lacking MYCOLOGIA 33 

(1941). If someone can provide this volume, please contact Gail Hyde, Librarian. 

W. R. Burk would like to receive reprints on the Gasteromycetes. 

Daniel G. Lahaie, 43 Naismith Cres., Kanata, Ont. K2L 2K7, Canada, needs: Favre, J. 

(1960), CATALOGUE DESCRIPTIF DES CHAMPIGNONS SUPERIEURS DE LA ZONE SUBALPINE DU PARC NATIONAL 

SUISSE; Favre, J. (1955), LES CHAMPIGNONS SUPERIEURS DE LA ZONE ALPINE DU PARC NATIONAL 

SUISSE.. . 

11

12 

B. Kendrick and F. DiCosmo request any reporting or reprints citing teleomorph-anamorph 

connections. 

W. J. Sundberg seeks pre-1960 reprints, etc. on systematics of fleshy fungi. 

NEW BOOKS BY MSA MEMBERS 

1:arie L. Farr: HOW TO KNOW THE TRUE SLIME MOLDS. Pictured Key Nature Series. Wm. Brown 

Co., Dubuque, IA. 

J. W. Carmichael, W. B. Kendrick, I. L. Conners, L. Sigler: GENERA OF HYPHOMYCETES. 1980. 

$21.50. Univ. of Alberta Press, 4-54 Athabasca Hall, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 

Colorado Mycological Society: ROCKY MOUNTAIN MUSHROOM,COOKBOOK. 120 p. $6. Write Tom 

Flynn, 3024 S. Winona Ct., Denver CO 80236. 

American Phytopathological Society: COIZPENDIUM OF COTTON DISEASES. G. M. Watkins, ed. 

104 p.; 45 bEw, 59 color illus. $11. APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul MIJ 55121. 

M. C. Clark, ed.: A FUNGUS FLORA OF WARWICKSHIRE. 1980. 272 p. Soft cover or loose 

signatures (for binding). Pub. by British Mycological Soc. for Birmingham Natural 

History Soc., special offer to MSA members, b7 (surface post). Payment in pounds 

sterling preferred. Write: M. C. Clark, 1 Bittell Lane, Barnt Green, Birmingham 

B45 8NS, England. [Ed. Note: We have fliers.] (Submitted by P. F. Lehmann.) 

G. T. Cole & B. Kendrick, eds.: BIOLOGY OF CONIDIAL FUNGI, vols. 1, 2. May, 1981. 

Academic Press. 

Johannes A. Schmitt (Saarbriicken): ATLAS DEI? PILZE DES SAARLANDES, ed.: Der Minister 

fiir Umwelt, Raumordnung und Bauwesen. In: Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe der 

Obersten Naturschutzbehiirde. To be pubTin 1982. 

M. R. McGinnis: LABORATORY HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL MYCOLOGY. 1980. 661 p. Academic Press. 

G. GuzmSn reports that the third edition of his IDENTIFICACI~N DE LOS HONGOS (Identification 

of mushrooms), Ed. Limusa, Mexico City was published in Dec. 1980. Price $12 plus 

postage. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

A. WEINTRAUB offers various used microscopes. See this section, Dec. 1980 NEWSLETTER. 

POSTDOCTORAL POSITIONS AND ASSISTANTSHIPS 

Oregon State Univ.: Postdoctoral position, 12 mo., experimental mycology: SPORE DISCHARGE 

MECHANISIIS IN PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI. Contact C. M. Leach, Dept. of Botany and Plant 

Pathology, OSU, Corvallis, OR 97331 (503-754-3451). 

Illinois State Univ.: Research Assistantship for M.S. candidate to study INTERACTION OF 

VA MYCORRHIZAE AND PRAIRIE PLANT SPECIES. Eleven mo. appointment includes tuition 

waiver. Training in mycology and plant ecology/taxonomy required. Contact A. E. 

Liberta, Dept. of Biological Sciences, ISU, Normal, IL 61761. 

Univ. of Texas: Research Assistantships. Contact Dr. G. T. Cole, Dept. of Botany, U. of 

T., Austin, TX 78712.

Southern Illinois Univ.: Teaching Assistantship; duties in MYCOLOGY-FOREST PATHOLOGY or 

BOTANY-BIOLOGY. Contact W. J. Sundberg, Dept. of Botany, SIU, Carbondale, IL 62901. 

Central Washington Univ.: BIOLOGY Teaching Assistantships available for 1982, on a 

competitive basis, to graduate students interested in M.S.-Mycology. Applications 

must be received by Dec. 31, 1981. Inquire: Graduate School or Dept. of Biological 

Sciences, CWU, Ellensburg, WA 98926. 

Univ. of Florida: Assistantships available to do FUNGAL IDENTIFICATIONS. J. Kimbrough, 

Dept. of Botany, U of F., Gainesville, FL 32611. 

Oklahoma State Univ.: Assistantships available in Plant Pathology Dept., OSU, Stillwater, 

OK 74078. Attn. Dr. William L. Klarman. 

Wright State Univ.: Teaching Assistantships in BIOLOGY M.S. program; Teaching Assistant- 

ships and Fellowships in BIO-MEDICAL Ph.D. program. Students interested in BIOLOGY 

OF MARINE PHYCOMYCETES contact James P. Amon, Dept. of Biological Sciences, WSU, 

Dayton, OH 45435. 

Texas Tech Univ.: Teaching Assistantships for graduate students (M.S., Ph.D.) in MICRO- 

BIOLOGY, BOTANY or ZOOLOGY. Contact Dr. Caryl E. Heintz, Dept. Biological Sciences, 

Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 79409. 

Univ. of Minnesota: Teaching Assistantships and Fellowships (competitive) available. 

Contact: Director of Graduate Studies, Dept. of Botany, U. of PI., 220 BioSciences 

Center, St. Paul, MN 55108. 

POSITIONS WANTED 

W. ELLIOTT HORNER seeks employment in mycology research, biodeterioration or pathology; 

ecology of fungi; utilization of fungi for biomodification; forest pathology; inter- 

actions involving fungi. He has an M.S. in ~ycology/Pathology from SUNY College of 

Forestry, under Zabel and Wang. 

J. K. MISRA seeks a post-doctoral fellowship, 1981-82. Dr. Misra is teaching mycology 

to undergraduate students and doing taxonomic and ecological studies of fungi 

inhabiting aquatic ecosystems. Current address: c/o Justice B. B. P.lisra, 8 Faizabad 

Road, Lucknow 226 007, India. 

ROBERT A. FROPITLING is seeking a tenure-track university faculty position in microbiology 

or (specifically) medical mycology. He received a Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology, 

June 1979, major professor Glenn S. Bulmer, Univ. of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. 

Research interests are the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans, 

and the immune mechanisms involved in host protection in cryptococcosis. Available 

June 1982. 

PATRICIA E. BOYD wishes technical employment in academic or industrial research. She has 

an M.S. in Marine Sciences, major professor Jan Kohlmeyer. Research interests: 

marine microbial ecology; T.E.M. of higher fungi; radioactive tracer studies. Avail- 

able mid-summer 1981; contact J. Kohlmeyer. 

13

14 

CHANGES IN AFFILIATION 

KURT R. DAHLBERG joined the Microbiology Dept., Central Research, Ralston Purina Company, 

St. Louis, MO, on 1 Peb. 1981. 

LAYNE M. JOHNSON was awarded a Ph.D., Fall, 1980, from Dept. of Bacteriology/~licrobiology, 

Iowa State Univ., and began a postdoctoral research fellowship at Univ. of Oklahoma, 

Dept. of ~otany/~licrobiology under the direction of Douglas M. Munnecke. Dr. Johnson 

is working on pesticide degradation in relation to fungi and bacteria. 

LINDA M. KOHN will begin a postdoctoral fellowship, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Toronto, 

Toronto, Ont., 115s 1A1, Canada, as of July 1, 1981. 

J. K. MISRA returned to previous assignment as Lecturer, Sri Jai Narani Degree College, 

Lucknow, after completing 3 years as Teacher Research Fellow under Prof. J. Pai of 

the Botany Dept., Lucknow Univ. 

JOSEPH R. NEWHOUSE is now a Graduate Research Assistant working on a Ph.D. degree in 

Plant Pathology at the Dept. of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, West 

Virginia .Univ., Morgantown. 

S. L. ROSENBERG has moved from Research Microbiologist, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 

to Senior Microbiologist, SRI International, Menlo Park. 

JOHN B. SUTHEFCLAND will join the Dept. of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech. Univ., Lubbock, 

in August 1981. 

MEREDITH BLACKWELL will join the Botany Department of Louisiana State University on 

July 1, 1981 as Assistant Professor. 

TRAVELS, VISITS 

HENRY ALDRICH, Univ. of Florida, visited the Botany Dept., Univ. of Minnesota, May 11-12, 

and presented a seminar. 

ROBERT BANDONI of Univ. of British Columbia visited Don Prusso at Univ. of Nevada, Reno. 

Dr. Bandoni was an honored guest of the Iil\TR Alumni Association. 

Visitors to C. W. HESSELTINE, USDA, Peoria, IL, included: L. R. BATRA, USDA, Beltsville, 

HI.; EMORY G. SIMMONS, Univ. of Plassachusetts, Amherst, MA; PAUL E. NELSON, Penn. 

State Univ., University Park, PA. 

A January visitor to the Dept. of Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK, 

was DR. NORMAN BORLANG, who presented several seminars about his work and the problems 

associated with overpopulation. 

P. E. BOYD of J. Kohlmeyer's group visited Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth, England, 

April 14-16, to attend the British rlycological Society Ecology Group Meeting. E. B. 

GARETH JONES, Portsmouth Polytechnic, presented a seminar and visited J. Kohlmeyer's 

lab, May 1-7. 

IRIS CHARVAT, on sabbatical from Univ. of Minnesota, visited laboratories and botanical 

gardens in Europe in Sept. 1980. Labs visited included Max-Planck Institute in 

Cologne; Dr. Karl Esser, Ruhr Univ., Bochum; Drs. Larry Olson and Lena Lange, Genetics 

Inst., Univ. of Copenhagen. 

V. DEIIOULIN will attend the International Botanical Congress in Sydney, Aug. 1981.

BILL DENISON, OSU, visited Cornell Univ. in March, presenting two talks to advanced myco- 

logy students, one on Ascomycete Evolution, the other on Oregon Lichens and Bill's 

tree-climbing rigging of Douglas firs. 

DR. CHARLES G. ELLIOTT, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Glasgow, presented a seminar, "Sexual 

reproduction in Phytophthora," while visiting Ian K. Ross, Univ. California, Santa 

Barbara, March 24, 1981. 

HALVOR GJAERWI of the Norwegian Plant Protection Institute spent two months working on 

African rusts with George B. Cummins at the Univ. of Arizona. 

ROBERT W. LICHTWARDT visited the Univ. of Florida, Dept. of Botany on May 19, 1981. 

J. K. MISRA attended the Summer Institute of Ecology for a Better Environment at Banares 

Hindu Univ., Varanesi, under the directorship of Prof. H. D. Kuner, Botany Dept. 

DR. HIROWKI OHARA, Doshisha omen's Univ., Kamigyoku, Kyoto, Japan, visited and collected 

with David Hosford in Ellensburg, WA in Oct. 1980. He is interested in the biology 

and ecology of Armillaria ponderosa and related species. Future work at CWU is anti- 

cipated. 

DON PRUSSO visited Dr. K. Suberkropp at New Mexico State Univ. and Dr. C. Leathers at 

Arizona State Univ. in April while on a trip collecting desert Gasteromycetes. 

GERRY KAYE visited the Waltham Experimental Field Station in December 1980. Nobody was 

there at the time. She also failed to visit the Poison Research Centre, Erindale 

College, Mississauga, Ontario, in Feh. 1981. 

DONALD P. ROGERS visited in the Dept. of Botany of Howard Univ. on April 24 to present a 

lecture on "Fungi and human affairs'' to students and faculty. 

WALTER J. SUNDBERG spent a mini-sabbatical (Apr. 26-May 1, 1981) at Univ. of Minnesota 

in Dr. Elwin Stewart's lab, also visiting forest pathology classes and the USDA North 

Central Forestry Sciences Lab. Dr. Sundberg is developing a forest pathology course 

at SIU. He presented a herbarium seminar on some Illinois fungi and worked over the 

Lepiota collections. 

BRIAN C. SUTTON visited the Botany Lab., Univ. of Madras, India in Jan. 1981 to collect 

Coelomycetes, and also was invited as guest speaker at the AGM of the Mycological 

Society of India, held in Poona. 

Visitors to the Farlow Library and Herbarium included: JOHN H. HAINES, KENT P. DUMONT, 

STEPHANIE P. DIGBY, DOUGLAS ZOOK, MICHAEL FOOZ, and LAWRENCE SCHUSTER. 

PAPERS, SYMPOSIA, WORKSHOPS 

IRIS CHAFUAT: Paper, "~evelo~mental regulation of lysosomal enzymes in Schizophyllum 

commune," International Cell Biology Congress, Aug. 31-Sep. 5, 1980, West Berlin. 

Seminar, "Autophagy during sporulation in plasmodia1 slime molds," Nov. 17, 1980, 

Biology Dept., Lake Forest College, IL. 

GARRY T. COLE: Invited seminar on surface wall structure and chemistry of fungal 

conidia, at Mus6um National dlHistoire Naturelle, Paris, March 1981. 

15

V. DEPIOULIN: Invited lectures, to Dutch llycological Society on Gasteromycetes (Wagenin- 

gen, 11 Apr. 1981), and to Univs. of Oslo and Bergen on Gasteromycete systematics 

and on the origin of higher fungi (18 to 27 May 1981). 

ROBERT FOGEL: Seminar, "Mycorrhizae and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems," presented 

to Biology Dept., Oakland Univ., and Science Research Club of Michigan. 

LAFAYETTE FREDERICK: Seminar, "Wall development in Neurospora ascospores" in Dept. of 

Biological Sciences, Wayne State Univ., April 13. 

JANET GALLUP: Paper (with Donald Hoffman and Peter Kozak), presented to Academy of Allergy, 

San Francisco, Narch, 1981: "Spore-specific antigens of Alternaria." 

MICHAEL 0. GARPAWAY: Lecture, to faculty and students at College of Agriculture of Univ. 

of SZo Paulo in Piracicaba, Brazil, Dec. 3, 1980: "Regulation of sporulation of 

Bipolaris maydis race T: role of nutrition and sporulation regulators." 

JIM KIMBROUGH: Seminar, "~iology and taxonomy of mycorrhizae," at Univ. of Texas at 

Austin, May 26, 1981. 

J. KOHLPEYER, T. M. CHARLES (poster), P. E. BOYD (paper), at Aquatic lfycology Meeting of 

the B.M.S. Ecology Group, Portsmouth, England, April 15, 1981. 

P. E. BOYD: Paper, Southeastern Estuarine Research Society Meeting, Jekyll Island, GA, 

Nov. 1, 1980. 

CLETUS P. KURTZMAN: Seminar, "Molecular approaches to yeast systematics," to Dept. of 

Biological Sciences, Western Illinois Univ., March 1981. 

ORSON K. MILLER, JR.: Lectures to Washington Mycological Club; Wildflower Pilgrimage 

at UNC, Asheville, NC; Forest Products Lab. and Dept. of Plant Pathology at Ifadison, 

WI. 

RYTAS VILGALYS, STEVEN MILLER, AND ESTAOUIO CASTRO-PENDOSA (Dept. of Biology, VPI) 

presented papers at IbIiddle Atlantic States Mycology Conference, Univ. of Maryland, 

College Park, April 25, 1981. 

CHARLES W. MI?.lS: Seminar, "Biology of rust fungi," for Dept. of Biology, Baylor Univ., 

Waco, TX. 

G. TURIAN: Talk, "Control of polarized fungal growth," at the Dept. of Plant Biology, 

Univ. Claude Bernard, Lyon (France), 18 March 1981. 

JOHN WALKER: Third Daniel McAlpine Guest Lecturer, Australasian Plant Pathology Society 

Conference, Perth, Western Australia, Nay 1980. 

HONORS, AWARDS, PROMOT I ONS 

GEORGE B. CUIQfINS received the honorary degree of Doctor of Agricultural Science from 

Purdue Univ. at this spring's Commencement. 

LAFAYETTE FREDERICK was elected to the Executive Committee of the Association of South- 

eastern Biologists. He was appointed member of Advisory Committee of Foreign Currency 

Exchange Program for Systematic Biology of the Smithsonian Institution.

C. W. HESSELTINE was one of a team of seven who received the Distinguished Service Award 

for the trickling ammonia process used for the control of mold growth in corn, 

Washington, Play 28. The citation reads, "For discovery and development of the 

trickling ammonia process to save fuel, maintain feed safety and reduce costs in 

drying of wet corn." 

THE SHADE TREE LABORATORIES, Univ. of Massachusetts (Waltham and Amherst), Dr. Francis W. 

Holmes, Director, has received the 1980 Annual Environmental Merit Award of the US 

Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA is "greatly impressed with your many 

efforts ...y our research, your writings, and your assistance to local communities 

certainly have led to a better environment for all. This is the highest honor we can 

bestow." 

FRANCIS W. HOWS was reappointed for a third term as Chairman of the International Society 

of Arboriculture's Research Committee, which evaluates applications for research 

grants on shade tree problems. 

BRYCE KENDRICK has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. 

CLETUS P. KURT-ZMAN has been elected to the International Commission on Yeasts. 

LIU BO is engaged as a member of the Editorial Board of the Chinese Cryptogamic Flora by 

the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as of March 1981. 

ORSON K. MILLER, JR. received a Certificate for Excellence in Teaching for 1980-81. 

RICHARD B. WENDREN has been promoted from Director of Technical Services to Vice President 

of Technical Services, Aeration Industries, Ninn. 

ELWIN L. STEWART has been promoted from Assistant to Associate Professor (with tenure), 

July 1980. 

B. C. SUTTON was awarded the D.Sc. by Univ. of London for work on Coelomycetes and Hypho- 

mycetes. 

MOLD W. KELLER was elected Vice President of the Plant Sciences Section of the Ohio 

Academy of Science. He has also served as reviewer on a National Science Foundation 

Panel. 

WILLIAM A. SHERWOOD has been promoted to Professor of Biology, and has been elected Chairman 

of the Biology Department (a rotating chairmanship). 

MICHAEL McGINNIS was appointed Adjunct Associate Professor of Botany, Dept. of Botany, Univ. 

of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has also been appointed Editor, Journal of 

Clinical Microbiology, and will be in charge of medical mycology, mycobacteriology, 

and the aerobic Actinomycetes. 

A student of KARL L. BRAUN is a Regional Winner in the Space Shuttle Student Involvement 

Program. GLENN APPLEBY'S experiment, dealing with growth and differentiation in 

Physarum polycephalum under zero gravity, will now be considered in the national 

competition. The top ten high school students will have their experiments performed 

on the Space Shuttle at a later date.

PERSONAL NEWS 

ROBERT and ANNE FROMTLING are proud to announce the arrival of Katherine Elizabeth (Kitty) 

Fromtling on April 9, 1981. 

ROBERT and MIKAL FOGEL announce the birth of Tenille Elizabeth on 25 April 1981. 

REG HASKINS reports: "Compulsory retirement (65) from Canadian public service catches up 

to me 16 July 1981--maybe then a have time to catch up!!!" 

FREDERICK T. WOLF retires in June, after 42 years as a Vanderbilt faculty member. 

C. J. ALEXOPOULOS underwent major surgery in March but is now recovering quite well. 

(Reported by G. T. Cole.) 

NOTES AND COMMENTS 

IS PITH REALLY ESSENTIAL. . . 

... for making good sections of any kind of plant or mushroom material? Industry supplies 

vast amounts of packing material consisting of pieces of hard plastic foam with very fine 

pores ["plastic peanuts"]. We have used them for many years with good success, having 

neither pains in getting them nor paying for them. Pioreover, they are very useful for 

cleaning lenses of microscopes. The center of the "peanut" is free of dust, acids, etc., 

and grease and other dirt is easily removed by pressing the freshly broken ends against 

the glass. 

50TH ANNIVERSARY BWER STICKER 

(Submitted by Gerlind Eger-Hummel) 

A special edition of the traditional bumper sticker has been produced. The gold and 

brown sticker proclaims "KYCOLOGISTS HAVE MORE FUNGI! MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF N-iERICA 

1931-1981" and sports two diagrammatic Armellaria mellea at the side. They're available 

for $1 each from Amy Y. Rossman, USDA/SEA, BARC Room 313, Beltsville ID 20705. 

TEACHING AIDS, CULTUKES, INDEPENDENT RESEARCH 

Having formerly taught high school and college microbiology, I have spent the last 7 

years self-employed on a tiny farm looking for microbial applications in agriculture. I 

support myself by publishing teaching materials and selling cultures. 

Other teachers and I write student guides (8 112 by 11 inch sheets) and we have sold 

a few thousand. This summer I plan to reprint all of them in the form of a tabloid-sized 

newspaper and send it (as BIONEWS) free to anyone interested. If there is sufficient 

interest, I will continue it quarterly as a free or subscription publication. I sent out 

an earlier issue in 1977. A tear sheet is available from me. 

If persons who exchange cultures with me give permission, I add their cultures to the 

list of cultures available by exchange or purchase (in past, price has been $1.25 per 

culture); send for lists of fungal and bacterial cultures. 

I am presently working mainly on fermentations of soybean milk curd by the 500 species 

of bacteria, molds, and yeasts in my collection. Perhaps a new tasty cheese-like product of 

soybeans can be developed. 

(Submitted by Harold Eddleman; 

Indiana Biolab 

Palmyra, IN 47164 

(812) 364-6739)

COLLECTED PAPERS AT UNC 

The collected papers of various botanists of the Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill 

are being compiled. Among the mycologists, the papers of Drs. William C. Coker and 

Lindsay S. Olive have been completed, and the writings of Dr. John N. Couch are being 

worked on. This work is being done at the Botany Library. 

(Submitted by William R. Burk) 

AE.IATEIR MYCOLOGY IN NORTH AMERICA; OR, THE FUN OF FUNGI 

William R. Burk has set up a display on this theme in the main lobby of the Botany 

Building, UNC-Chapel Hill. 

"MARY BANNINGS MUSHROOMS" AT NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 

An exhibit of 51 selected watercolor plates from the unpublished Banning Manuscript 

is on display at the New York State Pluseum, Albany, N.Y. through September 27, 1981. These 

paintings and accompanying text, done in the 1870's and '80's, have been written about and 

talked about and have been the objects of heated controversy, but they have never before 

been exhibited. They are as fresh and colorful today as they were then, and the personal 

anecdotes from the text are "gems." The exhibit is definitely worth seeing if you are in 

the Albany area this summer. For further information, contact John H. Haines. 

CLINICAL MYCOLOGY IN TAIWAN 

The first Pleeting of Clinical Mycology of the Chinese Society of Microbiology, 

sponsored by the Veterans General Hospital, was held in Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. on March 29, 

1981. Chaired by Prof. Tien-ming Jen of the National Defense Medical Center, the meeting 

consisted of 7 lectures and one workshop. The 85 active participants and over 40 guests 

came from all over the Island. For more detailed information contact Prof. Tien-ming Jen. 

GRANT FOR PLANT PATHOLOGY TEACHING AT AUBURN UNIV. 

The Merck Company Foundation has awarded $5000 to Auburn university's Dept. of Botany, 

Plant Pathology, and Microbiology. The grant, given to enhance the quality of the Depart- 

ment's plant pathology educational program, will be used specifically to support mycology 

teaching and to further the collection of fungi maintained by Dr. Gareth Morgan-Jones. 

SOCIEDAD MEXICAIJA DE EICOLOGIA 

At the Annual Meeting in January, the Sociedad Plexicana de i*licologla elected the 

following officers: President, Dr. Ruben Lopez llartinez; Secretary, Dra. Concepcion 

Toriello; Treasurer, Biol. Lucia Varela; Voting Member, Biol. Joaquin Cifuentes B.; Presi- 

dent of Editorial Committee, Dr. Gaston ~uzm&. 

McILVAINEA 

As editor of McILVAINEA, the journal of the North American Mycological Association 

(NAMA), I appreciate suggestions for proposed articles on topics of interest to the amateur 

mycologist. 

Walter Litten 

College of the Atlantic 

Bar Harbor, ME 04609 

Dr. JOHANNES A SCHMITT (Saarbriicken) would be very glad to receive information on fungi 

in Bonsai.

OSA COLOR SYSTEM 

In 1977, the Optical Society of America developed a set of 558 uniformly scaled color 

samples. The first reproduction of these samples is presented in the Spring 1981 issue of 

COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION (vol. 6, no. 1). They accompany an article by Dorothy 

Nickerson entitled "OSA Uniform Color Scales Samples: a unique set." The samples are 

reproduced by a new computer-controlled process. For more information, contact: Shirley 

Hochberg, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York,NY 10158. 

YOU SATJ IT HERE FIRST DEPT. 

Reg Haskins submits this gem from a scientific journal editors' annual report: "The 

reduction in published pages since last year is accounted for by the fall in the number of 

pages published. " 

WILLAMETTE VALLEY MUSIlROOM SOCIETY 

The TM4S celebrated its seventeenth birthday on May 25th, reports THE PUFFBALL, 

Newsletter of the Society. A summary of the group's history is featured in the April 1981 

issue. The club now consists of over 80 members; new President is Vincent Brus. The club 

has a circulating library and a slide and photo file. Dr. Bob Novak of the Oregon College 

of Education has been ~~ycological Advisor since 1976. Meetings are held at 7:30 p.m., 

first Monday of the month, October through December and February through May, at Far West 

Federal Savings and Loan, Salem, OR. Forays throughout the season are limited to members 

and guests. To join, or to subscribe to THE PUFFBALL, write WVMS, 5084 Skyline Rd., 

Salem, OR 97302. 

COLORADO MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY 

The Colorado Mycological Society holds monthly club meetings at Denver Botanic Gardens, 

second Monday of the month at 7:30 p.m. Members are primarily interested in wild mushrooms 

for fun, food, photography, and crafts. Activities include a Plushroom Fair, an Identifica- 

tion Course, and a cookbook (see relevant sections of this issue). Inquiries should be sent 

to the Secretary, 501 Clermont, Denver, CO 80220. 

LATE NEWS AND ADDITIONS 

The THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUPI ON MICROBIAL ECOLOGY will be held August 7-12, 1983, 

at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A. Those wishing to receive more 

information should write to Third International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, The Kellogg 

Center for Continuing Education, Vichigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, 

U.S.A. This symposium is an official meeting of ICOME, the International Cornittee on 

Microbial Ecology. The aim of the symposium is to assemble microbial ecologists with 

interests in a wide range of habitats so they can discuss the interactions of microorganisms 

and the underlying processes that regulate these interactions. The symposium program will 

include lectures by keynote speakers, plenary sessions, contributed papers (both oral and 

posters), and round-table discussions.

ANNUAL MEETING 

MSA FORAY TO MCCORMICK'S CREEK STATE PARK 

Saturday, 15 August 

The park contains forests of Ameri- 

can beech, sycamore, maple, shagbark 

hickory, oak, and tulip trees, and groves 

of introduced pines. Deep ravines; a 

mile-long canyon and creek; a river; 

abandoned limestone quarries; sinkholes; 

and springs provide moist collecting 

sites, all connected by well-marked 

trails. Lichens, ferns, and mosses are 

abundant; so is poison ivy. Cost $15 

including transportation and box lunch. 

Leave from residence halls at 9:00 a.m. 

return 5:00 p.m. 

Leader: Michael Tansey, Department 

of Biology, Jordan Hall, Indiana Univer- 

sity, Bloomington, IN 47405. 

MYCOLOGISTS HAVE MORE FUNGI! 

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 

1931-1981 

A bumper sticker with the above message 

and Armellaria mellea is available from Amy 

Rossman for $1. You can be the first in 

your neighborhood to proclaim the anniversary. 

AN AUGMENTED EDITION OF 

A BRIEF HISTORY OF MYCOLOGY 

IN NORTH MERICA 

Donald P. Rogers has written a supple- 

ment to his A Brief Histo* of ElycoZogy in 

North America. This was first published by 

the Second International Mycological Congress 

in 1977. Tomark the anniversary, the text 

of the 1977 edition will be reprinted along 

with a supplement. We hope printing will be 

completed in time for the meetings.

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 

Golden Anniversary Program 

Indiana University, Bloomington, 1981 

SATURDAY, AUGUST 15 

9.a.m.-5.p.m. Foray to McCormick's Creek State Park. 

SUNDAY, AUGUST 16 

9.a.m.-4 p.m. Meeting of the MSA Council. 

MONDAY MORNING, AUGUST 17 

8:30-9:30 Presidential Address: Developmental studies on the MSA. M. L. FARR. 

9:45-11:45 SYMPOSIUM: Highlights of Mycology: I. Ecology and Biogeography. 

9:45-11:45 Contributed Papers. Ultrastructure. E5-Ell 

MONDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 17 

1:OO-3:00 SYMPOSIUM: Highlights of Mycology: 11. Physiology and Metabolism. E12-El5 

3:15-5:16 SYMPOSIUM: Highlights of Mycology: 111. Development and Cell Biology. 

E16-El8 

1:OO-4:40 Contributed Papers. Taxonomy. E19-E30 

TUESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 18 

8:30-9:30 Annual Lecture: Structure and ultrastructure. E. S. LUTTRELL. 

9:45-11:45 SYMPOSIUM: Medical Mycology. E31-E34 

9:45-11:50 Contributed Papers. Taxonomy and Morphology. E35-E42 

TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 18 

1:OO-4:00 SYMPOSIUM: Future Trends in Mycology. E43-E48 

1:OO-4:00 Contributed Papers. Ultrastructure. E49-E58 

4:15-5:00 Special Lecture: History of MSA Forays. WM. BRIDGE COOKE. 

6:30-7:30 MSA SOCIAL. 

7:30-9:30 MSA ANNIVERSARY BANQUET. 

WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 19 

8: 30-9: 30 John R. Raper Memorial Lecture: Breeding strategies in the Higher Basidio- 

mycetes. R. F. 0. KEMP. 

9:45-11:45 SYMPOSIUM: Highlights of Mycology: IV. Fungal Genetics. E59-E61 

9:45-11: 55 Contributed Papers. Taxonomy. E62-E69 

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 19 

1: 00-4: 00 SYMPOSIUM: Highlights of F.lycology: V. Taxonomy and Evolution. E70-E75 

1: 00-5: 10 Contributed Papers. Physiology, Biochemistry and Medical Mycology. 

E76-E90 

7:30-1O:OO SYMPOSIUM: Teaching Mycology in the Eighties. E91-E95 

THURSDAY MORNING, AUGUST 20 

8:30-9:30 Business Meeting. 

9:45-11:45 SYMPOSIUM: Highlights of Mycology: VI. Uses of Fungi. E96-El00 

9:45-11: 50 Contributed Papers. Genetics and Cytology. E101-El07 

9:45-11:45 Posters. Taxonomy and Ultrastructure. E108-El22 

THURSDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 20 

1:OO-4:30 SYMPOSIUM: Ultrastructure of the Fungal Zoospore. E123-El27 

1:OO-3:40 Contributed Papers. Ecology. E128-El37 

1:30-4:00 Posters. Genetics, Physiology and Biochemistry. E138-El50

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS SPECIAL LECTURE 

M. L. FARR. h. 335, Bldg. OI.lA, Beltsville WM. BRIDGE COOKE. 1135 Wilshire Ct., Cincinnati, 

Wcultural Research Center, BeltsvFlle. MD Ohio 45230. History of the MSA Forays. 

25705 

Dwelopmtal studies on the MSA. 

A survey is given of the origin of the Foray and its 

development before and after the Second World War. 

Presidential Address, recount* the history of the Some of the problems of conducting a Foray are noted. 

&cologia Society of America on the oecasim of The recommendations based on the 1971 questionnaire 

its golden dversary. are listed. A series of pictures of activities and 

groups making up some of the Forays is presented. 

ANNUAL LECTURE JOHN R. RAPER MEMORIAL LECTURE 

E. S. LUTTRELL. Dept. of Plant Pathology, 

University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, 

Structure and ultrastructure. 

Within the past two decades electron microscopy has 

recapitulated the history of morphology. At this 

point ultrastructurists might profit from a con- 

sideration of where they are going. morphologists 

from a consideration of whence they have come. 

Special consideration should be given to the areas 

of artifact, structure-function relationships, phy- 

logeny, and presentation of results. The search for 

perfection in the preservation of structure, al- 

though worthy, must be accompanied by the realiza- 

tion that all is artifact, that reality is best 

inferred from the artifacts of a variety of methods. 

Ultrastructural studies close to the molecular level, 

where structure is function, have reemphasized that 

study of structure apart from function is meaning- 

less, and also dull. Morphology requires intersect- 

ing evidence from physiology and genetics. Ultra- 

structurists have participated with other molecular 

biologists in the rehabilitation of phylogeny. Com- 

parative morphology furnishes an essential basis 

for concepts of phylogeny. Concepts of phylogeny in 

turn influence interpretations of structure. Elec- 

tron microscopy has emphasized photographic docu- 

mentation, and, oddly, drawing. Photography records 

prior interpretation. Drawing is a process of 

interpretation. Morphology includes anatomy, his- 

tology, cytology, ultrastructure, and embryology 

and considers all of these in relation to physiology, 

genetics, ecology and evolution. 

R.F.O. KEMP, Department of Botany, University of 

Edinburgh, EH9 3JH. 

John R. Raper Memorial Lecture: Breeding strat- 

egies in the Higher Basidiomycetes. 

The researches of the late Professor John Raper 

acted as a focal point for the earlier studies of 

Buller, Vandendries, Ouintanilha and others, and in 

so doing provided a base from which a new generat- 

ion of workers spread out, like successful basidio- 

mycetes, into a great diversity of habitats. On the 

foundations built on Schizophyllum some of the 

recent findings in Coprinus and other genera will 

be discussed in relation to the breeding cycle, 

taxonomy and speciation. In Coprinus and Leccinum 

recognition substances are formed by spores or 

oidia and the homing and lethality patterns may 

indicate phylogenetic relationships. As well as 

having classical bipolar and tetrapolar species 

Coprinus now has clampless tetrapolar ones with 

two new types of gene control. A comparative study 

of mating systems suggests that other systems of 

control may exist. Studies on homing and lethal 

reactions indicate that many species may speciate 

metabolically. Heterogenic i/c has been found in 

- 

C. bisporus. Oidial tests between i/c strains show 

lethal reactions like those involving different 

species. Only 4 mt alleles are known and heterogenic 

i/c appears to be controlled by 2 alleles at each 

of 2 loci. It is possible that the formation of 

?-spored basidia can give some genetic isolation 

which ubiquitous hyphal filsion prevents. The 

reactions between mycelia are like those found in 

wood rotting species such as Piptoporus and Coriolus 

and their sianificance in relation to the 

individual and the species will be discussed.

24 

dictyosomes. After cleavage of the oogonium, 

J. R. Aist see Hoch El14 

most of the "fingerprint" of the oospheres 

had acid phosphatase activity. Such activity 

was also found in the forming oospore walls, 

E70 9. C. ALGRiCu. Un!ver.~tu oi F:!>rlda~ Gainesviile~ FL 32611. 

Ei!estones in bcolesr: Taxonomv ant Pbulagenr; The 

??i:!:!iucetes. 

dictvosomes. and in vesicles beneath the 

- -.' - 

plasmalemma. Alkaline phosphatases were primarily 

localized in association with the oogonial 

wall in all stages observed. 

H. V. Amerson see Gray El19 

A5 the centurr's third' decade beqcn, +/xom?cete sustematics was 

durinateZ $v r?e l:~terr In England and T. k. Racbride :P the JOSEPH F. AM MI RAT^ Department of Botany, E25 

Unite6 States. The listers' !h:rd edltlion of 4 .Mone9rz~tt of % University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and 

lu.cez5zoa . - - . - had seen ~uSllsieC !n !?'25r i!:us?rated with GERWIN KELLER and HELENE DILITZ, Institut f;r 

s?ertacu!ar color p!atec and coveria? %xomrcetes wnr ldwide. Mikrobiologie, Der universit'a't Innsbruck, A-6020, 

Mactrice's kart:, Amer~can S!:me Mo:d: had been. pob!:shea IR Innsbruck, Austria 

. ,773 

-.L- :no rcprerente? Vte Sest sv-aprrs 06 ?lo*th Pmerrcan Species. Pigmentation in Cortinarius (Agaricalesl-A preliminary 

Near!? 31: prezent-da genera haC ken describet. Sane remarkable report on Dermocybe and Leprocybe species from North 

..ife-?istorv observat:ons had been or were :n t>c process ?f America . 

De:n4 pu?ii?he:: C:af ?:nu or9anisms knosfi 35 t5e ?rotoste!lds. 

The summar>. ~uh:.:rzt:on: bu Grar and A!exo~oulos !i?te) cn the 

3in:oq~ - .- of the - %xornrcetes~ bu Martin and A1exopou)cs (1Qb9) on 

their ?axor.,:mr~ i74 L.S. C!llve1: & !?icet?roans i1975) represent 

terize groups of species as well as individual taxa 

and also shed light on the relationships of North 

American and European taxa. Pigment studies were 

done using TLC with six solvent systems. 

the most rompiete summar:es of current thou9ht in the fiela. 

J. F. Ammirati see HcCaw El03 

E57 G. R.ALIAGA and J.T.ELLZEY. * University 

of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968. 

Ultrastructure of the distribution of 

acid and alkaline phosphatases in the 

sexual cycle of Achlya recurva. 

Oogonial development was studied utilizing 

the Barka-Anderson modification of the Go- 

mori reaction. The differentiation of the 

oogonium was subdivided into stage A-1, A-2, 

A-3 and B. Transmission electron microsco- 

py revealed that in stage A-1, cytoplasmic 

vacuoles were in the dense-body configura- 

tion and showed no lead phosphate precipi- 

tate. Acid phosphatase activity was observed 

within vesicles located beneath the cell mem- 

brane of oogonial protuberances. Premeiotic 

nuclei were evenly distributed within the cy- 

toplasm. In stage A-2, the dense-body vacu- 

oles acquired laminations. The nuclei were 

in prophase I. Acid phosphatase activity 

was associated with the wall of oogonial pro- 

tuberances. In stage A-3, all dense-body 

configurations had been transformed into 

"fingerprint" vacuoles. A noticeable precip- 

itate of lead phosphate was observed associa- 

ted with "fingerprint" vacuoles and numerous 

S. L. ANAGNOSTAKIS. The Connecticut Agricultural 

Experiment Station, Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504. 

Genetics of the vegetative isolation system in 

Endothia parasitica.* El39 

Genes for vegetative compatibility (v-c) in E. para- 

sitica can partially isolate vegetative (homokary- 

otic) strains in nature. Strains in a given group 

are vegetatively compatible with each other but not 

with strains in other groups. This has implications 

for the spread of cytoplasmically determined hypo- 

virulence for the biological control of chestnut 

blight. Incompatibility is heterogenic. The mat- 

ing type gene does not function as a v-c gene 

as it does in Neurospora crassa. So far 155 dif- 

ferent v-c groups have been found; 67 from natural 

cankers in Connecticut. If all loci have only two 

alleles and interactions are allelic(not occur- 

ring between alleles at two different loci), then 

at least 8 loci would be needed to yield 155 dif- 

ferent v-c groups (256 v-c groups maximum). Crosses 

made to define the genes responsible indicate that 

there may be non-allelic interactions. 

*A 1978 revision of t:tc Diaporthales by Barr 

(Mycologia Memoir 17) suggests that this species 

should be called Cryphonectria parasitica.

E102. J.B. ANDERSON. Department of Botany, University 

of Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario 

L5L 1C6. The genetics of diploidy in Armillaria 

mellea. 

Nuclei in vegetative cells of higher fungi are pre- 

dominantly haploid. Diploid nuclei are formed with 

regularity only in asci and basidia and these nuclei 

undergo wiosis directly after karyogamy. Diploid 

nuclei do arise sporadically from fusion of haploid 

nuclei in vegetative cells. In many species of 

higher fungi stable diploids can be recovered from 

heterokaryons composed of haploid nuclei by employing 

selective techniques in the laboratory. 

In nature the vegetative cells of Homobasidiomycetes 

are, as a rule, dikaryotic. The dikaryon is a stable 

association of two haploid nuclei in each cell. The 

one known exception (proving this rule?) is =- 

-- 

laria mellea. Mating in this fungus is determined by 

bifactorial heterothallism, a two-locus, multiallelic 

system occurring commonly in this group. Compatible 

matings of auxotrophic haploids of A. mellea, however, 

routinely yield stable, prototrophic diploids. No 

selective system is needed to recover diploids in 

compatible matings. The diploids in compatible 

matings are identical to the naturally occurring 

vegetative phase of this fungus. Recently stable 

protutrophs were also recovered from all incompat- 

ible pairings of auxotrophs (common-A, common-B, 

common-A,B), but only when nutritional selection was 

applied to these pairings. Surprisingly, all of the 

prototrophs recovered by this method were diploid 

(with uninucleate cells) rather than heterokaryotic. 

I will report on the synthesis, mating behavior, and 

stability of diploids of A. mellea and will discuss 

the relationship of diploidy to that better-known 

institution in the Basidiomycetes, the dikaryon. 

132 R. K. ANTIBUS*and A. E. LINKINS. Virginia 

Polytechnic Institute and State University, 

Blacksburg, VA 24061. 

The surface acid phosphatase activities of 

selected ectomycorrhizal fungi and resynthesized 

ectomycorrhizae. 

The activities of surface acid phosphatases are 

often taken as an indication of the ability of 

mycorrhizae to solubilize insoluble forms of soil 

phosphate for subsequent uptake and utilization by 

host plants. Experiments were conducted to compare 

the abilities of different species of ectomycorrhizal 

fungi and ectomycorrhizae formed by these fungi to 

hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl phosphate. In addition the 

variation in surface acid phosphatase was examined 

in four geographic isolates of Cenococcum geophilum: 

three from Alaska and one from Maryland. Results 

indicated that ectomycorrhizae formed by Entoloma 

sericeum and rotundifolia demonstrated 

significantly higher acid phosphatase activities 

than those formed by other mycorrhizal fungi. Only 

- 

E. sericeum mycorrhizae produced activities of acid 

phosphatase which were significantly greater than 

those of nonmycorrhizal roots. Mycelium of g. 

sericeum grown in pure culture produced significantly 

higher acid phosphatase activities than did mycelium 

of Hebeloma pusillum and C. geophilum. The effects 

of pH and temperature on mycelial surface acid 

phosphatase activity has also been examined. The 

possible ecological implications of these findings 

will be discussed. 

KAREN K. BAKER. Center for Electron Optics, El18 

Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824 

Ultrastructural aspects of the aecial, uredial. 

and telial stages of Puecinia asparagi DC. 

Puccinia asparagi DC. is a macrocyclic, autoecious 

rust occurring on Asparagus officinalis. The most 

apparent manifestations of the disease are the aecial 

pustules on the stalks in the spring and the u~edial 

and telial pustules on the fern stems during the 

summer. Pycnia are inconspicuous and were not ob- 

served in the first year of this study. 

Aecidioid aecia occur in groups on stems. Hyphae are 

both inter- and intracellular. Aecia have a well- 

defined peridium, 1 cell-layer thick. Aeciospores 

are binucleate and finely verrucose. Verrucae are 

electron transparent in ultrathin sections. Wedge- 

shaped disjunctor cells separate the aeciospores. 

In Michigan, Ascochyta asparagi was often fbund asso- 

ciated with the aecial lesions. 

Uredia occur on the stems of the fern growth during 

the summer. The pustules are subepidermal and erumpent. 

Urediospores are pedicillate early during 

development and aL maturit,~ are echinulate with 4 

equatorial pores. Echinulations are electron transparent 

in ultrathin sections. Darluca filum, a 

hyperparasite of uredial sori, was associated with 

some uredial lesions. Telia occur on the stems of 

the fern growth during the late summer and fall. 

Teliospores are oblong, 2-celled and pedicellate 

with no ornamentation. Telial lesions are often 

found within uredial pustules. 

L.R. BALLOU* and R.W. HOLTON. Botany Department, 

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916. 

Studies on cyclic AMP, selected modulators and 

enzymes during induction and early fruit body 

development of Coprinus cinereus. El42 

Preliminary experiments indicate that the classical 

inverse relationship of CAMP concentration and 

exogenous carbon during induction of fruiting does 

not exist in Coprinus cinereus. Instead, cAMP levels 

are highest in young dikaryotic hyphae while there is 

abundant exogenous carbon. Cultures grown in alter- 

nating light-dark cycles exhibit a diurnal rhythm of 

CAMP production with levels of the nucleotide always 

increasing during the light period and decreasing 

during the dark period, suggesting that light may 

override the effect of exogenous carbon relative to 

cAMP metabolism. Thus, CAMP appears to act as an 

inhibitor of fruit body initiation while cultures 

are physiologically immature and a high ratio of the 

nucleotide to protein or dry weight is observed. 

Cultures grown in continuous dalkness will not 

initiate even though CAMP levels are relatively low 

during all stages of vegetative growth. Enzymes 

normally considered to be positively modulated by 

CAMP such as glycogen phosphorylase and triacylgly- 

ceride lipase have reduced activities in the presence 

of elevated endogenous levels of CAMP. These data 

indicate that the regulation of these enzymes by 

CAMP is not direct, but a sequential series of bio- 

chemical events involving a number of different 

modulating compounds including CAMP. Current exper- 

iments are directed toward investigating the inter- 

action of CAMP and a multifunctional Ca++-dependent 

protein modulator (calmodulin) relative to the 

activities of protein kinases and subsequent post- 

translational protein modifications taking place 

during the inductive period.

C. W. Bacon see Rykard E38; Smith E86 

T. J. Baroni see Bryan E40 

El25 D.J.S. Barr. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario 

KIA OC6. The flagellar apparatus and microtubule 

rootlet system. 

The microtubule rootlet system in flagellated cells 

serves to anchor the flagellar apparatus and 

provides cytoskeletal support for the cell. In the 

Oomycetes, Hyphochytridiomycetes and Plasmodiophor- 

omycetes certain rootlet microtubules extend along 

the plasmalemma and provide a more or less rigid 

framework for the zoospore. The absence of such 

plasmalemma-associated microtubules in the Chytrid- 

iomycetes allows the characteristic amoeboid move- 

ment of actively swimming zoospores in this class. 

The position of rootlet microtubules in the cyto- 

plasm in fungal zoospores, and rootlet association 

with various organelles, helps define the unique 

cellular organization in different taxa. Substant- 

ial differences in the rootlet systems and charact- 

eristics of the transition zones in flagella 

indicate that each class has a different ancestral 

origin. 

E92 W.E. BARSTOW. Botany Department, University of 

Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 

Teaching strategies for the eighties. 

What's going on in the heads of all those people out 

there who are listening to us? What kind of mental 

structures and problem-solving strategies are they 

using? Teachers in the 1980's will take advantage of 

the growing body of information about how people 

process information in order to restructure their 

teaching strategies. Mycology courses of the 

future may be quite different from the typical lec- 

ture-lab method of instruction. In order to imple- 

ment improved teaching strategies we will need a 

better understanding of: (1) how people think, 

(2) the difference between concrete and formal 

thought, (3) what goes on in the minds of students 

during a learning cycle, (4) what kinds of instruc- 

tional approaches are most effective in science 

courses, and (5) what new kinds of teaching 

strategies are being implemented in institutions of 

higher learning. 

El23 BARSTOW, W.E. Botany Department, The University 

of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Zoosporogenesis 

in the Blastocladiales and other aquatic fungi. 

Zoospore ontogeny in the free-living members of the 

Blastocladiales begins with the centripetal forma- 

tion of a continuous cross wall that separates the 

developing sporangium from the thallus. Septation 

is quickly followed by the secretion and deposition 

of an amorphous electron-opaque discharge papi 1 la. 

During the time of papilla formation the nuclei be- 

come surrounded by numerous lipid globules and micro- 

bodies which later associate to form the microbody- 

lipid-complex of the zoospore. Soon after papilla 

formation the electron-opaque progenitors of gamma 

(y) particles appear within cisternae of rough E. R. 

These "sub-units" increase in number and size during 

zoospore differentiation and toward the end of nu- 

clear cap formation fuse to form the y matrix. Fla- 

gellum formation begins when one of the two centri- 

oles elongates to become a kinetosome. The kineto- 

some subsequently gives rise to the flagellar axone- 

me. Cleavage and flagella formation are concomitant 

since expanding vesicles form both the flagellar 

sheath and the plasma membrane of the zoospore. At 

the completion of cleavage the flagella are in the 

cleavage channels. Nuclear cap formation begins 

when ribosomes aggregate in the space surrounding 

the anterior two-thirds of the nucleus. Small 

vesicles appear around the periphery of the aggre- 

gated ribosomes and then fuse to form the outer 

nuclear cap membrane which is continuous with the 

nuclear membrane. At the completion of cap forma- 

tion nine sets of three microtubules extend from the 

kinetosome outward around the nucleus and nuclear 

cap. It is against the background above that zoo- 

spore formation in other aquatic fungi will be com- 

pared and contrasted. 

W.E. BARSTOW and W.L. LINGLE. Botany Department, 

University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 

Tubular smooth E.R. in the Blastocladiales. El16 

A survey of changes in subcellular organization dur- 

ing the life cycles of Blastocladiella emersonii, 

Blastocladiella britannica and Catenaria anguillulae 

was undertaken to determine the origin, organization 

and development a1 fate of tubular endomembranes . We 

studied the appearance and structure of tubular 

smooth ER during growth, sporangium formation and 

zoospore differentiation in all three organisms. 

Scattered tubular endomembranes appear in the early 

growth phase and at later stages are found in organ- 

ized bundles that branch and interconnect throughout 

the cytoplasm of the coenocytic thallus. A ribosorre- 

free region surrounds each tubular membrane and occu- 

pies the space between the tubules found in bundles. 

The tubular smooth ER of B. emersonii average 60 nm 

in diameter, the tubular membranes of B. britannica 

average 40 nm in diameter and those of 5. anguillulae 

average 51 nm in diameter. In all three organisms 

the tubular membranes were frequently seen connected 

with elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The 

tubular membranes lose their specific organization 

during the latter part of the growth phase and dis- 

appear during sporangium formation. Individual com- 

ponents of the tubular membranes show connections 

with cisternae of rough ER during the early phase of 

sporogenesis. In all three organisms the cisternae 

connected with tubular smooth ER are filled with 

electron-opaque subunits of gamma particles found in 

the zoospore. We believe that the tubular smooth ER 

found in these three organisms are storage membranes, 

or membrane components, allowing for the rapid forma- 

tion of membrane-bound organelles and plasma membrane 

during the latter stages of sporogenesis.

T. Beauchop see Heath El07 

J. Berkman see Torzilli El33 

C. S. Berry see Haskins E21 

E83 G.N. Bistis, Drew University, Madison, N. J. 

07940. 

Chemotropic interactions between trichogynes and 

coni di a of opposite mati ng-type in Neurospora 

crassa. 

Interactions between 1 i vi ng tri chogynes emanating 

from individual protoperi theci a formed on a mature 

tnycel i um and transplanted conidia taken from a 

culture of opposite mating-type have been observed 

microscopically. The first sign of an interaction 

often occurs within 3-4 h after transfer if the 

conidium has settled within several hundred micro- 

meters of a trichogyne. The latter responds to the 

conidium by a series of approximate adjustments in 

its direction of growth that will, within several 

hours, bring the apex of the trichogyne to the 

coni di urn. Following pl asmogamy between these two 

cells, the protoperi theci um resumes its growth and 

develops into a perithecium.. Since these inter- 

actions occur only between tri chogynes and conidia 

of opposite mating-type they must be an expression 

of a function of the mating-type alleles (A, g) in 

the sexual phase of the life cycle. This conclusion 

is corroborated by similar observations of the 

behavior of some of the gm strains of Griffiths and 

DeLange (1978). Those mutants which they assumed 

carry an apparently functionless a1 lele (i .e. , do 

not form fertile perithecia with wild type A 

testers) failed to display any of the above inter- 

actions with wi 1 d type A testers. 

El H. BLACKWELL'* and R. L. GILBERTSON. Louisiana 

State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, and 

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. 

Fungi of the Sonoran Desert. 

A number of groups of fungi are known to be 

well-represented in the Sonoran Desert. Myxomy- 

cetes, rusts, smuts, wood-rotting fungi, and 

downy mildews have been studied. Groups which 

are notably absent include the fleshy terrestial 

Basidiomycetes with the exception of gasteromy- 

cetes. Although a few agarics, mostly wood-rot- 

ting fungi, are present, no boletes have been 

found. Terrestial discomycetes are also absent. 

Living plants, dead wood of desert trees and 

shrubs and succulent cacti, dung, and soil are 

important substrates. Only endomycorrhizal 

associations are known in the Sonoran Desert. 

Some fungal groups present have obvious morpho- 

logical adaptations such as sclerotia, chlamydo- 

spores, and thick-walled resting spores. Many 

have high tolerance to heat and desiccation and 

are not widely distributed in other vegetation 

zones. 

M. Blackwell see Gilbertson El38 

R.L. BLANTON. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, E9 

CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514. 

Ultrastructural studies on the development of 

aerial fruiting bodies by the ciliate, Sorogena 

stoianovitchae. 

Sorogena stoianovitchae is a unique ciliated 

protozoan in which the swimming cells aggregate to 

form a multicellular sorogen that develops into an 

aerial, mycetozoan-like fruiting body. The process 

of sorogenesis has been studied with the light, 

transmission electron, and scanning electron micro- 

scopes. The sorogen rises by secreting both a 

sheath and a mucous matrix. The sheath is micro- 

fibrillar and serves to contain the mucous matrix, 

which hydrates and helps to move the sorogen upward. 

Both the sheath and mucous matrix materials appear 

to be produced by rough endoplasmic reticulum 

systems. The rER is extensive in the Sorogena 

swimming cells and becomes even more developed 

during aggregation and early sorogenesis. The 

mucous material appears to be the product of a 

subpellicular ER system while the sheath appears to 

be the product of an ER system located deeper in the 

cytoplasm. In both cases, the ER expands to form 

cisternae containing the material. This work was 

supported by an NSF grant to Dr. L.S. Olive and an 

NSF Graduate Fellowship, UNC Graduate Research 

Assistantship, and a Department of Botany Coker 

Fellowship to R.L. Blanton. 

JEAN BOISE. Department of Botany, University of 

Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 

A New Species of Poronia. 

El12 

A new species of the genus Poronia is described 

from a North Carolina collection. The flattened, 

fertile apex of the stipitate stroma surfaces 

through sand, a habitat shared by a small group of 

tropical species found in the Eastern Hemisphere. 

In this case, the stromata originate from the 

buried, dead culms of Spartina patens, a salt-marsh 

inhabitant, which is also a forage grass for the 

wild sheep and horses of the North Carolina coast. 

C. E. BRACKER. Purdue University, W. Lafayette, 

IN 47907. 

MYCO-TEM in retrospect: Big lessons come in ~ 1 6 

little packages. 

Transmission electron microscopy in mycology has come 

of age. Its past is not just history, but a preview 

of what lies ahead. From its troubled and uncertain 

beginnings MYCO-TEM has emerged through periods of 

descriptive revelation and exalted curiosity to find 

its proper role as a tool used for solving problems. 

Some of the pains and progress of ultrastructure 

technology will be highlighted, and some advances in 

our present understanding of fungal ultrastructure 

will be reviewed. So much has come from research 

conducted on such incredibly small samples; on a 

volume or weight basis, few items on earth rival 

the value of an ultrathin section. Advances have 

followed the emergence of new techniques from shadow 

casting, to thin sectioning, to negative staining, 

to freeze-etching, and now freeze-substitution. 

But the advances have also reflected the research 

philosophies of individual investigators and the 

needs for critical pieces of information at crucial

28 

times. Modern correlations of ultrastructure with 

experimental and analytical data emphasize how the 

keen and penetrating speculations of descriptive and 

developmental cytologists have galloped far ahead of 

the ability or resources to verify or experimentally 

test them. Thus, many assumptions and hypotheses 

have crept silently through and somehow been accepted 

as fact. The ultimate goal of all MYCO-TEM is to 

help explain the structure and events of living 

fungi. And the significant effort of the 80's must 

be to consciously bridge the gap between the static 

electron image and the dynamic developing cell. 

But now, as always, an electron micrograph still 

represents "a frozen moment in the eternal flux of 

life.'' 

Ell C. E. BRACKER and C. M. MONTECILLO. Purdue 

University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907. 

Plasmodesmata in Endomyces geotrichum. 

Exquisite plasmodesmata are found in septa of the 

sporulating hyphae of Endom ces ~eotrichum (a perfect 

stage of Ceotrichum ca* The multiperforate 

septa are traversed by as many as 300 intercellular 

channels. High resolution views of transverse and 

longitudinal sections of plasmodesmata reveal the 

delicate structure and associations among the 

components of individual plasmodesmata. The plasma 

membrane is clearly continuous from cell to cell 

through these perforations. A network of tubular 

endoplasmic reticulum lines each side of a septum, 

and branches of this network extend completely 

through the plasmodesmata as continuous condensed 

desmotubules linking the endomembrane systems of 

adjacent cells. The desmotubules are often reduced 

to the smallest possible diameter so that the lumen 

is lost. A direct structural link was discovered 

between endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane 

at the point of transition to a desmotubule. This 

link is suspected of stabilizing the association 

between plasmodesma and endoplasmic reticulum. The 

plasmodesmata in E. geotrichum allow the clearest 

fine structural delineation of plasmodesmata yet 

possible and provide new evidence for evaluating 

models of structure and functioning of plasmodesmata. 

C. E. Bracker see Montecillo El0 

E54 JAMES P. BRASELTON. Department of Botany, 

Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701. 

Karyotypic analysis of Plasmodiophora brassicae. 

The nuclei of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. 

and other members of the Plasmodiophorales are 

several micrometers in diameter; therefore, 

light microscopy is unreliable for determining 

chromosomal numbers. Transmission electron 

microscopy of serial sections of pachytene nuclei 

was used to determine the number of synaptonemal 

complexes, hence the haploid chromosomal number, 

for 2. brassicae. In addition to chromosomal 

number, the completed karyotype includes the 

distribution of ends of synaptonemal complexes 

on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope, 

lengths of the synaptonemal complexes, and 

nuclear volume. 

Supported in part by a grant from the Ohio 

University Research Committee. 

A. BRYAN and T. J. BARONI*. State University of New 

York, College at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045. 

E40 

Development and histochemical analysis of the basidiocarps 

of Marasmius resinosus (Peck) Saccardo. 

Marasmius resinosus is a diminutive white agaric 

which appears to be saprobic on decaying hardwood 

leaves, twigs and other deaaying plant substrates in 

predominantly hardwood forests of North America. This 

agaric is distinctive because of the production of 

sticky resinous-like secretions produced from parti- 

cular surface cells of the stipe, pileus and lamellar 

edges. The resinous substance previously had not been 

examined in a detailed study, however we suspected 

this substance could possibly be a mucopolysaccha- 

ride. An histochemical analysis indicates that the 

extracellular material has similar features to and 

perhaps is an acidic mucopolysaccharide. These spe- 

cialized surface cells and their secretions are be- 

lieved to be an important morphological adaptation 

which may be linked to the ecology of this agaric. 

E. BUNDERSON'~~~ D. J. WEBER~*. Wicat (Video Disc 

Company) Orem, Utah 84057 and Brigham Young 

University, Provo, Utah 84602. Future trends E48 

in the application of instruments in research and 

teaching. 

Important information on fundamental mycological ques- 

tions will be obtained by research using sophistica- 

ted instruments. The role and function of elements in 

fungi will be evaluated using induced coupled plasma 

atomic emission spectrometry and neutron activation 

analysis. The specific location of elements in fungal 

cells will be determined using energy dispersive x-ray 

microanalysis in conjunction with electron microscopy. 

Specific protein components will be separated using 

high performance liquid chromatography and two di- 

mension gel electrophoresis. The numerous exotic com- 

pounds synthesized by fungi will be identified using 

infra-red spectrometry, IH-NMR, l3c-t4klR and mass 

spectrometry. Morphological features will be seen 

in three dimension with x-ray crystallography and 

computerized graphics. The degree of skill necessary 

to operate the sophisticated instruments will be re- 

duced because the micro computers will program the 

correct parameters of the instruments. Only simple 

commands will be needed to instruct the instruments 

to perform complicated analyses. Routine tasks will 

be performed by mechanical robots who will be super- 

vised by graduate students. Teaching of mycology 

will be enriched by the use of video discs. Visual 

concepts and general principles will be taught by in- 

teractive computerized video discs. Laboratory tech- 

niques, instrument operation, and specimen identifica- 

tion will be taught with video discs. Thus the pro- 

fessor will be free for more creative activities and 

advanced discussions with his students. Computerized 

storage systems will keep the research scientist up 

on the literature and new mycological developments.

E63 ADRIAN CARTER. University of Toronto, Toronto, I. CHARVAT* and W. LILLY. University of ~ g 0 

Ontario, Canada, M5S 1Al. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Lake Forest 

The importance of culture characters and College, Lake Forest, IL 60045. 

ascospore symmetry in Chaetomium taxonomy. Location and regulation of acid phorphatase 

in Schirophyllum comum. 

At the beginning of the twentieth century only 

about 20-30 Chaetomium species were recognized Ultrastructure and biochemistry of acid phosphatase 

and these were distinguished mainly on the basis (AcPase), a marker enzyme for the lytic compart- 

of perithecial hair type and ascospore size. At the ment, has been studied in Schizophyllum commune 

present time there are over 150 described species colonies grown in petri plates on membranes cover- 

of Chaetomium and the sole use of such taxonomic ing a solid,defined medium. Locations of AcPase 

characters is no longer adequate. Additional in vegetative hyphae were determined by enzyme 

features such as wrcelial growth rate, colony colour, localizations utilizing a lead coupler and analyzed 

presence or absence of anamorphs as well as by electron microscopy. Electron micrographs show- 

ascospore symmetry are considered here along with ed lead phosphate, the primary reaction product, 

the more traditional ones. The utility of these present in vacuoles and tubules of the endomembrane 

characters in Chaetomium taxonomy is illustrated in system of B-mut, a constitutive mutant in dich 

a discussion of several poorly known or misunderstood only certain sequences of development are present. 

species including C, subaffine Serg., C. globosum Specific activities and isozymes of acid phosphatase 

Kze. ex Fries, C, nozdrenkoae Serge, & heterosZcrum were studied in extracts from 4 to 16 day old cul- 

Rikhy & Mukerji, & cruentum Ames, megalocarpurn tures of a homokaryon, dikaryon, and B-nut. A 

Bainier, & hyderabadense Salam & Nusrath, and linear increase in specific activity of AcPase with 

- C. bostrychodes Zopf. 

age to a peak at nine days was found in extracts 

from the haokaryon and dikaryon. Nine days is also 

R. A. Cattolico see McCaw El03 when these colonies reach the edge of the petri 

plate. At all days specific activity of AcPase 

from colonies of the dikaryon was higher than from 

El49 A. H. CHAN, D. A. CO'IYER* and L. S. TISA. 

the homokaryon, and the specific activity of B-mut 

University of Windsor, Uindsor, Ontario, 

was higher than those of wild-types. Only two bands 

Canada N9B 3P4. 

of activity were found in polyacrylamide gels of 

Spore activating agents program the temporal extracts of young homokaryotic and dikaryotic 

and quantitative expression of trehalase and 

colonies; however, a third band was present in the 

P-glucosidase during Dictyostelium discoidem colonies of both wild-types. ~hese results 

germination. 

concerning the isozymes of acid phosphatase disagree 

with those published by Wang and Raper (PNAS 

Spores. of Dictyostelium discoideum are constitutive- 66. 882-889) 

ly dormant and thus require an activation treatment I. Charvat see Loesch El43 

in order to germinate. Spores may be activated 

with the foliowing treatments: au~oactivation, 

heat-activation at 45 C for 30 min, 20% DMSO for 30 T. E. CHASE* and R. C. ULLRICH. Dept. of Botany, 

min, and 8 M urea for 30 min. After subjecting Agric. Expt. Sta., University of Vermont and State 

spores to the above treatments, the activities of Agricultural College, Burlington, VT 05405. 

trehalase and )-glucosidase were monitored during Sexuality and dispersal patterns of 

El40 

the resulting gemination process. It was observed Heterobasidion annosum. 

that trehalase activity in 2. discoideum strain SGI 

exhibited both temporal and quantitative shifts in Monobasidiospore isolates were established from 53 

activity which were dependent on the methods used fruiting bodies of E. annosum originating from four 

for spore activation. The activity of the enzyme Pinus resinosa plantations in Vermont. Clamp connec- 

8-glucosidase also appeared to be quantitatively tions were produced in matings between homokaryons 

dependent on the method of spore activation. in a pattern consistent with multiallellic, bipolar 

Similar results were observed when wild type incompatibility. The incompatibility alleles in 

strain NC4 was employed in activation experiments. these strains were used as naturally-occurring gen- 

We conclude that the activities of developmentally etic markers of the distribution of the fungus in the 

regulated enzymes such as trehalase and 

plantations. It is apparent that several fruiting 

p -glucosidase are initially programmed directly bodies commonly develop from individual mycelia. 

or indirectly by spore activating treatments. Also, vegetative clones of the fungus grow from one 

host to another. Genetic mosaics, probably a result 

of the Buller phenomenon, have been detected in some 

instances. Isolates from all 53 fruiting bodies belong 

to a single biological species. Contigency chisquare 

tests reveal that the distribution of alleles 

within plantations is nonrandom; these distributions 

are not due to the vegetative growth of the fungus 

alone. Multiple inoculations by cells or propagules 

carrying identical mating-type alleles are the most 

likely explanations of the deviations from random 

distributions not attributable to clonal growth. 

This is the first Basidiomycete for which a nonrandom 

distribution based upon other than vegetative growth 

has been reported.

E80 P. Churchill, Indiana State University, Terre 

Haute, IN 47809 

KENNETH J. CURRY. Natural History Museum, Los E37 

Effect of an antifungal agent produced by 

Bacillus subtilis on the growth, metabolism and 

morphology of selected fungi. 

Angeles, CA 90007. 

Morphological investigation of Dipodascus tothii 

Zsolt. 

Some antibiotic substances produced by Bacillus 

Ascospores placed on cornmeal agar germinate in 

- subtilis are known to affect fungi. Such substances 

about 14 hrs. Each cell of the developing organism 

are usually characterized as polypeptides. Recently 

is uninucleate as observed by phase contrast 

we have isolated a potent antifungal agent from B. microscopy. Gametangial formation is initiated 

subtilis. Preliminary results demonstrated that 

within 24 hrs. by the development of lateral extenthis 

substance affected a wide range of fungi 

sions from two adjacent cells. The uninucleate 

including Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Hyphomycetes 

gametangia are delimited from their originating 

and Zygomycetes. The effect whichwas both fungicells 

by wall development and subsequently fuse. 

cidal and fungistatic affected pathogenic and non- 

When the wall separating the gametangia breaks down, 

pathogenic fungi. The antibiotic substance inhibited 

the nuclei apparently fuse. Nuclear events in the 

hyphal growth, sporulation and spore germination. As 

developing ascus are obscured by the development of 

demonstrated by photomicrographs, hyphal tip cells 

numerous vacuoles. The ascus contains a variable 

swell and become vacuolated, eventually becoming 

number of spores frequently exceeding 100. After 

filled with a large refractile granule. Hyphal tip 

ascospore discharge, another ascus typically begins 

cells of Leptosphaerulina australis , when inhibited 

development inside the first. This orsanism is 

from growing by the substance, swell and divide in 

very similar to Dipodascopsis uninucleata (Biggs) 

the longitudinal plane prior to eventual death. Data 

Batra et Millner, differing mainly in having gamerelating 

to the actual nature of the growth inhibitangia 

in a lateral, rather than intercalary, 

ting action will be presented. This data includes 

position. 

the-description of the cellular and metabolic effects 

on the cells of Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger 

and Fusarium sp. Characterization of the growth 

inhibiting substance from g. subtilis in terms 

of solubility, amino acid composition and concentra- 

D. D. DEAN* and A. J. DOMNAS. University of 

North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. 

The extracellular proteolytic enzymes of 

Lagenidium giganteum. 

E78 

.on potenci kill also be pr&ented. 

* 

J. CLARK and P. MIILLEAVY. School of Biological 

Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 

40506 and Department of Radiology, Case Western 

Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44105. 

The effects of polyploidy on the lifespan of the 

myxomycete Didymium iridis. 

Lagenidium giganteum produces a mixture of extracellular 

proteases. Proteolytic activity is concurrent 

with growth and can be induced with various proteins. 

The induction and repression of the proteases with 

glucose is in agreement with that found in other fungal 

systems. Of unique interest is the increase in 

proteolytic activity found when cholesterol, a factor 

necessary for zoosporogenesis, is added to the growth 

The lifespans of Didymium iridis plasmodia, representing 

an isogenic ploidal series, decreases with 

increasing ploidy levels. Polyploid nuclei, especially 

8N and above, are unstable and rapidly decrease 

in size. The survivors of this process reach 

a stable diploid to tetraploid level which is maintained 

until the start of programmed senescence. The 

termination of the lifespan is then accomplished by 

a distinct senescent phase which is characterized 

by progressively increasing nuclear size. 

medium. 

Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was used to 

demonstrate the heterogeneity of the mixture. It was 

shown to contain trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and 

collagenase-like activities. The chymotrypsin and 

trypsin-like activities were greatly enhanced, in a 

dose-response manner, when cholesterol was present in 

the growth medium. 

The collagenase was purified by affinity and ionexchange 

chromatography. The purified enzyme hydrolyzes 

Azocoll, insoluble bovine Achilles' tendon 

J. Clark see Lott E41 

J. C. Clausz see Edinger El44 

collagen and acid-soluble calfskin collagen. No 

other protein or synthetic substrate is hydrolyzed. 

SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to 

R. J. Cole see Wicklow El29 

D. A. Cotter see Chan E149; Hamer El48 

analyze the products of collagenase-digested collagen. 

This technique indicates that the enzyme cleaves the 

molecule in the helical regions, although the bond 

El20 KENNETH J. CURRY. Natural History Museum, Los 

Angeles, CA 90007. 

Carbon assimilation patterns in the genera 

Dipodascus Lagerheim and Dipodascopsis 

Batra et Millner 

specificity has not been determined. The purified 

enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 100,000. 

This may be a dimeric form of the enzyme as a protein 

of molecular weight 50,000 is associated with the 

preparation. 

Twenty-four strains representing the different 

species that have been considered to belong to the 

genus Dipodascus and the more recently described 

genus Dipodascopsis were assessed for their ability 

to assimilate twenty-f ive different carbon sources 

consisting mostly of carbohydrates. The results 

were subjected to simple cluster analysis. Two 

major clusters were formed corresponding to the two 

respective genera being studied.

E8 T. E. Dolan. University of Georgia, Athens, 

Georgia 30602. 

Mitosis in Monoblepharella sp. 

Mitosis in Monoblepharella sp. (C. Chytridiomycetes) 

is being studied with a combination of light and 

electron microscopic techniques. Nuclear behavior 

in a population of germinating encysted zoospores 

is monitored at the light microscopic level using 

.a variety of stains and fluorescent dyes. Dividing 

nuclei can be effectively located allowing determination 

of a time point representing highest incidence 

of mitosis in the population of germlings. 

Germlings of the appropriate age can then be ultrathin 

sectioned for examination with the electron 

microscope. Lack of information on nuclear 

division in monoblepharidalean fungi remains to 

this date. Mitosis in Monoblepharella sp. will be 

discussed with reference to data gathered on other 

Chytridiomycetes. 

A. J. Domnas see Dean E78; Warner E79 

E6 DAVID W. DORWARD* and MARTHA J. POWELL. Miami 

University, Oxford, Ohio 45056. Structural linking 

fibrils associated with the microbody-lipid 

globule complex in Chytriomyces aureus and 

- C. hyalinus. 

Determining how the orientation and association among 

organelles are maintained within zoospores of the 

Chytridiales is important to understanding how zoo- 

spores function. The sub-cellular organization of 

zoospores in two closely related chytrids, Chytrio- 

myces hyalinus Karling and C. aureus Karling,is 

similar. Zoospores from both species contain a 

microbody-lipid globule complex (MLC type 1Bz) with 

an elongate microbody opposed to the surface of the 

lipid globule toward the cell's interior and a fenes- 

trated cisterna (the rumposome) opposed to the sur- 

face of the lipid globule toward the plasma membrane. 

Electron microscopy of the MLC fixed in glutaralde- 

hyde and osmium tetroxide, with or without tannic 

acid, reveals minute linking fibrils connecting the 

rumposome to the plasma membrane, to the microbody, 

and to microtubules of the rootlet extending from the 

kinetosome. It is concluded that these fibrils are 

responsible, at least in part, for the consistent 

location of the MLC in the zoospore body. A model 

for the role of the fibrils in the transmission of 

taxis signals from the plasma membrane to the kineto- 

some via the rumposome is discussed. 

inated in the glebal mass before as well as 

following discharge. Gemae with emergent 

germ tubes closely resemble typical germ- 

inating fungal spores. The fat cells of the 

collenchymal layer making up the "wall" of 

the glebal mass break down near maturity 

and become amorphous masses of cellular 

material with interspersed cellular membrane 

fragments, most noticeably loose sets of 

parenthesomes. Following ejection of the 

glebal mass, the gemmae continue to grow 

and additional gemmae begin to germinate, 

cons ti tuting the germinal cell population in 

cultured material. Basidiospores do not 

germinate under normal laboratory conditions. 

The stickiness of the discharged glebal 

masses is due to degraded collenchymal cells. 

W. D. EDINGER and J. C. CLAUSZ*. Dept. 

Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 

NY 14853 and Dept. Biology, Carroll 

College, Waukesha, W I 53186. El44 

The Uptake of 65~n by Achlya flagellata. 

Zinc has been established as an essential 

nutrient for fungal growth. Uptake of zinc 

during log phase of growth was measured 

using 73-1-65 as a tracer. The effects of cul- 

ture medium composition, added glucose, and 

carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone 

(CCCP-an inhibitor of oxidative phosphoryla- 

tion) were investigated. Results show ini- 

tial uptake was rapid, averaging 0.37 nmol/ 

mg dry wt/min during the first five minutes, 

and maximum accumulation was approximately 

8 nmol/mg after two hours. Additional glu- 

cose added to peptone-yeast extract-glucose 

(PYG) medium before the addition of isotope 

stimulated uptake to the levels reported 

above. Without the addition of glucose or 

with a chemically defined medium, the level 

of uptake was greatly reduced - 1 and 2 

nmol/mg dry wt after two hours, respectively. 

Addition of CCCP to PYB supplemented with 

additional glucose resulted in an uptake 

level 15% that of the uninhibited, glucose 

supplemented culture, thus indicating the 

involvement of oxidative, phosphorylation 

for rapid uptake. 

E51 M.J. DYKSTRA. University of Georgia, 

Athens, Georgia 30602. 

A light and electron microscopical 

investigation of Sphaerobolus stellatus. 

H. H. EDWARDS and R. V. GESSNER*. Western El17 

Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455. 

Ultrastructure of the hyphopodia of Buergenerula 

Fruiting bodies were examined in early 

spartinae. 

stages of formation, near maturity, and at The salt-marsh fungus Buergenerula spartinae 

maturity (both pre-glebal ejection and post- (Ascomycetes) was grown on an agar medium containing 

ejection). Spores, gemae, and the fat 

cells described by Buller which comprise 

the ejected glebal mass were examined. ~h~ 

polycarbonate membrane filters. Hyphopodia formed 

on the filter pads and were fixed and embedded for 

transmission electron microscopy. Thin sections 

indicate that the developing hyphopodia have a double 

palisade layer and underlying hyphal mat wall and contain numerous mitochondria. An extrainvolved 

in glebal ejection were found to be cellular material is associated with the attachment 

nearly indistinguishable and after of the hyphopodia to surfaces and penetration pegs 

glebal ejection except for the marked were not observed. In mature hyphopodia, the 

diminution of alpha-glycogen in the palisade cytoplasm becomes parietally displaced and a large 

layer following ejection. The gemmae gem- central vacuole can be observed.

R. P. Elander see Lowe E98 J. W. Fell see Newel1 El31 

J. T. Ellzey see Aliaga E57 

R. C. Evans see Olszewski E84 

E97 MVID F. FARR. yTcology Laboratory, Beltsville 

Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 

20705. 

Mushroom industry: DiversFfication with additional 

species. 

Per capita consmption of mushroams in the United 

States has increased significantly aver the last 

decade. But this increased demand has not led to 

any diversification in the ccmnercially produced 

mhroams. This is not the case in other countries 

of the mrld where mushroams such as Pleurotus spp., 

Lentinus edodes (Berk. ) Sing. and Volvaria volvacea 

in carmercial production. Why is 

only one mushroom ccmnercially produced in thls 

country? The tm major factors are mst likely 

taste preference and the econdcs of mushroan 

production in the U.S. The correlation of mushroans 

with the poisonings ranains a significant barrier 

but there are indications that this may be changing 

so that the public may be more willing to try 

diverse species. To illustrate the econanics of 

mushroan production in other countries the cultiva- 

tion of &- such as Pleumtus stidiosus 

0. K. Miller in Thailand will be detahsane 

cases transferring the techniques to the U. S . may 

eventually be possible. However, in most cases 

significant changes would be necessary before 

production could be successful. 

E24 D. F. FARR* and E. R. FARR. Mycology Laboratory, 

USDA, SEA, Beltsville, MD 20705; Botany Depart- 

ment, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 

20560. 

Generic Distinctions in the Strophariaceae 

(Agaricales) 

Generic distinctions between Pholiota (Fr.) Kumm., 

Stropharia (Fr.) Qudl. , Hypholoma (Fr.) Kumm. 

(Nematoloma) and Psilocybe (Fr.) Kumm. have been the 

subiect of controversy. The occurrence of acantho- 

M. S. FULLER. University of Georgia, Athens, GA 

30602. The aquatic fungi. 

E71 

The taxonomy and phylogeny of the aquatic fungi, as 

understood today, will be discussed. Classical mono- 

graphs and outstanding contributions that have re- 

sulted in our current point of view will be presented. 

The impact of electron microscopy and of comparative 

biochemistry on our understanding of the taxonomy. 

and phylogeny of aquatic fungi will be reviewed. 

Using data from comparative morphology and compara- 

tive biochemistry, the author will present his 

views on the phylogeny and relationships of aquatic 

fungi and give suggestions for future studies. 

R. V. Gessner see Edwards El17 

R. L. GILBERTSON and M. BLACKWELL. University 

of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, and Louisiana 

State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. A 

geneology of American mycologists. El38 

Many American mycologists are direct mycological 

descendants of Anton deBary. However, other 

mycological lineages have arisen de novo. The 

lines are traced as far as has been possible. 

Additional information is solicited from observ- 

ers. 

R. L. Gilbertson see Blackwell El; Larsen E4 

D. A. GLAWE* and J. D. ROGERS. Washington State 

University, Pullman, WA 99164 E29 

Observations on the anamorphs of some species of 

Diatrypaceae in culture. 

Cultures of diatrypaceous fungi were initiated from 

ascospores and incubated on potato dextrose agar. - 

Diatrypella pulvinata and Eutypa sp. produced 

conidia in sympodial sequence in a holoblastic 

manner. Diatrype stigma and Eutypella cerviculata 

produced conidia from percurrently proliferated 

(annellated) conidiogenous loci in an apparently 

cytes in some species of Stropharia provides a new holoblastic manner. Diatr~pe albopruinosa and 

character which may be useful in defining these Diatrype virescens produced conidia from percurgenera. 

Similar structures occur in the Aphy1j.o- rently proliferated conidiogenous loci and from 

phorales and perhaps in Flammulina Karst. (Agarica- sympodiall~ proliferated loci; both phenomena of 

les), but no structure identical to the acanthocyte conidiogenesis occurred regularly and together in 

has been reported. the same culture plate. No phialides or other 

The correlation of the acanthocyte with other charac- Structures indicative of enteroblastic conidioters 

delimiting genera in this family will be 

genesis were observed among any of these fungi. 

discussed. For example, spore color differences be- Implications of these data to taxonomic problems 

tween Pholiota and Stropharia can be very slight. in the Diatrypaceae will be discussed. 

Pholiota subcaerulea A. H. Sm. & Hesler and 

Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt. ex Fr.) Que/l. are two 

species which appear to differ mainly by spore color. 

Both produce acanthocytes and therefore may best be 

considered congeneric which would improve the 

distinctiveness of the boundary between these two 

genera.

El19 D. J. GRAY*, H. V. AMERSON, and C. G. VAN 

DYKE. North Carolina State University. 

Raleiqh. NC 27650. Ultrastructure of the 

infection and colonization of Pinus taeda 

by Cronartium uercuum f. sp. fusiforme 

( fusiform rus- 

Germ-tubes develo~ed from basidiospores of 

Cronartium uercuum f. sp. fusiforme grew 

randomly on %- inus taeda hypocotyls, eventually 

forminq irregularly-shaped appressoria. 

~hin-walled pegs developed from 

the a~~ressoria and directly entered epidermal 

ceils. Intracellular structures of a 

distinct morphology, subsequently formed in 

epidermal cells, were bounded by sheath-like 

material and the invaginated pl asmalemma. 

These intracellul ar structures possessed simple 

perforate septa in neck regions and nonseptate 

to variously septate expanded vesicle 

-like bodies. Infection of adjacent cells and 

tissues was accomplished by hypha-1 ike structures 

that were continuous with the vesiclelike 

bodies. These hypha-like structures were 

able to breach the epidermal wall and form 

intercellular hyphae or intracellular hyphae 

in adjoining cells. Intercellular hyphae 

ramified into the cortex, irregularly branching 

to form intracellular hyphae and monokaryotic 

haustoria. 

El3 DAVID H. GRIFFIN. College of Environmental Science 

and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210. 

Nutritional processes in fungi. 

The study of fungal nutrition has involved four 

general kinds of .research, the study of nutritional 

requirements, the kinetics of uptake of nutrients, 

the study of exocellular enzyme production and mode 

of action, and the study of membrane function. The 

history of nutritional studies of fungi will be 

briefly surveyed according to these four categories, 

highlighting the accomplishments that have been 

attained and the gaps in our knowledge that need to 

be filled in the future. 

El26 STANLEY N. GROVE. Goshen College, Goshen, IN 

46526. 

Ultrastructure of the Fungal Zoospore: Encyst- 

ment and Wall Synthesis. 

The fungal zoospore is a highly specialized cell 

containing in its complex structure all the infor- 

mation and materials needed to initiate a new somatic 

mycelium. When exposed to suitable conditions this 

unwal led, motile cell responds by undergoing encyst- 

ment followed by cyst germination. Light and 

electron microscopic studies show that the complex 

series of changes associated with these events may 

include loss of motility, loss of characteristic 

shape, loss of specialized structures, and a re- 

organization of protoplasmic components. Many of 

these changes involve the utilization of stored 

or prepackaged materials and the resorption of cell 

components no longer needed. The reorganization 

may also include the activation of endomembrane asso- 

ciated activities such as the generation of new wall 

material and plasma membrane. The return to the 

somatic phase is successfully completed when the 

protoplasmic components become sufficiently organized 

and activated to generate the characteristic somatic 

morphology. In the mycelial fungi this requires the 

initiation of the polar growth upon which the fonna- 

tion of a walled hypha and eventually a mycelium 

depends. 

STANLEY N. GROVE* and JAMES A. SWEIGARD. Goshen 

College, Goshen, IN 46526. Ell 

The Spitzenkbrper core persists after tip growth 

is arrested by cytochal asins. 

Light and electron microscopic studies show that only 

the phase contrast-dark layer of apical vesicles 

surrounding the inner core of the Spitzenkcrper 

(apical body) disappears immediately when polar 

growth ceases in hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani. When 

slide cultures are perfused with cytochalasins (CA 

or CE at ug/ml in 0.1% DMSO) polar growth stops in 

20-60 seconds accompanied by the loss of the dark 

portion of the Spitzenkarper while control cultures 

perfused with 0.1% OMSO continue growing at pre- 

treatment rates. However, the phase contrast-light 

core or inner zone enlarges and remains visible in 

the apical cytoplasm for several minutes. It re- 

tracts from the extreme apex and moves about in the 

apical cytoplasm in close association with the large 

number of mitochondria which during polar growth are 

located imnediately behind the Spitzenk8rper. The 

ultrastructural equivalent of this core can be 

determined as follows. A suitable hypha is observed 

and photographed by light microscopy while growing, 

cytochalasin is perfused into the culture, at the 

appropriate time fixative is also perfused into the 

culture, after all motion stops the hypha is again 

photographed, the same hypha is then prepared for 

electron microscopy. The living and fixed views 

are then compared directly with electron micro- 

graphs of the series of thin sections to determine 

the fine structural equivalency. 

M. GUNASEKARAN* AND V . P . KURUP . S t . Jude Children's 

Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101 and 

Medical College of Wisconsin and WoodVA Medical 

Center, Milwaukee, WI 53193. Differentiation of 

human pathogenic Nocardia species by gas liquid 

chromatography. 

E81 

Although conventional tests to identify aerobic 

actinomycetes, including Nocardia, provide valuable 

information, their routine application is often 

tedious. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) offers an 

attractive alternative for differentiating Nocardia 

species. Twenty-five strains of Nocardia - representing 

the 3 human pathogenic species, N. asteroides 

(15), g. brasiliensis (I), and 3. caviae (9) - were 

cultured in Sabouraud dextrose broth. Freeze-dried 

cells were either pyrolyzed or, after mild fragmentation 

with methanolic HC1 nonvolatile compounds, 

were converted to volatile trimethylsilyl or trifluroacetyl 

derivatives. Pyrolysis GLC analyses of 

lyopholized cells yielded a characteristic and reproducible 

fragment pattern that could be used as 

"fingerprints" in identification of species of 

Nocardia. GLC analysis of volatile derivatives of 

cellular fatty acids disclosed similarities among 

strains of the same species but also differences 

among the separate species. A variety of acids were 

found in these organisms, including branched and

straight-chained acids, as well as hydroxy acids. 

Comparison of the presence or absence and relative 

amounts of these acids was valuable in different- 

iating the species. On the other hand, very few 

quantitative differences were found in carbohydrate 

profiles. The results from the two GLC methods are 

comparable to those obtained with conventional mic- 

robiologic tests ; however, GLC is simpler and much 

less time-consuming. 

El08 J.H. HAINES. New York State Museum, Albany, 

NY 12230. 

The use of archival material in herbaria. 

Fungus taxonomists must, sooner or later, borrow 

types and other authentic specimens from herbaria 

as part of their research. Do they get what they 

need? As exemplified by the Peck Herbarium in 

Albany, notebooks, letters and drawings can be used 

to document collections in a way useful to mono- 

graphers. Peck's original notebooks document pre- 

publication name changes of new species, explain 

inigmatic "herbarium names" and give complete col- 

lection data. Peck's incoming correspondence some- 

times gives collection numbers necessary for deter- 

mining the holotypes of Peck's species. A col- 

lection of watercolor and pencil drawings which 

were done to scale from fresh type specimens often 

convey more information about the size, shape and 

color of a specimen than either the dried specimen 

or the original description. 

Although it is the author of a taxonomic paper who 

is ultimately responsible for giving complete and 

accurate type data, it is often only the curator 

of a major collection that has access to archival 

materials. 

El48 J. E. HAMER* and D. A. COTTER. University of 

Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, N9B 3P4. 

A survey of RNA synthesis inhibitors affecting 

Dictyostelium discoideum spore germination. 

Tne spore germination process of the cellular slime 

mold, Dictyostelim discoidem, consists of four 

sequential stages: activation, post-activation lag, 

swelling, and emergence. RNA synthesis initiates 

in the early swelling stage of germination and 

increases dramatically during the emergence stage 

of germination. During this time period all 

species of cellular RNA are actively synthesized. 

In ascertaining the involvement of RNA synthesis 

during germination, a wide variety of inhibitors 

have been employed without careful consideration 

of drug permeability or specificity. Treatment of 

germinating spores with thiolutin, for example, 

prevents RNA synthesis while inhibiting spore 

swelling. Daunomycin, at high concentration, 

also blocks RNA synthesis but halts germination 

after early spore swelling. ?he drug named 

4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, on the other hand, has 

no effect on spore swelling but terminates RNA 

synthesis at low concentrations; emergence is 

inhibited under these conditions. Studies with 

other inhibitory agents such as ultraviolet 

light, nogalamycin, cordycepin, and actinomycin D 

support the concept that RNA synthesis may be 

blocked without inhibiting spore swelling. From 

the work with these inhibitors we conclude that 

activation, post-activation lag, and spore swell- 

ing may occur in the absence of RNA synthesis. 

Tnus, RNA synthesis is only required for the 

completion of the emergence stage of germination. 

. 

E.F. HASKINS*, M.D. MCGUINNESS and C.S. BERRY. 

Department of Botany, University of Washington, 

Seattle, WA 98195. 

A newly discovered organism showing affinities 

with the slime molds. 

E21 

We have isolated a new organism from Lythrum 

sal icar ia L. (~oosestri fe) which produces protoplasmodia. 

These divide by binary plasmotomy and 

differentiate into sessile fruiting bodies, which 

upon germination release flagellate swarm cells. 

Following germination, we have not seen evidence 

of persistent spore walls. The plasmodia of this organism 

resemble those of the Myxomycetes 

Echinostel iurn minutum (pink- and wh I te-spored forms) 

and E. corynophorum. However, the absence of 

persistent spore walls after germination makes the 

affinity with these taxa uncertain. 

E. F. Haskins see McGuinness El05 

I. B. HEATH. Biology Department, York University, 

Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada. 

Areas of zoospore research ripe for productive ~127 

investigation. 

There are 3 primary reasons for conducting research 

on fungal zoospores. 

a) They are eukaryotic cells with some features 

rendering them especially useful for elucidation of 

general cellular and molecular phenomena. Examples 

of such phenomena which may be successfully explained 

by future zoospore research will be outlined together 

with the background data which predicts some chance 

of success. 

b) They are produced by taxa whose phylogenetic 

position is uncertain but which are often considered 

"primitive". Data on zoospore structure have been 

useful in understanding the phylogeny of the taxa and 

may also help explain the pathways of evolution of 

universal cellular processes. This type of research 

needs to be pursued in carefully selected taxa to be 

most effective. Suggestions for such selections will 

be made. 

c) Last, but certainly not least, they are intrinsi- 

cally interesting cells, some with economic signifi- 

cance, which deserve analysis out of sheer curiosity. 

&well documented research towards this goal is 

valuable to those interested in the group and thus 

need not be indicated. 

I.B. HEATH*, T. BEAUCHOP and R. SKIPP. Biology 

Dept., York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, 

Canada and D.S.I.R., Palmerston North, New Zealand. 

Neocallimastix, fungus or protist? 

El07 

The genus Neocallimastix was described to accommodate 

a group of herbivore rumen occupants which produce 

polyflagellate motile cells. It was originally 

assigned to the zooflagellates but more recently has 

been considered to belong to the "phycomycetes". We 

present evidence to show that the mode of zoosporo- 

genesis from the monocentric, rhizoid bearing thallus 

is comparable with that of many chytrids but that the 

detailed ultrastructure of the cellular organelles 

and the motile spores is unlike existing descriptions 

of any aquatic fungi. The details of sporogenesis 

and spore structure will be described and their 

phylogenetic position discussed.

El06 I.B. HEATH* and K. TANAKA. Biology Dept., York 

University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1 P3, Canada 

and Institute of Medical Mycology, Nagoya 

University School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466, Japan. 

Chromosomes of Saprolegnia ferax. 

Oomycete chromosomes have always been difficult to 

count and descriptions of their behaviour during 

mitosis and meiosis have been controversial. By use 

of less disruptive and higher resolution techniques 

we can now show that they have the following fea- 

tures. a) They remain uncondensed and dispersed 

throughout the nucleus until late telophase. b) At 

meiotic prophase they condense onto synaptonemal 

complexes. c) The synaptonemal complexes have dis- 

continuous central elements which may represent re- 

combination nodes. d) Meiosis I bivalents are 

attached to the spindle via 2 kinetochore microtu- 

bules whereas meiosis I1 chromatids bear single 

microtubules. e) In the examined isolate, synapton- 

emal complex counts show n = 21. f) There is a 

fourfold range in chromosome size with the smallest 

containing the same amount of DNA as an E. coli 

genome. g) During the -60 min. vegetative nuclear 

cycle they replicate within -.7 min. 

J. F. Hennen see McCain E67 

E87 H. R. HENNEY, JR.* and A. TAVANA. University of 

Houston, Houston, TX 77004. 

Proteinases and differentiation of Physarum 

flavicomum haploid cells. 

Differentiation of haploid amoebae-swarm cells of 

Physarum flavicomum to microcysts is accompanied by 

a change in metabolic pattern to one in which intra- 

cellular protein amino acids are actively cataboliz- 

ed. Extracellular branched-chain amino acids which 

inhibit encystment also inhibit intracellular pro- 

teolysis. Recently we found that exposure of cells 

to compounds known to inhibit proteinases, inhibits 

encystment. We have begun isolation and characteri- 

zation of proteinases inhibited by those compounds 

most effective in inhibiting encystment. Extracts 

have been fractionated by ultracentrifugation, iso- 

electric precipitation, cellulose ion exchange 

chromatography, and affinity chromatography. 

Electrophoretic, isoelectric point, and inhibition 

analyses have been conducted on the purified pro- 

teinases. 

El28 C. W. HESSELTINE* and R. F. ROGERS. Northern 

Regional Research Center, AR, SEA, USDA, Peoria, 

Illinois 61604. 

Longevity of Aspergillus flavus in Corn. 

Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are the two 

fungi that produce aflatoxin. Aflatoxin is produced 

both in the field and in storage. Since corn is 

used, the question was asked how long can A. flavus 

survive in kernels of corn. Twenty-one samples of 

white corn found to contain aflatoxin and A. flavus 

in 1972 were examined. In all samples A. flavus was 

present, but the counts were always less than in 

1972. The number of A. flavus propagules was 

reduced by 73% to 7.8%. Reduction in the numbers of 

- A. niger and species of Fusarium and Penicillium 

were recorded. 

A. ARJAN HINCHEE. Botany Department, University 

of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 

A report on the ultrastructure of sporulation 

in Echinostelium minutum 

E52 

Each photoplasmodium of Echinostelium minutum 

forms a single sporophore upon removal of its 

bacterial food source. Sporulation generally 

begins between 24 and 48 hours after removal of 

the food source, the actual sporulation process 

taking between two and three hours to complete. 

Ultrastructural observations include stalk develop- 

ment, capillitial development, nuclear division 

within the sporangium (including nucleolar 

extrusion) and spore germination. 

2 

H. C. HOCH'', J. R. AIST and R. 3. HOWARD~. 

ppartments of Plant Pgthology, Cornell Univ rsity, 

Geneva. NY 14456 and Ithaca, NY 14853 and 'EuPont 

Experiment Station, Wilmington, DE 19898. 

Freeze-substitution of fungal cells: Improved 

methodology for ultrastructural preservation. ~114 

Freeze-substitution (FS) recently has been used by us 

to achieve a more realistic depiction of fungal cell 

ultrastructure [~roto~lasma 103:281 ; J. Cell Biol. 

87:55; Exptl. Mycol. (In press); J. Cell Sci. (1n 

press)]. Present methodology now can be generally 

encouraged as a superior alternative to conventional 

fixation (CF). The following protocol is considerably 

less complex than originally reported for fungi 

(J. Ultrastruct. Res. 66:224): 1) quickly plunge 

specimens into eutectic propane (99.5%) or Freon 23 

(fluoroform); 2) quickly transfer specimens to LN 

2 

(intermediate holding solution) ; 3) then to anhydrous 

acetone containing 2.5% OsO and 0.1% uranyl acetate 

(-8z0c) for 24-48 hr; 4) in8rease temperature through 

-20 C (1 hr), 4 C (1 hr) to 20°C (ca. 30 min or until 

the solution begins to darken); 5) rinse specimens 

with three changes of anhydrous acetone (1 hr); and 

6) infiltrate and embed in plastic as with CF. 

Well-preserved cells result in part from cytoplasm 

that has been frozen extremely rapidly; detectable 

ice is not formed extensively. To help achieve this, 

fungi are grown as single c5ll layers on cellophane 

or dialysis membranes (5 mm ). This protocol 

preserves all the structures visualized by the 

earlier FS protocol. Additionally, preservation of 

lipid-containing structures, including membranes, is 

superior. Several problems remain to be solved with 

certain fungi; i.e., difficulties with plastic 

infiltration and dislodging of specimens from the 

plastic during sectioning. 

H. R. Hohe see Traub E20

El22 J.R. HOLTER. Department of Biology, University 

of Wisconsin-Flatteville, Platteville, WI 5381 8 

Eght and Electron Microscopy of Pscnoporus 

cinnabarinus. 

Myceliun and chLarqydospores of Pscnoporus 

cinnabarinus have been examined. Growth on maltextract 

agar produced several types of mhae, 

some with abundant clamp connections. An interesting 

configuration of sane hyphal tips was noted. This 

appeared as two clamp-like branches adjacent to the 

hyphal tip. A septum delimited a cell at the tip of 

the hypha but no septum was noted at the base of 

either branch. An electron micrograph revealed what 

appears to be a typical dolipore septum. 

The ch~ospores produced were of both terminal 

and intercalary origin. Light and electron micrographs 

of spores showed area8 of dense material 

which are possibly storage products. Cell walls of 

c~ospores are composed of several Layers of 

dense material. 

R. W. Holton see Ballou El42 

El30 B. W. HORN* and R. W. LICHTWARDT. Department of 

Botany, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045. 

Studies on the nutritional relationship of larval 

Aedes aegypti with Smittium culisetae. 

- 

Smittium spp. are frequent fungal inhabitants of the 

hfndgut of aquatic Diptera larvae and their possible 

mutualistic role in supplying hosts with essential 

nutrients was investigated by studying the inter- 

action between ?. culisetae and larvae of the 

mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Axenic larvae were reared 

on a sterile semidefined medium lacking an essential 

B vitamin or sterols, and the larvae were infested 

with 5. culisetae by feeding them trichospores from 

axenic cultures of the fungus. First instar larvae 

became heavily infested but infestations were often 

not maintained in subsequent larval instars. With 

the introduction of 2. culisetae, some larvae were 

able to attain at least one additional instar when 

reared without riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinamide, 

or sterols. The lipid extract and dead whole 

mycelium of 5. culisetae are adequate sources of 

sterols for larvae and larvae are able to utilize 

desmosterol, the predominant sterol in Smittium spp. 

of a column of hyphae from the inner layers at the 

apex; the cells gradually become thick-walled and 

brown from the peripheral layers inward. Prolifera- 

tions from the ascogonial cells near the center of 

the perithecium form a bowl-shaped mass of ascogenous 

hyphae which expands centrifugally until it appears 

in section as a crescentic layer across the middle 

of the centrum. The centrum pseudoparenchyma above 

this incipient hymenium disintegrates, and short 

abortive paraphyses extend upward from the sub- 

hymenial pseudoparenchyma into the resulting cavity. 

The paraphyses disintegrate as the asci develop among 

them. The hymenium gradually pushes downward into 

the disintegrating subhymenial pseudoparenchyma until 

it rests on the perithecial wall. Maturing asci 

become detached from the hymenium, fill the perithe- 

cia1 cavity, and pass through the ostiole. At the 

tip of the beak they discharge their ascospores 

forcibly. 

R. A. HUMBER. USDA-SEA-AR, Boyce Thompson Insti- 

tute, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853 E36 

Entomophthom and Massospom: Evidence for a 

close phylogenetic relationship. 

If the emerging generic classification for the 

Entomophthorales is to be of maximal utility, it must 

reflect real evolutionary relationships and. allow 

accurate predictions of numerous aspects of fungal 

biology rather than including one or more highly 

artificial genera based strictly on habit or morpho- 

logical characters (e.g., the shapes of primary 

spores) of dubious generic value. 

In the absence of a fossil record for these fungi, it 

is necessary to depend upon parallel indications of 

relatedness drawn from several diverse lines of evi- 

dence. New studies including (1) morphological con- 

siderations, (2) patterns of development and patho- 

biology in the host, (3) patterns of growth in vitro 

(including a means for division of hyphal bodies not 

previously reported), and (4) electrophoretic studies 

of enzymes indicate that Entomophthora Fres. sensu 

strict0 (Remaudibre and Ke 1 ler, 1980, Mycotaxon 11, 

332) and Massospora Peck are more closely related 

than has been suspected in the past. These studies 

can serve as a useful model for future attempts to 

discover the patterns of phylogenetic relatedness 

within the Entomophthorales. 

These results provide indirect evidence that under 

conditions of nutritional stress, A. aegypti larvae 

may be provided with essential nutrients through 

infestations of 2. culisetae. 

R. A. HUMBER. USDA-SEA-AR, Boyce Thompson Institute, 

Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853. 

Entomophthoral es (Zygomycetes) : Families, genera, 

B. W. Horn see Wicklow El29 and taxonomic criteria. Ell0 

R. J. Howard see Hoch El14 Recent revisions of the genera of the entomopathogenic 

Entomophthorales by Remaudibre and colleagues 

E39 L. H. HUANG* and E. S. LU!ITRELL. Central 

Research, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340 and 

University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

Perithecium development in Gnomonia comari 

(&cotaxon 11, 269-321, 323-338. 1980) have required 

new evaluations of the criteria used to delimit the 

genera in this order. Consideration of primary spore 

shape, number of nuclei per spore, mechanisms of 

spore discharge, mode(s) of secondary sporogenesis, 

Perithecia of Gnomonia comari (~ia~orthaceae) mature morphology of primary sporophores (particularly the 

within 14 days on cornmeal agar under continuous presence or absence of branching), presence or 

fluorescent light at 25 C. The perithecium is ini- absence of rhizoids or cystidia, and the mode of fortiated 

by a coiled, multicellular ascogonium. matlon of resting spores suggest that the genera can 

Branches from somatic hyphae surround the ascogonium. be adequately defined by (1) nuclear number in the 

This hyphal envelope early differentiates into two primary spore, (2) the mode of spore discharge, and 

regions: a cent- of pseudoparenchymatous cells and (3) the morphology of the primary sporophore. 

a peripheral wall of more elongated, flattened cells. Nuclear cytology is found to divide the genera among 

The wall produces a long, ostiolate beak by eruption three families.

A familial and generic breakdown is presented which 

attempts to compensate for the errors inherent in 

the criteria chosen to construct the two modern 

classifications proposed to redefine and limit 

Entomophthora Fresenius to a small number of species 

and to rearrange the species thus excluded from 

Entomophthora fsensu Lato) into biologically homo- 

geneous genera. 

El45 A. JAWORSKI* and P. STUMHOFER. Botany Department, 


Inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis by 

particles in Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores. 

Ribosomal pellet fractions from 2. emersonii zoospores 

inhibit in vitro protein synthesis using the wheat 

genn system. The inhibitor activity sediments in 

sucrose gradients as a 15-50s subribosomal particle. 

Some inhibitor activity can be detected in the 80s 

and above region of the sucrose gradients. The 

distribution of the inhibitor activity correlates 

with the sedimentation of a set of proteins (designac 

ed P120, P105, P64, P56 and P42) which are synthe- 

sized during late sporulation and disappear during 

germination. Incubation of the inhibitor fractions 

with 3~-labeled poly(A)RNA ruled out RNAse as an 

explanation for the inhibitor activity. Treatment of 

the inhibitor particles with 0.5 M KC1 followed by 

gel filtration over G-25, G-50;G-75 and G-100 

Sephadex did not remove the inhibitor activity. 35~- 

labeled proteins P120, P105, P64, P56 and P42 are not 

degraded when incubated in the wheat germ cell free 

system. Extraction of RNA from particles known to 

contain inhibitor activity and assay of this RNA in 

the wheat genn system revealed the presence of mRNA 

in the inhibitor particle preparations. Collective- 

ly, the results suggest the involvement of proteins 

in blocking mRNA translation in 2. emersonii zoo- 

spores. Supported by NSF Grant PCM-14975-01. 

El50 T.M. Jen*. Veterans General Hospital, VACRS, 

Taipei,Taiwan,R.O.C. and National Defense 

Medical Center,P.O.Box 8244,Taipei,Taiwan, 

R.O.C. 

Fungistatic effect of vitamin K3 on 

Cryptococcus neoformans. 

In 1979,Jen discovered that in vitro fungicidal 

effect of vitamin K3; menadione sodium bisulfite 

salt of 2-methyl-1,4- naphthoquinone on 5 

strains of Cryptococcus neoformans could be 

inhibited by sodium hydroxide and warfarin 

sodium. 

In 1980, Jen found that menadione sodium 

bisulfite could react against oleic acid and 

palmitic acid that were known as the cell 

components of 5. neoformans. 

Recently, the author has proved on several 

occasions that the experimental cryptococcosis 

of white Swiss mouse could be prevented by 

the application of menadione sodium bisulfite 

intravenously. 

H. W. Keller see Schoknecht E109; El9 

KENNETH J. KESSLER, JR. North Central Forest 

Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Lab., El13 

SIU, Carbondale, IL 62901. 

Mycosphaerella leaf spot of Juglans nigra L. 

In late summer, black walnut seedlings were 

inoculated with conidial suspensions of 

Cylindrosporium juglandis Wolf, causal agent of a 

leaf spot of Juglans niRra and J. regia, incubated 

for 24-48 hours in a moisture saturated atmosphere, 

and then removed to a greenhouse for 2-6 weeks. 

Leaflets with abundant lesions were then removed 

from the plants, placed in nylon mesh bags, and 

overwintered outdoors at several locations in 

southern Illinois. Immature perithecia developed 

on the leaflets by mid-February. Mature ascospores 

first ap,peared early in May within perithecia. The 

ascigerous stage was found to be a species of 

Mycosphaerella. Single ascospore cultures of 

the Mycosphaerella were identical to cultures 

of C. juglandis. Ascospore inoculations of black 

walnut leaves produced leaf spots typical of C. 

j uglandis . 

E27 

S. R. KHAN*^^^ J. W. KIMBROUGH. Univ. of Florida, 

Department of Botany, Gainesvil le, FL. 3261 1 

A reevaluation of the Teliomycetes based upon septal 

and basidial structures. 

Studies have shown that the ultrastructure of septa 

may be useful in showing natural lines of relation- 

ship in the Basidiomycetes. First reports of the fine 

structure of basidiomycete septa revealed dolipores 

with perforate pore caps. Subsequent studies noted 

that not all Basidiomycetes possessed such an elabo- 

rate septum. Rust, smuts, and the Septobasidiales 

were shown to have a simple ascomycetous septum but 

without Woronin bodies. 

Intermediate types of septa have been reported for 

a number of Basidiomycetes, especially in those taxa 

currently considered in the Phragmobasi diomycetes. 

The Filobasidiaceae have septa with slight to distinct 

flaring at the pore with varying degrees of organiza- 

tion of the pore cap from simple, membraneous vesicles 

to cup-like structures. Cupulate units are also found 

in certain Tremell a1 es , however other Tremel 1 a1 es , 

Dacrymycetales, and Auricul ariales have a broad1 y flar- 

ed do1 ipore and a simp1 ified, basically non-perforate 

pore cap. 

While studying selected taxa of Basidiomycetes we have 

noted that basidial and septal types closely correlate 

in most groups. The simplified Teliomycete septum, 

for example, has been recently found in Exobasidium 

and Eocronartium. We feel both have a modified telio- 

basidium. We propose, therefore, to expand the concept 

of the Tel iomycetes to include the following orders: 

Uredinales, Ustilaginales, Tilletiales, Septobasidia- 

les, Exobasidiales, and the inclusion of the parasitic 

Auriculariales in the new family Eocronartiaceae of 

the Uredinal es. 

J. W. Kimbrough see Khan E27

El34 R. D. KOEHN, Southwest Texas State University, 

San Marcos, Tx 78666 

Fungi associated with the Edwards Aquifer of 

Central Texas. 

Recent reports of fungus-like material emerging from 

an artesian well fed by water from the Edwards 

Aquifer resulted in the investigation reported here. 

Water samples were taken from the aquifer via the 

artesian well each month for a one year period. From 

these water samples, propagules representing 19 

genera of fungi have been cultured and identified. 

These taxa represent fungi common to air samples and 

fungi typically found on decaying plant material. 

Apparently these propagules are entering the aquifer 

through recharge channels. It is also possible that 

these fungi might be inhabitants of caves associated 

with the aquifer area. It is conceivable that fungal 

material might serve as a food source for filter- 

feeding invertebrates iniiabiting these waters. 

E99 C. P. KURTZMAN*. Northern Regional Research 

Center, AR, SEA, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. 

Fungi: how they earn their keep. 

Human uses of fungi can be traced to at least 6000 

B.C. where bread making and brewing were depicted in 

the art works of ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Ur. 

However, the role of yeasts in the fermentation 

process was not recognized until 1837. More recent 

discoveries that yeasts and other fungi are capable 

of producing significant quantities of a wide variety 

of biochemicals has made these organisms of great 

importance to the fermentation industry. Major areas 

of fermentation, besides traditional baking and 

brewing, include pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics 

and steroids, organic acids for foods and industrial 

processes, and more recently, fermentation of 

organic wastes for pollution abatement and production 

of food, feed, and ethanol for fuel. 

E76 R. H. KURTZMAN, JR.*, M. S. ZUBER, N. 'W. WIDSTROM, 

and A. C. WAISS, JR. Western Regional Research 

Center, USDA, SEA, Berkeley, CA 94710; Agronomy 

Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 

65211; Southern Grain Insect Research Laboratory, 

Tifton, GA 31793. 

Aflatoxin production on ground corn samples, as 

affected by genotype and physical parameters. 

A method for routine evaluation of aflatoxin 

production on corn samples, in the laboratory was 

developed. Many genotypes of corn have been assayed. 

Under the conditions of the test, the ability to 

support the production of aflatoxin in B1 by 

Aspergillus flavus, NRIU 5520, varied by a factor of 

as much as 40 fold between genotypes. The method 

requires only three days to perform and only one-half 

gram of corn per replicate. It was found that the 

concentration, surface area and inoculum size, as 

well as the corn genotype affected the amount of 

aflatoxin produced. However, the amount of aflatoxin 

was not significantly affected by the weight or 

volume of the substrate at constant surface area and 

concentration. Although it has recently been 

reported by others, it was surprising to find that 

the quantity of aflatoxin was inversely related to 

the quantity of inoculum over a short period. 

Apparently, increased concentration of Tween 60. 

used to disperse the spores, increased aflatoxin 

production. 

G.A. KUTER*and W. F. WHITTINGHAM. University of 

Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 

Microfungal populations associated with El32 

decomposing sugar maple leaves. 

Successive changes in microfungal populations 

were studied by isolating sample populations from 

foliage and abscissed leaves contained in litter 

bags harvested at periodic intervals for three years 

in succession. Despite quantitative variation in the 

relative density of taxa appearing on dilution plates 

,the general sequence of fungi was repeated from year 

to year. Species which dominated the populations iso- 

lated from foliage (e.g. Aureobasidium pullulans and 

Cladosporium c1adosporioides)were abundant through 

the summer following leaf fall. Penicillium spp. 

were the first fungi to be regularly isolated in the 

first.months after abscission. The microfungal com- 

munity increased markedly in diversity in midsummer 

with the isolation of various Hyphomycetes (e.g. 

Acremonium, Gliocladium, Metarkizium, Monocillium, 

Paecilomyces, Trichoderma and Verticillium spp.)and 

members of the Mucorales (e.g. Mortierella and w) 

These fungi were characteristic of the most advanced 

stages of decay and were, along with the Penicillia, 

common in the mineralized soil horizon in contact 

with the leaves. Their isolation coincided with in- 

creased activities of earthworms and other soil in- 

vertebrates in the litter bags. During the initial 

stages of decay the leaves appear to be resistant to 

the colonization of most fungi. The tolerance of 

some fungi to inhibitory compounds contained in the 

undecayed leaves may be responsible for the time of 

their isolation. Cellulolyttc abilities of selected 

species did not correlate with their time of iso- 

lation from the leaves. 

V. P. Kurup see Gunasekaran E81 

M. J. LARSEN and R. L. GILBERTSON*, Center for 

Forest Mycology Research, USFS, Forest Products E4 

Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705 and Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 

85721. Distribution and ecological significance 

of brown rot fungi. 

Wood-rotting fungi that cause brown rots comprise on- 

ly about six percent of the wood-rotting fungi in 

North America. Brown rot fungi selectively remove 

cellulose and other polysaccharides from wood and 

leave a residue composed mostly of lignin. One hun- 

dred and thirteen species of brown rot fungi are 

known in North America. About 70 percent of these 

are in the Polyporaceae. The other 30 percent are 

distributed among several families in the Agaricales, 

Aphyllophorales, and Tremellales. Brown rot fungi 

are primarily associated with conifers and most have 

a world wide distribution in coniferous forest re- 

gions. Brown rot residues are extremely stable and 

may persist in the upper layers of forest soils for 

500 years or more. They may constitute up to 26 per- 

cent of the total volume in the upper foot of soil 

and amount to over 40,000 lbs per acre dry weight. 

Soils with a high content of brown rot residues have 

a greatly increased water-holding capacity and a high 

cation exchange capacity. Brown rot residues in con- 

iferous forest soils are a major site of ectomycorr- 

hizal root development, particularly during the dryer 

periods of the growing season. They are also a site 

of nitrogen fixation. These functions of brown rot 

residues are essential to the perpetuation of coni-

ferous forest ecosystems. Wood residues are a criti- R. W. LICHTWARDT. university of K ~ L ~ 

39 

~ ~ ~ ~ 

cal natural resource that must be managed and maintained 

at an adequate level to prevent site deterioration. 

Increasing demands on wood residues for ener- 

KS 66045. The mycology student of the eighties-and 

wants. 

E91 

gy make it imperative that management programs to 

protect these ecological functions be instituted. 

Our crystal ball, though admittedly murky in spots, 

depicts the following trends in mycology students of 

the eighties, as compared with the past two decades: 

El01 J. F. LESLIE. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305. Their educational goals will become set earlier in 

Fungal population genetics. their careers and decided more objective1 y; they will 

be more conscious of competition with their peers, 

Isolates from natural populations of Neurospora and will be looking sooner for that job at the end of 

crassa, N. intemedia, Schizophy Z Zwn cmne, the educational tunnel ; many will have a bent for 

Gibberel Za (Fusariwnl moniZiforme, and Vsti Zugo practical and useful applications of what they learn; 

vioZacea vary genetically with respect to traits tra- some may be less patient in gaining an understanding 

ditionally studied by population geneticists; e.g., of the fundamentals of mycology; on the whole they 

recessive lethals expressed in the diplophase, electrophoretically 

variant proteins, and meiotic drive. 

will be more sophisticated academically and better 

prepared in complementary science subjects; they will 

Other natural genetic polymorphisns can be more read- want to.keep abreast of the rapidly advancing and 

ily studied in fungi than in higher organisms, e.g., 

vegetative (heterokaryon) incompatibility, mating 

newer fields of biology, and will want to know how 

mycology relates to this new knowledge; therefore, 

type, nutritional requirements, and genetic control they will be more demanding of their teachers to 

of recombination in specific chromosome segments.-- provide them with an up to date treatment of the 

Mathematically, fungal population genetics theory is fungi. If these needs and wants are not met, their 

poorly developed. Since most fungi have a substan- solution will be to avoid mycology courses in favor 

tial haploid phase, many standard population genetics of other subjects. 

assumptions may be ignored; however, since a diploid 

phase also exists, some fungal traits may be modeled 

with standard population genetics theory. Most math- R. W. Lichtwardt see Horn El30 

ematical fungal population genetics theory is concerned 

with inbreeding and outbreeding potenthls of 

W. Lilly see Charvat E90 

various mating systems. Observed natural genetic W. L. LINGLE and W.E. BARSTOW. Botany Department, 

variability is not completely accounted for by the 

classic diploid explanations of overdominance and 

sheltering of recessive alleles.--Much of fungal population 

genetics remains unexplored. Empirically, 

natural genetic variability could be sought for chromosome 

rearrangements, fungicide resistance, and Seeondary 

metabolic pathway utilization. Theoretically, 

estimates of genetic load and effective population 

size could be made and implications for fungal life 

styles and wolution examined. The experimental data 

and theoretical calculations generated by these anal- 

YSeS d~ould add significantly to population genetics 

The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 

Synchrony and ultrastructure of encystment of E56 

~ l ~ ~ t ramosa ~ ~ zoospores l ~ d i ~ 

Zoospores of B. ramosa were induced to encyst by 

placing them in GY5 growth medium. The synchrony of 

the encystment processes was monitored at the light 

microscopic level by morphological assessment and by 

treatment with 1N KOH. During encystment the zoospores 

became round and retracted their flagella. 

Cell wall formation accompanied the rounding up. 

Shortly thereafter rhizoids were visible. By 15 min. 

theorv, while shultaneousl~ providing novel insights 

into fungal genetics, ecology and taxonomy. --Supported 

by PHs Grant AI-01462. 

after induction more than 50% of the cells had formed 

cell walls. Electron microscopic observations showed 

that encystment in 2. ramosa is very similar to that 

E64 S. D. LIBONATI-BARNES*. Department of Botany, of Allomyces macrogynus (Barstow and Pommerville, 

University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Arch. Microbio 1. 128: 179-189). Flagellar axonemes 

A review of characters critical to the bio- were visible in the cytoplasm of encysting cells 

systematics of pleurotoid fungi: Resupinateae within 5 min. after induction. Vesiculating gamma 

and Panelleae. particles were also observed by this time. From 5 

through 30 min. after induction the cell walls 

The biosystematics of Pacific Northwest pleurotoid increased in thickness and gamma particles became 

fungi (excentrically stipitate or laterally less dense. By 20 min. after induction the nuclear 

attached white-spored agarics) of the genera caps were beginning to break down as were the 

Hohenbuehelia. Resupinatus, Panellus, and Tectella f 1 age1 lar axonemes . 

(Tricholomataceae) has been investigated recently. 

A relatively large number of new taxa have been 

discovered. This is in part due to the fact that 

the Pacific Northwest is an area not as yet fully W. L. Lingle see Barstow El16 

explored mycologically. It is also due to the A. E. Linkins see Antibus E2 

superficial similarity of taxa that heretofore have 

not been well differentiated from each other nor 

from their European counterparts. A critical exam- 

ination of sporocarps has revealed that both their 

anatomy and the distribution of their cystidial 

types prove to be of importance in the taxonomic 

scheme. In addition, interesting biological 

phenomena have added to our knowledge of pleuro- 

toids: sporocarp proliferation (Resupinatus), 

cold tolerance (Panellus), and nematode-related 

cyst id ia (Hohenbuehelia) .

E143: E. LOESCH and I. CHARVAT*. University of 

Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 

Activities of B-N-acetylglucosaminidase in a 

homokaryon and dikaryon of Schizo~h~llum 

g ommune . 

Homokaryotic and dikaryotic colonies of Schiao~hsl- 

were grown for 4 to 16 days on membranes 

covering a defined solid medium. Extracts of these 

colonies were used to determine activities of 

B-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the supernatant and 

sand fractions. Since for all days the sand frac- 

tion contained a significant amount of total 

activity, 20% for the homokaryon and 24% for the 

dikaryon, specific activity and extracted protein 

were determined for all supernatant and sand frac- 

tions. The supernatant protein concentration for 

the homokaryon and dikaryon was highest between 8 

and 10 days which was expected since the colonies 

reached the edge of the petri plates at 9 days. Peak 

of specific activity for the supernatant fractions 

of both vegetative hyphae occurred at 14 days. 

However, the supernatant of the homokaryon had 

almost twice the specific activity as the dikaryon. 

Similarly in the sand fraction the specific activity 

was significantly higher in the homokaryon. Regres- 

sion analysis for the supernatant and sand fractions 

of the homokaryon and dikaryon showed the data fit 

a llnear model. The high percent of activity in the 

sand fractions could indicate an association of this 

enzyme with the fungal wall. A comparison was also 

made between external morphology, specific activity 

of B-N-acetylglucosaminidase, extracted protein of 

colonies grown on minimal media (6.67 mM nitrogen) 

versus those grown on no nitrogen medium. The 

dikaryon has substantially higher activity on no 

nitrogen medium than on minimal medium for all ages, 

but this is not the case with the homokaryon. 

E41 T. LOTT* and J. CLARK. School of Biological 

Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 

40506. 

The development of media for axenic growth of 

the myxomycete Didymium iridis. 

Bacteria and yeast, commonly associated with sur- 

face cultures of Didymium iridis plasmodia, can be 

eliminated from the mold by repeated transfers onto 

a newly developed semi-defined medium containing 

specific antibiotics. On this medium plasmodia 

will not sporulate and will remain viable for 

approximately one month. However, new growth does 

not occur in this medium unless one or more bacte- 

rial factors are added. These factors are common 

to a number of species and recent efforts have been 

directed at their identification. 

E15. JAMES S. LOVETT. Dept. Biological Sciences, 

Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907. 

Sporulation,, Spores and Germination 

Experimental investigations on the physiology and 

biochemistry of fungal spore formation, the spore 

stage and spore germination will be reviewed. 

Major emphasis will be on important advances that 

have led to our current understanding of these crit- 

ical stages and on problems needing further study. 

The discussion will center largely around the fol- 

lowing questions relating to sporulation and ger- 

mination: (1) what causes an organism to shift 

from vegetative growth to asexual sporulation; 

(2) what processes occur in this shift and which 

are essential; (3) what triggers a dormant or semi- 

dormant fungal spore to germinate; (4) what process- 

es occur in germination and which are essential; 

and (5) what do the answers to the above questions 

tell us about the regulation of sporulation and 

spore germination? 

D. A. LOWE* and R. P. WDER. Bristol-Myers ~ g g 

Industrial Division, Syracuse, N. Y. 13201. 

Contributions of mycology to the antibiotic 

industry. 

Approximately half of the total volume of antibiotics 

manufactured today are penicillins and cephalosporins. 

These 0-lactem antibiotics originate from the fungi 

Peniciilium and Acremonium. The discovery of penicil- 

lin as a potent non-toxic chemotherapeutic agent in 

the early 1940's was the major stimulus to the crea- 

tion of the present antibiotic industry. The develop- 

ment of mycology and its applied disciplines has 

paralleled the dramatic expansion of our ability. to 

manipulate microorganisms to yield important medical 

compounds. 

From the pioneer work in strain improvement at the 

University of Wisconsin on penicillin and cephalos- 

porin cultures, which generated parental stock now 

used world wide, mycologytechnologyhasmaintained a 

central role in the continued development of indus- 

trial fermentations. Further, mycology has contrib- 

uted to the development of parasexual genetics, pro- 

toplast fusion, culture preservation, maintenance of 

highly mutated strains, and mass transfer in mycelial 

and pelletized growth. 

Applied mycology will have an even greater role in 

future development due t o the potential of recombi- 

nant DNA technology. In vitro genetic manipulation 

in fungi is still in its infancy as it has been 

greatly overshadowed by procaryotic studies. However, 

great potential lies in the use of eucaryotic systems 

as host vehicles for foreign protein production. In 

addition, the use of intra and inter species DNA 

exchange could create hybrids with the capacity for 

increased antibiotic production or the ability to 

biosynthesize novel antibiotics. 

E. S. LUTTRELL. Dept. of Plant Pathology, E43 


Future trends in taxonomy and morphology of 

fungi. 

In a science it is more appropriate to decide what 

the future should be than to speculate on what it 

may be. Everything that can be said of the future 

of taxonomy in 1981 was said by W. B. Turrill (Biol. 

Rev. 13:342-373) in 1938. This points to the dilem- 

ma of taxonomy. It must provide a relatively stable 

classification to meet the needs of the sciences it 

serves. At the same time it must incorporate new 

data derived from these sciences if it is to maintain 

its usefulness and advance toward its own goal, a 

complete classification of all mycological know- 

ledge. Morphology has furnished simple characters 

that could be applied extensively in taxonomy. This 

is lowest common denominator morphology. The trend 

is to intensive studies that utilize methods ranging 

from electron microscopy to experimental work on 

living fungi. A broader range of methods and in- 

strumentation is producing even greater increases in

data from biochemistry, physiology, genetics, 

ecology, and the applied sciences, as from use of 

selective fungicides in plant disease control. The 

product of taxonomy is system rather than data. The 

special relationship of morphology with taxonomy is 

largely attitudinal, deriving from the interest of 

morphologists in actively participating in the in- 

corporation of their data into the system. A 

similar interest is becoming apparent in other 

sciences, particularly in molecular biology. 

E. S. Luttrell see Huang E39; 

Rykard E38; Smith E86 

E30 D. P. MAHONEY* and J. S. LA FAVRE. Biology 

Dapartrnent, California State Uninmity, Los 

Angel-, 5151 State University Drive. Loe Angd-, 

CA 90032. 

An interesting new Coniochaeta with flying-eaucer- 

shaped aacosporas. 

A new species of Codochaeta was isolated from soil 

of a chaparral community in southern California 

during post-fira and heat-aimulation studies. It 

la distinguished from the approximataly thirty-two 

other Coniochaeta species by its uniquely flattanad, 

flying-aaucer-shaped aecospores. Additional features 

include its dark non-setosa perithecia with pseudo- 

parenchymatous peridia, its cylindrical, 8-spored. 

non-amyloid asci without dttinct apical structures. 

its lack of forcible aecospora discharge, its 

germination of fresh ascosporw and its Phialo~hora 

conidial stage. Codochaeta tetraepora. a frequent 

isolate, and s.varal unidentified 8-apored 

Coniochaeta species were also present in post-fire 

chaparral soils. The new species is compared and 

contrasted with these and other soil, wood and dung 

inhabiting specicm of the genus. 

El47 D.E. MC CABE. USDA-IPRU, Boyce Thompson 

Institute, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 

14853. The tolerance of Conidiobolus 

thromboides and Zoophthora radicans to a 

variety of comnonly used fungicides. 

The fungicidal tolerance experiments were undertaken 

in an attempt to find selective growth conditions 

for either C. thromboides (~ntomo hthora virulenta) 

or 2. radicans (Entomophthora sph:erosperm 

effects of 14 fungicides on mycelial growth were 

studied. In all cases where differences in 

tolerance were found, C. thromboides was the more 

tolerant by about an order of magnitude. In 

addition to their effects on vegetative growth, 4 of 

the fungicides were tested for their effects on 

E67 McCAIN, J. W.* and J. F. HENNEN. Department of 

Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 

West Lafayette, IN 47907. 

The rust genus Cumminsiella and the taxonomy of 

the Berberis-Mahonia complex. 

the separation of Berberis and Mahonia. Our review 

of the genus Cumminsiella showed that the rust 

species are morphologically well separated and that 

the rust-host specificities could give additional 

information about the relationship between these 

two host genera. The association of the five 

Cumminsiella species on Mahonia with specific 

sections or subsections of the host genus is shown 

by host and rust distribution records and maps. 

-- 

C. santa and two other species occur on Berberis 

group Australes. These American barberries have 

a number of characters approaching those of Mahonia. 

The rust data support recent intrageneric treatments 

of Mahonia, but do not necessarily support the 

maintenance of the two separate host genera. 

MICHAEL W. McCAW*, JOSEPH F. AMMIRATI & ROSE ANN 

CATTOLICO. Department of Botany, University of 

Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 El03 

Differential enzyme expression in basidiocarps 

of Agaricus brunnescens. 

Agaricus brunnescens is an unusual agaric in many 

respects. It uniformly has two binucleate spores- 

per basidium, each giving rise directly to a 

mycelium capable of producing fertile basidiocarps. 

Furthermore, the species has been under severe and 

unusual selection pressure for the last three 

centuries, as selection for propagation proceeded 

on the basis of flavor, firmness, uniformity and 

yield under the conditions of cultivation. As a 

result a large number of well characterized strains 

of obvious morphological divergence are now 

available. Because of this, A. brunnescens was 

chosen for a series of preliminary experiments on 

isozyme variation. 

Sixteen enzymes expressing twenty-six loci were used 

to examine gene expression in the tissues of the 

basidiocarp by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. 

Esterase, Leucylglycylglycine peptidase and 

Phenylalanylproline peptidase were found to be 

differentially expressed in the different tissues 

of the basldiocarps. 

Fifteen strains of A. brunnescens were examined for 

allelic variation in the loci studie above, and 

the differences found correlated with strain color 

more than with any other character. 

J. W. McClure see Vincent El46 

E. D. McCoy see Wagner-Merner Ell1 

M.D. MCGUINNESS* and E.F. HASKINS. Department of 

Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 

981 95. 

conidial (2. radicans) and resting spore (5. e- Heterothall i sm in a species of Comatricha. 

boides) germination. Here again, 5. thromboides 

Elos 

proved to be equally or more tolerant to the 

fungicides than 2. radicans. 

An isolate of Comatricha sp. obtained from Carnegiea 

igantea (saguaro) collected in Arizona was used in 

(his study. On the basis of intra-isolate crosses of 

myxamoebal clones, it was demonstrated that this 

isolate of Comatricha displays a 1-locus, 2-a1 lelic mating-type system. 

Cumminsiella -, a new rust fungus on Berberis 

from southern Brazil, has characteristics more 

similar to Cumminsiella species on Mahonia than to 

those on Berberis. Taxonomists have long debated 

M. D. McGuinness see Haskins E 21 

D. J. McLaughlin see O'Donnell E50 

41

E7 R. J. MEYER. Department of Botany, University 

of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

Septa in the vegetative mycelium of Allomyces 

macrogynus. 

The structure of septa in vegetative mycelia of 

Allomyces macrogynus (Emerson) Emerson and Wilson 

is being investigated using light and electron 

microscopy. The septa appear to develop centrip- 

etally. The developmental stages leading to septum 

formation will be presented. Serial reconstructions 

and S W results indicate that the septa become 

plate-like in face view, except that five or more 

small pores are- scattered around the periphery of 

the septum. Despite the presence of the pores, 

cytoplasmic compartmentalization between cells can 

be observed. The functional significance of the 

septum and a comparison of these findings with 

previous literature will be discussed. 

E5 SUSAN L. FRICKE MEYER. Dept. of Plant Pathology, 

University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

Ultrastructure of the Ascomycete Pseudopeziza 

medicaginis. 

Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc. causes common 

leaf spot of alfalfa. The fungus produces an intra- 

cellular mycelium which passes from cell to cell by 

means of pores dissolved in the host cell walls. 

Changes in plant cells after infection by the fungus 

include disruption of chloroplasts, nuclei, and 

plasma membranes, and eventual breakdown of the cyto- 

plasm into a granular mass. Apothecia are initiated 

by the accumulation of hyphae in leaf parenchyma 

cells, and are produced within restricted lesions in 

living leaves of the host. Ascocarp formation re- 

sults in dissolution of host cell walls, and in the 

replacement of host tissue by fungal tissue. The 

apothecia are relatively simple, being composed of a 

subhymenial layer, and a hymenium of asci and 

paraphyses which ruptures the leaf epidermis. Septa 

of ascocarp hyphae are perforate, and have Woronin 

bodies associated with them. Paraphyses are highly 

vacuolate, with many vacuoles containing electron- 

dense granules. During ascosporogenesis, the ascus 

nuclei are enveloped by a membrane, after which wall 

formation occurs. Undischarged, uninucleate asco- 

spores contain lipid bodies and vacuoles, with 

electron-dense granules in the latter. 

J.K. bUSRA, Sri Jai Narain Degree College, 

Lucknow 225 001 India. 

Ecology of water moulds of alkaline ponds. 

El37 

Occurrence, distribution and seasonal 

fluctuation in the number of aquatic fungi 

inhabiting six alkaline ponds having 

variable temperature, pH and many other 

chemical factors have been studied. In 

order to assess the significance of the 

factors in the ecology of water moulds, 

correlation analysis among different 

factors including frequency percentage of 

aquatic fungi has been done. A highly 

significant and negative correlation 

between water temperature and frequency 

percentage of fungi was found. Dissolved 

oxygen and calcium also showed significant 

and positive correlation. iGany other 

factors exhibited significant correlation 

among themselves, whereas some showed 

insignificant correlation. The possibi- 

lity of factors found statistically in- 

significant during the course of the study 

can not be ignored. 

H. L. MONOSON* and S. E. PROSE. Bradley E26 

University, Peoria, IL 61625 

Species of Uromyces that parasitize New-World 

Euphorbiaceae. 

Seventeen species of Uromyces are recognized as 

occurring on New-World Euphorbiaceae. The taxa are 

- 

U. actinostemonis, 1. agnatus. 1. carthagenensis, 

- U. cisneroanus, 1. - 

cnidoscoli. 1. coordinatus, 

mayorii, g. oaxacanus, 1. proen 

scutellatus, and 2. tuberculatus. 

C. M. MONTECILLO* and C. E. BRACKER. Purdue ~10 

University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907. 

Development of the host-pathogen interface of 

Synchytrium macrosporum on Phaseolus vulgaris. 

Ultrastructural development of the obligate 

endoparasitic relationship between Synchytrium 

macrosporum and bean leaf cells is shown at several 

developmental stages. The morphological - markers 

used for the various infection stages were fungal 

wall and fungal organelles (endoplasmic reticulum 

(ER), Golgi apparatus (GA), lipids). The infection 

cell of the pathogen was assumed to start as a 

wall-less cell surrounded by fungal plasma membrane 

(PM) and invaginated host PM. The host-pathogen 

interface develops into a zone consisting of fungal 

PM, fungal wall, a matrix containing a disordered 

array of fibrils, and highly convoluted host PM. As 

the fungal wall increases progressively in thickness 

and number of layers, ER cisternae change from 

parallel adjacent stacks to networks of branched 

tubular membranes, and later to short cisternae in 

circular and irregular patterns. Meanwhile, fungal 

GA also form where they did not appear before, 

associated with short ER cisternae. The GA increase 

in number, and distinctive vesicles are secreted by 

the GA. As the pathogen matures, lipids, glycogen, 

and dense bodies with lamellations accumulate in 

the fungal protoplast, and the cytoplasm becomes 

condensed into a small volume. Near the undulating 

host PM, host GA show profuse secretory activity, 

and numerous vesicular profiles are continuous with 

the PM adjacent to the pathogen cell. Cytological 

host cell reactions accompany development of the 

pathogen. As the pathogen matures and becomes a 

resistant spore, it is encased by a wall 4 um thick 

consisting of at least 180 electron-dense and 

electron-lucent layers. 

C. M. Montecillo see Bracker Ell

E66 G. M. MUELLER. University of Tennessee. 

Knoxville, TN 37916. A preliminary 

taxometric analysis of the genus 

Laccaria. 

The taxonomy of the conmon and widespread 

mushroom genus Laccaria is complicated by 

the presence of a high degree of phenotypic 

plasticity within a number of its putative 

taxa. In order to interpret the observed 

variability, data from several experimental 

techniques were incorporated with results 

of classical morphological and anatomical 

studies to revise the North American mem- 

bers of the genus. A numerical analysis 

of resultant morphological measurements was 

employed to objectively analyze the observed 

variation. Approximately 52 characters, 

including geographical-ecological, macro- 

and micromorphological, and electrophoretic 

data were measured for 30 samples consist- 

ing of 7 putative taxa. From these data, 

the Coefficient of Gower was calculated 

between each pair of samples, and the 

resulting matrix was examined for evidence 

of taxonomic structure using UPGMA cluster 

analysis and principal coordinate analysis. 

These preliminary analyses indicate phenetic 

relationships including supra-specific 

groupings within the genus (e.g., Laccaria 

laccata and L. tetraspora, A. farinacea 

and L. proxima, and _L. ochropurpurea). 

P. Mulleavy see Clark E42 

E93 A. C. Nelson. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 

La Crosse, WI 54601. 

Visual aids-using slides, diagrams and photo- 

micrographs. 

The use of various visual materials for a general 

mycology course will be described. The use of 35 

mm slides is almost unlimited. They can be used 

to enhance the general lecture, in the laboratory 

to aid students in structure and morphology 

studies, and for various types of individual 

instruction. Laboratory instruction can be enhanced 

with the use of specially prepared and maintained 

specimens. Light, electron, and scanning photo- 

micrographs are valuable in the laboratory for a 

variety of different types of study. A compact 

television-microscopy system can be used to show 

things difficult to find and or interpret. A 

variety of visual material can add a lot to a 

general mycology course and at the same time make 

it much more interesting for the student. 

El31 S. Y. NEWELLQ and J. W. FELL. University of 

Georgia Marine Institute, Sapelo Island, GA 31327 

and School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 

University of Miami. Miami, FL 33149. 

a means of eliminating inactive species from our 

recordings of fungi in leaves (living and decomposind 

of a marine angiosperm (turtlegrass, Thalassia 

testudinum K6nig). Our experiments involved the 

use of control material consisting of leaf discs 

containing growing mycelium of species suspected 

to naturally invade the leaves. Conidia of potential 

inactive surface inhabitants were applied, and a 

variety of surface-sterilization treatments were 

tested. Percent elimination of the inactive species 

ranged from 0 to nearly complete, depending on the 

"steri 1 ization" method employed. We appl ied a 

method which was the best compromise between elimi- 

nation of inactive species and reduction of percent 

recovery of active species, to a series of environ- 

mental samples. Results indicated that fungi, other 

than perhaps one rhizomycelial chytrid, are not 

major decomposers of turtlegrass leaves in submerged 

sites. 

K. L. OtDonnell* and D. J. McLaughlin. University 

of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 

Promycelium development in the rust E50 

malvacearum. 

Germinating teliospores of 2. malvaceam were fixed 

in glutaraldehyde and osmium, flat embedded, serial 

sectioned and examined with the electron microscope. 

Elongation of the promycelium involved apical accum- 

ulation of vesicles but a SpitsenkBrper was absent. 

When the promycelium reached about f!O$ of its max- 

imum length the diploid nucleus migrated into it. 

Septa1 initiation was closely coordinated with the 

nuclear positions at meiosis I and I1 and involved 

a microfilamentous septal belt. The fully formed 

septa contained a narrow central pore which contained 

dense material and became walled off from the adja- 

cent basidial compartments. The sterigmal wall was 

initiated without disruption of the promycelial wall. 

Extensive acropetal vacuolation of each basidial com- 

partment accompanied spore formation. Easidiospore 

development involved vesicle accumulation and lim- 

ited differentiation of the hilar appendix. The 

spindle pole body was randomly positioned on the 

nucleus during its migration through the sterigma. 

A mitotic division occurred in the spore. One to 

several adventitious septa formed within the 

sterigma or they were absent. Basidial development 

in this rust differed from that in other orders of 

auricularioid fungi in septal development, sterigml 

initiation and basidial vacuolation. The meiotic 

and mitotic spindle pole body cycles in 2. malvac- 

earum will be compared. 

- 

OLSZEWSKI, J. H.* and R. C. EVANS. Biology 

Department, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102. 

Interactions of conidial concentration, nutrients 

and extent of aeration on conidial germination of 

Bipolaris maydis, race T. 

E84 

Use of cqntrol -val idated surface steri 1 izat ion Conidia of Bipolaris maydis germinated in a nutrient- 

for detection of the active mycoflora of leaves rich medium in 3-4 hours, but the percent germination 

of a seagrass. decreased when heavy concentrations of conidia were 

used. Experiments in which the conidia were incuba- 

It is well established that some groups of fungi are ted using hanging drop, shaker, stationary, and 

capable of existing in rather large numbers upon nitrogen-flushed conditions indicated that germina- 

natural substrates as entrapped or adherent inactive tion increased with increasing aeration. Increasing 

propagules (or perhaps as weakly established micro- conidial concentrations were more inhibitory to ger- 

colonies). This is a confounding factor in studies mination of conidia incubated in shake culture than 

the aim of which is the monitoring of dynamics of in hanging drop. Conidia incubated in hanging drops 

active-fungal community structure. We have experi- germinated equally well in nutrient medium and dis- 

mented with methods of surface "sterilization" as tilled water. However, when conidia were incubated

under conditions that were presumably less aerobic, 

germination in water was substantially lower than in 

nutrient medium. The carbon source was the most 

effective nutrient in stimulating germination under 

these conditions. Culture filtrate from g. maydis 

incubated 5 days in shake culture in nutrient medium 

inhibited conidial germination, but this inhibition 

could be partially overcome by diluting the filtrate 

with fresh nutrients but not with distilled water. 

S. K. Onken see Warren E85 

E65 Clark Ovrebo. Matthaei Botanical Gardens, 

The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 

MI 48105. The genus Tricholoma in the Great 

Lakes Region. 

The genus Tricholoma, a member of the 

Tricholomataceae, has the following combination of 

features that distinguish it from other genera in 

the family: sinuate lamellar attachment; smooth, 

inamyloid spores that are white in deposit; parallel 

lamellar trama; and terrestrial fruiting habit. 

Four subgenera are recognized and are in agreement 

with those recognized by Rolf Singer. The sectional 

classification of subgenus Tricholoma is emended 

to include five sections instead of the three that 

are recognized by Singer. Forty-six species are 

known from the Great Lakes Region. Characters most 

useful in identifying or delimiting species are 

coloration of the entire carpophore; whether the 

pileus is viscid or dry; type of vesture on the 

pileus surface; presence or absence of 

cheilocystidia; presence or absence of clamp 

connections; and presence or absence of a 

pseudoparenchymatous pileal subcutis. Tricholoma 

is considered to be an ectomycorrhizal genus. 

Based on field observations, most species in the 

region are associated either with coniferous trees 

or with hardwood trees while a few are found with 

both. The fruiting season for Tricholoma generally 

begins in late August and continues until the 

time of continued frosts in October. 

El36 R. A. PATERSON. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & 

State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. 

Occurrence of aquatic phycomycetes in Alaskan 

Tundra. 

During August 1979, 72 soil samples were collected 

from tussock-tundra areas in the Eagle Creek region 

of Alaska. Samples were taken from the upper soil 

surface at points along transects and from horizons 

of soil profiles. Plankton samples were collected 

from Birch Creek and examined for the presence of 

parasites of algae. Cultures were prepared for 

isolation and identification of aquatic Phycomy- 

cetes by submersing soil in water-filled culture 

dishes and adding "baits" typically used in the 

study of these fungi. With the exception of species 

of Pythium, all of the fungi isolated from surface 

soils and from horizons of soil profiles were 

chytrids. It appears that these fungi are limited 

to the first, third, and fourth layers beneath the 

soil boundary where the soil is fibrous organic or 

where it is hammick fiable with live roots and 

sphagmun mixed with dead roots and stems. Plankton 

samples yielded an abundance of fungal parasites of 

algae. Chytrids were common on Tetrospora sp., 

Bumillaria sp., diatomes, and on a unicellular 

chrysophyte. 

RONALD H. PETERSEN. University of Tennessee, E75 

Knoxville, TN 37916. Highlights of the history 

of taxonomy and phylogeny of Basidianycetes. 

The history of basidionycete taxonomy is arbitrarily 

divided into five epochs. I. The herbalists or pre- 

Linnaeus : Sterbeeck, L'Obel, Doduens, the Bauhius , 

Gerard and others, attempting order from chaos. 

11. Linnaeus and his sources : Tournefort, Ray, 

Dillen, Vaillant, Schaeffer, etc., and the emergence 

of "trivial" nomenclature. 111. Floras and 

compendia: Persoon, Fries, Bulliard, and others, the 

necessity to condense and retrench. IV. Empires 

and exploration: the great herbaria and gardens of 

Kew, Paris, Berlin, the redundancy of the "exotic" 

flora. V. The "modern" era, only now emerging, 

and the utilization of beta techniques and charac- 

ten. In this regard, mycology lags behind zoology 

and botany both in experience and preciseness of 

vocabulary, and a truly new era will not be entered 

until present practitioners can compete with other 

sciences . 

RONALD H. PETERSEN. University of Tennessee, E22 

Knoxville, TN 37916. Mycogeographic principles 

as exemplified by the coral fungi. 

Global distribution patterns of fleshy fungi are 

becoming clearer as synonymy is sorted and fieldwork 

is accomplished in widespread areas by workers expert 

in limited fungal groups. Most noticeable are the 

circumboreal-taega forest distribution, the pan- 

tropical distribution and their extensions. For 

example, the taega fungi extend down the Rocky, 

Cascade and Appalachian Mountains in North America, 

while pantropical fungi occur on the coastal plain 

and into the low elevation southern Appalachian 

Mountains. Examples from the coral fungi are used 

to show these distribution patterns. 

D. H. PFISTER. Farlow Library and Herbarium, E35 

Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 

Roland Thaxter's Early Years: 1858-1885. 

Roland Thaxter (1858-1932) has been called the 

greatest mycologist of his time, yet, aside from 

W. H. Weston's biographical sketch in MYCOLOGIA, 

little other than professional details of his life 

are known in the Mycological literature. However, 

the years prior to his association with W. G. Farlow 

can be expanded upon by using published accounts by 

and about his locally well-known and somewhat uncon- 

ventional parents--Celia Laighton Thaxter, popular 

"poetess," and Levi Lincoln Thaxter, literary 

drifter. Levi Thaxter was trained in law, though he 

never practiced, had an interest in natural history, 

and gave public readings of Robert Browning. We 

know that young Roland lived for long periods with 

his father and made natural history excursions with 

him to the then-undeveloped parts of Florida and to 

Jamaica. Celia Thaxter divided her time between 

Newtonville, Massachusetts and Appledore Island in 

the Isles of Shoals off the New Hampshire coast. A 

coterie of the artistically inclined assembled 

around Celia at Appledore. Might Roland Thaxter's 

esoteric field of study be traced to his parents' 

unconventional interests? Could his outwardly 

uneventful life on Scott Street in Cambridge and at 

Kittery Point be construed as a reaction to his 

unstable upbringing?

E58 D. PORTER. Botany Department, University of 

Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. The structure of the 

symbiosis in the marine lichen, Arthopyrenia 

halodytes and its association with various 

intertidal invertebrates. 

Arthopyrenia halodytes is a pyrenocarpous, endolithic, 

intertidal, marine lichen. The mycobiont is 

Pharcidia balani and the phycobiont is Hyella caespi- 

g, 

a filamentous blue green alga. In the 

symbiotic association nearly every cell of the 

phycobiont is penetrated by at least one determinate, 

unbranched, elipsoidal haustorial peg. The infected 

algal cells are not degenerated but appear normal. 

Such extensive haustorial association between a lichen 

fungus and a blue green phycobiont has not been 

previously reported. An additional unusual feature 

of the symbiosis is the apparent absence of concentric 

bodies in the hyphae of the mycobiont. Fruiting 

bodies of the mycobiont (both perithecia and pycnidia) 

are abundant. Algal cells do not appear within these 

reproductive structures, although the wall of the 

fruiting body may be composed in part of algal cells. 

Specialized reproductive propagules containing cells 

of both the phycobiont and the mycobiont are not 

known for this lichen. It is likely that they 

reproduce independently. The blue green alga is 

frequently encountered by itself in the intertidal, 

although the mycobiont has only been observed 

associated with the alga. 

The lichen bores into the carbonate shells of 

barnacles, limpets, snails and other intertidal in- 

vertebrates. By this action it escapes the intense 

herbivory of the intertidal, but it weakens the struc- 

ture of the shells into which it penetrates. There 

has not been any obvious histopathological response 

to the lichen observed in the tissues of any of the 

invertebrates, and hyphae of the mycobiont have not 

been seen to invade the tissues of the invertebrate. 

El24 MARTHA J. POWELL. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 

45056. Endomembranes and the microbody-lipid 

globule complex. 

Marked differences in the organization of endomem- 

branes in zoospores of Oomycetes and Chytridiomycetes 

evince the distinctiveness of these two important 

classes of aquatic fungi. In contrast to oomycetous 

zoospores, chytridiomycetous zoospore endomembranes 

are more involved in packaging organelles into dis- 

tinct assemblages. For example, all chytridiomycetous 

zoospores contain a microbody-lipid globule-complex 

which is a unique organellar assemblage comprising 

membranous cisternae associated with lipid globules, 

microbodies, and mitochondria. In addition,cisternae 

continuous with nuclear envelopes are associated with 

large aggregations of ribosomes in some zoospores. 

Variations in the presence, appearance and complexity 

of dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, contractile 

vacuoles, and vesicles are found among zoospores from 

both classes. 

Biochemical and cytochemical studies have begun to 

elucidate some of the unique roles of endomembranes 

in zoosporic fungi. Vacuoles isolated from one oomy- 

cetous zoospore contain the stored polysaccharide, 

mycolaminarian. Specialized vesicles, the gamma 

particles, iSolated from another zoospore compart- 

mentalize chitin synthesis. Other vesicles have 

been found to.contain polysaccharides. Analysis of 

isolated fenestrated cisternae (rumposomes) from the 

microbody-lipid globule complex of another zoospore 

indicates that this endomembrane sequesters calcium 

and that a role in the regulation of flagellar motion 

is feasible. Continued analytical studies are needed 

to discover the role of endomembranes in zoosporic 

fungi and how they are involved in the dissemination, 

survival, and later development of zoospores. 

M. J. Powell see Dorward E6; Vincent El46 

S. E. Prose see Monoson E26 

El04 

C. A. Raper, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA02181 

The hierarchical relationship of the B incompatibility 

alleles in their effect on asymmetric recovery 

of nuclei from dikaryons of Schizophyllum commune. 

The ratio of nuclear types with respect to alleles of 

the incompatibility genes in dikaryons of homobasidio- 

mycetes is l.:l,yet scattered reports in the literature 

have indicated an asymmetric recovery of component 

nuclear types upon dedikaryotization. A systematic 

study, in our laboratory, of the possible basis for 

this phenomenon has revealed a genetic control based 

on alleles of the B incompatibility genes. The rela- 

tionship of many pzired combinations of alleles of 

Bdand B genes have been tested in large samples. The 

zthod 2 dedikaryotizafig routinely used is isolation 

of component nuclei of the dikaryon by protoplast for- 

mation and regeneration. The study has strongly indi- 

cated a hierarchical relationship among several tested 

alleles of both and with respect to the majority 

type nucleus recovered. For example, nuclei carrying 

=are always recovered in a majority from dikaryons 

cytological studies of protoplasts isolated from the 

parent homokaryons vs. the dikaryon have suggested 

that the reason for asymmetric recovery of these gene- 

tic types is the relative inhibition of nuclcar divi- 

sion in recently dedikaryotized (homokaryotic)cells. 

This suggests that an important regulatory effect of 

the interaction of B gene alleles in the heterokaryon 

is on nuclear division. 

Albert D. Robinson. Potsdam College, Potsdam, E89 

N. Y. 13676. Zonation in Panus tigrinus. 

Panus tiqrinus exhibits light-mediated zonation 

when grown on a regimen of 12 h light112 h dark. 

Concentric rings of alternating appressed and 

aerial mycelium can be measured and correlated 

with the 1 ight-dark cycle and with fluctuations 

in rate of increase of colony diameter. 

J. D. Rogers see Glawe E29 

R. F. Rogers see Hesseltine El28 

45

E88 I. K. Ross. University of California, Santa 

Barbara, CA 93106. 

Factors affecting localization of photomorpho- 

genetic responses in Coprinus congregatus. 

Coprinus congregatus is known to require an inducing 

light exposure in order to initiate mushroom 

primordia and a second light exposure after primordia 

formation to obtain normal mature mushrooms. Studies 

in my laboratory indicate that light receptor zones 

in the growing mycelium change daily and are greatly 

affected in their localization in the mycelium by 

various parameters, especially media volume. 

Different combinations of nutrients and light 

exposure timing will affect the particular zone of 

the mycelium that will respond to the light 

induction, thus changing the place on the mycelium 

that will give rise to the primordia. Loss of the 

ability to respond to light after a period of non- 

inducing dark growth (apparent cultural senescence) 

appears to be a function of nutrients available. 

In common with many other fungi, C. congregatus 

displays changing patterns of polyphenoloxidase 

activity correlated with primordia development. 

but unlike such fungi, the polyphenoloxidase, which 

appears to have the substrate specificity of a 

laccase, is wholly intra-cellular. 

E62 E. L. ROWE. State University of New Tork 

College of hxdronmental Science and Forestry, 

Syracuse, NY 13210. 

Ultrastructure of conidiogenesis in selected 

phialidic Hyphomycetes. 

Conidiogenesis in three phialidic Hyphomycetes, 

Mwothecium verrucaria, Trichoderma hamaturn, and 

Tubercularia vulgaris, was observed with 

transmission and scanning electron microscopy. All 

three fungi fit in Subramanian's Type 3 phialj.de 

group, which is characterized by phialides with 

multilaminate thickenings in the collarettes and 

enteroblastically produced conidia which adhere in 

a mucilagenous matrix. The close relationship 

between Type 3 phialides and annellides is observed 

and discussed. Evidence supporting the validity of 

the use of true and false chains of conidia in the 

classification of phialidic species is presented. 

The use of ultrastructural characteristics as a 

taxonomic tool is validated. 

E77 G. M. RUSSO* and J. L. VAN ETTEN, Department of 

Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 

NE 68583 

Properties and Regulation of a Major Protein in 

Sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. 

A protein which comprises approximately 40% of the 

total protein of sclerotia of Sclerotinia 

sclerotiorum has been purified and its amino acid 

composition, 9s well as other physical characteris- 

tics, determined. This protein is present in sclero- 

tia and apothecia, but is absent from vegetative 

mycelium. At present, the function of this protein 

is unknown. Its synthesis during sclerotia formation 

and its degradation during sclerotia germination are 

currently being monitored using antibodies made to 

the protein. Attempts will be made to isolate and 

clone the gene encoding this major protein, so that 

the mechanisms regulating its expression can be 

further investigated. 

0. M. RYKARD*, E. S. LUTTRELL, and C. W. BACON, 

University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 and 

R. B. Russell Ag. Res. Center, Athens, Georgia, 

3061 3. E38 

The conidial state of Myriogenospora atramentosa 

Light and scanning electron microscopy studies have 

shown that the conidial state of M rio enos ora 

atramentosa produces sympodi a1 co-stead 

of phialidic conidiophores as previously reported. 

The fertile cell first forms a terminal conidium 

and subsequently differentiates a new growing point 

below and to one side of the first conidium. A 

short period of elongation of the conidiophore tip 

is followed by swelling and differentiation of a 

new holoblastic conidium. Repetitions of this 

process produce a geniculate extension of the 

conidiogenous cell. The acicular conidia are 1- 

celled, hyaline, and range in size from 16-20 x 2.0- 

3.0 pm. A gummy substance binds the conidia to- 

gether in a tight head, but its subsequent disinte- 

gration leaves the conidia attached at the proximal 

ends in a whorled arrangement. In development of 

conidiophores on the host and in culture, and in- 

conidium germination the conidial state of 

Myriogenospora closely resembles the conidial states 

of species of Balansia, which have been referred to 

the genus Ephelis in the Tuberculariaceae. Presence 

of an ephelidial conidial state confirms the 

classification of Myriogenospora in the tribe 

Balansiae, subfamily Clavicipi toideae, Clavicipi- 

taceae. Conidiogenesis is a variable character in 

the Clavicipitaceae. It is blastic in the 

ephel idial states of Myriogenospora and Balansia, 

phialidic in the sphacelial states of Claviceps. 

SAUPE, STEPHEN, G.* Dept. of Botany, University 

of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. 

Chemosystematic significance of cyanide product- 

ion and accumulation in fungi. 

More than 200 fungi, primarily basidioqycetes, were 

screened for cyanogenesis by the Feigl-Anger and 

picrate methods. Only fresh, mature fructifications 

were tested since drying was demonstrated to destroy 

the cyanide-generating potential of Marasmius oreades 

(Bolt. ex Fr.) Fr. Approximately 6.0% of the species 

examined accumulated detectable levels of HCN (60 

nmoles CN/g FW). Cyanogenesis was confirmed for four 

species previously reported as cyanogeni c [Cl i toc be 

ibba (Fr.)Yummr. Coll bia but racea (Bull* 

k r , l. oreades h d h p . ex Fr. )Kummr], 

but was not verified for Collybia dr o hila 

(Bull. ex Fr.) Kumr or Grifola frondos*ex 

Fr. )S.F. Gray. ~yanogene- observed for the 

first time in Ama-nita-ci trina Schaeff. ex S.F. Gray, 

Cli tocybe epichysi um (Pers. ex Fr. )Bigelow, Daedalea 

levels of HCN is not an ubiquitous chemical ohenom- 

9 - 

enon in fungi. With few exceptions, cyanogenesis is 

restricted to the Agari cales (incl. Polyporaceae). 

The Polyporaceae and Tri cholomataceae (esoeci a1 l v 

.--r-- 

~litocfbe, Collybia and Marasmi us) are characteized 

by their ablllty to liberate HCN. Cyanogenesis 

appears to be a useful chemosvstematic character at 

the familial level or lower. 

E68

E69 S. Schatz. University of Massachusetts, 

Amherst, Ma. 01003 

Studies on the Larainaria-Phycomelaina 

laminariae host-parasite interaction. 

The host-parasite interaction between species of 

the brown- alga Laminaria Lamour. and the 

ascomycete, Phycomelaina laminariae (Rostr.) Kohlm. 

has been known for some time. Due to its 

relatively inaccessible sub-tidal location, 

details of the life history of this fungus are 

lacking. Utilizing SCUBA, seasonal collections 

over a two year period allowed observations on the 

developmental morphology and sequential phases 

of the life history of 2. laminariae as it occurs 

on L. saccharina (L.) Lamour. Studies concerning 

the phvsiology and ecology of this interaction 

have revealed that infected plants display a 

reduced rate of growth and a decreased capacity 

for photosynthesis when compared with healthy 

plants. Carbon and nitrogen analyses (% dry weight) 

of host stipe tissue, the site of infection, 

show that healthy plants display typical seasonal 

patterns of carbon storage and utilization. 

This is not the case in infected plants. The 

carbonlnitrogen ratio is consistentlv different 

in infected plants. Additionally, several 

secondary saprobes have been isolated from host 

stipe tissues. 

JEAN D. SCHOKNECHT* and HAROLD W. KELLER. 

Department of Life Sciences, Indiana State Univer- 

sity, Terre Haute, IN 47809 and Department of 

Microbiology and Immunology, Wright State Univer- 

sity, Dayton, OH 45435. Myxomycete biosystematics: 

some recent developments. 

In 1975, Schoknecht used energy dispersive spectros- 

copy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy to invest- 

igate the nature of crystalline and amorphous peridial 

deposits. The presence of phosphorus in the calcium 

carbonate deposits was consistent with the amorphous 

deposits characteristic of the Physaraceae. Phos- 

phorus was characteristically absent from the crystal- 

line calcium carbonate deposits of Did ium. The 

purpose of this investigation was t&ine the 

relative consistency of the presence or absence of 

phosphorus in these peridial deposits and how well 

this correlates with present concepts of Myxomycete 

taxonomy. Diderma is a large genus and many species 

were recently examined with EDS; phosphorus was con- 

sistently found to be lacking in the amorphous or 

crystalline deposits. Phosphorus was also found 

lacking in peridial deposits of related genera such 

as Lepidoderma. The absence of phosphorus from the 

fructifications of Diderma and Lepidoderma together 

with capillitial morphology supports the assignment 

of these two genera to the Didymiaceae. The presence 

or absence of phosphorus in peridial deposits and 

capillitia was determined with EDS for several other 

genera (Protophysarum, Physarina. Badhamiopsis, 

Diachea, and g) that present a problem to the 

Myxomycete systematist. For examplesthe recently 

described genus Trabrooksia appears to have affinity 

with the Didymiaceae based on capillitial morphology 

but examination with EDS shows significant calcium 

and phosphorus in the peridium and capillitium thus 

indicating a relationship with the Physaraceae. 

Careful specimen preparation and interpretation of 

EDS data are important parameters in considering 

elemental analysis as a useful tool in Myxomycete 

systematics and these parameters are brieflydiscussed 

0. K. SEBEK. The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI 

49001. El00 

Fungal conversions as a useful method for the 

synthesis of organic compounds. 

In addition to the synthesis of a large 

number of various organic compounds, fungi have 

been shown to carry out many simple and chemically 

well defined reactions. This latter property 

has made them useful reagents in organic syntheses 

and also in the preparation of economically 

valuable products. They have been shown to affect 

a wide range of substrate molecules (steroids, 

carbohydrates, alicyclic, aromatic and 

heterocyclic compounds, various antibiotics, 

alkaloids, terpenoids, cannabinoids, flavonoids, 

RNA, pesticides and 0thers)with remarkable 

reaction; regio-and stereospecificities. They 

functionalize non-activated carbon atoms and 

introduce centers of chirality into optically 

inactive compounds. Thus they carry out 

hydrolysis, oxidation, hydroxylation, epoxidation, 

reduction, dehydration, decarboxylation, 

glycosylation, aromatization, isomerization, N-. 

and 0-demethylation, or deamination. They have 

been utilized in the fungal production of 

steroid hormones,sugars, 6-aminopenicillanic, 

gluconic, salicylic and gallic acids, or 

nucleosides and nucleotides. 

Traditional batch, as well as spore and 

immobilized cell technologies have been used in 

these processes and the efficiency has been 

improved by nutritional and genetic methodology 

(enzyme induction, mutation). 

J E SMITE:, Department of Applied Microbiology, ~ 4 5 

University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. 

Future trends in industrial applications of fungi. 

The future implications of fungi in industry will be 

considered within the full framework of Biotechnology. 

Traditional fungal-based industries will be consid- 

ered in the light of changes in fermenter design, 

novel substrates and genetic manipulation of organ- 

isms. New uses of fungi will be considered, part- 

icularly with reference to renewable and recyclable 

substrates. Consideration will be given to gasohol, 

SCP, new food fermentations and fungi as synthesizers 

of industrial chemicals.

* 

E86 K. T. SMITH , C. W. BACON and E. S. LUTTRELL. 

Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 

Athens, GA 30602. 

Translocation from host to fungus and from fungus 

to host in grasses infected with Myriogenospora 

atramentosa. 

Myriogenospora atramentosa persists as a sparse myce- 

lium between the leaf orimordia in infected buds of 

various perennial grasses. As the leaves develop the 

mycelium masses into stromata that appear as linear 

black mats over the mid rib on the upper surface of 

the leaf tips. The fungus is entirely superficial 

and, on the expanded leaves, is restricted to the 

isolated stromata near the tips of the leaves. Dur- 

ing the course of their development, successive op- 

posing leaves may be bound together at the tips by 

fusion of the stromata on their adaxial surfaces. 

This process results in a pair of leaves cemented at 

their tips by a layer of fungus tissue. Although no 

penetration of the leaf has been observed, the leaf 

cuticle in the area beneath the fungus is altered. 

Changes in size and shape of epidermal cells, varying 

with the species of grass, indicate movement of sub- 

stances across the altered cuticle from fungus into 

the host leaf. Experiments with leaf pairs in which 

the base of one excised leaf was immersed in a solu- 

tion of 14~-sucrose demonstrated movement of translo- 

cates from one leaf into the fungus stroma and from 

the stroma into the second leaf. Sufficient water 

moved across the fungus stroma between paired leaves 

to maintain turgor in the area of an excised leaf im- 

mediately in contact with the stroma. 

E55 F. W. SPIEGEL. Department of Botany, Miami 

University, Oxford, OH 45056. 

Ultrastructure of the flagellate protostelid 

Cavostelium apophysatum: -~hylogenetic significance. 

The flagellate cell of the protostelid Cavostelium 

apophysatum Olive typically has one to three long 

flagella. Each flagellum is independent of the 

others and is not paired with a short reflexed 

flagellum or linked with the nucleus. The sporocarp 

consists of one uninucleate spore borne upon a short, 

inflated stalk. The spore wall is decorated with 

two types of spines, delicate solid spines and larger 

hollow spines. The stalk consists of a basal disk 

and an apophysate swelling upon which the spore sits. 

The stalk has an amorphous, nonfibrillar structure, 

and the apophysis is hollow. The structure of the 

flagellate cell and the stalk, and the nature of the 

spore ornamentation are quite different from those 

of Cavostelium bisporum, suggesting that the two 

species are not congeneric. It is suggested that 

the two species belong on different branches of a 

new phylogenetic scheme that will be presented. 

P. Stumhofer see Jaworski El45 

J. A. Sweigard see Grove El15 

A. Tavana see Henney E87 

K. Tanaka see Heath El06 

J. W. TAYLOR. University of California, Berkeley, 

California 94720. 

Mitosis in somatic hyphae of Tulasnella araneosa. 

Mitosis is being studied in Tulasnella to better 

understand the controversial relationship of E- 

asnella to other Basidiomycotina, and to provide 

more information on mitosis in fungi. The lack of 

a morphological marker for mitosis (such as the 

clamp connection) in the hyphae of Tulasnella makes 

electron microscopy very tedious. To surmount this 

obstacle, Tulasnella is grown on agar-coated 

coverglass and, after fixation in glutaraldehyde, 

the nuclei are stained with Mithramycin, a DNA- 

specific, fluorescent molecule. Selected nuclei 

are marked with circles inscribed in the coverglass 

for later retrieval. After the hyphae are postfixed, 

dehydrated and embedded "flat" , the selected nuclei 

are sectioned and examined. In this manner, a large 

number of mitotic nuclei can be examined and the 

light and electron microscopic images can be 

correlated exactly. 

E5 3 

M.THIBAUT. Laboratoire de Parasitologie, E82 

I5 rue de ltEcole de Medecine, 

75270 - Paris Cedex 06 - France . 

The use of laser microscopy for analysis 

of pathogenic fungi, 

Laser microscopy has already found numerous 

applications in the field of biology and may 

also be extended to the study of pathogenic 

fungi. Small pieces extracted from As~eroillug 

fumisatus were studied by this method. 

The principle is as follows: a laser beam is 

focused to evaporate and excitate micro - 

quantities of substances with a view to spsc- 

tral analysis with photographic recording. 

Insoluble as well as soluble substances can 

be detected. The laser spectra reveal the 

presence of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, 

magnesium, silicon, copper, zinc and sodium. 

The present results are in accordance with 

those of a previous study by X -ray micro - 

analysis ,but in addition,reveal the presence 

of elements which were not detected by the 

microprobe. 

Both techniques provide a way of obtaining 

chemical information without recourse to a 

variety of staining methods . Therefore these 

techniques were found to be rapid and applica- 

ble in the analysis of pathogenic fungi in 

order to study their elemental composition. 

The combination of laser microscopy with X - 

ray microanalysis has been shown to offer 

distinct advantages over previously available 

systems.Information not accessible with con- 

ventional cytochemical procedures are obtained.

E47 W.E. Timberlake. Wayne State University, Detroit, C. GERALD VAN DYKE. North Carolina State 

MI 48202. 

Future trends in genetics and molecular biology 

of fungi. 

University. Raleigh, NC 27650. E49 

SEM of the ant parasite Laboulbenia formicarum. 

Recent and anticipated innovations in recombinant DNA Lab0 ul hen 7 a formi carum Thaxter ( Laboul ben - 

technology, in conjunction with more traditional 

genetic approaches, will provide the basis for 

important advances in our understanding of the 

molecular processes regulating fungus grarth and 

development. 

ales) is an ectoparasite of several genera 

of ants. This parasite is presumed to be 

host specific for ants and occurs on nearly 

all parts of the ant. Parasitized ants of 

four genera, including a newly reported 

genus Acanthom , collected on the campus 

L. S. Tisa see Chan El49 

El33 A.P. TORZILLI* and J. BERKMAN, George Mason 

of N o r 4 State University were processed 

for and viewed with scanning electron 

microscopy (SEM) . A1 though C. formicarum 

has been studied with light microscopy, SEM 

University, Fairfax, VA 22030. serves to enhance the study of its morph- 

Cell wall degrading ability of several salt marsh 

fungi . 

ology, developmental stages, and location on 

the host. Observations by SEM provided 

greater detail and depth of field perception 

Recent investigations have demonstrated that salt of the fungal body than previous1 y described 

marsh fungi, when growninmedia containingspecific by light microscopy. Many developmental 

polysaccharides, are able to produce a range of poly- stages of the fungus, including the early 

saccharidases that are potentially important in 

detritus processing (Gessner, R.V. Bot. Mar., 23: 

two-ascospore stage, were found on the same 

host. The fungus was abundant on some ant 

133. 1980). Since most plant polysaccharides are parts; it occurred on antennae, mouth parts, 

components of the cell wall, and therefore are linked and growing from the compound eye. 

to form a heterogeneous polysaccharide complex, enzyme 

studies using purified polysaccharides may not C. G. Van Dyke see Gray El19 

accurately depict events as they would occur with 

native call walls. Therefore, we have examined polysaccharidase 

production by three salt marsh fungi 

(Pleospora pelagica, Pleospora vagens, and w- 

sphaeria typharum) when grown in medium containing 

JAMES L. VAN ETTEN. Department of Plant Pathology, 

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 El2 

Fungal nuclei c acids. 

as the sole carbon source cell walls isolated from The development of many new techniques for the 

Spartina alterniflora. Enzymatic activities detected 

in culture filtrates after six days of growth 

were a-L-arabinosidase, a-D-galactosidase, 6-Dstudy 

of nucleic acids has led to an explosion of 

information on the nature of cellular genomes and 

gene transcription. The application of these 

galactosidase, B-D-glucosidase, 13-D-xylosidase, ara- techniques to fungi suggests that there are certain 

banase, cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase. Not all differences in how DNA is organized and transcribed 

the fungi produced the same enzymes. Significant in 

terms of detritus processing was the demonstration 

in fungi as compared to higher eukaryotic organisms. 

Some of these simi 1 ari ties and differences between 

that culture filtrates from these fungi, as well as 

from the salt marsh fungus Buergenerula spartinae, 

were also able to solubilize Spartina cell walls as 

fungi and higher eukaryotes will be discussed. 

J. L. Van Etten see Russo E77 

measured by reducing sugar liberation. 

E20 

F. TRAUB and H.R. HOHL. Institute of Plant Biology, 

Zirich, Switzerland and J.C. CAVENDER*. Ohio 

University, Athens. OH 45701. 

Cellular slime molds of Switzerland. 

MICHAEL A. VINCENT, MARTHA J. POWELL and JERRY W. 

McCLURE. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056. 

Effects of Sandoz 6706 on fungal growth and pigmentation. 

El46 

Effects of the commercial herbicide Sandoz 6706 

During the course of a four-year study of the distri- 

(Sand02 Wander Co.) have been widely studied in highbution 

of cellular slime molds in Switzerland, three er plants as as and bacteria. The 

new species of the Dictyosteliaceae were discovered: effect On the tested seems to be the in- 

Dictyostelium fasciculatum, 2. polycarpum and 

Polysphondylium filamentosum. These species are 

described and characterized. 

hibition of carotene production and the photoxidation 

of chlorophylls. Since non-target effects of herbicides 

can be either beneficial or harmful to both the 

pathogenic and saprophytic microflora, it is impor- 

The study showed that by proceeding from species tant to know how this herbicide effects fungi. he 

rich to species poor sites the frequent and common first Part of this study tests the influence of vary- 

species disappear, whereas the infrequent and rare ing Of SandOz 6706 On the growth and 

species are conserved. Thus, these latter species appearance of a range 

which represent specialists, appear to be Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, AscomYceteS, Basidtoof 

considerable ecological significance. 

mycetes and Fungi Imperfecti. In the second part of 

this study the basidiomycetous yeast, Rhodotorula 

glutinis, which contains several carotenoid pigments 

R. C. Ullrich see Chase El40 includine ., R-carotene .- 

was used to learn more about tb- .L 

mode of action of Sandoz 6706. Pigments from the 

yeast were extracted, chromatographically separated, 

identified, and spectrophotometrically quantitated.

Results indicate a reduction in 0-carotene levels in 

the yeast when grown in the presence of the herbicide. 

Because precursors of 0-carotene accumulated, it is 

hypothesized that the herbicide Sandoz 6706 inhibits 

an enzymatic cyclization in the biosynthesis of 

B-carotene. 

A. C. Waiss see Kurtzman E76 

Ell1 D. TeSTRAKE WAGNER-MERNER* and E. D. McCOY. 

University of South Florida, Tampa, EL 33620. 

Observations of a Laboulbeniales on some Florida 

earwigs. 

Over three hundred specimens from six species of 

earwigs collected in Florida during 1979-81 were 

examined for the presence of Laboulbeniales. Thus 

far Filariomyces forticulae Shanor has been found 

to occur on approximately 5% of the specimens of 

Labidura riparia (Pallas), a new host among earwigs. 

The relationship of the occurrence and cuticular 

position of this fungus on this host is compared to 

the original host, Prolabia pulchella (Serville), 

from which the fungus was originally described. 

E79 S. A. WARNER* and A. J. DOMNAS. University of 

North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. 

Utilization of cycloartenol versus lanosterol as 

an indicator of the mode of 2,3-oxidosqualene 

cyclization in sterol biosynthesis by selected 

Oomycetes. 

In the biosynthesis of sterols the cyclization of 

2,3-oxidosqualene yields lanosterol in animals and 

fungi except Oomycetes, whereas cycloartenol is 

yielded in plants. We are investigating this pro- 

cess in Oomycetes through the analysis of cyclo- 

artenol versus lanosterol utilization. Lagenidium 

giganteum and L. callinectes will metabolize cyclo- 

artenol but not lanosterol to other sterols. 

Pythium debaryanum. Phytophthora cinnamomi and 

Achlya sp. will metabolize both cycloartenol and 

lanosterol. Both mechanisms of utilization reflect 

the patterns of transformation found in plant sys- 

tems. This, along with other types of data, supports 

the hypothesis that the Oomycetes arose from the 

algae. 

E85 H. L. WARREN* and S. K. ONKEN. USDA, SEA, Purdue 

University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 

Sporulation and growth of Diplodia macrospora and 

Diplodia maydis on several media. 

Diplodia maydis and 2. macrospora sporulate poorly, 

if at all in vitro. Studies were conducted to deter- 

mine the additional requirements for sporulation and 

growth of 2. maydis and 2. macrospora in still 

culture under continuous light at 23C on 1.5% 

sucrose-basal mineral salt medium (SBMS) consisting 

of 5.95g K2HP04, 2.38g KH2P04, 1.0g MgS047H20, 2.64g 

(NH4)2S04, and Pridham Gottlieb trace salts per P. 

H20. Biotin, peptone, malt and yeast extracts were 

added singly or in combination to the SBMS medium. 

For g. macrospora, the highest number of spores and 

lowest dry weight of mycelium was on SBMS plus 

biotin (1.4 x 105 spors/ml) followed by 4.3 x 104 

spores/ml on SBMS plus malt extract. No sporulation 

occurred on SBMS when peptone or yeast extract was 

added. Sporulation was also induced on SBMS with 

peptone or yeast extract by increasing the sucrose 

concentration to 3%. The higher concentration of 

sucrose tended to increase mycelial growth (dry 

weight) and reduce sporulation. For 2. maydis, the 

highest number of spores (5.4 x 105/ml) were pro- 

duced on SBMS with malt extract. Fewer spores were 

produced on SBMS plus yeast extract, biotin and 

peptone. Diplodia maydis sporulated on 9 of the 12 

media and mycelial growth was abundant on all media. 

Increased dry weight of mycelium appeared to be 

inxependent of sporulation. Biotin or a similar 

growth substance appear to be necessary for sporula- 

tion and development of mycelium of g. macrospora 

on synthetic media. Biotin is not required for 

either growth or sporulation of 2. maydis. 

R. Watling see Whalley El21 

D. J. Weber see Bunderson E49 

E. D. WEINWIG. Biolow (Arts & sciences) and 

Medical Sciences (school of ~edicine), Indiana 

University, Bloomington, IN 47405. 

El4 

hgal secondary metabolism. 

The golden age of the scientific study of fungal 

secondrrJ metabolisr was launched exactly fifty 

years ago with the publication of Raintrick's 357 

page monograph on "Studies in the biochemistq of 

microorganisms". The present talk will trace the 

derelopment durin~; the past half century of the 

concept, the control, and the posaible functions 

of secondary metabolism. The presentation will 

conclude with a discussion of research that remains 

to be done - in the area8 of (a) diacwery 

and enhancement of production of rueful compounds, 

(b) nu pression of synthesis of horriul metabolites, 

4.1 elucibtion of mlecu1ar ampeots 01 control 

of secondary metabolism and (d) application 

of the fungal model to imprwe our underatuding 

of animal cell differentiation, dedifferentiation, 

and transforration to neoplasia. 

A.J.S. WIIALLEY and ROY WATLING, ~iverpool El21 

Polytechnic and Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, 

U.K. 

Daldinia concentrica versus Daldinia vernicosa 

and their distribution in the British Isles. 

Comparison of perfect and imperfect states of 

Daldinia concentrica and D.vernicosa confirm their 

separate identity. The smaller stromatal forms of 

D.concentrica occurring on Betula and occasionally 

on Faeus do not differ significantly from the 

typical form growing on Fraxinus, its common host. 

The smaller forms have been confused with 

D.vernicosa but the two species are distinct and in 

the British Isles D.vernicosa is only found.on w. 

D.concentrica is widely distributed in the British 

Isles but is not common in Scotland or Ireland. It 

has a much wider host range than is generally 

appreciated occurring on at least 16 different 

angiosperm species. Although Fraxinus is clearly 

the most common host in England and Wales there is 

an apparent change in host preference in the 

northern regions and in Scotland Betula not Fraxinus 

is the chief host. 

D.vernicosa is also widely distributed but is 

apparently much less common being usually associated 

with which has been burnt and then weathered.

E28 A.J.S. WHALLEY, Liverpool Polytechnic, 

Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K. 

Towards natural groupings within the Xylariaceae 

forms of perturbation. A serious effort is now underway 

to present mycological ecology as a rational, 

organized body of knowledge and to Promote the interfacing 

of mycological data with ecological theory. 

Within the X~lariaceae there are a number of genera 

such as Xylaria, Hypoxylon, Rosellinia, Daldinia, D. T. WICKLOW,* B. W. HORN, and R. J. COLE. ~129 

and Nmularia which are clearly closely related in 

spite of uncertain generic limits. In recent years 

Hypoxylon in particular has received considerable 

attention and many investigations highlight the 

Northern Regional Research Center, AR, SEA, USDA, 

Peoria, IL 61604, and National Peanut Research 

Laboratory, AR, SEA, USDA, Dawson, GA 31742. 

close affinities which exist between certain species 

and species groups. The traditional use of stromal 

On the adaptive significance of sclerotia in the 

life history of mycotoxigenic Aspergilli and 

form and nature of the ostiole although useful key 

characteristics are found to be of less value in the 

establishment of natural taxa. Conidial state 

Penicillia from cereals. 

The fungal sclerotium is examined as an important 

morphology has proved to be especially interesting 

and in a number of cases clear perfect-imperfect 

state connections have been made. Thus in sections 

survival structure in the life history of mycotoxigenic 

species of Aspergillus and Penicillium known to 

colonize preharvest cereals. Sclerotia of Penicillium 

Hypoxylon, Annulata and subsection Papillata of the pedemontanum Mosca & Fontana, a producer ofcitreo- 

Papillata section conidial states invariably belong viridin, are reported from insect-damaged and fungusto 

the form genus Nodulisporium and allied 

hyphomycetes. In the subsection Primocinerea the 

conidial states can be accommodated in 

infested preharvest corn. When fungus-infested ears 

were incubated in moist chambers, large numbers of 

sclerotia (50-150) developed within individual ker- 

Geniculosporium. Daldinia has nodulnse conidial nels, often replacing their contents. The sclerotia 

states thus linking it with the Hypoxylon section were exposed by removing sections of the pericarp. 

whilst in Rosellina the possession of Geniculosporium This represents the first time that sclerotia of any 

imperfect forms demonstrates an affinity to the species of Penicillium or Aspergillus have been shown 

subsection Primocinerea. to develop within the seeds of vascular plants. 

Secondary metabolites produced in culture provide a 

new source of information which might be of 

Sclerotium-producing isolates of Aspergillus flavus 

Link from both cool and warm latitudes were analyzed 

taxonomic value. There are indications that for the presence of aflatoxins and major indole 

different species or species groups are character- metabolites (e.g., cyclopiazonic acid, aflatrem, and 

ized by certain metabolites. Thus H.serpens and its dihydroxyaflavinine). Cyclopiazonic acid was 

allies can be recognized by the production of detected primarily in sclerotia of isolates from 

butyrolactones. warmer latitudes. Aflatrem and dihydroxyaflavinine 

W. F. Whittingham see Kuter El32 

were detected in nearly all sclerotia examined, but 

not in extracts of the culture medium and mycelium of 

Petri dish cultures from which all the sclerotia were 

removed. Geographic variation in and intrafungal 

E3 D. T. WICKLOW*. Northern Regional Research Center, allocation of these compounds in A. flavus are 

AR, SEA, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. examined from the evolutionary ecologist's perspective 

of selective forces shaping the chemical defense 

Mycological ecology: a coming of age., systems of fungi. 

Ecological research is directed toward a better 

understanding of the natural world and its function 

as a system. Fortunately for mycologists, fungi are 

important biotic components of ecosystems. The 

collaborative efforts of biologists in various biome 

studies (International Biological Program) have gone 

far in introducing mycologists to ecosystem process 

studies, and ecosystem level process modeling is 

where fungal ecologists now appear to be making the 

greatest contribution to ecology. Fewer examples 

are found on the role of fungi in the development of 

principles and concepts of population and community 

ecology. This problem is not exclusive to mycology. 

Progress in mycological ecology during the last few 

decades can be linked to quantitative studies emphasizing 

the importance of sampling at the scale of 

fungal interaction and resource use. Biological 

explanations for species abundance patterns in fungal 

communities are based on one or more of the following: 

(1) demonstration of unique fungal adaptations to 

specific environments; (2) characterization of the 

organism's fundamental niche; (3) interpretat ion of 

the outcome of interactions among species populations, 

including mutualisms, competition, and predation; (4) 

studies of colonization processes and mechanisms of 

species replacement in community development; (5) 

knasledge of how a community responds to different 

N. W. Widstrom see Kurtzman E76

El35 V. H. WOJCIK. University of Georgia, 

Athens, GA 30602 

A latent bacterial contaminant in Chytrid and 

Hypochytrid stock cultures grown on yeast extract 

media . 

A bacterial contaminant was found in several stock 

cultures of Chytrids and Hypochytrids grown on YpSs 

agar medium. This contaminant was not readily visi- 

ble with the naked eye or dissecting microscope. 

Microscopic examination of stained fungal prepara- 

tions also failed to reveal the contaminant. How- 

ever, when the fungi were sub-cultured and grown in 

liquid YpSs medium for continued rotary shake cul- 

ture, the contaminant would blooui in the medium. In 

an attempt to determine the contamination source, 

each component of the YpSs medium was plated out be- 

fore and after autoclaving on a variety of fungal 

and bacterial media. No bacterial growth appeared 

on these media after the component parts were auto- 

claved, but contamination continually occurred in 

liquid cultures. Alternatively, blood agar was used 

as a suitable medium for this fastidious bacterium. 

Good bacterial colony growth occurred when contami- 

nated cultures were plated on blood agar medium. 

When individual components of liquid YpSs were plat- 

ed on blood agar, the bacterial contaminant was 

found in the yeast extract portion both before and 

after autoclaving. Several different lots of yeast 

extract and prepared media containing yeast extract 

were examined. The bacterial contaminant was found 

in all lots tested. The bacterium is a gram posi- 

tive rod tentatively identified as a Corynebacterium 

sp. Details of this bacterial contaminant will be 

discussed along with implications for physiological 

work on lower fungi. Preventive measures for ex- 

cluding the bacterium from stock and liquid cultures 

will also be discussed. 

E23 

C.B. WOLFE. The Pennsylvania State University, 

Mont Alto, PA 17237. Numerical Taxonomy in the Boletes. 

Wolfe (1979) recently segregated Austroboletus and 

Mucilopilus from Porphyrellus on the basis of spore 

ornamentation, cystidial character states, and pileus 

cuticle differences. Numerical taxonomic analyses of 

taxa assigned to Porphyrellus sensu Singer was recent- 

ly conducted using the hTSYS computer programs and the 

PCFLOR principal components analysis program. Various 

combinations of taxa and character states were tested 

(a maximum of 41 characters with 303 possible charact- 

er states). These analyses supported the segregation 

of Austroboletus and Mucilopilus by Wolfe. A discus- 

sion of the characters and their significance in the 

analyses will be presented. 

M. S. Zuber see Kurtzman E76

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