s - Mycological Society of America

ROGER D. SOiW
ISSN 0541 - 4938
Mycological Society
of America
NEWSLETTER
Volume 41 No. 1 April 1990

SUSTAINING MEMBERS.
OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
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Members. These members are lieted below; patronize them and let
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Mycological Society of America
NEWSLETTER
Volume 41, No. 1; April, 1990
Terrence M. Hammill, Editor
Department of Biology
SUNY College at Oswego
Oswego, New York 13126
(315) 341-2768 (Laboratory)
(315) 341-3031 (Department Off ice)
(315) 342-3074 (Home Answering Machine)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sustaining Members ---------------------
Table of Contents ......................
Editor's Comments ----------------------
Abstracts of Papers and Posters --------
Additional Authors of Abstracts --------
Changes of Address and/or Phone Number -
Forthcoming Events ---------------------
Mycological Services Available ---------
Fungi Wanted ---------------------------
Publications and Computer Programs
for Give-Away, Sale, or Exchange -----
New Books by Members -------------------
Publications Needed --------------------
Vacancies for Mycologists --------------
Assistantships and Fellowships ---------
Employment Desired ---------------------
Major Honors, Awards, and Promotions ---
Changes in Affiliation or Status -------
Notes and Comments ---------------------
COVER ILLUSTRATION: Wucor ntucedo. Mature sporangium.
Magnification bar = 20 micrometers; X 900. Micrograph by T.M.H.

Editor's Comments
April, 1990
First announce-: David J. McLaughlin, Department of
Botany, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, is the new
Editor-in-Chief of Mvcolouia, succeeding Ron Petersen ; Kudos
clearly are in order for the outstanding job done by Ron Petersen
and his staff at the University of Tennessee. Good luck, Dave!
Thanks for the kind comments from several of the MSA members
who sent them to me after the October, 1989, issue came out.
With this second issue prepared here at SUNY-Oswego, I wish to
acknowledge the assistance of three undergraduate students who
provided much logistical help for both issues, seniors --
Jennifer Collart and Monica Converse (paid with Newsletter
support funds) -- and the frosh, Melissa Matolchi (a work-study
student assigned to my laboratory). Those three spent many hours
labelling, stuffing, sorting, bagging, handling, and doing other
kinds of dog-body labor, and I could not have done without their
help! I also want to thank June Johnston, Director of
SUNY-Oswego Publications, and her assistant, Jody Longeill, for
their valuable advice and quality work. The Newsletter was
something of a new challenge for them and their staff, and I
think the results have been excelleht.
There are a couple of minor changes in the blue Newsletter
Questionnaire (corrected typographical errors, a rearrangement of
some items, and a new item -- New research projects). I think I
have it about right, but suggestions for change are welcomed.
There are three inserts:
A. The M A Newsletter Questionnaire (blue)
B. The Ernployee/Employer Data Form (green -- new address for Bob
Pohlad)
C. An MSA Newsletter Survey (yellow)
I arranged the Abstracts of Papers and Posters presented at the
Annual Meeting of MSA immediately following these comments. The
Abstracts are listed alphabetically by the first author;
additional authors are listed alphabetically following the
listing of Abstracts (pages 46-48). The remaining pages (49-68)
are from the MSA Newsletter Questionnaires returned since the
October issue, 1989. Since I typed those pages where typing was
needed, any errors are my fault, and I apologize in advance.
It has been a pleasure preparing the past two issues.
However, since I am not sure whether those two issues have been
able to meet the needs of the membership, I have included a
survey as an aid to preparation of future issues. Please
respond. I want'to make the Newsletter as good as it can be
(within my limitations), and you can help. Also, if you have
suitable items (artwork, anecdotes, etc.) which can function as
page fillers when there is a need, please forward them to me.
Best wishes; I hope to see you at the meeting in Madison.
Sincerely,
7&mLL.e
Terrence M. Hammill, Editor
MSA Newsletter

Abstracts of Papers and Posters
S. K. ABOULLiJl, A'L.!~.XL-SAUJCX 8. A-ISSh
Liology depertment, Collep? of Science,
University of dasi*uh, 3asrd1, IMQ.
iff e ct of ternpereture, relztive humieity and
inf loreccence extract on the mycelial growth
m Z conieicl geminetion cf I..euf:inelle
--- !iccett&e Ctrv., tile caus~l p~:ti.,oel: of
infloreecene rot Cisease of date palm.
The infiorescence rot disease caused by
Laufiinella scaettae iu the most important
diseese three tin^ cbout 30 nfllions date
pclm trees in Iraq. The temperature range
for .the mycelial growth, conidial germimtion
and conidial germ tube length was between
10 and 3C C. The optimum temperature for
the mycelial growth, geninetion of conitia
auG gem tube length was occurred at 20 C.
Best mycelial growth and conidial production
occu~red at r.h , vrhile best conidial
germination occurred at 95% r.h. Tissue
extract obt~ined from inflorescence of
i'bidraai, Zahdl and Khikri cultivars
enhances conidial germination xhile extract
obtainee from inf lorescene of 1;hcnmi
cultiver snowed inhibitoq effect.
M.F.ALI FN. C.F. FRIESE. E.B. ALLEN, and LM. SHULTZ, Dept of
Biology, Systems Ecology Research Group, San Diego State
University. San Diego, CA 92182-0057 and Dept of Biology,
Utah State University, Logan UT 84322-5305.
VA rnycorrhizal fungi associated with
tridentata across Western North America.
VA mycorrhizal fungi associated with a single subspecies of plant.
Basin Big Sagebrush, were collected over the entire range of its
distribution during the growin6 season of 1989. Sites sampled
range@ from Baja California. Mexico to British Columbia, Canada,
to North Dakota, to New Mexico. Ten 3 cmxl0 cm deep cores from
different shrubs were taken at each site and analyzed for VAM
fungal species composition and density, % root infection, soil
water and soil P. G)omus was common among most sites.
The fungi were predominantly GI. trom the Baja
Peninsula and across the desert through California and New
Mexico. Sjlomus tonuosum was common in Nevada and Baja
California. GI. predominated in the central Great
Basin. GI, was common from British Columbia to
North Dakota. Glaaswra was common in North Dakota.
Scutelloswra extended from southwestern Wyoming
across to Reno Nevada. -. were common across New
Mexico. Nevada, and California. There is a wide diversity of VAM
fungi associated with a single wide ranging plant subspecies.
Thus, the species composition of fungi appear to be regulated in
part by habitat.
- Z. -Q. AN, J. W. HENDRIX, D. E. HERSXMAN,
and G. T. HENSON. Department of Plant .
Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington
40546.
Endogonaceous mycorrhizal community
associated with soybean as affected by crop
rotation and soil fumigation.
Propagules of mycorrhizal fungi in a Western
Kentucky field highly productive for soybean
and previously planted for two years to
corn, milo, fescue, or soybean were
determined by HPN bioassay before and after
fumigation with 67% methyl bromide-33%
chloropicrin and throughout a season in the
production of a crop of soybeans. Twenty
species of Endogonaceae, mostly Glomus
species, were found. In soybean plots, soil
fumigation eliminated most propagules in the
upper 15 cm of soil; but after production of
a crop of scybeans, populations of total
propaqules recovered to prefumiqation
numbers and were higher than populations in
non-fumigated soil. Soil from plots grown
continuously to soybean had fewer species
and lower populations of propagules of
Glomus spp. than plots rotated with the
other three crops; however, populations of
Giuas~ora spp. were high in continuous
soybean plots. Populations and number of
species were higher in fescue plots than in
the others. Colonization of roots did not
become extensive until about eight weeks
after planting, about the time plants
entered the reproductive phases.
D. A. ANDERS and J. C. ZAK Ecology Research Group,
Dept. of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock. -. TX 79409.
~ ~~~ ~
species abundance and seasonality of wood-decomposing
basidiomvcetes from woodrat middens in the Chihuahuan and
Sonoran beserts.
Woodrat middens may function as important centers of wood
decomposition in desert ecosystems. This smdy examined the
spatial and temporal occurrances of wood decomposing
basidomycetes on wood from middens in the Chihuahuan and
Sonoran deserts. Distinct temporal and spatial variability in
numbers of species and species composition were observed.
The majority of basidiomycetes from both deserts were
isolated during Aupst. A greater number of species were
isolated from middens in the Sonoran verses the Chihuahuan
desert at all sampling times. Although the two deserts shared
species in common, the fungal species composition of
middens in the Sonoran did differ from the Chihuahuan.
Penio~hora ramaricicola was predominately found in the
Chihuahuan rather than the Sonoran. Differences in the
species composition of the basiaiomycete assemblages
assiciatea with woodrat middens could result in differing
wood decomposition rates between the two desen ecosystems,
and the importance of middens to the overall decomposition of
wood.

- ROGER %. -
ANDERSON and A. E. LIBERTA. Biology Dept.
1llinoi.s State University, Normal, IL 61761.
VAM colonization and growth of little bluestem grass
(Schizachyrium scoparium) in fumigated and nonfumigated
soil.
Little bluestem grass was grown in fumigated and
non-fumigated sandy, low nutrient soil to which
was added supplemental N, P. K and Ca and Mg (bases).
In non-fumigated soil, between the first and second
growing seasons plants decreased in mean percent
colonization (36.9 vs. 20.8%) and colonized root
length (2,438 vs. 1,627 cm), except for the base
treated plants that increased in colonized root
length between the first and second growing season
(2,625 vs. 3,473 cm). In contrast, in fumigated
soil plants increased in mean percent colonization
(1.3 vs. 3.2%) and colonized root length (100 vs.
445 cm) between the first and second growing seasons.
In the second growing season, base treated plants
produced the most biomass per plant in fumigated
and non-fumigated soils. The soils are relatively
high in available P (14-28 ug/g) but low in
available Ca (276-482 ug/g) and Mg (59-76 uglg).
The results indicate that mycorrhizae may enhance
plant growth in our soil when limiting nutrients
(Ca and Mg) are provided.
R.K. ANTIBUS, DEBRA B. SINSABAUGH AND A.E.
LINKINS 111. Biology Department, Clarkson
University, Potsdam, NY 13699. The effects
of phosphorus source on acid phosphatase
activity and phosphorus uptake in
ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Six ectomycorrhizal fungi were grown witk
low leveis of inorganic or organic
phosphorus (phytic acid) to determine tht
effects of P source on isozyme patterns,
acid phosphatase activity and uptake of 3 2 ~
inositol phosphate. Isolates studied
inc1uded:~~enococcum eo hilum, Scleroderma
cltrinum, Hebelomz cr%dki?orme,
Lactarius sp., Amanita rubescens and
Entoloma sericeurr,. Significant
interspecies difterences were observed in
isozyme patterns and cell surface acid
phosphatase activity. Phosphorus source,
either inorganic or organic P, did not
affect isozyme patterns and generally did
not influence phosphatase production.
However, C. eo hilum demonstrated a five-
fold i n c r e a s h
surf ace phosphatase
activity when grown on organic P. In
general 32 P uptake from inositol phosphate
correlated well with cell surface
phosphatase activity. Growth on phytic
acid increased uptake of 32~, with this
+
effect being most pronounced in C.
aeo hilum. These results provide evidence
or the involvement of phosphatase in
organic P utilization.
R.K. ANTIBUS, TIMOTHY P. WEILAND, AND R.L.
SINSABAUGH. Biology Department, Clarkson
University, Potsdam, NY 13699. Growth and
production of hydrolytic enzymes by
Phellinus igniarius and Piptoporus
betulinus in pure cultures and on birch
wood.
Phellinus igniarius and Pi to orus
betulinus are common macro +?!7
ungi o standing
dead birches in upstate New York. Our study
objectives were to compare hydrolytic
enzymes for these fungi whem grown in pure
culture, and to determine whether similar
patterns of growth and enzyme production
were observed on birch wood in microcosms
containing different soil types. when
grown with cellobiose as a carbon source P.
betulinus showed higher total activities
t an P. i niarius of #-glucosidase,
e 2 d o c e l l h xylosidase. Both fungi
produced similar levels of exocellulase in
culture, and P. i niarius produced higher
acid phosphatase zctivities. These
patterns of enzyme production remained
consistent when fungi were grown on birch
sticks in microcosms. Birch stick mass loss
was affected by fungus and soil type used
in microcosms. P. i niarius generally
caused higher m ~ s s b p. n betulinus.
When the two fungi were combined on single
resource units mass loss was less than for
individual species grown separately.
Differences in mass loss paralleled
biomass accumulation, measured by ATP and
ergosterol, in resource units.
PARTHA BANEWE. Dept. of Biology, Illinois State
University, Normal, IL 61761 (Presently at the Dept. of Plant
Biology. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1L 62901).
Laboratory experiments on competition between two
rhizoplane fungi Penicillium chrvso- and Trichoderma
hardanurn.
Based on results of a field study involving rhizoplane
microfungi associated with little bluestem (Schizachyium
scovarium], a common tallgrass prairie species, it was
hypothesized that Penicillium ~~IVSOE- and Trichoderma
harzianum outcompeted each other in unfumipted and
fumigated soils, respectively. To test this hypothesis and
investigate the mechanisms of competition, interactions
between the two fungi were stuhed in laboratory experiments
using an artificial model system. Competition did occur.
Instances of advantageous priority effects caused by one
organism on the other were also established. In addition,
some demmental residual effects on the growth of one species
were observed when it was grown along with the killed mass
of the other in the same numtive h u m employed prior w
killing.
Mark T. Banlk. Michael J. Larsen. Harold H. Burdsall. Jr. Center
for Porest Mycolory Research. Porest Products Laboratory.
USDA-Pores1 Service. Madison. W1. Thc formation of clamp
connections between compatible baaidiospore germlinr8 of species
of Armillaria.
Basidioapore dilutions on rater agar of meveral North A ~~SIC.~
biological species (NABS) of Armillaris were examined for the
presence of clamp connections followinp germination and formation
Of "juvenile hyphae'. After two wceks all spore dilutions
examined exhibited clamp connections. These included six

isolates each Of NABS 1 and 111. two of NABS V and 11 of NABS
VII. Ccrmlnmled sport. from tnc same fruitin# body for two
isolates of NABS I and two iaolates of NABS VII were palred on
water agar. Clamps were observed in 23-36 percent of theme
Dairingr. a value that is son.i.ten1 with Inr expected number for
a bifactorial mating system. Intrampeelem pairings of serminated
bamidlompores of two imolates of NABS 1 mnd two isolates of NABS
Vl1 were lOOX coapatibllc. ba-cd on clamp formation Indleatlng
bultiallellsm at the incompatibility loci. Intermpecific
palrinss Of apores from one imolate each of NABS 1 and V11 laeked
Clamp connections. Agar plug. from the vmrioul p.irInsm were
transferred to an enriched medium in order to observe colony
morphology. Transfers from spore pairlnls involvlns NABS VI1
were often uninterpretable. Translerm from NABS I spore pairins.
exhibited the expected "fluffy" or "crusto8e" colony morphology
accordlne to the absence or presence of clamp connections.
Confrontations of haploid isolates ("non-Juvenile" hyphse) from
the same fruitins bodies that ylelded the mporce for pairing.
provided date comparsble to those obtained through the use of
Clamp formation. Clamp connection iormatlon between "Iuvenile
hyphae" of compatible basidiosporem may offer an additional tool
for the deflnltion of specie. in Armillaria.
TIKmy J. BARM, sl!Jzvm J. tKmciLm1 d SWlT A.
Q3RD&. l~eparbnent of Biological Sciences, State
University of New York, College at Cortland, Cortland,
NY 13045 ard l~eparbnent of Batany, Vnive~
sity of lbmese, Knoxville, ?N 37916
pvcena leaiam (Perk.) Saho: culture mat characteristics,
mating studies and analysis of in vitro
basidiome prcduction.
?he production of agaric basidimata in pxe culture
is the exa?ption and oertainly a too infrequent
phenomenon. Many different species of rmshrogm can
be enticed to prpduce myoelial mats in culture, howwer
the vast majority of these captxred individuals
rarely will undqo a caplet& life cycle frcun basidiospore
to basidiospore in the laboratory. A re cent collection and isolaticm of an individual of
Wce~ leaiam (#3 SAG/#6113 TJB), fran a decayirq
beech log in oentrdl New York, has been &eerfully
prcrcfucing its exquisitely colored caespitose clusters
of basidicmta on MEA and other media in plre culture
in the laboratory. Phenatypic plasticity of the
monokaryatic and dikryotic mycelial mats will be
shwn and discussed. The mating system for this in-
&vidual is tetrapolar. Mon&&yotic basidimata
production is often initiated but becgnes arrested at
&f ferent plases of stipe elongation and pileus formation.
A mpmductive hymenium is never formed in
the monokaryotic basidicpne producers. w e in all
parts of the basidiaane are generally dikaryotic, the
spores are mkaryotic. An analysis of the macroand
mirroscopic characters of this species as it occurs
in culture will be presented and mapared to
those diagnostic features that are used to recognize
this agaric in its MW habitat.
P. BAYMAN and P. J. COTTY. USDA Southern
Regional Research Center, P.O. Box 19687,
New Orleans, LA 70179.
Aflatoxin production and genetic variation
in A s D ~ ~ u flavus. ~ ~ ~ u s
Aspernillus flavus is notorious for
variability in aflatoxin production, both
between and within strains. Because A.
flavus is asexual, population genetics of
aflatoxin production has been difficult
to study. We determined genetic
relatedness among isolates of A. flavus
using vegetative compati bi 1 it; tests.
Variation in aflatoxin production
vitro was significantly greater among
vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs)
than among members of single VCGs.
Several quantitative aspects of aflatoxin
production was significantly consistent
within VCGs. Implications for stability
and inheritance of aflatoxin production
will be discussed.
ABBES BELKHIRI, JOHN BUCHKO and GLEN R. KLASSEK
Dept. of Microbiology, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2.
Species assignment of Pythium isolates by PCR amplification
and restricti~ibosomal DNA.
A method for rapid assignment of Pythium isolates to
species was developed based on a neuiprep for
DNA isolation and on poiymerase chain reaction (PCR)
amplification of several sections of the rDNA repeat,
including the intergenic region. PCR products were
digested with batteries of restriction enzymes and
the resulting RFLPs were used to determine species
clustering. Consensus patterns for 15 species of
Pythium were determined. In several cases the method
was useful in resolving taxonomic problems insoluble
by morphological criteria, and in classifying isol-
lates which do not produce oogonia or zoospores and
thus are difficult to classify. PCR results were com-
pared with RFLP profiles of mitochondria1 DNA to
confirm the reliability and internal consistency of
the molecular approach. The PCR approach is more
rapid and convenient than the use of labelled probes
and it provides enough information for species assip-
nment so that full sequencing of DNA segments from
each isolate is not necessary.
J. W. ECRETT. Department of Biology, Tulane Uni ver-
sity, New Orleans, LA 70118. Nitrogen control of
secondary metabolism.
Secondary metabolites are low molecular weight com-
pounds of diverse chemical structure, that occur in
families of related metabolites, have erratic taxon-
omic distribution, are usually synthesized after ac-
tive growth has ceased, and serve no obvious function
in cellular metabolism. The best known fungal metab-
olites are bioactive compounds such as antibiotics,
mycotoxins, and immunosuppressants. Secondary.metab-
olite production is sensitive to nutritional control.
Fermentation microbiologists have developed a large
data base about the role of nitrogen in maximizing
industrial production of economically important com-
pounds. A temporal relationship between the deple-
tion of nitrogen and the initiation of polyketide
mycotoxin synthesis is common1 y observed in submerged
culture. Ammonia and complex amino acids are pre-
ferred nitrogen sources for aflatoxin and anthraqui-
none biosynthesi s. Despite the enormous phenomenol-
ogical literature, no generalized mechanism for
nitrogen control of fungal secondary metabol ism has
been elucidated.

p. BERRa, G. SAENZ, T. WHITE and J. TAYLOR,
Department of Plant Biology, University of
California, Berkeley, CA 94720 and Hoffmann-
La Roche, Emeryville, CA 94608.
Molecular resolution of conflicting
cleistothecial and condial characters in
Talaromvces and relatives?
We are interested in whether the sexual
characters defining the genus Talaromvces or
the asexual characters of species within
Blaromvces are better predictors of
phylogenetic relationships. T m
delimited from other Trichocomaceae by sexual
characters, i-e., soft cleistothecia with
walls of loosely interwoven hyphae. Most
Talaromvces species have penicillium
,anamorphs but a few (e.g., 2. Jevcettanus or
T. bvssochalmvdoides) produce Paecilomvces
asexual states. These paecilomvces states
resemble the anamorphs of ~vssochlamvs and
Thermoascus species. Dlaromvces species may
be monophyletic, as implied by current
taxonomy, or they may be polyphyletic with
the Paecilomvces-producing species being more
closely related to pvssochlamvs and
Thermoascus than to the Penicillium-producing
Talaromvces species. To test these
hypotheses we have developed a character set
for these taxa independent of cleistothecial
and conidial characters. Phylogenies
inferred from DNA sequence of the internal
transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA
repeat unit and the 5.8s rDNA will be
compared to phylogenies based on
cleistothecial and condial characters to
evaluate the phylogenetic value of these
characters.
Jzmes D. Bever, Department of Botany, Duke
University, Durham, NC, 27706.
Differentiation of Natural Allium vineale
Populations in Response to Mineral Versus
Biotic Components of Soil.
Allium vineale bulbils from 10 individuals
from each of three populations were grown
in pots of pasteurized soil inoculated with
fresh or autoclaved whole soil inoculum
from each site of these three populations.
Plants grew larger with fresh soil inocu-
lum. This effect is likely to be due to
mycorrhizal fungi. The total plant weights
were greater when grown with their own
inoculum than when grown with other inocu-
lum -- regardless of whether the inoculum
was fresh or autoclaved. This suggests
that the Allium populations are adapted to
the mineral component of their native
soils. Bulb weights were also greater when
grown with their native soils. However,
the populations grew relatively better with
their own soii amongst the autoclaved
inoculum than with their own soil amongst
the fresh inoculum. This result suggests
that these populations are locally adapted
to the mineral -- but not the biotic compo-
nent of the soil.
is
Q, BER-. M. E. BORAAS, and K. H. NEALSOK.
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Center for Great
Lakes Studies, 600 E. Greenfield Avenue,
Milwaukee. WI 53204.
In vitro antagonism of bioluminescent fungi by
Trichoderma harzianum.
Two species of bioluminescent fungi. Panellus stypticus
and Omphalotus olearius were placed in contact with three
different strains of Trichoderma harzianum.. Subsequent
light emission by the luminous fungi and advance of [he
fungal pathogens were compared. Relativc diffcrcnces
among the pathogens were reflected in the rate of
mycelial advance, the total area over khich spores were
produced upon l e host fungi. and decreases in host
bioluminescence. After ten days differences in the total
surface areas of spore production varied from 1 to 53
percent. Differences in the reduction of bioluminescence
of the same material ranged over 2 orders of magnitude.
Final reduction in luminescence ranged over 6 orders of
magnitude. Marked reduction in bioluminescence was
observed to precede the advance of spore production. The
greatest reduction in luminescence was correlated with
the presence of T. harzianum hyphae. Two strains of
T. harzianum, NRRL 1698 and ATCC 58674, were capable of
killing both bioluminescent fungi within the study period
while a third strain, NRRL 13019, was capable of killing
only Omphalorus olearius.
L. B'iTlKCI & S. LLPO. Ccntml gmdh of Scleratim cepivonm by
several strains of Trichodem sw.
Antagonistic activity of 60 strains of Trict-dem spp. (T. harzianun,
T. hmtvn, T. kmirgii, T. s a t u n i i Sclemtiunii
vfi ~ a n a ~ s d 7 l&ratory Z E ccndiiuns.Tne pam
i q e was ~lployed to detect the activity of the diffusible
mtablites on mycelial grwth anc: sclemtia fomtion. Sun?
strains of all species except T. satmnism produced 1Wb qwth
inhibition at 24 h. A reduced3 of strains of all species were
able to inhibit sclemtial formation, at 12 d, Wen sclerotia
mtvration was cnpletly achieved in the ccrcml disks. Ftycelial
cords, larger sclerotia (3-5tim the cahm! size) and little;
stalked, imture ones (formirg the rind later) were fonred by
other set of strains with lwr activity. ha1 cultures on agarmlt,
using cne sclerotiun and a mycelial disc of Trichodem as
iimla, were carried art. The cutmna cbserwd with the mst
;active strains were: 1) yellw pignntatim in the interface zone
and - S. cepivonm grwing just to the of Trichodem advancing
zcne, where MTI? new sclerotia fomtion ocarrred; 2j sclemtia
germination inhibited; 3) sclerotia germination produci~ xne new
sclemtia; Trichoderma, in turn, inhibited Wse I?& sclerotia
germination and covered them by a heavy sprulatim. In cases 2 and
3 MTI? sclemtia were apty and others internally disorganized,
spliting under a little pression. In Loth situatims sclerotia or
fragnwrts of them were mble to gwminate Wm transfered to fresh
Mia or of they did new sclerotia were not f d . Mycoparasitirm
of myceliun or sclemtia were not cbserwd. Experimsrts under field
conditions, with several strains of Trichodem will be perfo&,
ladting for a possible biolcgical mml of mion witkrrst'idisease.

J. li BHAlTACHAWJEE. Department of Micrubidogv
Miami University, Oxford. OH 45056
!The Unique Biosynthet~c Pathway for Lysine in Fungi
ibim Is an essential amino acid (obtained from diet) for humans and animals.
:Havcr, it is synthesized by ruo mutually exclusive pstbways in bneterio, lunpi,
iand plants. Bscterin, piants, and certain pbycomywtes usc the diaminop~wlic acid
pathm my, wbe~lls the yeastsandother hther fuqi use Ibea-sminosdipte pathway
ifor the biosvnthesis of Ivrine. Genetic and biochemical analysis of lvsine
taurotmphs of SacchammvcPs mmisiar have confirmed eight en- steps and
lmore thmn mlve unl~nked pews responsible for the a-smimdipate pathway.
iHomocitrate spthase cntaI.yzes the firs1 committed step (a-kctoglumnte + acevl
CaA - homncitnte) of the pathway. Homocitrate - cis-homoaeonitate -
.homoisocitrntr - a-ketoadipate - a-sminoadipate are the intermediates of the first
:half of the patbuay luclll~ud inside mitochondria and the specific ~ctiuns are
.analopus to tho= ol the cllric acld cycle lead~tq to the synthesis of glutamate.
la-Aminondipate - a-sminondipte-scmialdchyde - saccharopine - lysine constitute
!the second half of the pathway. Homocltrate sytbase. homoimitrate
~dehydrugenase. a-sminoadipate roduetase, saccbampine debywnase hnve been
!purified sod characterized from wild type S. previsiae. ?be cis-homuumnitase and
!a-kctondipate transsminase have been parIiall!. characterized. The presence of one
tor more of these enzymes has also heen demonstrated in scveral psts and molds
! i n c l u d i n g Y a r m w i a ~ Neu--,and ~ ~ ,
&nicillium
pbrvsonenum. Homoc~trate synlhase is leedhuck inhibited by lysine and its
~analogues, all of the enryws erhibit repression when S. fcmvisiae is pmm in
llvs~ne supplemented medium. and the enzymes of tbe -d ball d tbe pathway
~are under the pcneral rqyhtion of amino acids syathcslk Several lysioc penes
lhave been cloned bv functional complementation of specific lysine auxotrophs with
!plasmids fmm a S. gerevisiae pnomic library. The cloned pcne in the
ipiasmid YEp620 Is localized on a 6.9 kb Pstl-EeoRI DNA inserl, tbe pene is
clocsl~zed on a 2.8 kb Xhol-Xhol DNA inserl of the plasmid pS052. t h e m pene
is localized on a 3.2 kb Sphl-BamHI DNA insert of the pSCS plasmid, and the
'm pene is localized on a 1.9 kh BamHI-Xbal DNA insen of the pS051 plasmid
Lvsine is an important fermentation product. Also, the a-aminondipale pathway
wn be used as a marker lor phvlupeny as we11 as a tawt lor tbe rapid detection
and wntml of important oppnnunistic funel patbopcns. Lysine is not cataholizod
as sole nitmgen wum h?. S. rrrevisiae. Instead, such lysine becomes toxic to the
cells and causes ahnnrmal morphology, cell division, and loss of viability. Such
abnormalities mav serve as a model lo sludv the mechanism of hyperlysinemia, a
severe metabolic disorder for I:hinr catabolism in children.
G.F. Bills and J.D. Polishook. I4erck Sharp 6 Dohme
Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahvay, NJ
07065.
Kicrofungi from Carpinus caroliniana.
This studv is an attempt to characterize the fungal
flora inhabiting the bark of Carpinus caroliniana
(American Hornbeam, Ironwood). Trees were sampled
from various sites in central New Jersey. Ten trees
were selected at each site. From each tree, 24 one
cm bark discs were removed. The bark discs were
surface-sterilized and were distributed onto three
isolation media. Colonies of fungi were alloved
to develop and then transferred to slants for
enumeration and identification. Thus far we have
examined nearly 900 bark discs from 40 trees and
recovered over 60 species of fungi. As expected, the
£lor6 is dominated by common genera of Hyphomycetes.
however a suprisingly high proportion of the isolates
are Coelomycetes. A few Basidiomycetes were recovered
with our method. A comparative analysis of the
differences in species diversity and the frequencies
of species recovered among individual trees, among
different sites, and among isolation media is
presented.
M. BLACKWELL and D. IVILLOCH. Department of Botany. Lwisia~
State University. Baton Rouge, LA 70803, and Department of
Botany. University of Toronto, loronto, Ontario M5S 1A1.
Dispersal biology of Stvlowse m.
Stvlow~e S.W. UooG, previously repnrted only trm the
tyw local ity, Derbyshire, U.Y., is camon in noose c~ng at
severe. La~dian localities. It was present within 2-6 aays of
incubarior, in all of the dung sanples examined. In a field study
condrcted in Sept-r 1989, S. a m l a capilliconidia wre f d
attached to phoretic mites of dung beetles more often than spores
of any other species. Dispcrsai is similar to that reported for
secondary capilliconidia of Basidiobolus spp. In mired cultures
on agar. the mbs. Sawinia so., is an imortant prey organism
for S. anmala. The fasci~ting amoeba has a presurptive phoretic
stage that elmgates and sdheres to any objects that contact it.
Although re have not been able to distinguish the amebae on
trapped mites, ue assure that they here as do the cspillicMidia
with which they are intersprred on the dvlg surface. Amebae are
able to uithstand desiccation on cover glass shards for at least
72 hrs. providing circumtantial evidence that they could survive
disprsat thrqn air attached to the phoretlc mites. Thus.
direct dispersal for both predator and prey nay ensure a food
source for S. anomale in new substrates.
M. BLACKYELL', J.Y. SPLTA~ORA~, D. MLLOCH~, and J.Y. TAYLOR',
Deparlmmt of Botany. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
70803 , Departmyt of Botany, University of Tormto, Toronto,
Ontario MSS 1A1 , and Departrnf of Plant Science, University of
California, Berkeley, CA 94RO .
Ww evidence fro. an amrph for the renwal of Pyxidiwhora frm
the Hypareales.
Placement of Pyxididore Bref. 6 lav. in the Hypocreales alusys
has been suspect. Early deliquescent ascl and absence of apical
paraphyses are mt typical of the ordcr. Recognition of these
differences led Arnold to prgase the new fmity Pyxidiwhoraceae
for the genus and to suggest a relationshtp with the
Melanosporaceae. Lurc(qvist accepted the fmily and suggested that
it is misplaced in the Hypocreales. Most recently, von Arx and
van der Walt placed the Pyxidiophoraceae in the Ophiostaateles,
partially on the basis of a anamorpl. rwrted for several
species. In a discussion of the relationships of PyxidioMora,
Blackwell and Malloch chose nor to e@esize the evidence of
anamorphs because the cwmctions Mere mt proven
conclu~ively. However, a presuwtive synmnatous anamorph of
Pyxic!iomora sp. has been discovered that is characterized 4'
holoblastic conidia an percurrent or synPodial proliferation, a
tm not k m in the hyvocreales. Although similarity of
cultures established from the conidia and ascospore products
supports the ccnnution, neither culture prodxed s-te or
perithecia. Because of the imortance of veritying the existence
of a non-hypocrealean ansmorph tyue in Pyxidiophora, we used
mother appmsch to obtain cvidmsr of the correction. Primer
directed nplificat ion of nuclear encoded ribosansl RUA genes by
the polyrrrase chain reaction and direct DNA squcncing allowed
caparison of the two cultures. About LOO bases in the highly
conserve0 rDNA were identical in the tw cultures. The 300 bases
re ermined in the internal tramcribed spacer regions, k m to
be variable in f-i, were also icentical. Molecular widem
sqqmrts the canection, and ue cmsider the mnmmrph to be that
of Pyxidiochora sp. Thus, sdditimnl amrph evidence to exclude
Pptidiochora trrm the Hypocreales is provided.
L. D. Boeck. Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly
Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IK 46285.
ti lofungin, a new semi-synthetic anti -6andida
antibiotic from Aspergillus.
iCandida is an important human pathogen for whose
ltreatment few agents are available. In additi,on,
!those antibiotics that are clinically effective are
pi kely to exhibit host toxicity. Aspergillus species
ihave been shown to produce several lipopeptide anti-
lbiotics that likewise possess activity vs. Candida.
These lipo~eptides, which include Echinocandin 6
;(ECB), appear to act on various target sites and are
lalso likely to exhibit host toxicity. However, minor
changes in their fatty acid acyl chain substituents
ihave been shown to exert major changes in activity
:and/or toxicity. Successful studies previously
:conducted at Lilly for removal of an acyl group from
la related lipopeptide possessing gram positive
;activity, A21978C, led to the discovery that a

similar process could be applied to ECB. Therefore,
several Aspergillus species obtained from an ongoing
soil screen,were used to produce ECB by fermentation.
ZCB was subsequently isolated and partially purified,
:after which bioconversion to the polypeptide nucleus
was accomplished by deacylating with Actinoplanes
ut3hensis. The bioinactive peptide nucleus of ECB
was then isolated and chemically reacylated with
.various acyl analogs. An octyloxybenzoyl acyl group
was shown to confer a favorable therapeutic index.
This promising new compound, known as cilofungin, is
currentfy on clinical trial.
;E.W.A. Boehm and D.J. McLaughlin. Cereal Rust Labora-
tory, USDA-ARS, and Department of Plant Biology, Uni-
bersity of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108.
An ultrastructural karyotype for Eocronartium w-
cola.
Definitive karyotypes for small fungal nuclei are
best obtained at meiotic pachytene, using threedimensional
reconstructions of synaptonemal complexes.
Paciytene nuclei in Eocronartium muscicola, a simple
scptate auricularioid moss parasite, related to the
Uredinales , were preselected prior to serial sectioning
for TEN using epifluorescence microscopy. Seventeen
synapsed homologues were resolved in each of
four fully reconstructed nuclei originating from two
differe~lt moss hosts. Five of the seventeen chromosolnes
were cross correlated among the four nuclei
based on calculated length and centromeric index. One
chromosome cf ~haracteristic lengt+ and centromeric
index was found to be associated with the spindle
pole body (Spa). This is the first report of a synaptonemal
complex in association with a fungal SPB
and may relate to the heterochromatin found to subtend
the SPE in non-pachytene stages.
S.H. BOYUCHKO and J.P. TEWARI. Department of Plant
Science, University of A1 berta, Edmonton, A1 berta,
Canada T6G 2P5. Variation among barl ey cul ti vars
to VA mycorrhizal colonization.
The VA mycorrhizal fungi are generally be1 ieved to be
host non-specific, but certain host preferences are
known to exist. Field and greenhouse trials were
therefore conducted to determine whether various VA
mycorrhizal fungi show variations in colonization of
the roots of barley cultivars. Additionally, the
growth benefits accrued to the barley cultivars were
measured. Field experiments did not show any
significant differences in levels of root
colonization by indigenous Glomus spp. in 22 barley
cultivars over a 3 year period. However, greenhouse
studies, in which 8 barley cultivars were inoculated
with Glornus dimor~hicum, G. intraradices, or G.
mosseae, indicated that certain barley cultivars are
colonized to a greater extent by VA mycorrhizal fungi
than others. Glomus intraradices and $. mosseae
generally colonized barl ey more than 5. dimor~hicum.
Also, 4 of the 8 barley cultivars exhibited greater
yield and seed size when inoculated with E. mosseae
and G. intraradices over the controls, but not with
- 6. dirnor~hicum. It therefore appeared that barley
cultivars varied in their susceptibilities to VA
mycorrhizal colonization and that colonization and
growth benefits exhibited in the plants was also
gcvernec oy the VA mycorrhizal species present in the
soil.
Harold H. Burdsall. Jr..and Mark T. Banik. Center
for Forest Mycology Research. USDA-Forest Products
Laboratory. Madison. WI. Cultural characteristics
of the North American Species of Armillaria in
culture.
Several tissue or multisporous cultures from each
of the nine North American species of the
Armillaria mellea complex and A. tabescens were
compared on a 1.5 percent malt extract. 2 percent
agar medium. Cultures were grown at 12. 16. 20.
24. 28. 32 and 36 C. After four weeks all cultures
were diametrically measured and molrphological
characters recorded from those grown at 24 C.
Except for NABS VII cultures of all species of the
--
A. mellea complex grew at similar rates at all
temperatures. NABS VII grew substantially faster
at 32 and 36 C. Isolates of all species. except
NABS I11 and IX and A. tabescens. were culturally
consistent morphologically. NABS VI was the most
distinct culturally possessing a mostly vhite.
fluffy culture mat. Most other species were
reddish-brown and appressed. NABS I1 had a
distinctive feathery edge and NABS V stained the
agar reddish-brown. NABS I and X were
undistinguishable. both possessing extensive
reddish-brown crustose area in the center of the
colony with a hyaline margin. NABS VII cultures
generally were heavily zonate and stained the agar
reddish-:.mwn. Lack of consistency within some
species M opposed to others may indicate a lack of
integrity of these species.
C. BRAD=. P. WOOD, W. BLACK., B. WARNS and C.
NEAR. hlycotech Bioproducts, Inc., P.O. Box 4113, Butte,
MT 59702.
De\,elopment of Lieauveria bassiuna rnycoinsecticides.
Production techno103 is a key element in developing
rnycoinsecticides, not only in evaluating economics, but also
in strain selection, formulation, application methods, and
regulato~ compliance.
Production of B. bassiana conidia has been developed using
solid substrate culture with yields of 2-5 X 10'%0nidia per
kg of substrate. The product is a stable dry powder suitable
for a number of formulation options.
Fifty isolates have been compared for virulence and conidia
production in developing mycoinsecticides for grasshopper
and ,vsy moth control. Conidia production efficiency is an
important criteria in strain selection. Liquid spray and bait
formulations have been tested in laboratory. outdoor cage
and field trials for rassho per control at application rates
1B 1B
equivalent to 10 to 10 conidia per ha, In cage trials
80-100% mortality was obtained with 1012 and 1013 conidia
per ha equivalent.
Formulations and application methods designed for ,vsy
moth control in urban and suburban areas have been
developed and tested in laboratory and field trials. Mortality
rates of 80- 10070 have been obtained in laboratory trials, and
63% in initial field trials using economical application rates.
Production should be integrated at a very early stage in
orams.
mycoinsecticide develop men^ pro,

B. E. CALLAK. Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West
Burnside Road, Victoria, B.C. V8Z 1M5 CANADA.
Evaluation of taxonomy and biogeography of the
Xylariaceae using cultural characters and anamorphs.
The Xylariaceae is a large and complex cosmopolitan
family whose taxa have historically been delimited by
stromatal color, gross morphology and habit. The
f om-genera and habit of xylariaceous anamorphs are
often key characters currently used to delimit genera
and are usually the most reliable criteria for
placing intermediate forms into the appropriate genus.
Cultural and anamorphic features have also been useful
in identifying groups of closely related taxa. These
features help to determine in geographically separated
collections if variations in stromatal morphology
and spore size are reflected in the morphology of the
conidial state.
Xylariaceous taxa occur with greatest frequency and
diversity in the tropics. Recently, several large
collections of tropical specimens have been examined
and cultured. Comparisons of temperate and tropical
~collections, and occurence of taxa in widely
geographically separated regions dl1 be discussed.
L. M. m. Department of Plant Pathology,
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-
6430. Observations on a Cvstodendron species from
Vaccinium.
Cvstodendron is a poorly known genus based on C.
drvophilwr.. It is characterized by sessile,
penicillare clusters of conidiogenous cells with
well-developed collarettes and minute, globose
conidia. Cvstodendron has been connected to
teleomorphs in the Helotiales but little else is
known about them. Cvstodendron sp. on stems of
wild and cultivated Vacciniwn cormbosun in New
Jersey was indistinguishabie from the type of C.
drvo~!illwn on host tissue. In culture, however,
the fungus is morphologically more similar to
phialoce~hala dimorahos~ora. The Cvstodendron from
Vaccinim. and 1. dimor~hosoora both produce
coni~iophores of variable length, clusters of
conidiopenous cells and dimorphic conidia, with the
firsc-formed conidium ovoid in shape and subsequent
co~idia globosh. This is the first report of
dimorphic conidia in Cvstodendron. Based on the
morphologicai similarity between the two genera,
Aebi in 1972 proposed that J'hialoce~hala be placed
in synonymy with Cvstodendron. Evidence from
cultural studies of Cvstodendron and J'hialoce~hala
is presented to support the maintenance of
J'hialoce~hala and Cvsrodendron as distinct genera.
K.M.T. CASON' and J.K. ROBERTSZ. Departments of 'Plant Pathology
and 'Biochemistry. University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
DNA restriction fragment pnlynorphisms lor identification of aml
powdery mildew isolates (Bhmmia gmminir).
The powdery mildew fqus Bherio gmminis (=E?siphc gruminis), an
important plant pathogen of cereals, has long been known to exhibit
biolopical speaalization for host species and host cultivar. Availability of
rapid, precise methods for identification of subspecies based on the
anamorph which is the most common morph encountered in nature, would
aid in providing accurate data reparding the epidemiology, host-parasite
relationship, and systematics of this funp. Phenetic analysis of three
formae speciales (f.sp hordei from barley, f.sp. fririci from wheat, and tsp.
bromi from bromus carhonicus). and l3 races of the barley mildew showed
that rnorpholw of the anamorph cannot be used to identify subspecies.
Lonsequeotly, vanous DNA probes were tested in Southern analysis of total
pnomic DNA lo determine whether hybridization patterns were
characteristic for particular formae spedales and/or races. A 6 kb fragment
that contained the rDNA penes from B. m inis f.sp. hordei (BGH) CR3
was cloned and used as a probe to identify restriaion fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLPs) in DNAs from the formae speciales and races
indicated previously. Restriction patterns obtained by digestion of DNA
with 18 different restriction endonucleases showed no significant
plymorphisms in the rDNA pnes from the races of the barley powdery
mildew. However, the rDNA restriction fragment phenotypes of formae
speciales exhibited sienificant polymorphisms for digestions with various
restriction enzymes including Smal (Xmal) and EcoRI. Other probes were
tened including the 6-tubulin gene from BGH-CR3, hsp7O from soybean,
random clones from a BGH CR3 library, and mitochondrial genes from
Neurospora crassa (mt-mochrome b, mt-cyrochrome oxidase, mt-5s
rDNA). Chararueristic RFLPs were detected for the formae speciales with
rDNA genes, hsp70, mt-qlochrome oxidase and mt-25s rDNA. Variations
in restriction patterns for races of the barley mildew were obtained with
hsp70, ml-cvtochrome oxidase, and mt-2.5s rDNA.
M. A. CASTELLANO Forestry Sciences Laboratory, PNW
Forest Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis,
OR 97331.
Biogeography of gastroid Basidiomycotina and
Ascornycotina.
Most gastroid (truffles and false-truffles) Ascomycotina,
Basidiomycotina, and sporocarpic Endogonaceae form
mycorrhiza. They depend primarily on various mammals
for spore dispersal. Biogeography of truffles and false-
truffles is influenced by the physiological habit of the
fungus (mycorrhizal or saprophyte), global climate
change, topography, continental drift, and host specificity.
The unique triparite association of host, fungus and
mammal rnycophagist reduces the opportunity for
migration. The rnycogeography of the northern and
southern Hemispheres offers an interesting array of
similar and dissimilar fungi for comparison.
R. J. Chacko, G.J. Weidmann and D.O. TeBeest, Dept. of
EtPaFhology, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayettwille, AR
72701
Mycelial analysis of Heterokoryotic colonies of Colle-
totrichm ploeosporioides f. sp. aeschynanene.
?he potential for genetic exchange via parasexual
means in Colietotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschv-
nomene (GA) was inves tiga tea using auxotrophic mu t-
ants. CGA isolates from Arkansas and Louisiana were
paired on minimal media to generate heterokaryons.
Heterokaryons exhibited a slower growth rate and poor
sporulation. Conidia collected from heterokaryotic
colonies segregated as parental types when tested on
appropriate selective media. Plate cultures of heter-
okaryotic colonies 2-3 weeks old were analyzed to de-
termine the pattern of heterokaryotization within the
colony. Eight radii were selected fran test colonies
and 1 sq. inn mycelial blocks were transferred to se-
lective media for analysis. Sequential mycelial trans-
fers from the outer margin to the center of the colony

were transferred to minimal plates from two radii.
From the remaining six radii three mycelial blocks
from the outer, middle and central portions of the
colony were .transferred to minimal media and minimal
media supplemented with one of the parental require-
ments. Results indicate that heterokaryotic regions
do not extend beyond the central portion of the colony
In sane cases both auxotrophic canponents were uni-
formly distributed in the outer region of the colony.
In other heterokaryons only one parenk was found at
the periphery of the colony. 'Ihis study suggests that
the auxotrophic portion of the colony is nutritionally
supplemented by a smaller prototrophic region at the
center of the colony.
T.E. CHASE. J. TAYLOR. F.W. COBB. JR.. P.T. SPIETH,
and W.J. OTROSINA. University of California.
Berkeley 94720 and USDA-Forest Service Pacific
Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Berkeley. CA 94701.
Mitochondria1 DNA differences among biological
species of Heterobasidion annosum.
H. annosum, a basidiomycete root- and butt-rot
fungus of conifers. contains several biological
species (intersterility groups). Previous mating
tests and isozyme studies (which assess primarily
nuclear encoded genes) indicate that the S and P
groups in the western United States have undergone
a high degree of genetic divergence and that there
is no gene flow between them. In order to assess
the cytoplasmic genome, we analyzed mitochondria1
DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms
(mtDNA RFLPs) with a rapid screening method
employing the Hae 111 restriction endonuclease.
RFLP patterns for S group strains from North
America were clearly different from P group strains
from North America. In addition. differences in
Rm9 patterns exist between European and North
American S group strains. These results are
consistent with our earlier studies based on
nuclear genes. both of which demonstrated that the
biological species of K. annosum represent well
separated gene pools.
T.E. CHASE and R.C. ULLRICH. Plant Pathology
Dept.. University of California, Berkeley 94720
and Botany Dept.. University of Vermont.
Burlington 05405.
"Illegitimate" mating in Heterobasidion annosum.
In previous studies we showed that intersterility
in H. annosum is regulated by five genes.
designated Vl+/Vl-. V2+/V2-. V3+/V3-. S+/e,
P+/k.
Any two homokaryotic strains are
interfertile (able to form dikaryons) if they are
homoallelic for + alleles at one or more of these
loci and also carry compatible mating-type
alleles. Cases in which intersterile pairings
give rise to putative dikaryons are reported
here. Such "illegitimate" mating occurs
inconsistently, but is more frequent when
pairings are incubated for a prolonged (30 day)
period rather than the normal 10 day period prior
to the routine subculturing step which is part of
the mating protocol. Analysis of progeny derived
from an illegitimate mating suggest a genetic
model in which parasexuality may play a role in
generating nuclei containing recombinant
genotypes which are interfertile and compatible
with one of the progenitor nuclei. Illegitimate
mating thus represents a special case of
intersterile and interfertile mating behavior.
because the dikaryons resulting from such events
contain two genomes with + alleles in common at
at least one of the five loci. Ability to engage
in illegitimate mating is a strain-specific
characteristic but does not appear to be
inherited as a simple Mendelian trait.
A. W. CHEN. Russell Res. Ctr. PPRU. P.O. Box 5677.
Athens, CA 30613. Transition to reproduction in
Fanodema Jucidum and other basidiomycetes.
Six stages (grovth in vegetative medium, grovth in
fruiting medium, transition to basidiocarp primor-
dium formation, stipe formation, growth of pileus,
and tube & spore formation) are identified in G.
lucidum during transition to sexual reproduction.
Cultures continue to grow vegetatively, or only
abortive fruiting bodies (vithout tube & spore for-
mation) will be obtained if proper cultural parame-
ters are not maintained. These parameters include
medium components (carbon source, C/N ratio, thia-
mine, pH and texture), and abiotic factors for
incubation (temperature, light/darkness. COJventi-
lation, and moisture). Methodology on fruiting in-
duction in s. lucidum is reviewed. Usually shifting
from groving inoculum or spawn in vegetative medium
to fruiting medium containing more complex carbohy-
drates is involved. Of critical importance are: 1)
transition to basidiocarp-primordium formation, and
2) transition to tube h spore formation. Damaging or
killing cells in fruiting cultures can induce pri-
mordia or tube & spore formation. When vorking vith
un-defined and heterogenous fruiting media, such as
vood or sawdust, and bran or corn meal, or using
induction techniques vith no specific effects, the
results are not always consistent. The underlined
processes during transition to basidiocarp formation
(storage and utilization of energy sources, change
of mycelial growth pattern, light induction, lipid
synthesis, enzyme activities and ultra-structural
studies on tube and spore formation) are selectively
reviewed including other basidiomycetes.
CHD-CHOU, 2. -Q. AN, J. 1. HENDRIX, Q.
ZKAI, and H. R. BIEGEL. Department of Plant
Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington
40546.
Effect of the Acremonium endophyte on
endogonaceous mycorrhizal fungi reproducing
on tall fescue.
Soil samples taken from field plots planted
to tall fescue (cv. Ky 31) with low or high
levels of the hcremonium coenowhialum
endophyte were assayed for endogonaceous
propagules by an MPN bioassay procedure.
Soil from low-endophyte plots contained more
propagules and species than soil front high-
endophyte plots. Pure cultures of one
isolate of Glomus mosseae and two isolates

of E. macrocarwum were used to inoculate
endophyte-infected or -free fescue seedlings
growing in the greenhouse in sand fertilized
with a high or low rate of slow-release
fertilizer. Colonization and reproduction
by E. rosseae, but not the E. pacrocamum
isolates, was inhibited by the high rate of
fertilizer. The G. mosseae and one of the
-
G. pacrocarwum isolates reproduced better on
the endophyte-free fescue than on endophyte-
infected. The other isolate of E.
macrocarwum did not reproduce well on either
fescue seed source, although roots were
colonized.
J.D. CLARK School of Biological Sciences,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506.
Didymium iridis mating systems: partial
compati bi li t y between mating series.
k Oidymium iridis isolate (GB 1) from
Bristol England was crossed to Colllns'
standard mating allele testers to determine
its relationship to the mating series.
When paired to the Central American series
only a few plasmodia were produced in
repeated crossings i n 4 of the 28 possible
combinations. These plasmodia produced
sporangia containing many non-viable spores
which displayed skewed mating type segrega-
tion ratios. When paired with clones from
the 3 non-interbreeding isolates, the GB 1
clones did not cross with the Ga 1 and Fla 1
isolates but did produce plasmodia i n 3 of
the 4 possible combinations with the Pan 4c
isolate. These plasmodia also produced
spores with low viability and poor segrega-
tion ratios. On the other hand, pairings
with the Appalachia series produced plasmod-
ia in most replica crosses of all 8 possible
combinations. These plasmodia generally
produced viable spores and normal segregation
ratios. Most g. iridis heterothallic iso-
ilates have mating type alleles which are com-
patible with only a single geographically
restricted mating series. The GB 1 isolate,
however, is partially compatible with 3
separate series although it is closest to the
Appalachia series in terms of compatibili ty.
S. A. CLARY and M. E. S. HUDSPETH. Dept. Biological
Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
60115-2861
Nucleotide sequence of Phytophthora mitochondrial
DNA: Sequence of the apocytochrome b and ATP sy-
thase subunit 9 region.
Seven mitochondrial genic loci have been previously
established in Phytophthora megasperma 695T.
These include subunits for cytochrome c oxidase
( ~ 1 2, . 3), apocytochrome b (cob), subunit 9 of
AT? svnthase (atp9), and the small and large ribosoza:
RNAs (E, s). The validity of the -9
locus was questionable as, unlike the other loci,
it failed to hybridize with ascomycetous probes,
and was localized by an unsequenced Saprolegnia
probe. Prior DNA sequence data of cox1 and 3 2
have indicated the probable use of the universal
genetic code in Phvtophthora.
We have cloned and sequenced a 3.9Kb g R I
fragment of the 6951 mtDKA containing the cob and'
- atp9 loci. This region contains four open reading
frames (ORFs). Two ORFs shox high degrees of predicted
amino acid homology with ascomycetous cob
and 9 9 loci. Whether the mitochondrial =9is
functional, as in Saccharomyces, or silent, as in
filamentous ascomycetes is undetermined. One of the
remaining ORFs is an inverted copy of a sequence
directly upstream of ~ 2 All . four ORFs are transcribed
from the same DNA strand, but opposite to
that of ~ l ~ , 2 and , the other copy of the repeated
ORF. A search for homologies of the unkno.wn
ORFs to other mitochondrial genes is underway.
u. Department of Biology, Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN 47405.
Population Genetics and Host Range Expansion of
Atkinsonella hv~oxvlon (Clavicipitaceae).
Shifts in host range represent the ultimate
starting point for most host-parasite associations
yet this important process has received little
attention compared to research on variation in
compatibility within prexisting species
combinations. ptkinsonella hv~oxvloq, classified
with endophytic fungi in the tribe Balansieae, has
extended its host range from two species of
panthonia over much of eastern North America to two
additional panthonia species occurring on montane
granitic outcrops in the southern Appalachians near
Highlands, NC where all four host species occur.
Preliminary data from seedling inoculations
indicate that the basis of host range expansion is
genetic changes in fungal populations. Isozyme
studies have revealed that isolates of the fungus
from the new hosts represent only a few genotypes.
Relative fitnesses of infected versus uninfected
host plants suggest that Atkinsonella is more
pathogenic on the new hosts. Evolutionary changes
in isolates from the new hosts are facilitated by
differences in host flowering times, minimizing
gene flow between isolates from the new and old
hosts. Crosses between isolates from the new and
old hosts have been attempted to elucidate the
nature of genetic control of host range.
Evolutionary changes in Atkinsonella populations
infecting the new hosts may represent incipient
speciation.
BRUCE J. COCHRANE, REX T. NELSON, BIENVENIDO G.
YANGCO, AND DIANE TE STRAKE. Department of Biology and
College of Medicine, Univ. of S. Florida, Tampa. FL. 33620. rDNA
polymorphisms and phylogenetic relationships in Baridiobolus.
The genus Basidiobolus (Zy~omycotina;
Entomophthorales) is a
widespread saprobe that ou;rsionally causes mycoses in man and other
vertebrates. While as many as ei~ht species of the genus have been
proposed, our analyses of both isozye and rDNA polyfnorphisms

support only two of these species (B. ranurunl and B. microsporus).
However, there is extensive heterogeneity among Nonh American
saprobic isola!es that. based upon parsimony analysis, separates them
from human and European saprohic isolates. We have examined
additional isolates. using hoth RFLP analysis and sequencing of PCR
products obtained from amplification of the internal transcribed spacer
region of rDNA gcnes. These analyses suggest that, in contrast to
isolates ohtained from the New World. those from the Old World are
homogeneous. In light of these data, we suggest that more extensive
analysis will he required to clarify the taxonomy-of the genus, and to
establish whether geopraphic patterns of human infection are reflective
of genetic differentiation within Basidioholus, or whether they are
assoc~ated with cultural or social laclors.
MONICA L. CONVERSE and T. PI. WlrlILL. De~artment of
Biology; SUNY College at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126.
Electron microscopy of mitosis during sporangial
development in Mucor mucedo (Mucorales).
Fungi in the tlucorales reproduce asexually by forming
spores within sporangia. Sporangial development is
accompanied by numerous mitoses prior to cleavage and
sporogenesis. Sporangia of Mucor mucedo contain hun-
dreds of spores, each with 20-30 nuclei, the products
of mitosis. Nuclear division has been examined in
W. mucedo, and the results confirm our understanding
of the process in the Mucorales. In such fungi,
mitosis is intranuclear, i.e., the nuclear envelope
remains intact throughout the entire process of divi-
sion. In K. mucedo, dividing nuclei possessed an
intranuclear, microtubular spindle apparatus which
developed between intranuclear spindle pole bodies.
The spindle pole bodies were in the form of electron-
opaque disks closely appressed to the inner nuclear
envelope. During prophase, a short spindle apparatus
appeared laterally within a nucleus, and lengthened
while spindle pole bodies migrated toward polar posi-
tions. Indistinct chromosomes apparently attached
to the spindle microtubules, but did not align on a
metaphase plate. Toward the end of mitosis, equal
amounts of nucleolar material appeared to be located
in the ends of dumbbell-shaped nuclei. Nuclear poles
moved apart until daughter nuclei resulted from
separation of the constricted envelope connecting
the poles.
M. COOKE , P. MOUTOGLIS, AND P. WIDDEN. Biology
Dept. , ~oncordi'a University, 1455 de Maisonneuve
West, Montreal .F.Q., Canada.
VAM Fungi in a maple forest in the Laurentians.
Rates of infeetion of maple roots and the occurrence
of VAM spores In soil were surveyed durinq a single
season in a maple forest in the Laurentians , close
to the northern limit for sugar maples in Canada.
The stand is currently suSject to acie precipitation
with an average pH of 4.3.
The data. shaw that both rates of infection and
numbers of spores vary seasonally. The major
internal structures in the maple roots were hyphal
coils and vesicles, arbusciles bein9 only rarely
observei. The major taxa present in the .soil 'as
spores were species of .Giomus, ' Sclerocysfis
rubiformis, an8 a spe'cies of Acalospora.
S.C. CROAN and T.L.Highley. U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Forest Service. Forest Products
Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive. Madison. WI
53705-2398, U. S. A.
Selection of Fungal Antagonists for Biological
Control of the Blue Stain Fungus Ceratocystis
coerulescens
The objective of this study was to find a fungal
antagonist that could be used to control blue stain
in wood caused by Ceratocystis coerulescens. We
studied interaction of C. coerulescens with the
following fungi in dual culture on agar medium:
white-rot basidiomycetes--Bjerkanderd adusta.
Coriolus versicolor. Ganderma applanatum. Lentinus
edodes. Phanerocheate chrysosporium. Phlebia
brevispora. and Schizophyllum commune; brown-rot
basidiomycetes--Antrodia carbonica. Coniophora
puteana. and =a placenta, and one
mold--Talaromyces flavus. Viability examination
showed that all these organisms killed C.
coerulescens. B. adusta not only killed the fungus
but also decolorized the blue stain. C. uteana
released an antibiotic-like substance :ha! inhibited
the growth of C. coerulescens at a distance. The
other fungi inhibited the growth of C. coerulescens
only on contact. Our results indicate that blue
stain can be controlled by fungal antagonists.
D. CULLEN and S.F. COVERT. 1. Forest Products Labora-
tory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, k!I, 53705.
2. Dept. of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin,
Madison. UI 53706.
Heterologous protein expression in filamentous fungi.
Recent research into heterologous gene expression
in filamentous fungi has been prompted by two princip1,e
factors: 1. The development of efficient gene
transfer systems for several species, and 2. The
ability of filamentous fungi to secrete copious
quantities of protein in submerged culture.
Aspergillus nidulans has been used as a model system
for expression of commercial enzymes (bovine chymosinl
232 pharmaceuticals (interferon; tissue plasminogen
activator). Related species such as A. awamori, A,
niger, and
oryzae, and cellulolytic Trichoderma
reesei strains have also been used. The advantages
of filamentous fungi as expression systems relative
to yeasts and prokaryotes will be discussed.
K. J. C7YMMEK and K. L. KLOMPARENS. Department of Botany
and Plant Pathology and Center for Electron Optics, Pesticide
Research Center. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824-1 31 1.
The Ultrastructure of Ascosporogenesis in Thelebolus
crustaceus using Cryo-techniques.
Thelebolus crustaceus, a 5-12 ascal, 64-spored operculate
discomycete, was examined using low temperature SEM and
freeze-substitution TEM to determine morphological aspects
during ascosporogenesis. Early in ascocarp development, the
ascogonial coil was encompassed by ascogenous hyphae,
resulting in a spherical mass. As the ascocarp matured, asci
~ushed through the upper layers of-ascogenous hyphae and
showed their prominent operculate tips. The young ascus
shswea a diploid nilcleus and ciosely associated mitochondria in

the area of the ascus apex and proliferate vacuolation in the
lower portions of the ascus. After meiosis I and II and the four
subsequent mitoses, a pair of membranes, apparently derived
from the fusion of numerous plasmalemmal invaginations.
formed a cylinder around most of the ascus protoplasm. The
double membrane invaginated to surround the individual nuclei
and accompanying organelles, thus delimiting the ascospore
initials. Wall material was deposited between the double
membranes forming the ascopore wall. Other observations
include the appearance of clusters of glycogen particles,
several different types of cisternae, and small numbers of
microtubules running adjacent to the ascus and ascospore
walls. Also, peculiar plasmalemmal invaginations were seen
in the ascus, ascogonium, and ascogenous hyphae. These
plasrnalemmal invaginations developed into ring-like
structures which appeared to break off and enter the
cytoplasm. Eventually, the mature ascus ejected its
ascospores in a single mass.
T. W. DARMONO and H.H. BURDSALL. JR. Center for
Forest Mycology Research, Forest Products
Laboratory. Gifford Pinchot Dr.. Madison. WI 53705.
A method for identifying mating types of single
spore isolates in Armillaria mellea.
We developed a method to distinguish the four mating
type interactions in Armillaria mellea. Pairs of
monosporous isolates are grown 10 mm apart on oak
wood extract (OWE) agar in petri plates in
polyethylene bags. After 14 d incubation at room
conditions. a strip. 2x35 mm. is cut across the two
colonies perpendicular to the interaction zone.
This strip, composed of parts of both colonies and
the interaction zone, is transferred onto squeezed
orange juice (SOJ) agar in petri plates. These are
incubated in a polyethylene bag at room conditions
for 14 d. A compatible interaction results in a
change of the colony morphology along the entire
agar strip. It may be expressed as appressed or
crustose secondary mycelium. In a common B
interaction. such changes occur only in the
interaction zone. The ends of the agar strip remain
white and fluffy while the midd'le section is
appressed. Both the common A and common AB
interactions remain fluffy and unchanged. The
genotype of these can be deduced by studying the
compatible and common B interactions. In addition,.
by crossing with monosporous testers we found that
nuclear migration occurs in common A and compatible
interactions but does not occur in common B
interactions.
T.W. DARMONO and H.H. BURDSALL. JR. Center for
Forest Mycology Research. Forest Products Laboratory.
Gifford Pinchot Dr.. Madison. WI 53705. Evidence of
the dikaryotic cells of the stipe tissue of
Armillaria tabescens.
Diploid nuclei are reported to occur not only in the
basidia but also in the secondary mycelium as well as
in the stipe tissue of Armillaria spp. In the study
of the life cycle of Armillaria tabescens, we found
that most viable single cells obtained by maceration
of stipe tissue are capable of germinating to form
clamp connections. Clamp connections are also
present on hyphae developed from stipe tissue placed
on malt extract agar medium for 2-3 d. Cultures of
single cell origin are capable of developing normal
fruiting bodies. This evidence indicates that the
dikaryotic phase is present in the stipe tissue of A.
tabescens and leads us to believe that the general
life cycle in Armillaria may not be as unusual as has
been proposed.
PX?Z E. DESJpP2Ih:S. Ncrthe-m Reqional Research
Center, USDA/ARS, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria,
IL 61604.
Biochemical and Genetical Approaches to the Ecology
of Phytopathogenic Fusarium
Gibberella pulicaris (a~m3rph: Fusarium wrbucinum)
is a heterothallic ascomycete and amenable to both
classical and molecular genetic analyses. This
species is broadly adapted as a soil saprophyte and
as a plant pathogen with a wide host range. Our 5.
pulicaris collection of more than 100 strains fran
soils and from diseased plants presents a wide range
of genetically inheritable variation for a ndxr of
traits that my be relevant to plant pathcqenesis.
Many of these ecologically and geographically
diverse, but morphologically similar, strains have
mintdined their sexual interfertility, which allows
confirmatior, of their identity as rmkers of a
reproductively unique, biological species. Genetic
anc3 biochemical analyses have identified tricho-
thecene toxins and phytoalexin detoxification
enzymes as important for pathogenicity of this
species. Population analysis supports the hypothesis
that selection for the ability to produce toxins
and to aetor-ify phytoalexins has directed evolution
of 5. pulicaris from a soil saprophyte to a plant
pathogen.
PHILLION and R. C. ANDERSON. Department of
Biological Sciences, Illinois State University,
Normal, IL 61761.
Mycorrhizal association of little bluestem on burned
and unburned sand prairies.
This study examined the influence of burning on the
productivity, tissue inorganic nutrient
concentration and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae
(VAM) fungus association of a sand prairie community
in central Illinois. Burning significantly affected
VAM fungus colonization and colonized root length,
plant production and tissue inorganic nutrient
concentration. Productivity was found to be.
significantly higher on the- burned site than on the
unburned during the growing season. For samples
taken from May through October, percent Vm fungal
colonization levels were significantly lower on the
burned site than on the unburned site. In contrast,
zolonized root lengths were longer on the burned
site than on the unburned site but differences
between sites were not always statistically
significant. Above- and belowground tissue samples
showed significantly higher levels of several
inorganic nutrients on the burned site than the
unburned site in early May and late June samples.
This was true when nutrients were expressed as
concentratiops($ and ppmi in tissue and nutrients in
tissu~ per mL(mg and g/mL) .

STEPHAhTIE m, Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 and
KENNFM WELLS, Department of Botany, University of
California ,' Davis, CA 95616.
Ustilago cvnodontis intersterility groups.
The consistent nature of the pairing pattern of
single basidiospore isolates of Ustilago cvnodontis
is confirmed. Infections of the host, Cynodon
dactvlon from intra-and intercollection pairings,
result in viable basidiospores. F, isolates of
field collecLions and selected laboratory pairings
were examined for evidence of an intersterility
system epistatic to the compatibility system. The
nature of the partial intersterility isolates is
stable. Germination rates of F progeny from
Sntracollection pairings were reduced 1 in comparison
with intercollection pairings. Intercollection
experiments showed variability. Pooled data showed
significant differences. Growth and infection was
variable, when using the same isolates on different
plants, pointing to the importance of the host in
the developnt of Ustilago cynodontis.
J, C. OW and D. J. Mclaughlin. Dept. of Plant
Biology, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.
Cytology and phylogeny of the basidiomycete
XenoaloeaerioDhori.
Xeno- erioDhori (Auriculariaceae sensu lato)
is a heterobasidiomycete parasitic upon sedge
species. It has been collected in Minnesota from
Scl rDuovirem. In an effort to clarify its
relationships to other auriculariaceous fungi,
Xenoaloea was examined ultrastructurally and
ligh: microscopically. Meiosis begins and
synaptonemal complexes are formed in
probasidia which are produced within the leaf
clustered beneath the stomata. Metaphase I is
recognized in the metabasidia which emerge
through and mature outside the stomata.
Basidiospores are formed which may develop
ballistospores or bud as yeasts. Ultrastructural
characters of nuclear division and septa1 pore
structure are believed to hold particular promise
in establishing a phylogeny of auricularoid fungi.
Xemghzi possesses a spindle pole body (SPB)
with layered discs which nucleate a well-
developed array of astral microtubules from
metaphase to telophase. The SPB differs
structurally between meiosis I and II. The hyphal
septa are perforated by multiple simple pores.
J.T.~ELL~EI~, D.A. GLAWE~, M.R. TAYSEY~, and L.L.
TEWS . ,Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Tex., El Paso, TX
79968. 'Dept. Plant Path., Univ. Ill., Urbana. IL
61801, : ~ ~ ~ Biol., t . Ind. Univ., Bloomington, IN
47405, Biol. Dept., Wisc. St. Univ., Oshkosh, WI
54911. Mycology test bank (exam file): preliminary
version.
The MSA Teaching Committee, with permission from the
MSA Council, has compiled and edited a collection of
mycology examination questions, for use by MSA
members. The purpose of this test bank is to save
teachers time and to improve the quality of questions
available, not to provide a standardsfor assessment
purposes or to suggest what should or should not be
included in a curriculum. A progress report is being
made at this annual meeting in order to solicit
suggestions for the preliminary version of the test
bank that is available for distribution. A final
version will be available at the 1991 annual meeting.
D. F. FAIIR. -tic Bobny and Myoology
IaboliitOry, ARS, m, ElARC-WeSt, Beltsville, MD
20705
The species of -ria on
The increasw in-t in the a~thraahOS2 of
cornus caused by Discula sp. bas stindated the
study of other frPIJi that are found on dogwoods.
Eleven taw of Sevtoria have been described on
Cornus. The signific~ce of bosts, spore
mrphology and mnidiogenesis in the del~neation
of these Sevtoria species will be discussed.
T. Flynn'. O.K. Miller, J:.', and H.H. Burdsal12. Dept. of
Biology, VPIBrSU, Blacksburg, Va 24060'. FPL, CFMR, P.O.
Box 5130, Madison, Wi 5370j2
DNA hybridization studies on the Armillaria mellea species
complex.
The Armillaria mellea species complex is a cluster of
morphologically similar, but reproductively isolated biological
species. The extreme morphological similarity might suggest
high genetic similarity, and this hypothesis was tested by
comparing the genomes of56 strains representing eight North
American biological species. The genomes were compared by
hybridizing heterologous whole-cell DNA preparations and
assaying the duplex molecules with S1 nuclease. The mating
compatibility and DNA hybridization experiments compared
intersterile tester strains, isolated and identified by Jim
Anderson, with isolates taken from a broader geographic area
which includes the states of Wa, Az, 11, and Va. The genomic
similarity within a given biological species ranges from about
80-99%, and the similarity among biological species in the A.
mellea complex ranges from 40-70%. The exannulate species,
A. rabescens, shares about 30% similarity with the rest of the
genus. These data confirm that these biological species,
identified by mating compatibility, are genetically distinct
entities, but identifying new strains using macroscopic
compatibility assays can sometimes be misleading. Our
hybrization experiments have measured similarity, and have
shown variation in genetic complexity (genome size). The
genetic complexity, estimated by homologous DNA
reassociation rates (Cot curves), generally agree with the
hybridization data. Species concepts. speciation, and alloploidy
are discussed with these results in mind.

K. FCSS and J. R. GARCIA, Biology Deparbwnt, Ball
State University, Muncie, IN 47306
Methylation of proteins and phospholipids during the
differentiation of ME racernosus.
Earlier studies with this dimorphic mold shaied that
the specific activity of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)
Synthetase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis
of SAM, increased during the aerobic germination of
sporangiospores. Those studies showed that the
enzyme activity remained at dormant-spore level for
approximately the first 90 minutes and increased
significantly after the 3 hour point, a time when
the spores are rounded and swelling. The present
study was undertaken in order to try and determine
the reason(s) for the increase in specific activity.
Studies designed to look a t total protein methyla-
tion, during spore gemination, shai an initial in-
crease at a time when the spores are swelling and a
subsequent decrease as the smllen spores begin to
£om germ tubes. Fkspholipid. methylation also
shms the same general pattern. An examination of
individual methylated proteins revealed approximately
seven proteins that are inethylated during germination.
These proteins appear to be more highly methylated
at a time when the swollen spores begin to synthesize
gem tubes. These preliminan? results suggest that
the observed increase in the specific activity of
SAM Synthetase might provide additional SAM for
the observed methylations.
ANDREA GARGAS and JOHN W. TAYLOR Dept, of
F'lant Biology, University of California,
Berkeley, CA 94720.
Molecular evolution and phylogeny of lichenized
and non-lichenized fungi based on PCR amplified
18s rDNA sequences.
This study focuses on the relationships
between the ascomycetous orders Pezizales.
Helotiales . Lecanorales and Caliciales . We have
used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify
specifically the fungal nuclear 18s rDNA from
both licherized and non-lichenized fungi. Their
18s genes amplified so far vary in size from 1.8
kb to 3.2 kb, and their DNA sequences (from
asymmetric amplifications) supply additional
evidence for insertions in this region.
Arrangements of orders within the
Ascomycotina remain controversial, and DNA
sequences of this conserved molecule may be used
as the basis for a phylogeny which integrates
both lichenized and non-lichenized fungi. In
addition, these symbioses provide compact systems
for studies on coevolution between the fungus and
the alga.
- R. 1. GESSNER and L. A. CASTLEBURY. Department of
Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University,
Macomb, IL 61455. Batch culture studies with
Dendryphiella.
Dendryphiella salina and D. arenaria are
common deuteromvcetes found in coastal marine
habitats. kr studied the culture conditions
necessary tci grow inoculum for future fermentation
studies. both species grew well on all the agar
media tested and D. arenaria exhibited significantly
better growth on YpSs agar. In standing broth
culture, both species also grew best on YpSs.
Growth occurred between 5-35 C and the optimum
temperature for dry weight production was at 25-30 C.
Maximum growth was achieved after 7 days in 25 ml of
medium in standing 125 ml flasks. Growth was
initially greater in shake flasks but by day 5 the .
dry weights were not significantly greater than in
standing cultures.
L w. Department of Botany,
Unlverslty of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-
1100. Varlatlon of matlng systens In
Harasmlu&.
Sixteen apecles representing seven sectlons
In tlPrasmln& vere establlshed in monokaryon
cultures made from fresh materlal collected
from the Great Smoky and Blue Rldqe
nountalns. Self-crosses revealed varlatlons
in matlng system type at the sectional level.
Some sectlons vere predominantly tetrapolar
lbifactorlal), vhlle other sectlona vere
elther predomlnantly blpolar lunlfactorlal)
or furnished lnconcluslve patterns. Results
of Inter-collection matlnqs vlth n. rotula,
P~rrhoce~halus, B. slccua, and n.
pulcherrl~es are reported, lncludlng
lntercontlnental matlnqs.
L. F. GRAND, R. K. JONES, AND R. D. MILHOW, Plant
Pathology Department, Box 7616, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616. Colletotrichum
spp. isolated from strawberries in North Carolina.
In fall 1988 and spring 1989 a severe outbreak of
anthracnose on strawber~y cultivar Chandler provided
an opportunity to compre ane identify the three
species of Colletotrichum reported m strawberry in
North Carolina. Of the 280 isolates obtained, 83%
were identified as C. acutatum ard 17% as _C
qloeo-rioides. C. fraaariae, previously an
important cause of-anthracnose in North Carolina, was
not identified. C. acutatum was isolated from
diseased fruit, cfowns, stolons, petioles, and leaves
while s. gloeo-rioides was isolated cnly from
diseased crowns. Abundant perithecia of Glomerella
cingulata, the teleomorph of C. loeosporioides, were
prcduce6 in culture by isolatz

C. GRUHN and S.K. BOYLE, Departments of Biology
and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State,University, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
Inhibition of polyamine synthesis in dermatophytes.
The diamine, putrascine, and the polyamines,
spermidine and spermine are aliphatic cations
required for normal growth and development in all
cells. In bacteria and plants, putre_scine synthesis
utilizes either ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) or
arginine decarboxylase (ADC); fungal and mammalian
cells appear to lack ADC. The minimal inhibitory
concentrations of difluromethylornithine (DF'MO) and
monofluromethyldehydroornithine (MFMO), inhibitors
of ODC, and diflurornethylarginine (DM), an
inhibitor of ADC, were determined for Trichophyton
and Microsporum species. In general, Trichophyton
species were more sensitive than Microsporum
species; DFMA inhibits growth as effectively as
DFMO but at a 10-fold lower concentration. Both
ODC activity and polyamine accumulation were
inhibited in either genera. ADC activity was not
detectable in either genera; conversion of radio-
labeled DFUA to DFMO was not detected in spite of
demonstrable arginase activity. The ultrastructure
of inhibited cells revealed disrupted calcium
metabolism, increased mitochondria and altered
membrane systems. DFMO limits dermatophyte
growth by inhibition of ODC and polyamine synthesis;
in contrast, DFMA limits growth in as yet unspecified
manner as ADC was undetectable. The usefulness of
inhibitors of poiyamine synthesis in studying
fungal biology or treating fungal infections
remains to be explored.
-- R. GWTA, R. K. JAYASWAL and L. A. LUCHER.
Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State
University. Normal, IL 61761. Effect of DNA
topoisomerase 11-targeting antitumor drugs on
Neurospora crassa DNA topoisomerase 11.
The antitumor drugs m-AMSA, ellipticine, etoposide
(VP16-213) and teniposide (VM26) act as potent
clastogens in mammalian cells by inducing DNA
topoisomerase IS-mediated DNA strand breaks.
Previous studies (Gupta, R, 1990. Mutation Res. 240:
47-58) showed that 3 of these compounds were nonmutagenic
in heterokaryon 12 (H-12), a strain of
--
N. crassa that mimics a diploid eukaryotic system
and can detect multilocus deletions. To test
whether this nomutagenicity could be due to druginsensitivity
of E. crassa DNA topoisomerase 11,
--
in vitro studies were initiated. Using crude
nuclear extracts from H-12 as a source of DNA
topoisomerase 11, the effect of the drugs on the
enzyme was determined by the bacteriophage P4 DNA
unknotting assay (Liu. L. F., Davis, J. L. and
Calendar, R., 1981, Nucleic Acids Res. 9:3979-3989).
Preliminary studies indicate that the compounds
inhibit the unknotting of P4 knotted DNA, suggesting
that DNA topoisomerase I1 of N. crassa is similar
to that of other eukaryotes with relation to drug-
sensitivity.
S C G PT. ' T. D. LEA!lTERS1, G. ELSAYED' and C.
&&em Apgional Res. Ctr., has, USDA.
Peoria, IL 61604 and Biol. Control Insects Res.
Lab., ARS, USDA, Colunbia, MO 65205.
Regulation of insect cuticle-degrading enzymes £ran
the mycoinsecticide Metarrhizium anisopliae.
Metarrhizium anisopliae is a promising mycoinsecticide
for biocontrol of agricultural pests. Its host
range includes both the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria
mllonella) ard the Cabbage Imper (Trichoplusia
-
ni). We obtained five strains of M. anisopliae £ran
the USDA-ARS Collection of Ehtomogenous Fungi
Cultures. These strains were sel&ed fran-a wide
geographical range. Strains were cultured on a
basal salts medium containing glucose, gelatin or
wified cuticle £ran either G. mellonella or T.
-
ni. Cuticle-grown cultures OT three str& s-kwe.3
elevated lwels of proteases when canpared to
glucose or gelatin-grown cultures. Scme proteases
shdRd as nwch as 10,000-fold induction by cuticle.
There was a 2- to 6101d increase in endochithase
activity in cuticlegrown cultures wer glucose
gram cultures of all strains; exochitinase remained
unchanged. Hawever, exochitinase in gelatin-grown
cultures sha& a 5- to 4C-fold increase over that
on glucose-gram cultures. Strain-dependent
regulation of lipase was observed. Thus, natural
strain variability was significant in enzyme
patterns, and no evidence of coordi~te regulation
was found. A correlation between enzyme lwels and
virulence parameters was !-,at apparent. Thus,
enzymes may not be the scl? vjrulenoe determinants
and alternative factors such as toxins from
entomqenous fungi are presently being explored.
F.A. HANEY, A.E. LIBERTA, and R.C. ANDERSON. Dept of
Biological Sciences, Illinois State University,
Normal, 11. 61761
Influence of light intensity on growth and
mycorrhizal colonization of little bluestem grass.
Nonmycorrhizal plants grown in sterile and sterile-
plus filtrate soil and mycorrhizal plants grown in
unsterilized soil were grown under three light
conditions; full sun. 70% full sun. and 53% full sun.
Nonmycorrhizal plants produced significantly more
biomass and total root length than mycorrhizal
plants. Lower light intensities decreased
mycorrhizal colonization as well as concentrations
of nutrients including magnesium, zink, boron, iron,
copper, and aluminum. Manganese did not decrease
with light intensity but decreased in mycorrhizal
plants.
T. C. HARRINGTON. Department of Plant Biology,
University of New Hampshire, Durham. N H 03824.
Isozyme variation in Ceraocystis coerulescens, C.
virescens and C. lariciwla.
Starch gel electrophoresis was utilized to determine
electromorphs for seven enzymes in Cerafocvstis
coerulescens (Munch) Bakshi ;::asmorph = Chalara ungeri
Sacc.) and three morpholog:-~~~ly similar taxa. Seven
conifer isolates from North A;.;..;ics and Europe had similar
electromorphs; each electromorpk wa' founi on both

continents. Conidia and conidiophores of these seven
isolates were also morphologically similar and appeared to
fit into a single species, i.e., C. coerulescens. Thirteen
isolates from hardwoods (eight from maple trees with
sapstreak disease and five saprophytic isolates) had
identical electromorphs for five of seven isozymes and
differed substantially from the conifer isolates in isozvme
electromorphs. he hardwood isolates had narrower conidia
and phialides than the conifer isolates. In spite of the
synonymy supported by some, the hardwood type should be
recognized as a distinct species, i.e., C. virescens (Davids.)
C. Moreau. Apparently. C. virescens is restricted to
eastern North Americn, where it may be a saprophyte on
various hardwoods or a pathogen of maple. Cerafocys~is
coerulescens sensu slriclo is more widely distributed and
causes blue stain of coniferous wood. Five isolates of C.
laricicola Redfern & Minter from larch in Scotland and the
conifer isolates of C. coerulescens had nearly identical
isozyme electromorphs, but ascospores of the former were
slightly stouter than those of the latter. In contrast, a
North American isolate from Douglas-fir. designated as C.
coerulescens f. douglasii by Davidson, was morphologically
similar to isolates of C. coerulescens but had distinct
isozyme electromorphs.
C.K. HAYES, X. JIN and G.E. HARMAN. New York State
Agriculture Experiment Station, P .O. Box 0462 Geneva,
NY 14456.
Principles in the development of biological control
systems against plant pathogenic fungi.
Growers have routinely used chemical pesticides to
restrict the growth of plant pathogenic fungi.
However, the public perceives that some of these
chemical pesticides may pose threats to the
environment or to human health. An alternative would
be to utilize natural antagonists to these plant
pathogenic fungi as biofungicides. Three basic
requirements need to be meet for the successful
utilization of a biofungicide. The bioprotectant
strain employed must be genetically superior, either
as a consequence of strain selection or genetic
manipulation. The delivery system should stimulate
the growth of the bioprotectant and provide a
competitive advantage to it relative to competitive
microflora. The biomass must germinate quickly over a
range of environmental conditions and posses good
shelf life, as a consequence of appropriate
fermentation conditions. Considerable strides have
been accomplished in developing biological seed
treatment systems utilizing the filamentous fungi,
Trichoderma. This fungi not only protects seeds, but
colonizes and may protect the entire subterranean
portions of plants. Consequently, plant growth and
yield may increase. We utilized protoplast fusion to
produce superior strains, developed seed treatment
sysrems that provided reliable results, and are
developing fermentation systems that give rise to
efficacious~propagules. Consequently, this biocontrol
system is expected to be marketed by a major
corporation soon. Techniques refined by this research
could be performed on other plant pathogenic
antagonists thus evolving a class of biocontrol agents
each specific for a particular group of pathogens.
D. E. HEMMES AND R. C. RUABOHO. Biologv Department,
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720.
Ultrastructural localization of adhesive material
secreted by zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora
usina lectin-gold complexes.
Zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora are attracted .
to roots, stems, and leaves of seedlings of Carica
papaya where they encyst on or near the epidermal
layers. Concanavalin A-colloidal gold complexes
specifically label fibrillar material secreted by
the zoospores and clearly identify the extent of
the adhesive material. Encysted zoospores adhere
directly to the cuticle on leaves and stems and
then produce germ tubes which enter stomata and
hydathodes to reach the interior of the plant.
At the root surface, however, zoospores often
encyst 20-50 micrometers from the epidermal surface.
Cysts adhere to each other, but adhesive material
rarely extends to the root surface. Germ tubes
grow from this halo of encysted zoospores to the
root where they directly penetrate epidermal cells.
Ultrastructural aspects of the secretion of
adhesive material will be discussed.
J. E. HENDRIX, Z. -Q. AN, J. B. GROVE, D. E.
HERSHMAN, and G. T. HENSON. Departments of
Plant Pathology and Agronomy, University of
Kentucky, Lexington 40546.
Soil fumigation effects on vertical
distribution of endogonaceous mycorrhizal
fungi associated with soybean.
Mycorrhizal fungi in a Western Kentucky
soybean field were determined by MPN
bioassay before and after fumigation with
67% methyl bromide-33% chloropicrin and
before and after growing a crop of soybeans.
Giuas~ora aiuantea, Glomus macrocamurn, P.
fecundis~orum and G. maculosum were present
primarily in the upper 15 cm of soil, with
few propagules at 30-45 cm. Of the species
found at 30-45 crn, G ~ u ~ s maruarita D o ~ ~ and
Glomus intraradices predominated. Soil
fumigation eliminated most propagules in the
upper 15 cm of soil but had little effect in
the 30-45 cm layer. After production of a
crop of soybeans, the population of total
propagules had recovered in fumigated soil
to prefumigation numbers and was higher than
the population in non-fumigated soil. G.
maruarita and G. 5ntraradices were a higher
proportion of the total community of
propagules at the end of the season and may
have had an advantage for recolonization
because of their dominance at depths below
the zone of effective fumigation. However,
species which were less common deeper in
soil also recolonized the soil effectively.

G.W. Hesseltine. 5407 N. Isabell, Peoria, IL
61614
New food ,fermentations: ragi and related
products.
In the Orient there are several different
classes of food fermentations. One class
including ragi, bubod, murcha, Chinese yeast,
and look-pang are based upon solid dry inoculum
used to start a variety 03 beverages and
food fermentations. They are mixed cultures
containing bacteria, yeast and fungi. A
study of 114 strains of Mucor from 45 of
these starters showed that they belong to
Mucor circinelloides (82) and g. indicus (32)
with 6 not identified. Identification was
based, in part, upon sexual reactions with
known tester strains. None of the 56 Mucor
strains tested utilized starch. fifty-three
isolates from the amylase starters from 7
regions showed that picros~orus (B.
chinensis) and B. orvzae were the species
present, and all of them caused hydrolysis of
starch. A third group of RhiZoDuS strains
(7) were intermediate between B. orvzae and
- R. micros~orus. Fourteen strains of RhiZoDuS
tested for growth under anaerobic conditions
grew bud did not sporulate. The third mold
present was Amvlomvces rouxii, found in 7
countries; 70 strains were isolated: and
these produced amylases. When various combinations
of microorganisms, isolated from
amylase starters, were tested as mixed-culture
fermentations, the only combinations
that produced a good lao-chao product were
the combinations of Saccharomvces fibuliaera
with Mucor circinelloides, M. indicus, Rhizo~us
micros~orus and Amvlomvces rouxii.
is more closely related to the Polyporaceae
than to the Tricholocataceae. Morphological
characters (dimitic hyphae and hyphal pegs)
are consistent with this hypothesis. The
results also suggest that neither Lentinus or
the Polyporaceae is monophyletic.
T.*,
H. C. HOCH, and B. TERHUNE. '~ept. of Biology,
Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, and Dept. of Plant
Pathology, N. Y. State Agric. Exp. Sta., Cornen Univ., Geneva NY
14456. lmmunolocalization of Coiled Cytoplasmic Filaments in
Uromyces appendiculatus uredospore germlings.
Uredospore germlings of Uromyces appendiculatus were homo-
genized with glass beads, and a microparticulate fraction was
produced by differential ultracentrifugation. The material was
further fractionated on a column of Sephacryl S-1000, and a
peak containing mainly flexuous coiled filaments was obtained.
Their diameter was about 13 nm, and their typical maximum
length was 500 - 540 nm. These appear similar to the "WFR"
class of "virus-like particle" described by McDonald and Heath
(1978. Can. J. Bot. 56:963-975). The major polypeptide of
the filament fraction has a molecular weight of about 36 kD, as
measured by SDS-PAGE, with weaker bands between 29 and 34
kD. Monoclonal antibodies were produced that were shown by
immunoblotting to recognize an antigen that co-migrates with a
34 kD protein of the filament fraction. With indirect immuno-
fluorescence microscopy, the antibody labels fusiform struc-
tures distributed throughout the cytoplasm. With EM immuno-
gold labeling, the antibody binds to bundles of cytoplasmic
filaments most closely resembling structures previously identi-
fied as "filamentous distalsomes" (Hoch and Staples. 1983.
Mycologia 75:795-824).
David S. Hibbett and Rytas Vilgalys.
Department of Botany, Duke University,
~ukham, NC 27706. -
Taxonomic relationships of Lentinus to the W. E. HIhTZ, J. C. ROYER, M. HUBBES and P. A. HORGEN.
Polyporaceae: evidence from restriction
Center for Plant Biotechnology, University of Toronto.
analysis of enzymatically amplified
Transformation-mediated insemonal mutagenesis of the dimorphic
DNA. pathogen Ophoswma ulmi.
Evolutionary relationships of Jentinus Fr. to
the Polyporaceae were elucidated using
restriction analysis of ribosomal DNA (rDNA).
Five species in Mntinus sensu Pegler, three
species in the Polyporaceae and two species
in the Tricholomataceae were examined. RDNA
phenotypes were determined by restriction
analysis of enzymatically amplified rDNA (PCR
Fingerprinting). This method generates
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
(RFLP) data without Southern hybridization or
autoradiography. With five different four-
base restriction enzymes, one hundred unique
restriction fragments were resolved. Among
the 16 individuals examined, there were
twelve unique rDNA phenotypes. A similarity
matrix based on presence or absence of
comigrating restriction fragments was
analyzed by clustering (UPGMA) and distance
algorithms (Fitch-Margoliash analysis).
Results of all analyses were highly
consistent and strongly suggest that Lentinus
Rotoplasts of Ophiostoma ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch Elm
disease, were aansfmed to hygromycin resistance using a DNA
vector (vPS57) containing a promoter for i~openicillin N synthetase
from ~enicillibn chryso@& fused to a bac'terial gene f&
hygromycin phosphotransferase. The transformation efficiency
was 5 X 103 transformants per ug DNA per 10' protoplasts. The
transforming DNA was stably integrated (mitotically) in single or
tandem copies at unique or several &spersed sites within the
transformant genornes. There appeared to be no targetting of
specific integration sites within the genome for the transforming
DNA. This provided a useful approach for generating mutations by
the insemonal disruption of functional genes. The crippled genes
were conveniently tagged by the transforming DNA and could be
recovered from genomic libraries. We have generated a
developmental mutant (U9) in which the dimorphic phenotype has
been altered. Unlike the untransformed parental strain the U9
mutant fails to switch from yeast-like growth to mycelial pwth when transferred to selective medium. The transforming DNA
integrated at a single locus and we hypothesize that the
transforming DNA interupted one of the genes or regulatory
regions essential to phenotype transition. We are currently
analysing the site of inteption.

MICHAEL T. HOLMES, EDUARDO M. VADELL AND JAMES C.
CAVENDER. Department of Botany, Ohio University,
Athens, Ohio 45701. Ecological Aspects of
Dictyostelids in Tropical Forest Soils
Our study site was at Tikal, Guatemala which is
located at 17.5' N. latitude. The preserve consists
of approximately 355 square kilometers of Semi-
Evergreen Rainforest on limestone soils with 2500 mm
annual rainfall occuring mostly during the months of
June through January. Twenty-five species of cellu-
'lar slime molds, including four undescribed species
were Isol.ated from a relatively small area of the
preserve, in and around the ancient city of Tikal.
Tropical forest are of particular interest because of
species richness and diversity in many taxonomic
groups. Soil habitats in the tropical forest also
appear to harbor equivalent species richness and di-
versity based on our studies of cellular slime molds.
Four trips (August '89, December '88, '89 and March
'90) were made in order to study seasonal variation.
Three sites of different moisture conditions were
chosen for similarity analysis. Ecological analyses
Cere conducted using regression models and analysis
of variance. Our study has focused on the explora-
tion of species richness and diversity through both
microdistribution and macrodistribution within the
Tikal area. We have also investigated the correla-
tion between cellular slime molds and the abundance
of bacteria and fungi in the soil. Future regenera-
tion of tropical forest may depend upon the inocula-
tion of cellular slime molds along with other micro-
organisms into the soil. Therefore, preservation of
isolated species using the lyophilization process
described by Raper and Alexander (1945) was an impor-
tant Dart of. th~~-studv.
John S. Hopple, Jr. Department of Botany,
Duke University, Durham, NC. 27706.
Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Genus
Co~rinus Based on Molecular and Morphological
Evidence.
Evolutionary relationships of select taxa
within the genus m~rinus were investigated
using molecular and morphological data.
Co~rinus atramentarius, C. cinereus, C.
cornatus, C. micaceus, C, patoui1lardii;and
C. plicatilis were selected as taxa
representing a wide spectrum of variation
within the genus for which adequate material
was available. DNA coding for the large
ribosomal subunit and part of the ITS region
was amplified using polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). A restriction fragment map of the DNA
was obtained through a combination of
Southern blotting and PCR mapping.
Morphological studies of the taxa were
carried out through character analyses of
traditionally significant taxonomic
structures. Evolutionary relationships were
determined using phenetic and parsimony
techniques. Significance of morphological
characters governing taxonomic
classifications will be discussed.
Preliminary evidence supports the
classifications of Moser (1983) and Orton
and Watling (1979) at the sectional level.
Further evidence indicates that Co~rinus is
not a monophyletic group, but rather is
paraphyletic.
W. E. Horner and S. R. Lehrer. Tulane Medical
Center, 1700 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112.
Allergenic/antigenic cross reactivity among
basidiqmycetes.
Basidiospore extracts contain allergens capable of
binding IgE antibodies and eliciting bronchial al-
lergic responses in sensitized asthmatics. Immuno-
print (IP) characterization of crude extracts of
Calvatia cyathiformis (Cc) with sera from skin test
and RAST positive subjects demonstrated 21 a1 lergen-
ic bands. Gal c Bd9.3 (pl 9.3, 16 kD), was the most
important allergen, based on the number of sera
(l2/l9), reacting to it. IP inhibition showed that
Cc, Coprinus quadrif idus, Psi locybe cubensis and
Pleurotus ostreatus each contain a pi 9.3 allergen
that cross-reacts with the other species. Spore
extracts of Pisolithus tinctorius and Ganoderma
meredithae did not contain a 9.3 allergen. @lc
Bd9.3 was isolated and rabbit antiserum was raised
against it. lmmunodiffusion analysis of this
antiserum against crude Cc extract and Calf BD9.3
produced single precipitin bands that fused. IP
with this serum also indicated shared epitopes for
the 9.3 antigen among these four species. These
results demonstrate shared antigens among four
families in two orders of basidimycetes. The
presence of shared antigens among basidimycetes may
facilitate screening for basidiomycete allergies and
aid phyletic studies.
J. S. HORTON and C. A. RAPER. Department of
Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of
Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.
Pulsed-field electrophoretic analysis of $chizo~hvllum
commune chromosomes.
Transverse alternating field electrophoresis (TAFE) was
used to separate chromosome-sized DNAs of the
Basidiomycete ~chiw~hvllum commune. Six bands were
observed in TAFE separations. ranging in size from 6200
to 1250 kb. Three bands appeared to be doublets, as
judged by the intensity of their ethidium bromide
staining, and by hybridization analysis using cloned
probes. Polymorphisms in chromosome size were
observed between different strains of S. Fommuns. The
results of DNA hybridization experiments suggested that
certain genes previously determined by genetic analysis
to reside on different linkage groups may be present on
the same chromosomal DNAs. The utility of pulsed-field
electrophoresis and chromosome-specific probes as an aid
in the isolation of genes will be discussed.
P. A. HUMBER. USDA-ARS Plant, Soil & Nutrition Labora-
tory, Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853.
Thermotolerance of Conidiobolus species.
Species of Conidrobolus (Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae) are
primarily saprobes occurring in plant dewitus and soil; sweral
species occur primarily as enromopathogens; a smaller number
of (saprobic andlor entomopathogenic) species can cause my-
coses of humans, equines, or other mammals. Vertebrate conidi-
obolomvcoses are usually confined to the nasal passages and to
adjacent superficial tissues, both of which are generally appreci-
ably cooler than the core body temperature; these mycoses are
only very rarely deep-seated or systemic.

In this study, growth and survival of 47 strains from 2 16 species
of Conidiobolus from the USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic
Fungi (ARSEF; Ithaca. NY) were surveyed during 8-day
exposures to 35, 40, and 45°C. Entomopathogenic Conidiobolus
spp. showed variable ability to survive at 35'C, and little or none
to survive at 40'C. Several isolates (especially those isolated from
vertebrate mycoses) survived or grew at 40'C; a strain of what
appears to be an undescribed Conidiobolus sp. isolated from a
dispersed (and apparently fatal) mycosis in a human grew at 45'C.
This study suggests that the further study oE entomopathogenic
Conidioboluc species (other than C. coromlus) for biocontrol is
still a reasonable possibility. Stria care should be exercised, however,
to limit direct human cxposurc to Conidiobolus species
since some taxa can survive temperatures at which inoculations of
mammals (especially if immunologically compromised) mipht
allow the establishment of potentially catastrophic mycoses.
Temperature may not be a factor in the localization of most cases
, ~ vertebrate f conidiobolomycosis to the nose and adjacent
tissues.
L.J.HUTCHISOK. Centre de Recherche en Riologie
Forestisre, Facult6 de Foresterie et de GGodGsie,
Universit6 Laval, Sainte Foy, QuGbec, Canada G1K 7P4.
Tie taxonomic significance of enzymatic activity by
ectomycorrhizal members of the Agaricales in vitro.
Cultures of Agaricalean fungi showed characteristic
differences in their ability to degrade cellulose,
lignin, pectin, lipid, amylose, gelatin, casamino
acids or urea. The patterns of degradation observed
reflected taxonomic affinities. For example, lipase
activity was primarily detected in species of Amanita
while amylase activity was found mainly in species
of Amanita and Cortinarius. Gelatin degradation was
particularly prominent among species of Lactarius
section Dapetes. Laccaria and Hebeloma strongly
degraded both casamino acids and urea. The
degradation of these compounds has potential for
differentiating cultures of ectomycorrhizal
Agaricales particularly on a generic level. The
results are also discussed in relation to the
ecology of these fungi.
K. A. ~acobsl, J. D. MacDonaldl, and K. wells2.
l~ept. of Plant Pathology, University of California,
Davis 95616, and Z~ept. of Botany, University of
California, Davis 95616.
Identification of Armillaria spp. in California.
Despite the wide distribution of Armillaria spp. in
California, definitive identification of the species
in this state has not been made. Basidiocarps were
collected from trees, stumps and surrounding ground
cover in forested and nonforested sites throughout
Northern California. A variety of coniferous and
hardwood hosts from inland and coastal areas are
represented. Monosporous cultures were paired with
known haploid tester strains to identify biological
species. Forty isolates have been collected and
those tested thus far were compatible only with
Armillaria mellea (Group VI) and each other. These
crosses indicate there may be little diversity among
California Armillaria species. Results from further
crossings and the implications of these findin~s on
distributior. patterns of this fungus will be
preser.:~;.
E. I. J-H i 0. K. HILLER. Departlent of Bioloq)', Birqinir
Pol}Tecbnic Institute and State University, BlaOurq, BA 24061.
Wysioloqical and norpboloqical Variation Between Populations of
&ill!& as Deterrined by lycorrhizal Experiments.
m,
Hyyrrhiral synthesis studies revealed that allopatric populations of
differ in bost specificity. Tissue cultures of SL
aranulatus used were fro1 Hepal, (associated with Pallichiana),
Korea (u densiflora) and the U.S. (m m). lycorrhizal
effectiveness was used to measure bost specificity. Useful characters
were defined as those uhich were stable vithin a population and
neasured differences between uninoculated controls and mycorrhizal
treatrents. Usefu! characters, as defined by these two tests were:
shoot wet weiqht, total wet weiqht, percentaqe mycorrhizal short roots,
shoot dry weiqht, total dry ueiqht and Bartiq net'penetration. These
characters were subsequently used to measure variation in mycorrhizal
effectiveness awnq the allopatric populations of S..
Isolates associated vith &Q& uere lost effective with &&&
and least effective with the other trees, whereas isolates frol E
vallichiana and L densiflora showed variable effectiveness with all
three trees. Pbenetic analyses used to determine hou similarly the
isolates responded uith the hosts, confilled these results. We conclude
that isolates associated with &Q& are mt specific for this
bost, whereas isolates from tbe other two trees are not host specific.
These results are discussed and hypotheses put fonrard to explain then.
S.W. KAMII\'SKYI & I.B. HEATH. Depl. Biology, York
University, 471)i: Keele SL. North Yo* Ontario, Canada. M3J 1P3
lmmunocytochemistry of cytoskeletal proteins in -.
The obmycete, Saorolepnla W, is a tip-growing organism with an
apical cap of actin. The morphology of this cap is relatcd to hypha!
gro~dh; it has been suggested to sewe, among other possible fundions,
as a mechanical support for the newly-foming ~ lwall. i Actin in
different patterns is found in older regions where it presumably has
other functions. These changes are likely to be related to the colocalized
adin-binding proteins (ABPs). To test this hypothesis il
will be necessary to use immunocylochemtst~ (1C) with fixation and
permeabilization protocols which preserve the delicate and easilydisrupted
actin arrays in lifelike configurations, using hyphae which
are known to be F n g at the time of fmtion.
Techniques were developed to tether hyphae on cwerslips, and to
prepare them for rhodamine phalloidin (RPh) staining and 1C. These
hyphae grow normally in nutrient solution, and are well supported
during staining. Harsh permeabilizations, such as cold acetone,
depolymerlze F-actin in -. Instead, we partially
protoplasted with Driselase which did not affect the RPh pattem.
Tethered hyphal tips of Sapmkgu can show the previously
reported formalin-fixed RPh-staining pattern of a fine hBrillar cap
giving way to subapical cables and plaques but the pattem varies
with the fiwtion. High or low concentrations of formal~n followed by
RPh result in poor preservation of parts of the actin array; this
variant stability may be related to the ABP distribution. Fixation
with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde shows diffuse RPh staining
which 1s most similar to the reported RPh pattem in living hyphae.
Preliminary studies with IC of cytoskeletal components have
shown that the anti-adin pattem is simllar to that of RPh, using
post-IC RPh staining as an internal control and comparing FITC-
IC/RPh to RPh-stained preparations. This suggests that our 1Cpreparation
procedures do not significantly alter Saoroleplrla actin
conhgurations. 1C-localization of ABP distribution will be discussed.

KAY, ERIC and RYTAS VILGALYS. Botany Department,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27706
Somatic Incompatibility and Genetic Variation in
pleurotus ostreatus from North Carolina
motus is a heterothallic-tetrapolar
Basidiomycete which reproduces sexually through wind-
dispersed basidiospores. We analyzed the genetic
structure of a population sample of P. ostreatus from a two
hectare area in Durham, N.C. using somatic incompatibility
and RFLPs. Samples from each of 55 dikatyons were
paired in all possible combinations on agar to determine
somatic incompatibility between genetically distinct
individuals. Data from 1520 pairwise crosses show: 1) few
compatible interactions in pairings of isolates from a single
log; 2) compatible pairings only between adjacent isolates
from the same log; 3) no compatible interactions in pairings
of isolates from different logs. These results indicate that
numerous individuals may colonize a log and that asexual
propagation does not occur between logs. A plasmid
library containing randomly-cloned DNA restriction
fragments from P. ostreatus was used to screen the
population for RFLPs. Preliminary data show both nuclear
and mitochondria1 polymorphisms within the population.
These observations are consistent with the pattern
expected for a genetically heterogenous outcrossing
population occupying spatially discrete resource units.
H. W. KELLER and H. J. ARNOTT. Department of Biology,
Box 19496, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington,
TX 76019. Phvsarum pulcherrimum and Physarum roseum
(Myxomycetes, Physarales, Physaraceae): Assessment and
comparison of taxonomic characters using scanning electron
microscopy.
Monographers have suggested that these two colorful species
of the genus Physarum should be united because of inconstant
differences in taxonomic characters. Physarum pulcherrimum
is characterized by dark maroon, reddish violet or purplish
colored sporangia. Pigmented calcareous granules spherical in
shape and 1-2 urn in diameter cover the outer peridial surface;
the inner peridial surface highlighted by a metallic gold
sheen. Surfaces of calcareous granules as viewed with SEM
are distinctly roughened, not smooth, as in other species of
Myxomycetes, including P. roseum. These calcareous granules
(CaC03) serve as a key taxonomic character that distinguishes
these two species. SEM of stalk external surfaces and
fractured faces show calcareous granules embedded
throughout in P. pulcherrimum, differing from the
longitudinally wrinkled stalks without calcareous granules in
P. roseum. X-ray microanalysis of sporangial components in
the two species revealed differences in the distribution of
calcium and manganese. Physarum roseum is characterized by
bright scarlet red sporangia. Pigmented calcareous granules
restricted to outer peridial surfaces and capillitial nodes have
smooth surfaces similar to other species in the Physaraceae.
Spore size and ornamentation are similar in both species.
Differences in color, stalk morphology, surface markings of
calcareous granules, distribution of mineral elements, and
other more variable taxonomic characters, collectively serve to
distinguish these two species.
R. W. KFRRIGAN, P. A. HORGEN. AND J. B. ANDERSON.
Department of Botany, Erindale College, University of
Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, CANADA L5L 1C6.
Genetic diversity in the global population of Agaricus
bisporus.
Genetic analysis of approximately ninety uniquely derived
isolates of A. bisporus and allied species, using isozyme
and DNA RFLP markers, has produced data which are
informative about relationships at several evolutionary
levels. Among wild individuals, most genotypes are
unique. It is also possible to recognize geographically
dispersed families of individuals which are putatively
descended, via secondary hornothallisrn, from a single
progenitor, and to distinguish these from other lineages in
which outcrossing has intervened. At the population level,
North American populations of A. bisporus harbor more
genetic diversity than what is found in the best available
sample of European germ plasm. Hypotheses on the
origin of the disjunct amphi-Atlantic populations of A.
bisporus are still under evaluation. At the species level,
there app,-ar to be three distinct species in our sample of
the macromorphologically homogeneous section
Hortenses. The two tetrasporic species may be A.
subperonatus and A. subfloccosus. These three species
appear to be genetically more similar to one another than
any of them are to A. bitorquis. A. pattersonae is even
more distantly related.
T. ICEh'T KIM! R.R. EURGESS and J.W .KO?TING, ~~Tl~orest
Products Labcratoq~, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., ??adison,
1.11 53705. 2~iotechnologp Center, University of
Wisconsin, l.!adison, VI 53705.
Biopulping: Status and Prospects.
$iopulping is the treatment of wood chips with limin-
!degrading fungi prior to pulping. The woo6 is
softened by the fungal treatment, so that mechanical
pulping requires considerably less energy anC the
pulp gives much stronger paps? than untreatel
;controls. In a comprehensive, industry-supported
research effort, we are evaluating the feasibility
pf such "bio-mechanical1' pulping. Our effort involves
Seven closely coordinated research teams: ,fungus
i(se1ecting species and strains, optimizing treatment),
knzyne (identifying beneficiel and deleterious
!enzymes), pulp and paper (making and testing pulp
and paper), molecular genetics (engineering fungal
strains), scale-up and engineering (optimizing solid
substrate "fermentation"), economics (evaluating
economic feasiSiIity), en8 information (monitoring
scientific and other literature). Results from tine
rirst 2.5-years of this 5-year program are very .
promising. Tnis lecture will summarize progress.

K.K. Klein and T.J. Leonard, Department of Biological
Sciences, Mankato State University. Mankato MN 56002
and Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin,
Madison WI 53706
Genetic control of dikaryotic sectoring in
Schizophvllun commune.
KLICH. M. A.. A. R. LAX and J. M. BLAND. USDA.
ARS. Southern Regional Research Center, P.O. Box
19687. New Orleans. LA 70179.
Inhibition of some mycotoxigenic fungi by Iturin A.
a peptidolipid produced by Bacillus subtilis.
The current concern about potential environmental
Sectoring, a phenotype in which there are distinct
damage by commercial fungicides has led to an
outgrowths from dikaryotic colonies, is under the
increasing demand for new control methods.
control of at least three different genetic loci
Bacillus subtilis produces peptidolipid compounds
in the basidiomvcete Schizophvllum commune. \de
of the iturin group which have been shown to have
have isolated one homokarvotic strain, dm71, which
antifungal properties, but not all fungal species
produces the sectoring plle~~olypt. when mated with
are sensitive co these compounde. In this study.
wild type strains W80 and Pil. A cross of Pi1 and
the activity of Iturin A, produced by B. subtilis
H13 also produces a sectoring dikaryon, as does
strain B-3, was tested. Paper disks impregnated
a cross of W80 and H13. W80 does not produce a
with various concentrations of Iturin A were placed
sectoring dikaryon when mated to Pil. Progency
on agar plates seeded with conidia of toxigenic
@f a cross of dm71 with W80, display segregation
species of Fusarium, Penicillium or Aspergillus.
for the sectoring phenotype when mated individually
All isolates vere inhibited at Iturin A
with wild-type strains H13 and Pil. 48 of 101 pro-
concentrations as low as 4 ugldisk. Penicillium
duced the sectoring phenotype when mated with H13
italicum, P. viridicatum and A. ochraceus were most
(approx. 1:l) and 73 of 101 produced sectoring when
strongly inhibited by the iturin whereas P.
mated with Pi1 (approx. 3:l). We conclude that
citrinum, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and F.
there are two loci which determine sectoring in
moniliforme were least sensitive to Iturin A.
matings with Pi1 and one locus which determines
sectoring in matings with H13. Statistical tests
show that the sectoring determinant in the H13derived
dikaryons is independent (not linked) to
either of the two determinants in the Pil-derived
ROBERT KOEHN and MELANI OAKLEY. Southwest Texas
dikaryons. Progeny of a cross of Pi1 and H13 were
State University, Department of Biology, San Marcos,
tested for their ability to form sectoring dikaryons
Texas. 78666
with dm71 and W80. Results of this cross suggest
that genes in both partners in a dikaryon are impor-
A stinkhorn-grass symbiosis.
tant for the sectoring phenotype.
The lavender-hued "eggs" of Phallus hadriani (Vent.)
were collected from a St. Augustine grass environment
in November 1989. It was noted that the mycelial
cord was attached to the grass roots. More careful
observations indicated that the mycelial-grass root
-
association was ectomycorrhizal . We be1 ieve that
I(-D- m I G 1 E.B. SlNUX and K.F. RAFFA.
this association is of interest because grasses have
w=-ml= of Plant Pathology ard EnmDlogy,
not previously been known to form ectomycorrhizal
-1 Labs, 1630 Lirden Drive, Madison, WI 53706. structures. Futhermore, stinkhorns have previously
mistatic activity of extracts from red pine
not been reported to form symbiotic relationships of
lmJtarauhium texebrantis.
the mycorrhizal type.
Fungi in the genus Le-urn exhibit vary-
&-, of virulence on thelr coniferaus hmts. We
wished to &tenhe if fungistatic mapands are L.M. KOHN and J.B. ANDERSDN. Dept. of Botany,
involved in the defense of red p h to
University of Toronto, Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario,
-rantis. Pentane &methanol SRracts werexmde Canada L5L 1C6.
from the phloan of mature red pines subjected to the A dispersed, repetitive DNA element fingerprints mycelial
foil* trea-: inoculation with viable L.
compatibility groups in field samples of Sclerotinia
terebmntis, inaxlation with autoclaved &.
sclerotiorum.
erebrant'
Sixty-four sclerotial strains of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were
obtained from transects in two fields of Canola (oilseed rape)
in Harriston. Ontario. Mycelial pairings of the strains in all
chloroform, solubilized in amtone and water, and
combinations on agar medium produced either a compatible
reaction in which two strains merged to form one unitorm
incorporated into potato dextrnse agar. Linear
colony, or an incompatible reaction in which a reaction line
graJth was significantly higher car uMmended media developed in the interaction zone and the two strains, though
thanonmediaamm3edwithredpinee&actsan3.
growing together, remained distinct. Among the 34 strains of
slightly, hut significantly, inhibited by extracts
the first field. 6 mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were
from ummuxled tissw. Extracts frm mchanically recognized, the largest group containing 17 strains. Among
Klnrledaswellasinaxlatedtissue~
the 30 strains of the second field, many more compatibility
pronamced, significant inhibition of fungal grmth groups were defined. Three molecular criteria indicated
w f i e n ~ t o e x t r a c t s f n r a ~ ~ luniformity s ~ within MCGs; by one of these criteria, each MCG
uMmended media. These results indicate that the
was uniquely fingerprinted. This fingerprint was produced by
response of red pine to fungal invasion, as well as a random fragment of nuclear DNA (ca. 4.5 kb) from S.
kcudiq, involves the prduction of some cmpmxI(s)
capable of fungistatic activity.

sclerotiorum, pLK44.20, that when used as a cloned probe in
Southern blots of DNAs restricted with m H l detected
polymorphisms that corresponded exactly with strain
groupings defined by mycelial compatibility. Another probe,
plasmid pGP637, carrying the mitochondria1 24s rRNA gene
from Neurospora crassa, in will digested DNA produced 3
phenotypes that corresponded with groups of MCGs. The
third molecular criterion used in this study compared DNA
from each of the strains amplified by PCR with primer pairs
defining a segment of the small mitochondrial rRNA gene,
producing 2 phenotypes (fragment size of either 0.6 or 2.0
kb) that corresponded with groups of MCGs. These data
suggest that a held population of _S. sclerotlorum IS composed
of aeneticallv dlst~nct "~ndlviduals". each ca~able of increaslna "
by >sexual or homothalllc sexual reproduct;on.
K.A.'. R.D. Kochn', Al. ~ohnson' and WJ. Rca'; 'Consultant,
Dallas. Texas. $outhwest Texas Slate University. San Marcos, Texas
78666. %viraunental Health Cenm - Dallas. 8345 Walnut Hill Lane
#205. Dallas, Texas 75238.
Preliminary obsavations on the airborne mycofloral component within
the nonh Dallas memplex.
Preliminary obsavations into the airborne mycoflora indigenous to the
north Dallas region was conducted to obtain a better understanding as to
the aerofungal element of this area The primary goal of this initial
investigation was IO conduct continual 24 how sampling for airborne
fungal organisms to determine composition, frequency and seasonal
periodicity of genera within the sampling region. Am sampling was
performed using rotorod particulate sampling devices. Preliminary resul~s
indicate a diverse fungal flora within the study region. with the occurrence
of many genera strongly influenced by meteorological events. The
tradillonal Deumomycetes were the most heavily represented, as
expected. information resulung Erom am investigations are of
fundamental imponance in the clinical evaluation and ueaunent of the
mold sensitive individual. Informarion resuldng from these initial studies
inlcate a more exouc fungal flora which have not been traditionally used
in the antigenic testing process. We believe these imtial studies are useful
in the crearion. modification or elimination of panicular allergin mixtures
used in the testingltreaunent process for patienu within this region
B. T. LUI, J. A. GLASER~ and T. K. KIRK^. l~orest Producu
Laboratory, lnstinrte for Microbial and Biochanical Technology, One Gifford
Pinchot Dr., Madison, W1 53705. 2~.~. EPA. Risk Reduction Engineering
Research Laboratory. 26 W. SL Clair Sr, Cincinnari. OH 45268.
Use of white-rot basidiomycetes in the treatment of hazardous materials and
hazardous wastes
Research on the fungal bleaching of kraft pulp mill effluents led to
investigations that demonsualed the ability of a 'while-rot' or 'lipindegrading'
basidiomycete, Phancrochrc chrysosporium Burds.. to mineralize selected
xenobiotics in liquid culture. Xenobiotics mineralized by ligninolytic culnues
of this fungus include: DDT, lindane, 2,4.5-uichlwphenoxyacetic acid.
several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and various polychlorinated
biphenyl. polychlorinated dioxin. polychlorinated aniline. and polychlorinaled
phenol congeners. P. chrysosporium is also capable of effecting a rapid
depletion of the wood preservative. pentachlorophenol, in soils into which it
has been inoculated. The ability of this fungus to metabolize such a wide
variety of xenobiotics has generated interest in using it and related fungi for
remediation of contaminated soils. wastewaters and groundwaters. White-rot
fungi are Nature's major degraders of lignin and a role for the Irgnindeprading
system of these fungi in xenobioitc metabolism has been suggested bu~ not
confumed. Evidence for this role includes the demonstrated oxidation of
selected xenobiotics by lignin peroxidases isolated from P. clqsosporium.
The current status of research on xenobiotic metabolism by while-rot fungi
will be described. Several remediation technologies that employ white-rot
fungi exist in various stages of development. Examples are: (1)
immobilization of fungal mycelia on various types of support materials
through which aqueous media can be pgssed for ueaunent (e.g. The MyCoR
Process which employs RBC technology) and (2) incorporation of solid
substrates (e.g. wood chips). ha^ are infested with pure cultures of a selecled
fungus, into contaminated soils for their remediation. Existing and potential
'white-rot' remed~ation lechnolgies will be described and the latest f~ndings
relaled.
, S. C. GUPTA' , G. ELSAYED* ard C.
-- ---. rthern Rwional Res. Ctr.. ARS. USDA,
Peoria. i~ 61604 and 'Biol. Control ~Gects ~es.
Lab., &, USDA, Columbia, MO 65205.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism as Genetic
Markers for Beaweria bassiana.
Natural isolates of the entcmog~ furigus
Beaweria bassiana are abundant, and vary considerably
in their virulence towards insect pests. The
taxonaric significance of this strain variability is
uncertain. B. bassiana is genetically inperfect,
and mlecule techniques have not previously been
applied to the taxonany of the species. Since lm
virulence may be a limiting factor in the develop
m t of entmcgenous fungi as mycoinsecticides, it
would be desirable to exploit natural strain variability
in the identification of high virulence
isolates. Hawwer, direct assays of insect
virylence are expensive, labor-intensive, and
time-consuming. Consequently, restriction fragment
length polymorphisms (RFLP's) were tested as genetic
markers. Eleven strain of B. bassiana were chosen
that exhibited a range of virulence against the
Greater Wax Moth, Galleria rnellonella. A set of
random genaric DNk clones was isolated from representative
strain NRRL 3108. These probes stringently
hybridized to genanic blots frcm all strains,
suggesting that these isolates are significantly
related. Further, a n& of polymorphic
differences were detected, sane of which appeared to
correlate with virulence characteristics.
S.B. Lee and J.W. Taylor. Department of
Plant Biology, University of California,
Berkeley, California 94720 USA.
Detection of species of Phvto~hthora by
oligonucleotide hybridization.
Differences among 5 species of phvto~hthora
in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed
spacer (rDNA-ITS) were previously observed
in sequence comparisons for phylogenetic
analysis (see poster). Oligonucleotide probes
for specific DNA sequences of phvto~ht hora
cinnamomi, P. ~almivora, P. megvkarva, E
c-, and Esitroohthora have been
synthesized based on rDNA-ITS. Using
primer directed enzymatic amplification of

specific genomic sequences (the Polymerase J. F. LESLIE, C. J. R. KLITTICH, and C. CHAISRISOOK.
Chain Reaction or PCR) from nanogram Dept. of Piant Pathology. Throckmorton Hall, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502.
we were detect Fertility of isolates from Furarium section liseola.
species specific nucleotide sequence variation
by differential oligonucleotide hybridization Within Fusarium section Liseola four mating populations had
in a sim~le dot-blot format. Due to the been previously recognized (A-D). We have crossed more than
species siecific nature of these probes, this
scheme may provide a simple, reliable
scheme of species identification from small
samples of infected plant tissues and can be
applied to detection of obligate plant
pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi.
S.R. Lee and J.W. Taylor. Department of
Plant Biology , University of California,
Berkeley, California 94720 USA.
Molecular evolution and identification of
Phytophthora spp.
Phgtophthora includes several species of
important plant pathogens. The high degree
of morphological variability and the lack of
easily scored species characteristics has
limited the number of phplogenetic studies in
this genus. We are studying the molecular
evolution of several species of Phytophthora.
We have used the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) to amplify and directly sequence
ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer
regions (rDNA-ITS) of P hy t op h t h o r a
cinnamomi, P. palmivora, P. megykarya, P.
capsici, and P. citrophthora. This sequence
data has been used to construct a phylogeny
of these five species using DNA parsimony
analysis. Results will provide an easily
expandable data base for further phylogenetic
analysis in the genus and related taxa. We
have constructed species specific
oligonucleotide probes to use in a simple,
reliable scheme of species identification.
T.J. LEONARD and T.J. VOLK.Departments of Genetics
a d Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
53706.
Production of new edible mushrooms in North America.
Two relatively new edible mushrooms in the US market-
place, Lentinula edodes (shiitake) and Morchella
esculent2 (more1)will be discussed. Important
physiological and ecological factors for spawn-run
and mushroom production in shiitake, and key factors
influencing sclerotium formation, germination and
primordiurc formation in the morel will be emphasized.
440 wild-collected isolates from the central and eastern United
States with mating type testers representing these four popula-
tions. Isolates belonging to the A. B and D populations have
been identified and account for approximately 5046 of the iso-
lates examined. Additionally, we have detected two more mating
populations, E and l-, that account for a further 20% of the pop-
ulation. Within the remaining 302 of the population there is
preliminary evidence for three additional mating populations for
which reliable testers are not yet available. Isolates from the A
and F populations are all morphologically F. moniliforme; isolates
from the B and E populations are all morphologically F. subglu-
linans; and most isolates from the D population are morphologi-
cally F. proliferarum.
ESTELLE LEV-ET_;T.N, Faculty of Biological
Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa,
OK 74104
The urban mushroom - an overlooked
aeroallergen?
Clinical investigations have shown that
airborne basidioapores are significant
allergens, however, very little
information exists on the identification
or concentration of these spores in the
air. For the past three pears, the
atmosphere in Tulsa has been monitored for
the presence of basidiospores using
Burkard Volumetric Spore Traps. The
concentration of total basidiospores ahows
that they are a significant component of
the Tulsa atmosphere during certain
periods. During this study, spores from
eighteen genera have been identified.
Overall Coprinus spores are the most
prominent genus represented; however
Agaricus, Cal vatia, and Ganoderma spores
are also abundant. Field studies in both
wooded and urban areas indicate that
fruiting bodies of all genera identified
from the atmosphere are prevalent in
lawns, parks, and fields within the city.
This aerobiological data supports the
clinical findings which show that
basidiospores are an important group of
aeroallergens.
JAMFS I FWIS and ROGER KOIDE. Dept. of Botany, Duke
University, Durham. NC 27706 and Dept. of Biology, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
Mycorrhizal infection increases offspring vigor
We studied the effects of myconhizal infection on offspring
vigor in Abutilon t h e m (velvetleaf). Maternal plants
were grown in phosphorus-deficient autoclaved soil with
low or high phosphate amendments or with Glomus
etunicatum spores. Increased phosphorus availability and
mycorrhizal infect~on significantly increased seed number

and seed phosphorus concentration, but did not
significantly affect mean individual seed mass or seed
nitrogen concentration. Seeds from each of five maternal
plants from each maternal treatment were sown in soil with
or without phosphate amendment. All plants were
harvested after 35 days. Offspring from mycorrhizal
mothers were significantly larger than offspring from non-
mycorrhizal mothers, regardless of maternal phosphate
treatment. Maternal phosphorus treatment did not
significantly affect offspring vigor. Offspring phosphate
treatment significantly affected offspring growth but did not
interact significantly with maternal treatment effects on
offspring vigor. Analysis of covariance suggested that the
effect of myconhizal infection on offspring vigor was due
partly to changes in seed phosphorus content. This study
showed that mycorrhizal infection of maternal plants can
increase offspring vigor.
special problems, b'ecause (with very few exceptions)
they are known to live only in the nonflying, aquatic
larval stages of their mayfly, stonefly, or dipteran
hosts. Six of the almost 100 known species of
Harpellales have broad host ranges and may be
essentially cosmopolitan. However, the majority of
species appear to be geo aphically restricted and have
narrower host ranges, % ndemic aquatic insect larvae
in Australia and Kew Zealand contain some species of
gut fungi that are possibly autochthonous. Species of
Awtrosmittium in those countries may be vicariants.
Costa Rican Harpellales are almost completely
different from those of the United States at the species
level. The hypothesis will be presented that the
Harpellales began evolving with their hosts at a time
when those insects were themselves evolving into
extant species.
A. E. LIBERTA, D. )I. WEST, C. S. CARLSON and J. N.
ALBERT, Departments of Biological Sciences and
Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal. Ii
61761. Antifungal activity of heterocyclic thio-
J. LIFRAK, J. W. BENNETT, and J. DAVEY, Departments of
Biology and Eiectrical Engineering, Tulane University,
New Orleans, LA 70118.
semicarbazones and their metal ion complexes.
The antifungal activity of a group of heterocyclic
Effect of 60 Hz magnetic field on a duplication strain
of Asperaillus nidulans.
thiosemicarbazones and their metal ion complexes
were assayed using five species of hyphomycetes
that cause mild respiratory ailments in humans or
are phytopathogenic. The five species differed in
their sensitivity to the compounds that were
assayed. The greatest inhibition of spore gencination
in Asuereillus niRer occurred when its spores
were treated wi n the copper (XI) complexes of 2-
r;
acecylpyridine K-diethyl-, 4K-dimethyi-, and 'Kdipropylthiosemicarbazone.
Inhibition caused by
these copper (11) complexes was up to 50Z greater
:han that caused by Nystatin. The nickel (11)
cornpiexes of the same thiosemicarbazones were
substantially less effective in inhibiting spore
germination. Paecilomyces variotii differed in its
Epidemiological evidence implicating high power lines
in the etiology of childhood cancer has stimulated interest
in the development of a eukaryotic model for detecting
chromosome rearrangements in the presence of
magnetic fields. A duplication strain of A- nidulans,
carrying part of chromosome 1 attached to chromosome
11, can be used to monitor chromosome breakage by the
appearance of yellow spore Sectors among green ~010nies.
Spore suspensions were exposed for 12 hours to
a magnetic field generated by 30 ampere flowing in a
dual Hemholtz coil exposure system generating 15
gauss. Controls were incubated in an identical +emholtz
apparatus without current or without coilc in a
separate laboratory. Spore suspensions were plated
On extract-glucose medium and incubated at
response to these cosplexes in that nickel (11)
complexes elicited an inhibitory response that was
comparable to that caused by copper (XI) corcplexes.
For P. variotii. Nystatin was less inhibitory than
either the copper (11) or nickel (XI) complexes.
These responses will be compared to those of
Aspergillus terreus, Botrvtis cinerea, and
Penicillium rubrum. The pnysicai properties of the
chemicals, as thev relate to their antifungal
activity, will also be discussed.
37 C. A minimum of 1000 colonies was couLted for
each trial. lhe frequency of yellow sectors ranged
from 1.6-1.82 for both controls and experimental cultures.
Thus, no statistically significant difference
between the rate of chromosome breakage in spore suspensions
exposed or not exposed to magnetic fields
was detected in this eukaryotic model system.
W. W. LILLY. Dept. of Biology, Southeast Missouri
State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701.
Nitrogen source regulates mu1 tiple forms of
Proteases in Schizophyl luni commune.
R. W. LICHTWARDT. Department of Botany, Proteolytic enzyme activity is derepressed upon
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045. transfer of Schizophyllum commune homokaryons to
Biogeography of trichomycete gut fungi and their nitrogen-deficient medium.=mitant with this
arthropod hosts.
derepression is alteration of the pattern of
protease electromorphs produced by the colonies.
Since their evolution from free-living fungi, The source of nitrogen supplied in the growth
Trichomycetes have become successfully established medium also affects changes in activity and
throughout the world in insects, crustaceans, and protease forms. Colonies grown on equivalent molar
milli edes. Present evidence, through far from concentrations of L-asparagine (the normal minimal
com Pete, suggests that some species of Eccrinales and medi um nitrogen source), L-aspartate, L-glutamine
~sefiariales in marine crustaceans may have dispersed
and L-gl utamate show simi 1 ar patterns of protease
with their hosts during the time the crustaceans were activity when separated on gelatin-containinc .
radiating. The dispersal of the Harpeliales presents
25

polyacrylamide gels. However, growth on other
nitrogen sources produces distinctive patterns
which are different from the minimal medium
pattern. In some cases (eg. with arginine and
cottonseed hydrolysate) this pattern is similar to
the nitrogen-deficient colonies; in others the
pattern is composed of selected electromorphs found
in either minimal-grown or nitrogen-deficient
colonies. The origin of the different protease
forms is not clear. However, when extracts of
colonies grown on cottonseed hydrolysate are mixed
with extracts of minimal-grown colonies, one of the
major activities fro^ the minimal extract is
destroyed. This suggests that some post-
translational modifications may be involved.
W.L LINGLE'. DJ. O'KANE~, and D. PORTER'. l~otan~
Depanment and 2~iochemistry Depanment, University of Georgia,
Athens, GA 30602
Biolumln~cc Inheritance pattcms and sexual eompaUbillty In
Pa& isolated from pine and hardwood.
Panellus srvpticus is a white-rot basidiomycete of worldwide distribution
found typically on hardwood substrates. The Nonh American variety
is bioluminescent but the nonhern European variety is not. Although
75% of single spore isolates from basidiocarps on hardwood substrates
were luminescent in culture. no single spore isolates obtained from
luminescent basidiocarps on pine (an arypical substrate) were luminescent
(as determined visually). Sexual compatibility and inheritance
of luminescence were determined for six non-luminescent monobryons
from pine crossed with themselves and crossed with 4 hardwood
monokaryons characterized as either brightly luminescent, luminescent
or non-luminescent. These crosses revealed that isolates from pine are
the same biological species as isolates from hardwood and have a bifactorial
mating system. Crosses of pine monokaryons with the
brightly luminescent monoka~on always resulted in luminescent
dikaryons, while those crossed with the luminescent monokaryon
yielded a mixture of luminescent and non-luminescent dikawons, as
did those with the non-luminescent monokaryons. Resula from
crosses of pine isolates and hardwood isolates shw that inheritance of
luminescence is more complex than earlier results (Macrae, 1942) of
crosses between the non-luminescent European variet)' and the
luminescent Nonh American variety which indicated that luminescence
was a dominant characteristic governed by one gene. Ainh and
Foerster (1%) determined that at least 2 enzymes - NAD(P)H
oxidase and luciferase - (and presumably 2 genes) were necessary for
luminescence; perhaps explaining the complex pattern observed here.
Complementation and/or additive effects of gene producu may occur.
K.F. LOBUGLIO, S.O. ROGERS, and C.J.K. WANG.
SUNY CESF, Syracuse, New York 13210.
The Cenococcum geophilum - Elaphomyces Connection.
The genus Elaphomyces (specifically species with
blackish peridia) has been proposed to be the
teleomorph, or sexual state, of C. geophilurr..
Specimens of E. anthracinus were collected at the
Huntington Wildlife Forest (SUNY CESF property) in
the New York Adirondack mountains. Thirteen
isolates of C. geophilum, representing three rDNA
(ribosomal DNA) phenotypes, were collected at this
same site two years prior to the Elaphomvces
collection. An ertempt to verify the taxonomic
connection between C. aeophilum an< Elaphomvces
was carried out by comparing their tco RI rDNA
profiles. The Eco R1 rDNA phenotypes of
-
C. geophilurn isolates from the Adirondack site
and other geographic locations, as well as DNA
isolated directly from C. geophilum mycorrhizae
adjacent to the Elaphomyces ascomata, did not
correspond with the Eco RI rDNA profile of the
Elaphomvces collected.
R. LOWEN & P. Diederich. The New York
Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 &
CUNY, 33 W. 42 St., New York, NY 10036;
5 Rue Fernand-Mertens L-2148 Luxembourg.
Two new lichenicolous spccies of
Pronectrja (Euascomycetes,
Hypocreaceae) .
A spccies of pronectria was discovered
in the UK by Hawksworth on the lichen
Xanthoria narietina. on a limestone wall.
This was the only collection of the new
taxon until Diederich collected the
species in Luxembourg on )tanthoria
parietina on a Po~ulus tree. Diederich
also collected another new species on
the lichen Thrombiun on soil in
Luxembourg. These two new lichenicolous
spccies of Pronectria will be described.
Because immersed, light colored
ascomycetes are so inconspicuous, many
more undescribed species of Pronectria
associated with their lichen hosts are
likely to be discovered.
MADOLE, GRETCHEN E, and JOHN C. C001iE. Department of
Ecology 8 Evolutionary Biology. University of Connecticut,
Avery Pt., Groton, CT. 06340.
A comparison of VAM infection on roots of Spartina patens
and Distichlus spicata in a Connecticut coastal marsh.
Studies of plants from freshwater and coastal marshes have
shown that the development of mycorrhizal infection is
affected by the underground water during the growing season.
Increase. in root colonization by vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi has been noted as the water table is
lowered. During a survey of coastal marsh plants, it was
noted that Spartina patens and Distichlus spicata in high marsh
areas often showed variation in VAM infection. Root samples
from these two species were collected at several soil depths
and compared for root infection. The samples were categorized
as (1) lacking VAM fungi, (2) VAM fungi present but lacking
vesicles &/or arbuscules or, (3) VAM fungi present with
vesicles &/or arbuscules present. The results of this study
will be presented.

MI and Y. Chen. Department of Biological Sciences.
Brock University, St. Catharines. Ontario. L2S 3A1. Canada.
Involvement of host cell surface agglutinin in attachment and
appressorium formation by a mycoparasite.
Cell wall proteins isolated from Mortierella pusilla and M.
candelabrum. host and nonhost respectively to the
mycoparasite. Ptptocephalis virginiana, were tested for their
ability to agglutinate mycoparasite spores. SDS-Page revealed
four bands (a, b, c, and d) of proteins present at the host
surface, not at the nonhost surface, except for the faint band c.
Deletion of proteins b or c from the host protein extract
significantly reduced its agglutinating activity. Both proteins b
and c were found to be glycoproteins and were required for
agglutination. The results of agglutination and attachment tests
obtained by various treatments of the host and nonhost cell wall
proteins (including the two glycoproteins) and cell wall
fragments showed: (1) the two glycoproteins are not only an
agglutinin responsiMe for the mycoparasite spore agglutination,
b; may also serve as a receptor for the specific recognition
and attachment by the mycoparasite; (2) treatment of the
mycoparasite spores with various sugars revealed that
arabinose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine inhibited the
agglutination and attachment activity of the glycoproteins,
however. the relative percentage of appressorlum formation
was not sffected by the above sugars; (3) the two
glycoproteins are relatively stable with respect to their
agglutinin and receptor functions. The present results suggest
that the agglutination and attachment may be mediated directly
by certain sugars present at the host and mycoparasite cell
surfaces while the appressorium formation may be the
response of complementary combinations of both sugar and
protein, the two parts of the glycoproteins at the interacl~ng
surfaces of two fungi.
D. H. Marx, S. B. Maul, and C. E. Cordell. Forest
Service-USDA, Institute of Tree Root Biolo~y, Green
Street, Athens, GA 30602; Mycorrtech, Inc., Univ. of
Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, 440 William Pitt
Way, Pittsburg, PA 15238; and Forest Service-USDA,
Forest Pest Management, Region 8, Asheville, NC
28802, respectively.
Application of specific ectomvcorrhizal fungi in
world forestry.
The dependence of many species of forest trees on
ectomycorrhizae has long been recognized. Several
methods have been used to ensure the development of
ectomycorrhizae on tree seedlings in nurseries for
the establishement of manmade forests. Much work in
recent years with a few fungal species has been
aimed at selecting, propagating, manipulating, and
managing the more desirable fungal species to improve
tree survival and growth on a variety of regeneration
sites. 'Much research has been done with the
gasteromycete Pisolithus tinctorius throughout the
world. Commercial vegetative and spore inocula of P.
tinctorius are now in operational use in nurseries
in the U.S. Spores of Rhizopogon vinicolor are also
used in the Pacific Northwest in Douglas-fir
container and bare-root nurseries. Vegetative
inoculum of Laccaria laccata is being developed in
Prance to inoculate Dougias-fir seedlings. Several
research groups in Canada are examining the nursery
and field significance of various fungi and methods
ro produce vegetative inoculum. Research and develop-
ment so far has only revealed a few of the potential
uses of specific ectomycorrhizal fungi in world
forestry. More basic and practical information must
be revealed to fully utilize and inregrate the fungi
into existing- forest -regeneration programs..
I,.
1
H. Kothe', E- Kothe1, C-P- G. A. UARZLIIF. Departrent of Fiocheaistrp, The oh10
k v o t n e c . ullrichl - ~ept. of ~otany' and State tfniversi ty, Colurhus. oP 4x10.
~icrobiolog~~, University of Repulation of nitrocen aetabolisr in Neurospora.
Burlington, Vermont 05405. Isolation of the
mating-type locus from Schizo~hvllum t~mmune. Neurospora atiljlzes ~luta~ine, glutaaate, or amoniut.
ions as its priraw nitropen sources anC will use
An AA6 allele of the mating-type locus has these preferentiallv over secondary nitropen sources
been isolated by screening an ordered cosmid vhicb include nitrate, purines, oeptldea and ranv
library' of 5700 E.coli clones containing other co~pounds. The utilization of necondaq
inserts of DNA from a Schizophyllum AA6 nitropen sources reowires the liftine of nitropen
strain. The ordered library was divided into catabolic repression and saecific induction Bv
120 subsets of 48 clones each. Cosmid DNA from suhrtrates or metahslic intereediates. The
subsets was used to transform Schizophyllum structural penes which encodes nitropen catabolic
trp- protoplasts to prototrophy by virtue of enzvmes are controlled Ev a well-defined net of
the Schizophyllum TRPl gene of the vector. repulatcp penes. Nit-2 is the malor oositive-
Transformants were mated with a Schizophyllum act in^ control pene and is reouired for the exaressior,
strain carrying & and AA alleles identical of all of the structural eenes within the nitropen
to, but & and alleles different from, the circuit. Tbe nit-2 pene has beer! cloned and senuence
transformation recipient. The recipient has and found to encode a repulatorq arotein of 1,036
the same & but different AD as the donor DNA amino acids witb a sinple zinc finper elewnt whicb,
used to make the library. Therefore, only trp' with an imediate downstrear. basic re~ion, functions
transf ormants also transf omed by an allele as a seouence-speclfic DNA-bindinp dowain. Nitrate
can undergo a positive mating reaction. A fnduction of the nitrate and nitrate reductase
subset showing activity was subdivided and structural penes, e-? and z-6, respectlvelv, is
the DNA tested by the assay described above mediated bv a oathrav-specific replulatoq pene. nit-4.
until a single cosmid clone possessing &3
activity was identified. The identity of the - Nit-4 is expres~ed constitutjvelv to vlelG a 2.5 kb
transcriot which encodes a repjlatow protein with a
- AR6 allele within this clone was demonstrated single completely distinct zinc ffnper dsain.
since use of the allele to transform an A ExD~~SE~O~ cf the Lt-2 structural pene is hiphlv
- 06 recipient did not activate A-regulated repulated at the level of ressearer RSA content. anC
development. Subcloning of the AA6 allele and tbree hindinp sites for the oositive-actinf e-?
a restriction map of the AD6 region will be nrotein are lccate6 in the 5' DTA unstreaa of s-3.
presented.

G. May and P.3. Pukkila Dept. of Siology,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
27599-3280..
Molecular cloning and functional analyses of the AJ
mating type factor of Coprinus cinereus.
We have isolated a cosmid clone with the entire 3
mating type factor of Coprinus cinere-us.
Subcloninc and transformatlon experiments reveal
that: 1. both the 4 and the 6 subunits are present
on this clone, 2. the d and' the 8 subunits are
functionally redundant but not structurally similar
and 3. that a cell activated for k controlled
sequences is no longer able to accept nuclei in
mating although it can donate nuclei to a strain
.compatible at 8.
We want to understand the evolutionary history of
different a1 leles. Genomic DNAs digested with
various enzymes were blotted to nylon membranes and
Southern hybridizations were made using large
fragment o( and P (3.8 and 5.5 kb. respectively)
probes as well as probes covering the regions
between and outside of the subunits. These
preliminary results indicate that rearrangements
and length mutations are rampant and complex in the
regions of & , b and in the DNA between the
subunits while few such changes occur outside this
area. Suprisingly, though o( and 6 are very
tightly linked, we find very similar u and P
alleles occurring independently of one another in
isolates from different geographic locations (e.g.
Japan and N.Carolina). Results will be compared to
those obtaineG with mating type genes of other
filamentous fungi.
J.k. KcCAIN and C.J. MIROCHA. Dept. of Plant
Pathology, Univ. o! Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108.
Fungi isoiated from computer microdiskettes.
Standard density 5 1/4-inch disk~ttes that
ma1 functioned in the computer were examined for the
cause of failure. Fungal hyphae were found on the
surface of some diskettes obtained from colleagues in
tropical countries. Fungi isolated on agar from the
diskettes included species of Alternaria, As~erqillus,
E~icoccum, Paecilomvces, Penicillium, and lrichoderma.
Diskettes buried for three weeks outdoors in garden
soil were colonized by species of Fusarium,
Niqrosoora, and Trichoderma. These fungi and other
species available in the laboratory were used to
inoculate clean test samples, to approximate Koch's
postul ates. Most species successfully colonized the
diskettes within 3-4 days on agar at 25 or 32 C, 100%
RH. Penicillium species dominated all others in mixed
inoculations, although species of Chaetomium,
Mvrothecium, Stachvbotrvs, and the other listed genera
sporulated heavily in axenic culture on diskettes.
Growth of all fungi was restricted to the 2-3 m thick
surface emulsion of iron oxide with its organic
dispersants and plasticizers, with hyphae not
penetrating the mylar core of the diskettes.
,B. A. MCDOK.4m. Department of Plant Pathology and
Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
77843-2132.
DNA restriction fragment and chromosome polymorphisms
in a Septoria trifiei population.
Ten anonymous DNA probes were used to measure the amount
and distribution of genetic variation in nuclear DNA among
a sample of 93 Septoria tritici iteleomorph Mycosphaerella
graminicola) isolates collected from a single wheat field.
Nine of the probes detected restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLPs) at single-copy RFLP loci. The DNA
fingerprint~ng probe pSTL40, which hybridized to 4-10
hypervarioble RFLP loci, was used to assess clonal
distribution and diversity. Identical clones were clustered in
the field. All probes detected a high level of genetic variation
distributed on a fine scale. Different pycnidia from the same
lesion had different haplotypes in 45% of the comparisons.
Genome rearrangements apparently occurred at a high
frequency. Two of the single-copy probes detected deletions.
Transverse alternating field electrophoresis showed that
differences in chromosome size were common among the
isolates. Data suggest that S. tritici populations possess a high
level of genetic variability distributed in a fine-scaled mosaic
on a microgeographical scale.
D. J. McLwgMn. J. C. Doubl&s, and H. Lu. Dept. of
Plant Biology. University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
MN 55108. Mitosis and the phylogeny of the
basidiomycete Pachnocvbe ferrualnea.
The gasteroid heterobasidiomycete eachnocvbe
ferruainea produces holobasidia. Along with other
simple-septate gasteroid taxa it has been
classified in the Atractiellales, most of which
form auriculariaceous basidia. Its affinities with
these organisms and with ballistosporic species
remains unclear. Ultrastructural analysis of
mitosis and the spindle pole body (SFB) provides
clues to its relationships. Mitosis occurs in an
acropetal wave in multinucleate apical cells of
the mycelium. The interphase SPB consists of
two connected discs. During metaphase the nuclei
undergo a characteristic reorientation, the SPBs
reside in a distinct polar fenestration in the
otherwise intact nuclear envelope, and an ER cap
encloses the pole. At telophase the SPB becomes
displaced from the nucleus and a discrete bundle
of astral microtubules develops. The significance
of these findings will be discussed.
MEREDITH. J. and R.C. ANDERSON. Biology Department.
Illinois State University. Normal. IL 61761.
The influence of varied microbial substrate
conditions on the growth and mycorrhizal
colonization of little bluestem (Schizachvrium
sco~arium) .
Plants were grown in three substrates (1) autoclaved
soil, (2) autoclaved soil to which a VAM fungal-free
filtrate of nonsterile soil was added and (3) non-
sterile so:;. Preliminary studies revealed that

oot pieces treated with a 10% chlorox solution for
at least 13 seconds, but not longer than 23 seconds
could be used as aseptic VAM fungal inoculum in this
study. To establish mycorrhizal plants in
autoclaved soil, little bluestem root pieces were
chlorox-treated for 9 to 17 seconds and used as a
source of VAM fungal inoculum. Control plants were
grown in substrates receiving autoclaved root
pieces. Plants grown in the autoclaved soil had
significantly (p

elationships among taxa at the species level
and beyond. Techniques such as PCR enable
the user to examine older herbarium specimens
to determine relationships with living
populations. Other studies examine groups of
taxa by classical morphological methods
combined with genetic and molecular studies.
Voucher specimens must be annotated in
herbaria and so should vital information
derived from the genetic an molecular
studies. Many questions have arisen
concerning the preservation of DNA and RNA,
storage of such material, annotation of
studied material, use of old and new
holotypes, etc. At present little
information exists on the quantities of
material needed for various studies, the
.preservation of copies or photos of gels, DNA
"sequences and how to indicate exactly what
material in a given collection was sampled.
The round table discussion will attempt to
examine the present and future problems and
the issues which generate the greatest
concerns for researchers and curators alike.
The objective will be to draft a curatorial
policy and uniform approach which can be
presented to the MSA members and eventually
implemented as policy by curators of
mycological collections for the greatest
benefit to science.
C. U. M1Mlr1, E. A. RICHARDSON' and J. KIMBROUGH~.
l~e~artment of Plant Pathology. University of Georgia,
Athens, GA 30602 and *Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Florida, Gainesville. FL 32611.
Ultrastructure of ascospore delimitation in freeze
substituted samples of as codes mi^ hricans.
Freeze substitution proved to be a useful technique
for studying the early stages of ascosporogenesis in
Ascodesnis niericang. Our observations indicate that
the ascus vesicle originated from the ascus plasma
membrane. Invaginations of the plasma membrane
produced ascus vesicle initials consisting of two
closely spaced unit membranes. The appearance of the
outer leaflet of each of these membranes was identical
to that of the inner leaflet of the ascus plasma
membrane. Apparent points of continuity between ascus
vesicle initials and the plasma membrane were
observed. Ascus vesicle initials accumulated in the
ascus cytoplasm near the plasma membrane and then
coalesced to form the ascus vesicle, a peripheral,
cylinder-like structure consisting of two closely
spaced unit membranes that extended from the ascus
apex KO the ascus base. The ascus vesicle then became
invaginated in a number of regions and subsequently
gave rise to eight sheet-like segments, or ascospore-
delimiting membranes. that encircled uninucleate
segments of cytoplasm forming ascospore initials.
Like the ascus vesicle, each ascospore-delimiting
membrane consisted of two closely spaced unit
membranes, the inner of which became the ascospore
plasma membrane. The ascospore wall developed between
the spore plasma membrane and the outer membrane.
Many details of ascospore maturation were clearly
visible in freeze substituted samples.
C. W. HlMS and K. M. SKETSELAAK. 1)epartment of Plant
pathology, Univ. of Georgia. Athens, CA 30602.
An ultrastructural study of teliospore maturation in
the smut fungus Sporisoriwn sorghi using freeze
substitution fixation.
l'eliospores of the smut Sporisorium sorghi Lanpdon and
Fullerton developed in galls produced in Sorghum
Iralepense inflorescences. Small pieces of galls were
freeze substituted and processed for study with TEM.
This procedure yielded well-preserved spores in
various staRes of maturation, and permitted detailed
u?trastructural observations of stages difficult to
preserve with conventional fixation pethods.
Walls of sporogenous hyphae gelatinized, leaving
uninucleate and apparently wall-less spore initials.
Young teliospores then became surrounded by an
electron.transparent primary wall. Electron dense,
spine-like spore surface ornamentations developed
adjacent to the plasma membrane and grew into the
primary wall, which persisted as a sheath around the
enlarging spines. A uniform layer of electron dense
wall material was subsequently deposited beneath the
spines. As spores matured, a less electron dense.
fibrillar inner wall layer developed.
Our interpretation of early stages of teliospore wall
development is consistent with light microscope
observations of S. sorghi and related species which
describe gelatinization of sporogenous hyphal walls
and development of spores frolo naked protoplasts. It
differs from descriptions of taliosporogenesis in
Tilletia species, where the primary spore wall does
not arise de novo bur is continuous with the wall of
the sporogenous hypha.
P. L. MINEHART and B. MAGASANIK. Department of
Biology, Hassachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA 02139.
Regulation of nitrogen assimilation.
In 2. cerevisiae, at least two Independent systems
exist which regulate the expression of genes involved
in the assimilation of nitrogen. The first system,
which responds to the intracellular glutamine to
gltuamate ratio, regulates several genes including
GLNl (glutamine synthetase), CDH2 (NAD-linked glutamate
dehydrogenaae), and (general amino acid
permease). In wild-type cells, the transcription of
these genes is repressed on glutamine and derepressed
on glutamate. Two genes involved in this regulatory
pathway. URE2 and E, have been defined. URE2 encodes
a negative regulator which is believed to control
the product of =, a positive regulator which
contains a putative zinc finger DNA binding domain.
Upstream analysis of various genes under the
--
URE2/GLN3 control has identified a consensus se-
quence required for this control.
The second system, which is less well defined,
regulates protein levels in response to the presence
or absence of a nitrogen source. The genes for
amino acid permeases, including w, are subject to
this regulation, which works at the transcriptional
level. These permeases can be further subjected to
post-transcriptional inactivation by either ammonia
or glutamine.

E.A. MOMOL. J.W. KIMBROUGH, and H.C. KISTLER.
Department of Plant Pathology. Universtty of Florida,
Gainesville, FL 3261 1.
Electrophoretic karyotypes are dissimilar for two strains of
Fusarium owsDorum that differ in host range.
Protoplasts were obtained from strains of two formae
speciales of the wilt pathogen Fusarium owsporum. To
determine if genetic recombination could occur, protoplasts
of strain ATCC 9990 E. owsporum 1. sp. conalutinans (a
cabbage pathogen), and of strain ATCC 16601 E. owsporum
f. sp. raphani (a radish pathogen) were fused in the presence
of PEG. Chromosomes of fusants and parental strains were
separated using contour clamped homogenous electrical field
(CHEF) gel electrophoresis. . Karyotypes differed greatly
between strains and minimum number of 11 and 8
chromosomal bands were detected for ATCC 16601 and
ATCC 9990 respectively. Saccharomvces cerevisiae and
Schizosaccharomvces pombe chromosomes were used as
molecular size markers. Although strain ATCC 16601 and
strain ATCC 9990 had such different chromosome patterns,
chromosomal banding pattern of fusants were identical to
parental strains.
J.THOMAS MULLINS. Department of Botany,
University of Florida. Gainesville, FL
32611. Structure and function of soluble
cytoplasmic beta-glucans in Achlve.
Water-soluble beta-glucans are major
cytoplasmic constituents of Achlve. Two
forms of these glucans were found, a
neutral type (18%) and an acidic
phosphorylated type (82%). Both forms
release only glucose on hydrolysis, and
the polymer is formed by beta-glucosidic
linkages. These glucans function as
carbon, and probably phosphorus, reserves
in the mycelium, that support sexual and
asexual reproductive cycles during
staravation conditions. At least one
beta-glucanase can be demonstrated in the
mycelium, which is capable of hydrolyzing
these glucans.
MELANI K. OAKLEY. DAVID E. LEMKE and ROBEm D.
KOEHN. Department of Biology. Southwest Texas State Uni-
versity. San Marcos. TX 78666 -- Endomycorrhizal inoculum
potential of surface mined lands: A bioassay of different aged
sites.
Mycorrhfzal inoculum potential IMIP) of a site has been
recognized as an important factor in the reclamation of surface
mined lands. Successful revegetation efforts may well
hinge on the amount of V-A mycorrhizal inoculum present.
After d~sturbance. an unknown penod of time must elapse
before the MIP reacnes its pre-disturbance level. At a lignite
mine m central Texas. spoils varying in age from 0-35 years
were sampled, as was soil from an adjacent. undisturbed area
of the mine. These samples were anaiyzed for nurrient availa-
bility and pH. and bioassayed to determine the MIP for each
site. The bioassay was conducted uslng corn seedlings grown
in undiluted soil. as well as in soil dilutions of 1:4 and 1:40.
and undiluted sterilized soil. Roots were harvested after
periods of 30. 60. and 90 days and examined for the presence
of V-A mycorrhizal fungi. The MIP of the undisturbed soil
was greater than 50 percent, while that of the other sites de-
clined in proportion to their ages.
L. A. O'GORHAN, E. W. ROBINS. J. HAN, R. GUPTA and
H. E. BROCKMAN. Department of Biological Sciences,
Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761.
Viability of ad-3 mutant conidia of Neurospora
crassa in pH 7 media.
We use plates of Westergaard's basal medium
supplemented with calcium pantothenate, casamino
acids, a mixture of vitamins, a trace (0.1 uglml) of
adenine sulfate, and 1% sucrose (reversion medium)
for assaying the reversion of ad-3 mutants of
Neurospora crassa carrying pan-2 and cot-l (causes
colonial growth) markers. Plates of the same medium
supplemented with 25 ug of adenine sulfate/ml
(survival medium) are used for measuring conidial
viability in the reversion experiments. We noted
low conidial viability (~5%) when the survival
medium was adjusted to pH 7, but not to pH 5 or 6.
This low viability at pH 7 was not observed with
another plating medium (Fries' basal medium
supplemented with calcium pantothenate, 100 ug of
adenine sulfate/ml, and 0.52 each of fructose and
glucose). Data will be presented showing that the low
viability in the survival medium at pH 7 is not due
to the difference in adenine sulfate concentration
or the presence of casamino acids or the mixture of
vitamins, but is due to the presence of sucrose
rather than fructose and glucose. When the standard
2 X lo7 conidialplate from each of 2 ad-3 mutants
were used on plates of the reversion medium, the
spontaneous reversion frequency was about the same
at pH 6, 7, and 8. We conclude that the decrease
in viability of conidia from ad-3 mutants of
-- N. crassa in pH 7 media is dependent on carbon
source and conidial concentration.
W. J. OTROSINA. T. E. CHASE. F. W. COBB, JR.. and K.
KORHONEN. USDA Forest Service. 1960 Addison Street,
Berkeley. CA. 94701; University of California.
Department of Plant Pathology. Berkeley. CA, 94704;
and Finnish Forest Research Insititute. Helsinki.
Finland.
Allozyme comparisons between intersterility groups of
North American and European Heterobasidion annosum.
Allozyme analyses were conducted for S, and P
intersterility (IS) groups of H. annosum from Europe
and western North America. Eleven enzyme systems and
13 loci were resolved. Very few alleles were shared
between IS groups from western North America.
indicating a large degree of genetic divergence and
lack of gene flow between them. Several loci such as
alcohol dehydrogenase, aconitase, and malate
dehydrogenase were virtually fixed for alternative
alleles between the two biological species and could

e used diagnostically to distinguish them. In
contrast, the European populations of the S and P. IS
groups are not as readily differentiated from each
other, although there are considerable allele
frequency differences between them. In general. the
European S and P groups appear more related to the
North American S group than the North American P
group. Thus. the P group from North America and P
group from Europe may have been derived from
independent speciation events. These-data raise
questions of how factors such as host selection, host
species distribution, and paleoecological events have
intpracted with reproductive isolating mechanisms to
influence evolutionary divergence in H. annosum.
M.E. Palm, USDA/APHIS/PPQ, Systematic Botany and
Mycology Laboratory, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD
20705.
Pilidium concavum - synanamorph of Hainesia lythri.
Single conidial isolates of Pilidium concavum (Desm.)
Hohnel consistently yielded both sporodochia of
Hainesia lythri (Desm.) Hohnel and conidiomata of
- P. concavum. This confirms the observations of
Shear and Dodge (Mycologia 13:135-170. 1921) that
the two are synanamorphs, with a Discohainesia
oenotherae (Cooke & Ellis) Nannf. teleomorph (as
Pezizella lpthri (Desm.! Shear & Dodge). Cultural
characters on several agar media and conidiomatal
morphology on alfalfa stems and blackberry twigs
were recorded. Based on examination of type
specimens, Sclerotiopsis testudinea Desm. is an
additional synonym of P. concavum.
;. G. PELYE?, 0. I(. 14iLLEE. JE., & C. GilUBIi.
Departmen; of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic
Inszi:~.te ad Etaze University, Elacksburg, VA. 24061.
Ectoqvcorrilzal fungi frdizing on burned an? unburnel
pine plots after e lcng &ought in the Virginie
~ppalachians
.
A third successive dry year was predicted for 1988.
liumerous lightening fires during 1957 suggested the
need for litter- an8 shrub-free fire breaks on the
Jefferson Iiational Forest. In February one control
burn for this purpose split a stand of Pinus pungensl
P. riside with scne oak into two plots of' equal area.
--
An unburned star.< of ?inus virgixiana with similar
area but fewer ocr.s occupied a lower and more moist
site. After a ho:, ary six weeks, :he first duffmoistenlng
rain since nid-April fell on .July 13.
One or more showers per week kept duff moist through
mid-October after v>ich weather was drier and cooler
than normal. The first mushrooms of ectomycorrhizal
fungi in any of the stands developed oc the Surned
plot. Subsequently the number of species on ~ne
burned plot exceed that on the unbur2ed at each
collectior, date. S~~ecies of these fungi were more
numerous in the pungens/rigida plots compared with
the virginianz plot through mid-September after which
the naxirnuc: number of species varied betveer. one pine
tpe an? the cther. Tinrough the end of Vovember when
fruitir.6 ceesee, ??: of 12; prob:?.ie taxa of ectofungi
we?€ iacctifie? ES species ir. 25 genera of
3asl:ior;:cetes.
J. C. l~A1,klER. 0. E;. MILLER, JR.. & C. CRUHN.
Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic
1nst.itutc & State University, Blacksburg. VA
24060.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi fruiting on burned and
unburned pine plots after a long drought in
the Virginia Appalachians.
A third successive dry year was predicted for
1988. Numerous lightening fires during 1987
suggested the need for litter- and shrub-free
firc brealrr on the Jefferson National Fnrest.
In February one control burn for ,this purpose
split a stand of Pinus pungens/P_. rigida with
some oak into two plots of equal area. An-un-
burned stand of Pinus virainiana with similar
area but fewer oaks occupied a lower and more
moist site. After a hot, dry six weeks, the
first duff-moistening rain since mid-April
fell on July 13. One or more showers per week
kept duff moist through mid-October after
which weather was drier and cooler than nor-
mal. The first mushrooms of ectomycorrhizal
fungi in any of the stands developed on the
burned plot. Subsequently the number of spe-
cies on the burned plot exceeded that on the
unburned at each collection date. Species of
these fungi were more numerous in the pungens
/rigida plots compared with the virginiana
plot through mid-September after which the
maximum number of species varied between one
pine type and the other. Through the end of
November when fruiting ceased. 94 of 121
probable taxa of ectofungi were identified as
species in 25 genera of Basidiomycetes.
Ronald H; Petersen. Botany Department,
University of -e, Knoxville, Th' 37996-
1100. nat ing systems in the genus Xerom-
phallus (Xerulaceae, Agaricales).
Ut il izing single-spore Isolates, it was found
that X, campanella, X. tenulpes, X. curtfpes,
X; kauffmanji, and X; fulvipes are governed
-
-.
by a unifactorial mating svstem. while X;
caut icina? is and X, branneola show a bif aF
torial syslem. In addition, "lethal" genes,
caused hyphal lysis during hyphal confron-
tation, operate in several taxa, and at least
X. tenulpes is suspected of forming binuc-
Gat-diospores. Biological species
intercontinental distribut ion 1s discussed.

R. PINETTE, P. ZDROJOUY, AND S. BROWN.
University of Naine at Presque Isle,
Math/Science Division, 181 Main Street,
Presque Isle, ME 04769.
Effect of RoundupR, a glyphosate herbicide,
on fi vitro growth of three species of
ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with black
spruce.
I n northern Raine, RoundupR, a glyphosate
herbicide, is used to suppress undesirable
species in black spruce plantations within
the first year of transplanting seedlings.
Three mycorrhizal species, Laccaria Laccata
(Scop. ex Fr.) Berk 8 Br., Tylopi lus
felleus (Fr.) Kars. and a Cortinarius sp.,
were isolated from sporocarps associated
ui th black spruce. These were tested for
the effect of different concentrations (0,
0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm) of the active
ingredient, glyphosate, on the vitro
growth of the isolates on Modified Melin
Norkrans nutrient agar medium as measured
by taking the diameter of the mycelium.
Reduction i n growth due to different
herbicide concent rations were evaluated
using one-way ANOVA. Lover concentrations
of glyphosate had a stimulatory effect, but
higher concentrations resulted i n a
significant (p=0.05) reduction in growth.
M. J. POWELL and W. H. BLACKWELL. Department
of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH
45056. Analysis of zoosporic ultrastructural
characters for phylogenetic reconstruction
of Oomycetes.
Current concepts on the classification and
phylogenetic relationships of Protista are
based on comparative ultrastructure of
motile spores. For the Oomycetes, data are
accumulating on the ontogeny and detailed
structure of zoosporic organelles,
on organellar associations, and on the
architecture of the flagellar apparatus.
Even though these features have been
compared empirically, characters and
character states have not been scrutinized
or analyzed using more objective methods.
The purpose of this study is to collate
existing ultrastructural data on zoospores
of Oomycetes, to define characters and
character states, and to analyze the data
using cladistic methodology. Although
there are readily identifiable gaps in
the data set, analysis within Oomycetes
supports the close affinity of the Order
Leptomitales to the Saprolegniales. The
order Lagenidiales does not hold together
by character analysis, and hence
represents a heterogeneous grouping of
organisms which should be realigned
into different orders.
R. H. PROCIDH and E. B. SMALLEX. lleprbmt of
Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1630
Lirden m., Madison, WI, 53706.
Effects of mnone E on the graJVl of ODhiostaM
ulrni and other fungi.
nEe deqree of phytoalexin toleranoe is an hprtant
factor in limit- the virulenoe of sane funsdl
pathagems: we the effects of the elm
phytoalexln mansonone E on the myaelial qraJth of
Crhiostarna (ha.) Nand. an3 16 other fungal
species to determine whether tolerance to mansomne
E is important for virulence on elm. Mansomne E
was incorporatad into potato dextrose agar at
varicxls comtrations. Mansonone E inhibited the
grwth of aggressive bola- of Q. more than
that of nowaggressive isolates. O&iostasM
was nure tolerant to mansonone E than were nost but
not U,of the other fmqi ewmined.
Ni-dine was used to generate mrtarrts of Q.
ulmi with ' sensitivity to l~nsonone E.
G 3 e h E w i t h varying degrees of
resistance to Q. u, were inoailated with these
mutants, 3 mutants were less virulent than the wild
type strain from which they were derived. Haever,
the fcurth nutant was as virulent as the wild type
strain. mese data suggest that alth0ql-I Q. ulrni is
relatively tolerant to mansonone E, this tolerance
may not be required for virulence on elm.
C.C. PRUSSO. Biology Department, University of
Nevada. Reno. NV 89557.
An interpretation of the mouth types of the
Tulostoma basidiocarp.
The mouth of the Tulostoma basidiocarp is one of the
primary characters used in identifying collections to
species. However, the variability encountered often
makes selection of a mouth type difficult. Also,
terms used to describe the mouth are based on inter-
pretation that varies from author to author. During
the preparation of a key to species of Tulostoma that
occur in the Great Basin and Mojave Desert it became
necessary to examine mouth types and to establish
useable categories. Three mouth types are easily
recognized. 1) The definite mouth is a circular to
elliptical opening, plane extended into a tube of
varying length. 2) The fibrillose mouth has an open-
ing surrounded by a hyphal mat built-up on the perid-
ium. 3) The valvate mouth is formed by wedge-shaped
segments that open upward in a stellate manner form-
ing a crown-like rim. Other types are not as easily
defined. The fimbriate mouth is an opening wfth
fibrils projecting from the edge like a fringe. The
rugose mouth is surrounded by a coarsely wrinkled,
Flister-like border that is peridial in nature, not a
build-up on the peridium. The indefinite mouth is
quite varied and has no distinguishing characters,
often being a mere slit or ragged opening. It may
well be that the fimbriate and rugose types are forms
of the indefinite.

S. C. REDLIN and A. Y. ROSSMAN. Systematic
Botany and Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS;
Beltsville, MD 20705. Cry~todiaporthe
corni (Diaporthales) and its distinctively-
pigmented anamorph.
CrvDtodiaDorthe corni (Wehmeyer) Petrak is
a pyrenomycetous teleomorph reported on
Cornus spp. This fungus is associated with
a twig blight and was collected on pagoda
dogwood (cornus alternifolia L.) in the
northern United States during investigations
on dogwood anthracnose. h distinctive
bright orange pigment produced in pure
culture on several media was similar to the
color observed on dogwood twigs containing
ascocarps and conidion~ata. The anamorph
was produced abundantly in cultures derived
from single ascospores. MYXOSDO~~U~ nitidum
Berkeley and Curtis is the earliest name for
this anamorph, also known as Zvthia
aurantiaca (Peck) Sacc. This study includes
the first description of the fungus in pure
culture and a redescription of the
teleomorph and anamorph . Results indicate
that Crv~todia~orthe corni is restricted to
Cornus alternifolia. Characteristics of the
growth in culture, the conidiomata, and the
conidia differ significantly from the
dogwood anthracnose fungus.
STEF HEN REHNER and RYTAS VILGALYS. Dept. of
Botany, Duke University, Durham, N.C. 27706.
Sequence evolution of the 25s nuclear
ribosomal RNA subunit and phylogenetic
analysis of the Agaricales
Due to their universal occurrence and conserved
structure, the nuclear ribosomal genes (rDNA) are a
potential source of informative characters for
inferring patterns of evolutionary relationships
among the extant lineages of fungi. We describe a
series of oligonucleotide primers developed for the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify
ribosomal genes from fungi. The amplified rDNA
can be used for restriction analysis, cloning, or
nucleotide sequencing. Sequence analysis of the 5'
half of the 25s genes of Microm~hale, Mvcena,
Amanita, and &tharellus has revealed two modes
of sequence evolution of rDNA in fungi, either
through direct nucleotide substitution or length
mutation. The picture that emerges is that the 25s
ribosomal genes are comprised of conserved
regions interspersed with more divergent domains,
the latter often differing significantly in primary
sequence and length. A data set of sequences from
representatives of Agaric families will be
presented and its use for evolutionary analysis will
be discussed.
-- Don R. Rrvnolds, Natural History Museum of
Los Angeles County. 900 Expositio~l
Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007
and John W. Taylor, Plant Biology
Department, University of California.
~erkele~, California 94720.
Preliminary Observations Concerning a
Phylogenetic
Ascomycetes.
Hypothesis for Ascostromatic
The fungi of interest historically are known
as the loculoascomycetes or bitunicate
ascomycetes. A major problem' in the
classification of these fungi, and its sister
groups, is a lack of understanding of robust
monophyletic groups. A phylogenetic
hypothesis for loculoascomycetes sensu lato,
as ascostromatic ascomycetes with a
fissjtunicate, rostrate or extend-itunicate
ascus, is being tested with molecular
techniques and methods. Preliminary results
from the study are reported.
DNA sequencing is being carried out on DNA
from pure culture isolates as well as from
material obtained directly from nature and
from herbarium collections. Sequencing data
from the relatively large, evolutionary
conservative, tandem, nuclear ribosomal.
repeat DNA are being analyzed for
confirmation of the monophyletic units
discovered with macrocharacter analysis.
P.L. RICHTER and J.M. BRUHN. School Of Forestry ard Uocd Products,
Michigan Tuhnological University, noughton, Michigan 19931.
Shifts in mycorrhizal fvlpus colonization of Pinus resinoss seedlings
follwing outplanting.
An ordered shift in mycorrhizal fmra colonization occurred on
--
Pinus resinosa Ait. seedlings wtplanted on three recently cleared
northern hardwwd sites in the Uppr Peninsula of Michigan. The shift,
related to seedling mge fran ourplmting, was demonstrated by
quantification of nycorrhizml mrphology types, lsboratory isolation of
fmgi fran mycorrhizee, phy$iological categorization of fmgi recovered
frun ycorrhizae, and surveys of fruiting bodies associated with
seedlings. Uith increasing plantation age, 1) the -r of
nomncorrhizal root tips encantered declined to zero. 2) the cannon
nursery ysorrhizae decreased in abnd.nce, 3) m wcorrhizal types
(especially Cmococcrn md u) k c m more abundant, 4)
cellulolytic f w i (in part representing ectmjomycorrhizal fungi)
uere isolated fran nycorrhizae less frequently, while 5)
utomycorrhizal f w i uere isolated from mycorrhizae more fr-tty.
The nvrber of apparently different mycorrhizal f w species isolated
fran mycorrhizae increased fran 5 in the first year after outplanting
to 22 in the fwrth year.
The squcnce of ycorrhizal funpi Colonizing red pine seedlings from
nursery to four years follwing outplanting was as follows. Ectcndo-
wcorrhizal fmgi. Thelechora terrestris, md Laccaris laccata uere
present on nursery seedlings. Ectendaycorrhizal fungi nave wy to
further colonization by utnycorrhizal f w i soon after outplanting.
1. terrestris and 1. Iaccata persisted on outplated seedlings, but
allowed colonization by g. geophilun and L. bicolor during the first
year. The Latter tw cpecies increased (n abundance on seedlings,
while gt&& spp. appeared bring the sued year. Lactarius spp.
appared during the third year, and llekluna sw. appeared during the
fwrth year. ALmg uith the major ptners Listm above, additiarsl
unidentified ectcmycorrhizal fmgi (possibly species of m,
Boletus, Rhizooogon, etc.) formed mycorrhizse with seedlings,
especislty during the third end fourth year after outplanting.

R.W. ROBERSON. Department of Botany, Arizona State Universiry,
Tempe, AZ 85287. Microscopic observations of teliospore germination
of Gymnosporat~~urn clavipes.
Cytological features of germinating teliospores of the common rust
fungus Gymnosporangium clavipes Cke. & Pk. were examined using
tight and transmission electron microscopy, LM and TEM respectively.
LM observations of living cells were made using Nomarski optics.
Developmental changes in the microtuhule and actin ~oskeletoas and
nuclear migration were examined in fied cells stained for
epifluorescenu: microscopy. For TEM, geminating teliospores were
cryofued by high pressurc freezing or h!, rapidly plunpg spores into
liquid propane followed by Irewe suhsrirution. Mature teliospores of
G. clavipes consisted of an apical and basal ell separated by a septum.
Each cell contained a single diploid nucleus. Golgi bodies were
identified as enlarged cistemae of varying shape& sizes and elearon
opacities. Mitochondria werc present throughout the cytoplasm of the
germinating teliospore. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was closely
associated with mitochondria. Additional components of the cytoplasm
included multivesicular bodies, glycogen, Lipid bodies and vacuoles.
Teliosporcs contained two germ pore regions, one located at the apical
end and the other at the basal end. Upon germination a single germ
tube emerged from the germ pore region. The germ tube exhibited a
polarized mode of cellular powth that occurred through apical
expansion. Cytoplasmic vesicles were obsemd in the apical region of
elongating germ tubes. Immunofluorescence techniques revealed
abundant microtubules generally oriented parallel to the long axis of
the germ tube. Actin staining showed an accumulation of brightly
fluorescent plaques in peripheral regions of the germ tube. The
prophase nudeus migrated into the germ tube where it divided
meiotically. Septa divided the germ tube into four uninucleate cells.
Each cell than gave rise to a single sterigma and a haploid, biiucleate
basidiospore.
D. W. ROBERTS and A. E. HAJEK. Insect Pathology
Resource Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Tower
Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801.
Entomopathogenic fungi as bioinsecticides.
The entomopathogenic fungi are an extremely diverse
group taxonomically and include species which attack
virtually all groups of economically important
insect pests. Programs are underway worldwide co
exploit these organisms as supplements or
alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides.
Use patterns vary from classical colonization to .
massive introductions of inoculum similar to amounts
used for chemical insecticides. Fungi seem to be
particularly promising for use against forest,
pasture/forage, and soil (particulary sandy soil)
insect pests. Current research efforts include
molecular biology studies to understand mechanisms
underlying pathogenesis and to improve fungal
strains, studies co discover and evaluate fungal
toxins, as well as some very promising studies on
understanding fungal epizootics wich the goal of
predicting and initiating them.
R. A. RE.PEX anC S. C. C&SSAR. Departr;rent of
Biclq>, College, hlma, MI 48801. A new
species of ~rosiella associated with the
ambrosia beetle ::ylekms obesus (Colecptera:
Scoly~idae ) .
19.-1.2 Wtle >:. dsus infests m3t deciduous
trees withi; its ranae of the eastern United
States ant Cans&. 'his stu@.y !$as conciuct&.
u~ 5. obesus ettacl-hq tdn6-thrm or cut
as- lgs in Central blichigm. l'lm sole
fungal syrbiont. oi . &SU bas fad to bE
undescribed m!rkr of the Mrfect pnus
Mrosiella. me fungus will be characterized
fran rrorpholqical and cultural studies. me
fungus was consistently isolated as the sole
micro?Je fran the mmotal mycangiun of the
fen-ale beetles collected either in flight or
fmn early stages of construction of the
gallery system. The fungus proliferated £ran
the mycangiun and was spread by the baring
i?ctivit:r of t! parental adult. At the time of
miposition by the beetle the fungus f& a
monoc1ilt~up upcsl the walls of the gallery and
was exclusively fed upon by the developing
larvae. When beetle pupation occurred the
fun@ layer was slr;ost entirely consum&, but
regre: in d l patches to be reinoculated into
the mycangia of young progeny adult females.
S.O. ROGERS, S.A. REHNER, J .F. A??RATI AND
C. BLEDSOE, College of Environmental Science and
Forestry, SUNY, Syracuse, NY 13210, Department of
Botany, Duke University, Durham. NC 27706. Botany
Department, University of Washington, Seattle. WA
98195 and College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.
Coarse and fine scale restriction enzyme mapping of
the ribosomal DNA units from Basidiomypetes.
The ribosomal DNA repeat units fran over 200 speci-
mens (over 80 species from 48 genera) representing
22 families of Basidimycetes have been mapped using
from one to four restriction enzymes (that have six
base pair recognition sequences). A composite map
that indicates the variable and conserved regions
was constructed. The spacer regions exhibited the
greatest variation. Parts of the genes exhibited
moderate variability, while certain portions were
well conserved. An intron may be present in the 3'
region of the 255 gene in at least six genera (from
three families). Several portions of the repeat are
being amplified using PCR. These were digested with
restriction enzymes that have four base pair recog-
nition sequences.to construct fine structure maps of
the amplified regions. Representatives of each
clearly defined taxonomic group are to be sequenced.
These data are being used in phylogenetic and tax-
onomic studies of the Basidiomycetes. Additionally,
the molecular characters derived from the work are
being used to identify mycelial cultures and
mycorrhizae from lab and field collected specimens.

A. I. ROYEKC. Departamenro oe Ciencias Biolbgicas,
I'aculrai at Ciencias Lxactas y Iisturales, Universi-
dad de Buer)os kires. 1L2& Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Wood and bar^ innabiting nicromycetes on Eucalyptus
viminalis from Argentink.
During a 2 years floristic and ecological survey of
micromycetes on stumps of Eucalyptus viminalis, in
the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1920 samples
were collected. To find out what Ascomycetes
occu- or, this s\lhstrat.e WRP the first objetive. So
far 63 species of kscomycetes and 62 species of Deuteromycetes
are identified. Most of them are new records
for Argentina, some are new genera and species
and a number of them are still unidentified. These
.~esults were compared with the world-wide record of
'species found on Eucalyptus spp., kept at IMI, and
only 35% of the 125 species registered through the
present work are mentioned in that list. Some of the
more distinct species will be shown.
J. C. ROYER and P. A. HORGEN. Center for Plant
Biotechnology, University of Toronto.
Towards the development of a transformation system for
Aparicus bisporus.
The slow growth rate of A. bisporus presents an obstacle in the
generation of large amounts of actively owing mycelium
required for efficient protoulasr generation. This problem has
been overcome through the use of repeated inoculum build-up
of snain ATCC 24662, a relatively fast growing homokaryon.
Our optimized procedure for protoplast formation involves
incubation of mycelium from a 2-3 day old tertiary culture with
Novozyme 234 (10 mgtrnl) in MgSOq (0.8 M, pH 4.3) for 45
min with gentle shaking. Approximately lo9 protoplasts are
typically liberated from a la) ml culture. Protoplast
regeneration rates have been increased approximately 50-fold
(to approximately 2.0 5'0) by subsdtuting sucrose (0.6 M) for
sorbitol in the regenention medium. Several plasmid vectors
which have been used to transform a dlverse goup of
filamentous fungi to hypmycin resistance, dong with a
Dromoter librarv of A. bisporus fragments fused to a
hvgromycin re$stance gene from z. coli have been
unsuccessful in transforming A. b~sporus using a variety of
transformation procedures. These data and similar results
with closely related basidiomycetes have resulted in a working
hypothesis that bacterial genes may not be expressed in A.
bisporu, even when fused with fungal promoters. Recent
experiments utilizing fungal genes wluch offer the potential to
complement auxotrophc mutations or alter nunitional
capability will be dscussed.
5. J. and K. A. SElfERT. Systmtic Botany and llycolw
Laboratory, USDA, Urn. 304, B-OIlA, Beltsvi:le, WD 20705 and Forintek
Canada Corp., Ottawa, Ontario KIG 325. Reassessment of species
attributed to Gliocladiun.
;Gliocladiun is the traditional genus for hyphmcetes that have
rolorless to light-colored, penicillately branched conidiophores, and
slimy, amerosporws conidia. These characters do MI necessarily refut
phylogeny. CLassificatim of anarorphic fungi will be natural only uhm
tit reflects classification of tho respective releomorphs. Telwrphs
hoving amrphs classified in Gliocladim are fouvl in five genera of
xhe Hypocreales: Hmcrea, -, Ncctrioosis, Rounenueriell?, erd
6phaerostilbr:A. G!ioclar!lm anamrphs are not kmm outside the
dywc-e~les, b'though tnere are svecies that have not vet beep. lin~ed tc
trlecmorphs. Species rk G!iorladiv. can be distrituted am- five
distinct anamorph, genera w!.t7 their teleomorphs are considered. S:ccies
sivilar to 5. pnicillioides, the type specles, are ananorms of
Schaerostilblla and Rmqueriella. SDheerostilbella is emended to
.~nclude Hmcrea species centered on i. =I-. Rmswriella is a
cleistothec~al genus of urertain affinities in the order. Gliocladiun
virens and similar anamrphs can be include;: in Trichodem; they are
correlated only to green-spored Hmcres species centered on i.
pelstinosa. Gliocladivn U d e (= G. deliaurscens), the anemorph of H.
- lutea, can perhaps be reclassified in Gloiosphacra; it is distinct from
Trichoderma. Gliocladiun roseun. the arwmorph of Hrctria ochroleuca, is
s species of Clonostschys. The taxomic affinities and taxortunic
placement of the Gliocladiun arwmorph of Nectrio~sis swran~iicola are
still unclear.
eeggll- Department of Botany, Duke University,
Durham, NC, 27706. Grazing preferences of two
collembolan species, Folsomia candia and proisotoma
minuta, for ectomycorrhizal fungi.
The purpose of this study was to determine if two species
of Collernbola, Folsornia candida and Proisotoma minuta,
graze preferentially on ectomycorrhizal fungi. 1. candida
preferences for fifteen ectomycorrhizal fungi were initially
tested using a 4x4 balanced lattice design. leccinum
scabrum, the most preferred fungi and Melanooaster
Uberitorrnis, the least preterred fungi were the only
choices that differed significantly in the number of visits by
- F. candida. Pairwise comparisons of preferred and less
preferred fungi were then performed with both E. andida
and P. minuta. Both E. candida and P. rninuk preferred
Gautieria otthii over 1. scabrum, AIoova plivaceotinctu~ or
M. Uberiformi~. The grazing preferences exhibited by E.
candida and P. minuta in this study were not taxonomically
based nor based on familiarity with the food source.
Preterence is most likely due to some property of the fungi.
This study suggests that collembolan grazing may
differentially affect plants associated with ectomycorrhizal
fungi depending on whether they are associated with
preferred or less preferred fungal species.
ME-AE SEO and R. C. ANDERSON. Department of
Biological Sciences. Illinois State University,
Normal, IL 61761.
Effects of soil microbial and mycorrhizal
associations on the productivity and photosynthetic
rates of Panax auinauefolium L.
The purpose of this study was to determine the
effect of mycorrhizal colonization and soil
organisms on the productivity of a shade adapted
plant, American ginseng (Panax guinauefolium L.).
Germinated seeds were planted in three substrates
(1) non-autoclaved soil, (2) autoclaved soil to
which mycorrhizal inoculum was added, and (3)
autoclaved soil which received a VAM (vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizal) -free filtrate of non-
autoclaved soil. Plants were grown in the field
under 10% of full sunlighr for one growing season.
Meah total biomass, shoot weight, and phocor-ynthetic

ates of ginseng plants grown in the non-autoclaved
soil and the autoclaved soil receiving mycorrhizal
inoculum were significantly (p

P. L. SKATRUD, J. HOSKINS, J. D. WOOD, M. B. TOBIN
and S. W. QUEEKER. Lilly Research Laboratories,
Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
Genetic manipulation of the $-lactam antibiotic
biosynthetic pathway.
The p-lactam antibiotics, which include the
penicillins and cephalosporins, all share certain
structural features, a similar mode of action and
a lov toxicity profile. Recently, several genes in
the biosynthetic pathways leading to b-lactam
production have been cloned and characterized. As
a result of these studies, specific rational
alterations of the biosynthetic pathway in
industrially-important . . producing - organisms -
.JCephalosporium acremonium and Penicillium
Phrysogenum) are now possible. Three specific
applications of genetic alteration of the
biosynthetic pathway will be discussed: 1. Gene
dosage studies leading to increased overall
productivity. 2. Gene disruption studies leading
to inactivation of specific genes. 3. Expression
of a foreign gene in the $-lactam producing fungus
- P. chrysogenum leading to production of an altered
$-lactam structure in fermentation.
-- K.T. - SMITH. USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 640, Durham, NH
03824. The moisture content of wood is altered by Postia
placenta and Trametes versicolor early in the decay process.
The wood
-
decay process requires appropriate levels of moisture
and aeration. The decay fungi are capable of altering
these levels. Various combinations of decay fungi and wood
species were tested to determine their effect on wood moisture
content (MC). Decay cnambers were french-square bottles,
each containing an agar culture of either the brownrot
fungus placenta (Fr.) M. Larsen & Lombard, the
whiterot fungus Trametes versicolor (L:Fr.) F'ilat (syn. Coriolus
versicolor (L.:Fr.) Quel.!, or uninoculated agar. Oven-dried
wood samples (5 x 10 x 50 mm, radial: tangential: longitudinal)
were prepared from hardwood and softwood trees differing
in decay resistance and were placed in the cham- .
bers. Within one or two weeks of incubation, the brownrot
fungus caused greater increases in wood MC than did the
whiterot fungus. Both fungi increased wood MC above that
of the uninoculated controls. This pattern was maintained at
12 weeks of incubation and was correlated with the severity
of decay measured as percent weight loss. Across the tree
species tested, as wood increased in decay resistance, the
ability of the fungi to wet the wood decreased. In some fungus
and wood combinations, wood MC may have become
sufficiently high to limit the aerobic respiration of the wood
by the fungi. This possibility draws attention to the need for
the careful choice of appropriate experimental conditions to
test comparative decay resistance.
M.L. SMITH and J.B. ANDERSON. Dept. of Botany.
University of Toronto, Erindale College. Mississauga.
Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
Mitochondria1 genetics in a natural population of
Wc have examined the transmission and propagation of
mitochondrial genotypes in natural clones of asmill aria
at a nonh Michigan hardwood forest study site. Through
an analysis of mating-type alleles we have determined
that therc are two A. bulbosa clones. each exceeding 500
m diameter, at the sitc. In addition. there are several
smaller A. DsIoYae clones within a 9,000 m2 red pine
plantation, locatcd within the hardwood stand. Based on
rcstriclion fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
each vegetative clone at the site has one. unique
mitochondrial DNA type. In contrast, a diploid mycelium
arising from a compatible laboratory mating of haploid
monokaryons , contains mitochondria from both parents
since nuclei, but not mitochondria, migrate
bidirectionally. Experiments now underway are
designed to dctermine the nature and origin of
intraspecific variation of the mitochondria1 genome in
Arm i l l ari a species. Through RFLP and nucleotide
sequence analysis we are attempting to detect intraclonal
polymorphisms between distant regions of the very old
(ca 400 to 900 yrs) A. bulbosa clones at the Michigan site.
By comparing RFLP maps from several A. Dstovag clones,
we will determine where mutations are likely to occur in
thc mtDNA molecule.
Fred S~iesel, Department of Botany and
Bacteriology, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR 72701.
Evening Discussion I. Federal Funding for
Mycological Research. James Rodman,
Systematic Biology, National Science
Foundation, Washington, DC. Fundinu Throush
the NSF. David Malloch, Department of
Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. Fundins Throuuh NSERC. A
Canadian Point of View. Harold Keller,
University of Texas, Arlington, TX. what to
EXDeCt of Your S D O ~ S Prourams O ~ ~ ~ Office. A
representative, NIAID, Division of
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,
Beltsville, MD. Fundinu Throuqh the NIH.
F.W. SPIEGEL. Department of Botany and
Microbiology, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR 72701.
Revision of the genus Protostelium.
The mycetozoan genus Protostelium contains
six described species: P. mycopha~a, 2.
nocturnum, P. irre~ularis, 2. expulsum, z.
pvriformis, and 2. arachis~orum. All these
organisms meet the present morphological
criteria for inclusion in the genus. That
is, they all have a trophic state that
consists of uninucleate, nonflagellate
amoebre, and they all have sporocarps which

have single, deciduous spores on the tip of
a delicate stalk. However, these
characters are not well defined, and
characters based on amoeba1 morphology and
ultrastructure, sporocarp development, and
fruiting body structure suggest that the
genus should be divided into three separate
genera. The genus Protostelium would
retain P. mycophaga, the type species, P .
nocturnum, and Y. pyriformis. A new genus
will have to be established for P.
irregularis and P. expulsum, and 2.
arachisporum should be reassigned to the
genus Endostalium. Protostelium S.S. and
the new genus appear to be members of the
monophyletic group that includes the
flagellate protostelids and myxomycetes,
while Endostelium is not closely related.
PETER D. STAHL and MARTHA CHRISTENSEN. W. K.
Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory
Corners, MI 49060 and Department of Botany, University of
Wyoming. Laramie, WY 8207 1.
In Vitro interactions among members of a soil microfungal
community
Interactions of four prominent and three rare species of fungi
isolated from soils at the Konza Long Term Ecological Research
Sire were examined and characterized. Pairs of fungi were
grown on malt agar at varying distances apart and observed for
up to four weeks. The growth of six of the seven species was
inhibited to some degree in the presence of each other fungus.
Growth of the excepted species was stimulated in the presence of
five of the other fungi. Cessation of growth at contacting colony
perimeters occurred in 57% of the pairings, mutual arrest at a
distance was observed in 18% of the tests and continued growth
of one colony into the other occurred in the remaining 2590 of the
interactions. No correlation was found between prominence or
rarity of a species in the community and its response in paired
interactions. Our observations and those of others suggest that
while overall composition and structure in soil m:crofungal
communities can be'multifa~toriall~ related to vegetation and soil
~hvsical . - and chemical factors, species interactions may
significantly influence ~om~ositionwiihi- microsites.
M. M. STANKIS~, C. A. SPECHT*. L. CIASSON~, C. P.
NOVOTNY' and R. C. ULLRICH~. Departments of
Microbiology and Molecular cenetics1 and Botany2,
University of Vermont, Burlington. VT 05405.
A molecular analysis of the & mating-type locus of
~chizo~hvllum commune.
The Basidiomycete Schizo~hvllum commune
(Aphyllophorales, Schizophyllaceae) is a model
system for the analysis of genes controlling mating
interactions and sexual development in the higher
fungi. Mating betveen homokaryons is controlled by
four genes: &, u, & and M, each of vhich is
multiallelic. Three alleles of ,& have been
isolated: u. and a. The a and &
fragments sequenced to date shov no DNA sequence
similarity to one another. Sequence data available
from the Aa3 fragment reveals some degree of
similarity to both &a1 and Aa4. 'Iransla~ion cf
open-reading-frames from corresponding "start"
signals in and & generates an amino acid
sequence in vhich there is 48% identity of the
first 80 amino acids. Comparison of the sequences
of end && vith intron consensus sequences
suggests that each contains an intron. Translation .
of the spliced transcripts of each yields
polypeptides that shov an additional region of 46%
amino acid identity tovards the C-terminus. This
region contains a motif related to the homeodomain
cf genes vhich are known to regulate development in
eukaryotes. No homeodomain has been identified in
any open-reading-frame present in u.
& STRATTON, Biology Department, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 USA.
Genetics and population structure of Ustilaeo
violacea.
The fungal pathogen Jlstilaeo violacea is widely
distributed in Europe; in the USA it is limited to
southwestern Virginia, although its host (Silene
-) is common throughout the eastern US. Spore
dispersal among populations has been estimated by
yearly censuses of disease incidence in roadside
populations of Silene alba. Electrophoretic studies
showed little alloz~e variation in violacea.
Isolates fror. 7 Virginia populations were monomorphic
at 17/18 allozyme ioci. The single polymorphic
enzyme locus (MDH) is closely linked to the mating
type locus, for which all individuals are necessarily
heterozygous. The polymorphism is probably
maintained via hitchhiking. In contrast, DNA markers
show much higher levels of polymorphism, both within
and among populations. RFLP markers were used to
estimate population structure and mating system
parameters of this natural plant pathogen. In
addition, the genetic markers allow comparison of
transmission rates of isolates in experimental
populstions. A second sympatric species of Ustilaeo
infects the native Silene vireinica. Ustilaeo from
the two host plants show fixed allelic differences at
5 enzyme loci, even when isolates were collected

exposure to fungi via an inuoductory microbiology class.
Almost all limit use of fungi in the HS curriculum to a week or
wo during an organismic biology survey. As pan of each
Institute, teachers were insrmcted in mycology and related
laboratory skills. That fungi can be used a11 vear to teach
biological principles via hands-on laboratories was stressed.
Due to variations in Institute design. teachers received
mycology insrmction for (a) two Saturday 11'2 day workshops,
(b) three 2-day weekend workshops, or (c) a full summer
session. Evaluations and post-lnstitute comments indicate all
periods were useful. But, summer sessions provided more
nme to develop skills. c q out (rather than just discuss)
laboratory exercises, and develop creative lessons for
integration into the HS cuniculum. Since each HS teacher
contacts about 3.250 students in a 25 year career and if MSA
wants to stimulate more interest in mycology, more outreach
programs emphasizing hands-on experience with fungi should
:& available to current HS biology teachers.
R.S. SURVE and G.C. ADAf1S. Department of Botany
and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI 48824. Phenetic groups within
Leucostoma persoonii and I. cincta based on Allozyme
Analysis.
Teleomorphs of Leucostom ersoonii and L. cincta
were collected on six u s spp. and Malus pumila
in North America. These isolates and isolates
from perennial cankers with the Leucocytospora
anamorphs were compared using allozyme polymorphisms.
Pol ymorphi sms at ten enzyme 1 oci were revealed
by cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis, these
included phosphopl ucoi somerase, ma1 ate dehydrogenase,
gl ucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconutase,
phosphoglucodehydrogenase, ma1 ic enzyme,
manni to1 dehydrogenase, gl utamate dehydrogenase,
isocitrate dehvdroaenase and hexokinase. A1 lozme
patterns of ~e;cocytospora isolates having cul tuial
characteristics 1 i ke L. ersoonii formed twc;
distinct phenetic orouD~nqs. h o u p was widespread
and was ccrrelated with the teleomorph.
The second group occurs in Michigan in the same
orchards as the first group but it has not yet
been correlated with a know teleomorph. The two
groups were distinct from all phenetic groupings
within I. cincta. Allozyme patterns of I. cincta
formed three phenetic groupings, a distinct group
on and two related groups on Prunus. The
three groups are each correlated with teleomorphs.
The morphology of the ascomata of the three grouos
appears identical but the groups differ in culturcl
characteristics and temperature optima for growtn.
J. B. SUEEFLzU\i, A. L. SELBT, J. P. FREETIAN, P. P.
FU, D. K. fi"ELLER, and. C. E. CERNIGLW. National
Center for Toxicolcqical Research, Food and Drug
Pdninistration, Jefferson, A! 72079. MetdD3li.m of
anthracene by Fhizocmnia soiani.
?he tricyclic armtic hydrocarmn anthracene, an
enviromtal poliutant, has been use6 to indicace
probable contaminaL2on by plycyclic armatlc hycko-
carhns (PAHs). We have investiqatd the mtzdmlisr,
35 anLthxacene by a SL--ai? of Fkizgtonia sola71. Tne
funqus was qm for p &+rs at 2;'C L~ a l q~lc
medium containing mlt extract and glucose and saturated
with anthracene. After the culture medium had
been extracted with ethyl acetate, high-perfomce
liquid chmtcgraphy and thin-layer chrcxnatcqraphy
were used to separate the principal anthracene
metabolites. The metabolites were identified by
analysis of their spectral data, including ultraviolet
absorption, mass, and nuclear mcmetic
resonance sp&tra; Fhizoctonia solani &t&olized
anthracene prinrarily at the 1,2-positions to form
1,2-dlhydroxy-lt24ihydroanthracene; both cis and
trans imwrs were formed. The circular dichroisn
spectrum of the e-1,2+ihydrodiol indicated that
the prebmimnt enanticmer ha6 an absolute colrfiguration
of (-)-152s. Tnis configuration was the same
as that of the principal enantim produced by
Cunninghamella elegans and consequently differed frun
that repted for mmmlian enzyes. A conjugate of
1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihy-thracene with a sugar
residue was also detected. Tnus, g. solani first
metabolized anthracene to lI2-dihydroxy-1, 24ihydroanthracene
and then conjugated the dihydrcdiol with a
sugar.
T. TALOU, F:. DBLMAS and A. CASET. Laboratoirede mimic
des Agroressources, Ecoie de Chimie de Toulouse,
118 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex FRANCE.
Aroma voiatiles analysis : a feasable approach for
chenlotaxonomic determination of truffles.
Truffles are undergroung mushrooms that grow in symbio
sis with certain trees, especially oais. One finds
then in several regions of Southern europe. paryicular
ip in France, spain and Itaiy.Presently, truffles are
differentiated by microscopic analysis of their spores
Ir! the framework of The Truf'fie Project, we developed
a Dynamic Headspace Analysis Method allowing the
direct isolatior of volatiles naturally emited from
entire unbrushed fresh truffles. The aroma volatiles
are concentrated on a Tenax CC trap and then thermaliy
desorbed for capillary gas chromatographic analysis.
The gas chromatographic profiles used as Finger Print
allowed us to rapidly and reliably determine the
species of truffles analysed.The methodology was
appiied to the most comniun species cf french truffles.
J.W. TAYLOR, T.D. BRUNS, and T.J. WHITE,
Departments of Plant Biology and Plant
Pathology, University of California,
Berkeley, CA 94720 and Hoffmann-La Roche,
Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608
Unusual rate of molecular evolution in the
ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer of
Sordariaceae?
DNA sequences of rDNA internal transcribed
spacer (ITS) and 5.8s rDNA of NeUroSDora
crassa, N. fetras~erma, Sordaria fimicola,
and GelaSln0~~0ra calocera were obtained to
study the phylogenetic relationships of these
taxa. Intergeneric ITS nucleotide
substitution was 2-3%, interspecific
nucleotide substitution was 0.5%. This
amount of substitution is surprisingly low
compared to amounts of substitution in other

Ascomycotina, ~asidiomycotina, and plants, J. A. TRAOL'AIR. Dept. of Plant Sciences. Univers~ty of
e.g., variation among Wccaria (Agaricales) Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canad2 N6A 5B7.
species is 3-5%. We are examining
explanations for the low amount of ITS
nucleotide substitution in Sordariaceae: i!
Mycelial interactions and biosystematics of Hirschionorus
unusuallv slow ITS evolution in these funsi,
(Trichaptum) species.
ii ) unus;ally slow evolution throughout their
nuclear DNA or, iii) different generic Interactions in agar culture were studied as a first step in '
concepts in relation to molecular and determining the role of mycelial interactions in the
morphological variation in Sordariaceae and
Agaricales. In the first two cases, rates of development of dark-colored zone lines in wood
nucleotide substitution in mitochondria1 DNA supporting basidiomes of Hirschio~orus spp. In addition,
should be similar in all taxa. in the third reactions to controntations with other ~olvnores were
case, rates in mitochondria1 DNA should also
be slower only in Sordariaceae. From the
Sordariaceae, we have amplified a part of the
165 mitochondria1 rDNA known to be variable
in Agaricales and are sequencing this DNA to
answer our question.
M.THIBAUT and M.Ah'SEL. Laboratoire de Parasitologie,
I>, rue de 1'Ecole de MCdecine,F 75270 Paris Cedex06
Fungi allergenic towards to humans.
Allergenic manifestations caused by fungi are due to
a great number of species, often different from
these causing mycotic infections. Allergenic fungi
belong principally to " Fungi imperfecti ". They are
found particularly in the atmosphere, which carries
xerospores.
For the study of air borne fungus spores, two methods
are used. i - Glvcerine plate method : plates lined
with a coat of vaseline or glycerine are exposed for
2L hours on a terrace. They can be colored by the
methyl blue, but spore observation may be made without
preparation under the microscope. We can thus count
large spores. I1 - Cultures of colonies on Petri
dishes :this permits the study of numerous species.
Starting at a stage of sufficient maturation, we
subculture each colony.
The chief genera of allergenic fungi encountered in
the atmosphere are the following : Aleurisma,Alterna-
-
.ria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Chaetomiurn, Cladosporiurr.,
Epicoccun, Fusariurn, Helminthosporium,liomodendrum,
Hucor, Nigrospora, Oospora, Ozonium, Penicillium,
Phoma, Puccinia, Pullularia, Rhizopus, Rnodotorula,
Scopulariopsis, Sepedonium, Stemuhylium, Spondylo -
cladium, Trichodema, Vstilagc:
The two methods answered well as tests of the presence
of fungi in the atmosphere. A small number of fungi
constitute most of the mycotic flora. These genera
are the same as those of surroundings . There is
considerable interest taken in the subject of
atmospheric fungi causing allergenic diseases.
4 - a
evaluated as sources of taxonomic information on
interrelationships between selected ,Hirschioporus species.
Three dikaryotic isolates of each of H. parcamenus, H.
subchartaceus, and H. abietinus were paired with each
other and with Trametes hisuida. Cerrena unicolor, Fomes
Dini or Gloeo~hvllum sae~iarium on malt agar in plastic
petri plates and slide cultures. Interspecific confrontations
resulted in distinctive demarcation lines containing
clasping branches plus or minus variously coloredinteraction
zones depending upon the combination.
Reactions included antibiosis, hyphal interference and
mycoparasitism. Different Hirschiovorus species reacted
differently to other polypores but reactions of H.
pareamenus and y. subchartaceus were predictably
similar.
- E. r l l o . University of Hawaii,
Dept. of Plant Pathology, 3190 Maile Way,
Honolulu, HI 96822. Biological control
of weeds with fungl plant pathogens. MSA
'90 SYMPOSIUM -- "INDUSTRIAL MYCOLOGY".
All fungal pathogens of a weed have poten-
tial as biological controls of the species.
To be useful they must be restricted in pa-
thogenicity. Other important attributes of
successful mycoherbicides are, ability to
grow readily in artificial media, capability
to sporulate in vitro, ability to aerminate
and infect host tissues in less than 24 hrs,
and capability of becoming air borne for
ease of dispersal. The plant pathogens with
most of these attributes but inefficient
dispersal mechanism make economically
valuable bioherbicides. Members of Colle-
totrichum, Melanconium, Se~toria, Fusarium,
Acremonium, Phvto~hthora, and Pvthium, make
excellent bioherbicides. Wide pathogenicity
range, lack of wind dispersal, or fastidious
cultural characteristics, does not preclude
fungal pathogens from being used as biolo-
gical control agents, but excludes them as
bioherbicides. Obligate parasites are best
suited for classical biocontrol of intro-
duced weeds and although they require little
manipulation, their economic value is meas-
urable in their effectiveness in bringing
about ecological balance between introduced
weeds and indigenous floras of a particular
region. Pathogens in Puccinia and Fntvloma
are useful biocontrols of introduced weeds.

F. A. Wclrer, -tic Botany and -logy
-t=Y, =* -, me*
Beltsville,, MD 20705.
Paraphyses in Phanoesis
Phaoopsis iavanica on AsDarsqus fraa Lndoaesia
(Java) differs fram other P-is in that it
prcducss~paraphyses. Since the disoovery of this
distinctive character two other &Utes and a few
herbarim specimens have been fcnuxl that exhibit
it. The morphology, taxoncmy, and g-hic
distribution of the paraphysate species are
discussed.
&UARDO M. VADELL, MICHAEL T . HOLMES , AND JAMES C.
CAVENDER. Department of Botany, Ohio University,
Athens, OH 45701 - A Natural-Historical Approach to
the Cellular Slime Molds of Tikal
rhe Mayan archeological site of Tikal (Peten district,
Guatemala; 17.5 North Latitude) offers an unusual
abundance and richness of dictyostelids, in agreement
uith the great plant and.anima1 diversity of the semi-
evergreen rainforest which surrounds the ruins.
Twenty-five species were isolated from several
soil collections. Four were undescribed species. The
known species were determined using the morpnological
criteria of Raper (1984) and Hagiwara (1988). These
conjugated physiological, morphological and behavior-
al criteria include optimal media and temperature for
growth; aggregation pattern; habit and brancning pat-
tern; sorophore base and tip shape; dimensions of
sori, branches and sorocarps; phototropic response;
chemotaxis to cyclic AW; slug behavior; and spore
size, shape, color and morphology.
The ecological conditions of the Tikal forest
region such as alternative wet and dry seasons allov
some insight into the evolution of dictyostelids.
For example, the seasonal variation of species may
provide clues to the polarity of characteristics
which have been selected over time.
One of the species isolated is probably an ances-
tral Dictvostelium discoideum. This isolate will pro-
vide an opportunity for studying adaptative strategies
and evolution of this species.
C. GERALD VAN DYKE and CHARLES W. MIMS,
Department of Botany, North Carolina State
University, Box 7612, Raleigh, NC 27695, and
Department of Plant Pathology, University of
Georgia, Athens, 30602. Light and electron micro-
scopy of conidium germination and appressorium
development in Colletotrichum truncatum.
Colletotrichum truncatum has been used for bio-
control of the weed 5esbianiaexaltata. Light and
electron microscopic techniques were used to
study events occurring during conidium germ-
ination and appressorium formation. Events were
observed at 22 C up to 12 hrs after conidia were
placed on host tissue and artificial membranes.
Ndclear division occurred 1-2 hrs after place-
men;, followed 5!. formation of a central conidial
septum. A germ tube (GT) emerged 2-3 hrs later;
the nucleus of the germinated conidial cell
divided, one nucleus remained in the conidium, the
other migrated into the GT. A swollen, terminal
appressorium formed 2-3 hrs later; the GT
nucleus divided in the appressorium, now de-
limited from the GT by a septum. An extracellular
matrix coated conidia, GTs, and appressoria and
appeared to stick fungal structures to host tissue
and membranes. Infection pegs formed from
appressoria 9-1 2 hrs after germination.
---
E. VAN EECKHOUT., I. BLACKWELL, and H.C. RUSH. Depsrtment of
Botany and Depsrtmt of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. LA 70603.
In vitro effects of propicanazole on morphology and ultrastructure
of Rhizocton~a solani.
--
Rhizoctonia solani Kbn (AG1) is the causal agent of rice sheath
blight, the mst inportant rice disease in the southern riceproducing
areas of the United States. Propiconazole, a sterol
synthesis inhibitor. is one of the fungicides currently registered
for use in cmtrolling this disease. Agar incorporation of
propiconatole shod good in vitro activity against R. solani. EC
50 values ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ppn depending on tim after
irwcuiatia. Colony growth uas conpletely inhibited at 10 ppn.
Exposure of R. solani to propiconazole induced rhythmic growth in
culture which can be related to the node of action of
propiconazole. Control and propiconatole treated hyphse were
premred for scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
Morphological changes in response to fungicidal activity included
(a) irregular branching uith decreased intervals between branches.
(b) short, stubby branches, (c) abnormal thickenings and
constrictions, end (d) ruotures in usually inflated hyphal parts.
Electron microsco~ic examination of freeze-substituted and
chemically fix- hyphal tip sections revealed disrupted apical
vesicle configuraticns and abnormal wall inclusions as most
obvious effects of propiconazole on ultrastructure of R. solani .
Rytas Vilgalys. Department of Botany, Duke University,
Durham, NC 27706.
The application of genetic data tor interpretive
mycogeography.
As more becomes known about diverse geographic
distributions of fungi, new sources of independent data will
be necessary to evaluate competing histor~cal hypotheses.
Evidence from macromolecular data should benefit studies
on interpretive mycogeography for several reasons: 1)
Molecular data represent an unlimited source of characters
for phylogenetic analysis at almost any taxonomic level; 2)
Different modes of inheritance and recombination in nuclear
and mitochondria1 genomes provide two alternative sources
of information; 3) Recent technical advances in molecular
biology now make DNA-level analyses possible with minute
tissue samples from natural material. I will discuss the
application of data for examining vicariance biogeography in
macrofungi. The relatively high rate of genome evolution in
many members of the Basidiomycotina should also make it
possible to examine intraspecific phylogeography and its
relation to gene flow, genetic divergence and speciation.

Michael 4. Vincent. Department of Botany,
Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056.
Notes on Hyphomycetes from the Bahamas.
Recent field work on Andros and San
Salvador islands in the Bahamas has added
significantly to the known fungal flora of
the archipelago. Nearly 175 taxa new to
the Bahamas have been identified from two
excursions to the islands, including many
hyphornycetes. Several new species have
been discovered, as well as a new
basidiomycetous ananlorph genus. Among the
genera collected are Acremonium,
I D O ~ ~ W ,
Dendrv~hi-, D-,
Ewicocc!m ! Fusarium, L+!xlU+l
Le~toxvwhlum Mvrotheclum, NlarosDora !
Nodu~~oriUlI, paecilomvces , P-,
Periconig, Pestalotia, P-, . .
P' I S bo
s:;X;EZ T a % . ; . e g. f ; o F 1
Trichodermp, y e r t l c u and ZvaosworiUm.
In addition, several fungi have been
cultured which have thus far eluded
identification. The species of the genera
listed will be discussed, and the new taxa
will be described.
H. S. VISHNIAC and 0. T. JOHNSON. Dept of Botany and
o iogy, Oklahoma State U, Stillwater OK 74078
and Dept. of Entomology, U. Arkansas, Fayetteville AR
72701.
Trichosporon cutaneum mediates aggregation by a
frugivorous beetle.
The adult green June beetle (Cotinis nitida) aggregates
on fruit when attracted byrfeeding beetles.
Field experiments by Domek and Johnson established
that aggregation was induced by semiochemicals and
that fungistatic agents inhibited aggregation. The
course of development of a yeast flora in adult
beetles is: beetles emerging from pupation have no
yeast flore; a smalllargely fermentative flora is
acquired from soil and fruit; with increased feeding
(by 1 aboratory-reared beetles on peach slices )the
yeast flora increases in population density and
becomes 1 argely (60%) non-f ermentati ve. Most drarnatically,
Trichosporon cutaneum biovarswere observed
to rise f m
of the gut flora and from 1%
to 53% of yeasts on food-substrate. In field trials,
peach slices inoculated with Tr. cutaneum were no
more attractive than slices iGcu1 ated with ferment-
ative yeasts, but when laboratory-reared beetles fed
on such slices were included in the bait, such baits
were as attractive as wild beetles with natural
microflora. Trichosporon cutaneum was both necessary
and sufficient for semiochernical production by adult
green June beetles feeding on fruit.
THOMAS J. VOLK Department of Botany, UW-
Madison Madison WI 53706 and Forest Products
Laboratory, Center for Forest Mycology Research One
Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison WI 53705 and THOMAS
J. LEONARD Departments of Botany and Genetics UW-
Madison Madison WI 53706.
Heterokaryon formation between monoascosporous
strains of Morchella.
Three lines of evidence are reponed for heterokaryon
foxmation in Morchclla esculcnta and related species.
Cultural studies demonstrated a genetic basis for
different types of interactions between mycelia from
sister and non-sister spores. Cytological studies of the
mycelial interaction between non-sister monoascosporous
isolates,demonstrated nuclear pairing in presumptive
heterokaryons. Two different mutations isolated in this
study were used to show genetic complementation in
these heterokaryons.
THOMAS J. VOLK Deparmlent of Botany, UW-
Madison Madison WI 53706 and Forest Products
Laboratory. Center for Forest Mycology Research One
Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison WI 53705 and THOMAS J.
LEONARD Depanments of Botany and Genetics UW-
Madison Madison WI 53706.
Cytological studies of the life cycle of Morcl~ella.
Various stages of the morel life cycle were
studied cytologically. Photomicropaphic evidence
demonsaa~es that the average number of nuclei per
cellular compartment in vegetative hyphae of Morchella
is 10-15 and that hyphal fusions are auiie frequent. The
resting structures, the scleroda, are actus!iy
pseudosclerotia which form from the re!!cated branching
and enlargement of terminal hyphae from either primary
(homokaryotic) or secondary (heterokayoticj kyphae.
Photomicrographs also depict the develop men^ of fruiting
body primordia. Photomicrographs of ascus develop men^
demonstrates autogamy rather than de novo heterokaryon
formation by hyphal fusion in the subhymenial layer of
the fruiting body. For the first time a comprehensive life
cycle diagram of the morel is introduced.
R. E. WAGNER. H.M. SHIN and H.T. WILKIKSON,
Dept. of Piant Pathology, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave.,
Urbana, IL 61801.
Spheroplast formation from cysts of Phytophthora
megaspema £.SF. glycinea.
High yields of spheroplasts were produced when
cysts of Phptophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea
were incubated in 0.01 M dithiothreitol for 40 min
followed by incubation in 0.6M sorbitol dissolved
in citric acid buffer (pH 5.6) containing the
digestive enzymes Meiceiase (celiulase), Rhozyme

(hemicellulase), and Novozym 234 (glucanase,
xylanase, lamarinase and chitinase) for 8 hr at
30 C. Meicelase and Rhozyme were added at 10 mg/ml.
Novozym was added at 0.0'2 mg/1000 cysts. Cysts
lysed when incubated at higher concentrations of
Novozym 234. Cysts germinated. many bipolarly,
following treatment with the enzymes when sorbitol
concentrations were less than 0.5 M. The addition
of magnesium sulfate (0.1 M) to the-incubation
medium produced highly stable spheroplasts even
at high levels of Novozym 234 (2.0 mg/1000 cysts).
Spliuroplast size increased as the concentratioz
of magnesium sulfate was increased (0.01 M-0.5 M).
Protoplasts were liberated from spheroplasts when
the osmotic potential of the sorbitol incubation
medium was reduced from 0.6 M to 0.4 M. Proto-
plasts lysed within 10 min of emergence.
5 S. WFINBAUM. M.F. ALLEN, C.F. FRIESE and E.B. ALLEN. Dept
of Biology, Systems Embgy Research Group, San Diego State
University, San Diego CA 921 82-0057.
Observations of the interface between VAM fungi and rnycotrophic
versus nonmycotrophic plants.
We previously reported that invasion by VAM tungi of the
nonmycotrophic plant Salsola resulted in autofluorescing and
a rapid browning of the root tissue which was not observed in the
rnycotrophic grass -. This could result in
the death of the nonmycotrophic seedlings. We extended these
observations to other nonmycotrophic and mycotrophic plants.
Four different responses to the fungi were observed. In annual
Chenopodiaceae. and -, autofluorescence and
rapid (within a day) browning was observed. W d i u m album
and w n alomeratus showed browning with faint
autofluorescence.
, B. and .mh&Qsh
thaliana had no reaction and no root penetration by the VAM tungi.
The grasses showed no browning or autofluorescence but tormed
normal VAM. The shrub
.. . had normal VAM but
as the tissue aged, it began to autofluoresce and turn brown. No
subsequent infection of these mot segments was observed. We
suaoested that these 4 types of responses relate to the ability of
thehost to reject or form a VA rnycorrhizal association.
M. C. WILLIAMS and R.D. GRIGG. Department of Biology.
Kearney State College, Kearney, NE 68849
A preliminary report on host specificity of selected
Smittium z. (Trichomycetes) isolates.
Species of the Trichomycete genus Smittium Poisson
have been isolated from dipteran larvae including
Chironomidae, Culicidae, Simuliidae and Tipulidae.
Limited studies have shown that some Smittium spp.
isolates are able to infest a "foreign" mosquito
(Culicidae) host. For this study selected Smittium
isolates. which were not available at the time of
the earlier study, were grown in shake culture and
the trichospores separated by filtering. The spores
were fed to mosquito and blackfly (Simuliidae) larvae
which were later dissected and examined for the
presence of the Smittium isolate. The results
support the hypothesis that some Smittium species
tend to have a restrictecl host range while others
may infest differen: :nsect host families.
Wolfe, C. B., Jr. Biology Department, Penn State
University, Mont Alto, PA 17237. The Penn State
University Mycological Herbarium (PACMA).
The Mycological Herbarium of Penn State ' 'v was
recently moved from the University Part . to the
Mont Alto Campus, and a new curator v .~ted. The
herbarium has a lengthy and ,. It houses
approximately 67,500 specimens thr ,resentative of
, mostly from the
~lections are from
other locations around the
.andle (Ustilaginales), and
reputation was established
. a prolific collector, and the
,adth of his interests. Included
, are approximately 150 type
specimens (b. J-, iso-, syn-, and paratypes). Several
exsiccati a- med by the herbarium including 4900
specimev ~vlycotheca Marchica issued by P. Sydow
many b. are types. The herbarium has historically
been undc .tilized due, perhaps, to a lack of awareness of
the diversity of its collections and also a fairly restrictive
loan policy. With the move of the herbarium and
appointment of a new curator, a more reasonable loan
policy is now in effect, and researchers are encouraged to
request loans of materials that the herbarium might hold.
C. G. Wu and J. W. Kimbrough, Plant Pathology Dept.,
Cniversity of Florida, Gainesville, FL., 32611.
Comparative Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in the
Humariaceae (Pezizales).
Very little research has been done on the ultrastruc-
ture of spore ontogeny in members of the Humariaceae
(=Pyronemataceae, Otideaceae, or Aleuriaceae by some),.
The purpose of this poster is to describe the fine
structure of spore ontogeny in Aleuria, Cheilvmenia,
Otidea, Tarzetta, and Trichophae;.
--
In all genera except Tarzetta, an electron-translu-
cent primary wall layer is deposited between the two
spore delimiting membranes. k narrow, electron-opaque
band, the epispore, is deposited onto the primary
wall. In Aleuria and Cheilymenia this coincides with
an expansion of outer delimiting membranes to form a
perisporic sac. The perisporic sac develops later in
--
Otidea, Tarzetta, and Trichophaea. A slightly opaque,
granular matrix develops within the perisporic sac
and later condenses into granular particles which
overlays the epispore to form the secondary wall.
Secondary walls of the species studied differ in fibrillar
structure and staining properties.
Spore ontogeny in Tarzetta was peculiar in that the
initial wall is a narrow, slightly opaque band onto
which fragments of the epispore are deposited. These
fragments coalesce into a solid dark band. An additional
electron-transparent primary wall forms between
the dark band and the sporoplasm. In Cheilymenia
a transparent band also forms between the epispore
and secondary wall, and later the secondary wall may
become detached from the epispore to form a spore
sheath.

C. G. Wu and J. W. Kimbrou~h. Plant Pathology Dept.,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.. 32611.
Septal Ultrastructure in Selected genera of Humariac-
eae (Pezizales).
Septal structures have been found to be very consist-
ent at the generic and family levels in well defined
families of operculate Discomycetes. This has not been
true of the large and heterogenous family Humariaceae
(=Pyronemataceae, Otideaceae, or Aleuriaceae by some).
The fine structure of septa in asci, ascogenous hyphae,
paraphyses, . .. and excipular cells were studied in the
following genera: Aleuria, Clreilymenia, Mycolachnea,
Otidea, Scutellinia, and Trichophaea.
Septal pore plugs in ascal bases are shaped initially
by the configuration of membrane structures in the
vicinity of the pore. All ascal pore plugs begin as
a hemispherical, granular matrix onto which electron-
opaque zones of additional granules are deposited.
Those of Aleuria and Trichophaea have laminated,
transparant zones bordering the pore and little or no
granular matrix is left in the subtending ascogenous
hyphal cell. This type of ascal pore structure is
referred to as the "aleurioid" type. A somewhat simi-
lar pore structure is found in asci of the remaining
genera, although without the laminated, translucent
bands. The latter are remarkedly similar to those
found in members of the Ascobolaceae.
Septal pores of paraphyses and excipular cells are
generally the same, where the pore is spanned by a
finely striated matrix of granular material attached
to the border of the pore. The size and shape of this
matrix differs slightly in each genus. Unilike pores
of asci and ascogenous hyphae, Woronin bodies are con-
spicuous around -the -pores of vegetative-cells .
MEI-LEE WU and R. T. HANLIN. Department of Plant
Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
Ascomal development in Leptosphaerulina crassiasca.
Leptosphaerulina crassiasca was isolated from peanut
leaves with symptoms of pepper spot disease. Cultures
from single ascospores formed ascomata, indicating
that the fungus is homothallic. Ascospores germinated
readily on agar, forming septate hyphae with
uninucleate cells. Fertile hyphae soon form on the
mycelium; these are larger and usually have binucleate.
cells. The cells of the fertile hyphae divide
repeatedly to form ascostromal initials. As the
ascostromata enlarge, small binucleate ascogenous
cells with dense cytoplasm are differentiated near the
center. Karyogamy occurs, forming the young asci;
these expand, filling the center of the ascostroma.
No sterile centrm tissues are formed. Meiosis and a
single mitotic division result in 8 nuclei which are
delimited into ascospore initials. Further divisions
form the mature multinucleate dictyospores. The ascus
wall is two-layered, with the inner layer extending
during ascospore discharge. As the asci form, the
outermost cells of the ascostroma become pigmented and
thick-walled, and a papillate ostiolar neck forms at
the apex. The ascoma is a uniloculate pseudothecium
with bitunicate asci. Ascomal ontogeny is typical of
the Dothidea-type of development. On V-8 agar mature
pseudothecia form in 6 days, making this a good
Loculoascomycete for class use.
QIUXIN WU, Department of Botany, The
Universlty of Tennessee, Knoxvllle, TL 37996-
1100. Intercompatlblllty studles wlth
Clavicorona ovxldate
Clavicorona uvridata is distributed across
The North Temperate Zone and exhibits
conslderable basldlocarp morphological
variation. Self-crosses of monokaryotlc
lslnqle-basldlospore) Isolates shov that the
specles 1s blfactorally Incompatible.
Intercollectlon matlngs among North Amerlcan
stralns and also cross-continent matlngs show
that the morphospecles is congruent vlth the
bloloqlcal species.
DANIEL A. WUBAH~, M. S. NLLER~ and D. E AKIN~.
l~otan~ Dept.. University of Gcorgia. Athens, GA 30602 and
'plant Structure and Composition Unit, Russell Res. Cu,
USDNARS Athens, GA 30616
Caecomyccs (= Sphamnno~s sensu Orpin) is one of the four
described genera of obligately anaerobic zoosporic fungi. Fungi in
this genus form a monocentric thallus which develops endogenously
with the nucleus remaining in the zoospore cyst and multiplying
there. The cyst may enlarge into an incipient sporangium. In
addition to this basic developmental pattern . we have observed that
an isolate of Caccomyces, obtained from cow feces, fonns a
multisporangiate thallus with the sporangia atrached to a vegetative
cell which functions in a manner similar to the prosporangium
described for Calt?noct!vfridium sp. We also observed a shift from
the formation of monocentric thalli to the produaion of polyoentric
thalli. This unusual development of Cacwmyces wil be discussed
and compared to exogenousendogenous development in some
aerobic Chytridiomycetes.
J.C. Zak and D. Freckman, Ecology Group, Dept. Biol.
Sci., Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, &
Dept. Nematol., U.C. Riverside, Riverside, CA., 92521.
Root region interactions: effects of microfaunal
grazing on fungal assemblages of a desert bunchgrass.
The root region represents a major center of micro-
floral-microfaunal activity in desert ecosystems.
The effects of microfaunal grazing in the root
region of Erioneuron pulchellum on the species compo-
sition and organization of the root surface fungal
assemblage was followed over a two year period.
Microarthropod and nematode densities were decreased
by the periodic application of either chlordane or
nemocur. While microfaunal densities changed, the
number of fungal species associated with the root
surface was not altered. Changes in species composi-
tion of the fungal assemblages were observed follow-
ing treatment indicating that altered grazing pres-
sure resulted in compensatory changes. Rhizosphere
hyphal lengths also did not differ among treatments
for either year. Trophic relationships rather than
microfaunal densities in the root region may regulate
nitrogen dynamics and plant growth.

--- Mujeeb i!. k'beri -- - , Faculty of Forestry, Ur.iversity of
Toronto,l'oronto. Octario Y5S ;A1 , Canada.
9lo~esticide.s.
During a recent investigation of microor,-anisms
associated with the eastern subierranean termite
&eJiculitermes fi&gsl~ollar), (Zoberl & Grace
1990c,%n;e-o,' the fungal associates isolated were
found suitable for the biolo6:ical control of termites
These isolates, Gong with some entomopathogenic
fungi (obtained frorr. the Biosystema~icsResearch
Centre, 0ttawa) were investii;ated. To ascertain their
ecological competence, some ex~eriments were
performed. to observe iht f llri~bi-f~~i6~: interactio?.~
upor, f =gal- te-nite interactions. rhe most suitabie
strains were selected, the criteria for selection
were: A. Mortality of termites within a relatively
shorter period after inoculation 9. Growth and
sporulation of the funeus on simple culture media at
a wider range of temperatures C. Viability of the
fungus for a relatively longer period D. Ecological
competence.
-- Beauveria bassiana (~alsamo) %as found suitable for
termite control, the most suitable strain of 5.
bassiana was found to be the one isolated from -
R. flavipes workers infesting a tree in Toronto, it
showd cpmplete dominarce over other microor~anisms
associated with the termites an& sporulated freely
on the dead termites.
Additional Authors
G. C. Adarns (see R. S. Surve)
D. E. Akin (see Daniel A. Wubah)
J. N. Albert (see A. E. Libem)
A. Al-hi (see S. K. AWullah)
E. B. Allen (see M. F. Allen)
(see B. S. Weinbaum)
M. F. Allen (see B. S. Weinbaum)
.A. H. Al-Sacloon (see S. K. Abdullah)
J. F. Ammirati (see S. 0. Rogers)
Z. Q. An (see Myra ChuChou)
(see J. W. Hendrix)
C. Anderson (see S. S. Dhillion)
J. B. And- (see M. L. Smith)
(see R. W. Kenigan)
(see L. M. Kohn)
R. C. Anderson (see B. A. Haney)
(see Hae-Ae Seo)
(see J. Meredith)
M. Ansel (see M. Thibaut)
H. J. AmoU (see H. W. Keller)
A. K. Awasthi (see A. C. Shukla)
M. T. Banik (see H. H. Burdsall, Jr.)
M. Bartolara (see C. A. Shearer)
J. W.BenneU(see J. W)
W. Black (see C. Bradley)
M. Blackwen (see E Van %bout)
W. H. Blackwell (see M. J. Powell)
J. M. Bland (see M. A. Klic';)
C. Bledsoe (see S. 0. Rogers)
M. E. Boraas (see D. Bermudes)
S. M. Boyle (see C. Gruhn)
H. E. Brockman (see L. A. O'Go~nan)
S. Brown (see R. Pinnetk)
J. N. Bruhn (see D. L. Richter)
J. Buchko (see A. Belkhiri)
H. H. Burdsall, Jr. (see M. T. Banik)
(see T. W. Darmono)
(see T. W. Darmono)
-
(see T. mnn)
R. R. Burgess (see T. K. Kirk)
T. D. Burns (see J. W. Taylor)
C. S. Carlton (see A. E. Liberta)
Cassar, S. C. (see R. A. Roeper)
L. A. Castlebury (see R. V. Gessner)
J. C. Cavender (see E. M. Vadell)
(see M. T. Holmes)
C. E. Cerniglia (see J. B. Sutherland)
C. Chakrkook (see J. F. Leslie)
T. E. Chase (see \h'. J. -a)
Y. Chen (see M. S. Manocha)
M. Christensen (see P. D. Srshl)
F. W. Cobb, Jr. (see W. J. Otmsina)
(see T. E. Chase)
J. C. Cooke (see G. E. Madole)
C. B. Cordell (see D. H. Man)
P. J. Cotty (see P. Bayman)
S. F. Covert (see D. Cullen)
J. Davey (see J. Lifrak)
M. Deb (see T. Talou)
P. Diederich (see R. bum)
J. C. Doubli (see D. J. McLaughlin)
G. a-Sayed (see R. GtIpta)
(see T. D. Leathers)
R. Fogel (see 0. K. Miller)
D. Freckman (see J. C. Zak)
J. P. Freeman (see J. B. Sutherland)
C. F. Friese (see M. F. AUen)
(see B. S. Weinbaum)
P. P. Fu (see J. B. Sutherland)
.M. S. Fuller (see D. A. Wubah)
J. R. Garcia (see K. Foss)
A. Gaset (see T. Talou)
L. Giam (see M. M. Stankis)
J. A. Glaser (see R. T. Lamar)
D. A. Giawe (see J. T. Ellzey)
S. A. Gordon (see T. J. Bamni)
R. D. Grigg (seeM. C. Witliams)
J. H. Grove (see J. W. Hendrix)

C. Gruhn (see J. G. Palmer)
R. Gupta (see L. A. O'Gorma.)
J. Haines (see 0. K. Miller)
A. E. Hajek (see D. W. Roberts)
T. M. Had (see M. L. Canverse)
J. Han (see L. A. O'Gorman)
R. T. Hanh (see M. L. Wu)
G. E. Hannan (see C. K. Hayes)
I. B. Heath (see S. G. W. Kaminskyj)
J. W. Hendrix (see Z. Q. An)
(see M. Chu-Chou)
G. T. Henson (see Z. Q. An)
(5% J. W. Hmdrix)
D. E. Hershman (see Z. Q. An)
(see J. W. Hmdrix)
T. L. Highley (see S. C. Croan)
H. C. Hoch (see T. W. Hill)
M. T. Holmes (see E. M. Vadell)
P. A. Horgen (see J. C. Royer)
(see R. W. Kmigan)
(see W. E. Hintr)
J. Hoskins (see P. L. Skamd)
M. Hubbes (see W. E. Hintz)
M. E. S. Hudspeth (see S. A. Ciary)
C. lgnoffo (see R. Gupta)
(see T. D. Leathas)
R. K. Jayaswal (see R. Gupta)
X. Jin (see C. K. Hayes)
A. R. Johnson (see K. A. Kuehn)
D. T. Johnson (see H. S. Vishniac)
R. K. Jones (see L. F. Grand)
J. Kaur (see A. C. Shukla)
B. Kearns (see C. Bradley)
J.W. Kimbrough (see C. W. Mims)
(see E. A. Momol)
(see C. G. Wu)
(see C. G. Wu)
T. K. Kirk (see R. T. Lamar)
H. C. Kistler (see E. A. Momol)
G. R. IUassen (see A. Belkhiri)
C. J. R. Klittich (see J. F. Leslie)
K. L. Klomparens (see K. J. Czymmek)
R. D. Koehn (see K. A. Kuehn)
(see M. K. Oakley)
R Koide (see J. Lewis)
J. W. Koning, Jr. (see T. K. Kirk)
K. Korhonen (see W. J. Otmsh)
M. J. Larsen (see M. T. Banik)
A. R. Lax (see M. A. Klich)
T. D. Leathers (see R. Gupta)
S. B. Lehrer (see W. E. Homer)
D. E. Lemke (see M. K. Oakley)
T. J. Leonard (see K. K. Klein)
A. E. Liberta (see B. A. Haney)
(see R. C. Anderson)
A. E. Linkins ID (see R. K. Antibus)
H. Lu (see D. J. Mdaughh)
L. A. L uck (see R. Gupta)
S. Lupo (see L. Bettucci)
J. D. MacDonald (see K A. Jacobs)
B. Maglsanik (see P. L. Miaehart)
D. Mdoch (see M. Blackwell)
S. B. Maul (see D. H. Marx)
D. J. McLaughlin (see E. W. A. Boehm)
(see J. C. Doublks)
R. D. MiIhoIiand (see L. F. Grand)
D. W. Miller (see J. B. Sutherland)
0. K. Miller, Jr. (see T. Flynn)
(see K. U. Jacobson)
(see J. G. Pahner)
C. W. Mims (see T. C. Sewan)
(see C. G. Van Dyke)
C. J. Mirocha (see J. W. McCain)
P. Moutoglis (see M. Cooke)
G. Muener (see 0. K. Miller)
K. H. Nealson (see D. Bermudes)
C. Near (see C. Bradley)
R. T. Nelson (see B. J. Cochrane)
C. P. Novotny (see M. M. Stankis)

M. Oakley (see R. Koehn)
D. J. O'Kane (see W. L. Lingle)
W. J. otrosina (see T. E. Chase)
D. Pfm (see 0. K. Miller)
J. D. Polishook (see G. F. Bii)
D. Pwter (see W. L. Lingle)
P. J. Pukkila (see G. May)
S. W. Queener (see P. L. Skatrud)
K. F. Raffa (see K. D. Klepzig)
C. A. Raper (see J. S. Horton)
W. J. Rea (see K. A. Kuehn)
S. A. Rehner (see S. 0. Rogers)
D. Reynolds (see 0. K. Miller)
E. A. Richardson (see C. W. Mims)
J. K. Roberts (see K. M. T. Cason)
E. W. Robins (see L. A. O'Gorman)
S. 0. Rogers (see K. F. Lobuglio)
A. Y. Rossrnan (see S. C. Redlin)
J. C. Royer (see W. E. Hin~)
R. C. Ruaboro (see D. E. Hemmes)
M. C. Rush (see E. Van Eeckhout)
G. Saem (see M. Berbee)
K. A. Seifert (see G. J. Samuels)
A. L. Selby (see J. B. Sutherlandj
H. M. Shin (see R. E. Wagner)
L. M. Shule (see M. F. Allen)
M. R. Siege1 (see M. Chu-Chou)
D. B. Sinsabaugh (see R. K. Antibus)
(see R. K. Antibus)
E. B. Smalley (see R. H. Proctor)
(see K. D. Klepzig)
K. M. Snetselaar (see C. W. Mims)
J. W. Spatafora (see M. Blackwell)
C. A. Specht (see M. M. Stankis)
P. T. Spieth (see T. E. Chase)
M. R. Tansey (see J. T. ELlzey)
J. Taylor (see M. Berbee)
(see T. E. Chase)
(see A. Gargas)
J. W. Taylor (see M. Blackwell)
(see S. B. Lee)
(see S. B. Lee, paper #2)
D. 0. TeBeest (see R. J. Chacko)
B. Terhune (see T. W. Hill)
D. TeStrake (see B. J. Cochrane)
J. P. Tewari (see S. M. Boyetchko)
L. L. Tews (see J. T. Ellzey)
W. E. Tiberlake (see T. C. Sewall)
M. B. Tobin (see P. L. Skatrud)
R. C. Ullrich (see T. E. Chase)
(see M. M. Stankis)
E. M. Vadell (see M. T. Holmes)
R. Vilgalys (see D. S. Hibbea)
- (see E. Kay)
(see S. Rehner)
(see 0. K. Miller)
T. J. Volk (see T. J. Leonard)
C. J. K. Wang (see K. F. Lobuglio)
G. J. Weidemann (see R. J. Chacko)
T. P. Weiland (see R. K. Antibus)
K. Web (see K. A. Jacobs)
(see S. Digby)
D. X. West (see A. E. Ubena)
T. White (see M. Berbee)
(see J. W. Taylor)
P. W~dden (see M. Cooke)
H. T. Wilkiason (see R. E. Wagner)
J. D. Wood (see P. L. Skaaud)
P. Wood (see C. Bradley)
S. J. Wormsley (see T. J. Baroni)
B. G. Yangco (see B. J. Cochrane)
J. C. Zak (see D. A. Anders)
P. ZQolawy (see R Pinette)
Q. Zhai (see M. Chu-Chw)

Changes of Address and/or Phone Number
ERIC W. A. BOEHM --- (612) 625 1756
WILLIAM H. (BILL) BRANDT --- (503) 737-3451
MARGARET M. CARREIRO --- Institute of Ecosystem Studies, BOX AB,
Millbrook, NY 12545 -- (914) 677-5346
LISA JOY CERLIGIONE -- (201) 751-4727
CHESTER R. COOPER, JR --- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and
Research, NYS Department of Health, The Governor Nelson A.
Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany NY 12201
--(518) 486 3821
DENNIS E. DESJARDIN --- Department of Biology, Oberlin College,
Oberlin, OH 44074 -- (216) 775-8959
STEPHANIE DIGBY --- Department of Plant Pathology, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 -- (501) 575-6772
WILLIAM C. ELSIK --- Exxon Company, USA, P.O. Box 2189,
Houston, TX 77252-2189 -- (713) 965-4516
KARL ESSER --- phone 49-234-7002211 ; FAX 49-234-7002001
MARIE L. FARR --- 13530 Sherwood Forest Drive, Silver Spring,
Maryland 20904
SHIGEHIRO KATO --- 18-1 Shinsakae-machi, Omihachiman-shi,
Shiga-ken 523 Japan -- phone (0748) 33-7476
BYONG KAK KIM --- (Seoul, Korea) -- New Phone No. = (02) 880-7864
GARY F. LEATHAM --- Departments of Botany and Food Science, Birge
Hall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 --
(608) 262 1057
JON POLISHOOK --- Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories,
P.O. Box 2000, R80Y-120, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900 --
(phone?)
JEFFREY POMMERVILLE --- Biology Department, Glendale College,
6000 W. Olive Ave., Glendale, AZ 85302 -- (602) 435-3614
ZAMIR K. PUNJA --- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon
Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada V5A 1S6 --
(604) 291-4471
ROBERT W. ROBERSON --- Department of Botany, Arizona State
University, Tempe, AZ 85257-1601 -- (602:? 965-8618
CLARK T. ROGERSON -- (212) 220-8610

EMORY G. SIMMONS --- 717 Thornwood Road, Crawfordsville, IN
47933 -- (317) 364-1992
WALTER J. SUNDBERG --- Department of Plant Biology (new
department name only), Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, Illinois 62901 -- (618) 453-3212 (on weekends and
after hours; otherwise, old number still usable M-F, 8-5)
K. SURYANARAYANA -- Department of Microbiology, University of
Virginia School of Medicine, Box 441, Jordan Hall,
Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 -- (804) 924-9991
RODHAM E. TULLOSS (spelling correction ,of Rodham) --
(609) 448-5096 (home) ; (609) 639-6116 (office)
Forthcoming Events
INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS IV, Regensburg, August 23-
September 3, 1990.
Fifth International Symposium on the Microbiology of the
Phyllosphere:
31 July - 3 August 1990. Fifth International Ssmwsium on
the Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. To be held at Madison,
Wisconsin. Attendance limited to about 100 persons. Topics
include fungal epiphytes and endophytes, and fungi of medical
importance found on leaf surfaces. For information contact:
John Andrews, Plant Pathology Department, University of
Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706. Tel (608)
262-9642; fax (608) 263-2626; E-mail AndrewsJeWISCMACC.
Sixth International Marine Mycology Symposium -- August, 1993 --
Tampa/St . Petersburg, Florida. Contact : David Porter or
Diane Te Strake.
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY:
A Specialty Mushroom Workshop will be held on Wednesday, June 13,1990 at The
Pennsylvania State University. The purpose of the workshop is to promote the exchange
of ideas for research, production and merchandizing of specialty mushrooms (Shiitake,
.Pleurotus, etc). The Specialty Mushroom Workshop will directly follow the 32nd
Mushroom Industry Short Course scheduled for June 1 lth and 12th, 1990. For more
information on both the Specialty Mushroom Workshop and the 32nd Mushroom Industry
Short Course contact:
Agricultural Conferences and Short Courses
306 Agricultural Administration Building
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802
(8 14) 865-8301

MAGGIE ROGERS notifies us that the North American Mycological
Association's annual foray will be in Whistler, BC, Canada,
October 4-7, 1990.
There will be a working conference on Agaricus biology
relating to spawn biotechnology; early October, 1990, at the
University of Toronto, Erindale Campus. Contact: RICHARD
KERRIGAN or PAUL HORGEN for more information.
GRANTS for Shade Tree Research. Each year since 1975, the
International Society of Arboriculture has awarded grants for
research on shade trees. Usually fifteen $1500 grants per year
are awarded. Proposals must be received by December 1st each
year. For further information, reply to Shade Tree Labora-
tories, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.
Mycological Services Available
PARTHA BANERJEE will identify specimens of Pluteus, Section
Pluteus; notes and/or photos helpful but not required.
(Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, Illinois 62901)
MICHAEL CASTELLANO has offered to identify hypogeous basidio-
mycetes.
TERESITA ITURRIAGA offers to identify tropical discomycetes.
HAROLD W. KELLER will identify myxomycetes from living trees, and
any specimens from Arkansas.
RICHARD KERRIGAN offers to verify identities of Rgaricur
bzsporus and allied species (Section #ortenses) .
DANA L. RICHTER has cultures and specimens of Scleroderma spp.
(Gasteromycetes) .
MICHAEL G. RINALDI offers, for Federal agencies, to identify and
to do medical mycological testing of fungi. Contact him at the
Veterans Affairs Mycology Reference Laboratory, VA Hospital,
San Antonio, TX 78284.
WALTER J. SUNDBERG will identify specimens of L@piota sensu
lato; notes and/or photos helpful but not required.
RODHAM E. TULLOSS offers to identify collections of Amanita.
Please query first; field notes and/or color slide would be
very desirable.

Fungi Wanted
K. R. ANEJA wants pathogenic fungi of water hyacinth and
Parthenium hyster-ophorus.
J. L. BAPTISTA-FERREIRA wants cultures or specimens for isolation
of Lenrite.~ betuiina, L . warnieri, Pycnosporus cinnetharinus,
and Trametes gubarskii .
DAVID BERMUDES wants specimens of bioluminescent fungi
(especially Hycena spp.) .
MICHAEL CASTELLANO wants hypogeous fungi from tropical countries.
ALICE W. CHEN would like to receive (1) homokaryotic cultures of
Ganoderme spp., including G, iucidum (or cultures of
6. curtisii , the "old" name) and G. tsugae , and (2)
dikaryotic cultures from which the homokaryotic cultures were
derived.
DENNIS E. DESJARDIN wants specimens and cultures of Warasmius,
Marasmiell us and tdicromphaie (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales,
Tricholomataceae) from the Gulf Coast region.
JOHN LOUIS HARRIS wants cultures of psychrophilic , carotenoid-
producing fungi sent to him.
TERESITA ITURRIAGA wants specimens of the genus Pseudospiropes
(Hyphomycet es) .
HAROLD W. KELLER wants any myxomycetes from Arkansas.
RICHARD KERRIGAN wants cultures/spore prints of wild Rgaricus
bisporus and allied species (Section Hortenses) . Vouchers
are preferred, but not essential.
REINHOLD MANKAU wants isolates of nematode-trapping hyphomycetes
(Arthrohotrys, Monacrosporium, Dactylaria), and endoparasitic
fungi attacking nematodes. His laboratory is trying to build a
national collection.
H. P. MOLITORIS wants marine basidiomycetes and other marine
fungi from a depth below 200 meters.
DON PRUSSO wants specimens of Tulostoma and/or collection
data and locations of collections available for study. He will
be travelling through Montana, South and North Dakota,
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Wyoming, and northern Nebraska
during June and July collecting Tuiostoma and visiting any
herbaria that have collections of this genus. He asks that you
PLEASE let him know if you have specimens.
DANA L. RICHTER wants (or will trade) specimens of ScJeroderma
(Gast eromycetes) and records of occurrence.

STEVEN L. STEPHENSON wants collections of myxomycetes, especially
from areas of the world other than North America.
DIANE TE STRAKE wants isolates of Basidioholus sent to her.
RODHAM E. TULLOSS wants specimens of Amanita Section Amidella
of Canada and Mexico (e.g.,Amanita volvata s.l., and
Amanita peckiana s.l., or possibly diagnosed previously as
A. ponderosa, A. lepiotoides, A. valeus, etc.).
JORGE E. WRIGHT wants specimens of South American gasteromycetes,
especially members of the Lycoperdales and Tulostomatales would
be greatly appreciated.
Publications and Computer Programs
for Give-Away , Sale, or Exchange
E. S. BENEKE reported that Floyd M. Clum (810 N. West St., Falls
Church, Virginia 22046 -- phone 703-532-3147) has unbound
volumes of Mvcolouiq as follows: 1948, 1949 (July-August
missing), 1950-1974 and 1975 (January-February missing). He
also has most copies of Phvto~atholoqy from 1948-1963.
WILLIAM R. BURK has a variety of publications and/or computer
programs for sale. Please write to him for a listing.
GREGOIRE LAURENT HENNEBERT has available MUCL List of Cultures
of Fungi (Yeasts Included). +/- 5000 strains. 600 FB = +/-
$15.00 U.S.
JEROME MOTTA has authored -- A Proqrammed Guide for the
Cultivation of Funqi . It ii available from Mycotechnology
Services, 43 Randolph Road, Suite 145, Silver Spring, Maryland
20904. Guide Program plus User's Manual, $59.95; Demonstration
Disk, $5.00; User's Manual only, $10.00.
FRED RHOADES is building a library of the location of synoptic
keys developed with PC-TAXON. COMPress (the distributor of
PC-TAXON) will include the library listing with the program
when sold, and publish it from time to time in their newslet-
ter. Please let him know of any keys you have to share with
other readers. For each key, indicate (1) author, (2) taxon-
omic group, (3) key title, (4) nwnber of taxa, (5) .KEY size,
(6) .DES size, and (7) a description of for whom the key was
written, or for what applications it would be useful. All
contributors will receive the library listing and be put on a
mailing list for periodic update^.

HAGGIE ROGERS has back issues and current subscriptions to --
Mushroom, Thg Journal of Wild Mushrooming. Back issues are
$4.00 each, or $3.00 each for 3 or more copies. Though written
for amateurs, issues regularly contain professionally written
articles on mushrooms and fungi-related topics. Editor's
Note: Maygie sent two samples with her questionnaire, and they
are very interesting reading,
DIANE TE STRAKE has for sale (best offer) : (1) The Genera of
Funqi, 1957, Clements and Shear; (2) The Pyrenomycetous Funqi,
1975, Wehmeyer; (3) A_ Manual of Soil Funqi, 1945, Gilman;
(4) The Funqi, Volumes I and I1 (Second Printings, 1948 and
1949) , Wolf and Wolf.
ABRAHAM WEINTRAUB has for sale -- Bacterial Chemistry
Physioloqy (1950) by John Roger Porter. $25.00 + shipping.
(Address below in Employment Desired.)
New Books .by Members
CASTELLANO, M . A. , and J . M. TRAPPE. (Date?) . ky LQ 2bsxes ~f
Qe Genera of Hvpoueous hnSi 9f M&h Zemerats Esuxz&s. Mad
River Press, Eureka, CA. 186 pages, $24.95.
MOORE-LANDECKER, ELIZABETH. 1990. Fundamentals of the Funsi,
3rd edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632.
MEHROTRA, R. S., and K. R. ANEJA. 1990. &J Introduction to
Mvcoloqy. Wiley Eastern, Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Publications Needed
WILLIAM R. BURK needs a copy of the 1969 publication, Oft Told
Mushroom Recipes (from the Puget Sound Mycological Society) ,
and any children's books on fungi and mushrooms.
MARGARET M. CARREIRO needs (1) A Manual of the Penicillia by K.
Raper and C. Thom, (2) Die Mucorales, by H. Zycha, R. Siepmann,
and G. Linneman, and (3) A_ Compendium of Soil Funqi by Domsch,
W. Gams, and T. Anderson,
WILLIAM C. ELSIK needs any reprints dealing with spore or septa1
morphology.
JOHN LOUIS HARRIS needs any publications dealing with carotenoid-
producing fungi.

RICHARD KERRIGAN needs anything on taxonomy or distributions of
Agaricus spp., and old mushroom spawn catalogs.
DANA. L. RICHTER needs reprints with records of Scleroderra spp.
(Gasteromycetes) and associated hosts.
JOHANNES A. SCHMITT needs (1) publications about heavy metals and
radioactivity in wild mushrooms, and (2) Mvcolocria volumes
before 1985.
EMORY G. SIMMONS needs -- Mvcoloqia, vols. 43 and 44 (1951-52).
STEVEN L. STEPHENSON needs reprints on myxomycetes.
RODHAM E. TULLOSS needs (1) Mushroom Poisoninq by Linkoff and
Mitchell, and (2) reprints concerning Amanita from non-U.S.
journals of Western Hemisphere.
Vacancies for Mycologists
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN: A Postdoctoral Position is
available immediately to study at the molecular level the iron-
stress response of plants and plant-iron nutrition, as mediated
by microbial siderophores and phytosiderophores. Preference
will be given to applicants having prior experience with
recombinant DNA methods relevant to plant genes, including
techniques involving immunodetection of fusion proteins,
Western and Northern blotting or plant transformation. A
candidate might alternatively be considered who has experience
with cloning of genes from fungi. Please send curriculum
vitae, cover letter, and telephone numbers of three references
to DR. PAUL J. SZANISZLO, Department of Microbiology,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.
Assistantships and Fellowships
HARVARD UNIVERSITY: Fellowships including full tuition and
stipends are available to graduate students applying to the
Department of Organistic and Evolutionary Biology. Contact
DONALD H. PFISTER.
SUNY COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND FORESTRY: Research and
Teaching Assistantships available to graduate students inter-
ested in systematics, physiology, ultrastructure, ecology,
molecular biology, and genetic engineering of fungi, or forest
pathology , wood products pathology, or mycorrhizae. Contact
C.J.K. WANG, D.H. GRIFFIN, J.J. WORRALL, S.O. ROGERS, or W.A.
POWELL, SUNY College of ESF, Syracuse, NY 13120.

Employment Desired
K. R. ANEJA would like a research and/or teaching position.
ERIC W. A. BOEHM desires a post-doctoral position studying
karyotypes in the Uredinales using molecular biology tech-
niques. He is expecting to finish his Ph.D. degree in 1991
with DR. B. BUSHNELL (Minnesota, St. Paul) .
JOHN DADA would like to have an opportunity to do some postdoctoral
research with agarics, polypores, and gasteromycetes.
Dr. Dada completed his Ph.D. in Nigeria (19891, and would like
to spend 6-9 months studying in the U.S. prior to returning to
Nigeria and working on Nigerian fungi. Copies of Dr. Dada's
letter and curriculum vitae can be obtained from the M a
- Newsletter Editor.
ABRAHAM WEINTRAUB is very interested in part-time (no travel)
employment which will allow him to work at home preparing water
extracts for various experimental culture media used in studies
of nutritional requirements, 'growth promotion, sporulation,
seed germination, etc. He has his own equipment and new
techniques for both mycology and botany. Extracts are filtered
and sterile. He will prepare sterile solutions or sterile sand
for inoculation and suspension of fungal spores. A new wetting
agent is also available in sterile solution if desired.
Address: 2034 E 21st St., Brooklyn, New York 11229
DANIEL A. WUBAH is looking for an assistant professorship or a
post-doctoral position. He expects to complete his Ph.D, in
June, 1990. His research has dealt with development of
anaerobic, zoosporic fungi from the rumens of cattle, and has
been supervised by M. S. Fuller, University of Georgia.
Major Honors, Awards, and Promotions
K. R. ANEJA was promoted to the position of Reader in the
Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, India.
JOAN W. BENNETT was elected President of the American Society for
Microbiology, 1990-91.
KARL ESSER was awarded the Chevalier des Palmes Acadgmiques,
Republique Francaise (Knight of the French Order for
Scientists: Academic Palms).
BYONG KAK KIM received in 1988 the Seug Ji Award for Outstanding
Research in Mycology from the Korean Society of Mycology.
MICHAEL G. RINALDI was promoted to Professor of Pathology and
Medicine, effective September 1, 1989, at the University of
Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.

WALTER J. SUNDBERG recently was named "Outstanding Teacher,
College of Science" at Southern Illinois University. This
teaching honor is bestowed on only one of the 100+ faculty in
the College of Science each year.
MARVIN D. WHITEHEAD (Emeritus Member of MSA) reported that he had
been awarded in 1948 a departmental scholarship by the University
of Wisconsin, Madison.
Changes Affiliation Status
ERIC W. A. BOEHM presently is in the Cereal Rust Laboratory,
USDA, ARS (University of Minnesota)
BILL BRANDT will retire on June 30, 1990; he will retain the use
of his office and laboratory for three subsequent years, and
intends to continue research on Ucrticillium.
MARGARET M. CARREIRO has taken a position as a Postdoctoral
Associate at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY.
LISA JOY CERLIGIONE is now at Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research
Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey.
MARTHA CHRISTENSEN has retired from teaching at the University of
Wyoming, but will remain in the Department of Botany, and at
work on ecological aspects of soil fungi and Psnicillium
systematics and ecology, with support from industry and the
University.
CHESTER R. COOPER, JR. recently completed his Ph.D. under the
supervision of Paul Szaniszlo, and has taken a position as
Research Scientist at the Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and
Research, NYS Department of Health, Albany, NY. His thesis was
Induced parasexual senetic analysis of the imperfect pathosen
- of humans, WangieXla dcrmatitidis.
DENNIS E. DESJARDIN has accepted a position as Visiting Assistant
Professor of Biology at Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH.
ROBERT FOGEL in November, 1989, moved into a new laboratory
for fungal molecular systematics housed in the University
of Michigan Herbarium.
AL FUNK retired from the Pacific Forestry Center, Victoria, B.C.
in February, 1990.
GARY F. LEATHAM has moved to a new faculty position in the
Departments of Botany and Food Science, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI.

JON POLISHOOK is now at Merck, Sharp, & Dohme Research
Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey.
JEFFREY POMMERVILLE is a member of the Biology Department at
Glendale College In Glendale (Phoenix) , AZ.
ZAMIR K. PUNJA has joined the Department of Biological Sciences
at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., as Associate
Professor of Plant Pathology/Biotechnology, July 1, 1989.
ROBERT W. ROBERSON has taken a position as Assistant Professor of
Botany at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601.
HARRY THIERS retired from San Francisco State University in
January, 1989. Upon his retirement, the University named the
herbarium in his honor.
Notes and Comments
ERIC W. A. BOEHM wishes to know whether anyone in MSA has had
experience using computer image analysis from serial TEM
sections in reconstructing pachytene karyotypes Care such
systems available for use?). Also, he needs to know whether
anyone has experience using confocal (scanning laser light)
microscopy, and can recommend any DNA-binding fluorochromes
for examination of fungal nuclei in meiotic pachytene.
FRANCOISE CANDOUSSAU appeals to the generosity of the MSA
membership in order to found the first Mycoloqical Society of
Rumania. He begs MSA members to send all they can spare of-
their books and mycological publications to Dr. Mihai Toma, to
create the first mycological library in Rumania (Iasi). It
could not be founded before because of the dictatorship.
Dr. Mihai TOMA, Institutul Agronomic, Catedra de Botanica,
R.6600-IASI-6, Rumania.
MARTHA CHRISTENSEN reported that the "Second International
Penici l .l ium and Aspergill us Workshop" was held in Baarn
in early May, 1989. It was organized by Rob Samson and others
at CBS. Those attending from the U.S. and Canada included,
M. A. Christensen, M. Klich, E. Mullaney, S. Peterson, K. A.
Seifert, and J. W. Taylor.
Cultures in the late Kenneth B. Raper's collections of isolates
in Rspergillus, the 440-membered "WB" Collection referred
to in Genus Aspergillus (Raper and Fennell, 1965), can
now be obtained from ATCC, CBS, CMI and the University of
Alberta Microfungus Collection. Anyone interested in a
listing, by species and WB number, showing specific deposition
of the lyophilized preps made in 1964 may write to Dr. Martha
Christensen, Department of Botany, P.O. Box 3165, University
Station, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.

TERRENCE M. HAMMILL is Acting Chairman, Department of Biology at
SUNY-Oswego.
HAROLD W. KELLER sent a short article he wrote for the Arkansas .
Mycological Society Newsletter. I have reproduced a part of it
below as a request for directions to apple orchards and special
habitats for myxomycetes in the eastern United States.
SPECIAL COLLECTING SITES IN ARKANSAS
Our research on the Myxomycetes of Arkansas began over 30 years ago and
continues to yield species new to science or of special interest.
Professors James H. Hutchison .from Arkansas State University at Jonesboro
and Uno Eliasson from the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden are
actively involved with this research project. Directions to productive
collecting areas would help us expand our coverage and exploration
throughout Arkansas. For example, plantings of Red Cedar trees in
cemeteries or apple trees in apple orchards provide ideal sites for mxyos.
These trees should be 30 or more years old to be really productive. Myxo
sporangia develop on the main trunk axis and lateral branches, extending up
into the crown of the tree. Given optimal conditions of temperature and
rainfall, myoxs occur on living trees and vines in great profusion,
sometimes providing scattered sporangia covering an area of several feet.
Collection instructions are available upon request.
DONALD H. PFISTER volunteers to act as a clearing house for any
member of MSA who wants to give their Mycoloqia to an institu-
tion in a developing country.
RICHARD P. KORF reported that Andrea Irene Romero of the
University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, has accepted an Anna E.
Jenkins Predoctoral Fellowship in the Cornell University Plant
Pathology Herbarium in the summer of 1990.
GLORIA and FRED RHOADES announce the birth of a daughter, Emily,
on October 19, 1989.
WALTER J. SUNDBERG organized and hosted the annual Alexander'H.
Smith (midwest mycologist's) Foray and the annual meeting and
foray of the North American Mycological Association this past
fall at Touch of Nature, Southern Illinois University's outdoor
laboratory facility near Carbondale, Illinois.
MICHAEL TANSEY and the MSA Teaching Committee request informa-
tion about new mycology textbooks not included in the Committee's
1989 survey about mycology textbooks.
ABRAHAM WEINTRAUB has for sale a Revival Electric Table-Top
Sterilizer Model No. 12 in perfect working condition. (Address
above in Employment Desired.)

JORGE E. WRIGHT reported that Drs. David Minter and Paul Cannon
(IMC) visited the Laboratorio de Micologia, Dept. de Ciencias
Biologicas, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, during their
month-long visit to Argentina. Minter and Cannon organized the
I1 International Course on Ascomycetes, attended by 15 graduate
students from Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, and sponsored by
the CONICET-Royal Society agreement.
--Dr. Mario Rajchenberg spent two months in New Zealand'working
with Dr. P. Buchanan on polypores as part of his Guggenheim
Fellowship . Later he worked at BPI and NYBG, and visited
other laboratories in the USA.
--Voronica Suarez (a graduate student directed by J. Wright) has
worked on "Lycoperdales of Southern South America." A mono-
graph of Ahseoma has been sent to press.
--Laura D. de Yoledo recently has obtained her Ph.D. degree at
the University of Cordoba (Argentina) with her thesis on the
"Gasteromycetas of Center and Northwest Argentina."
--Clarice Loguercio Leite, University of Florianopolis, Brazil,
is finishing her thesis on the polypores of the Island of Santa
Catarina. She is a Fellow of the Brazilian Government, working
for her Ph,D. at the University of Buenos Aires.
--Dr. Monica Adler is working as a Research Associate of the
Argentine National Research Council on the Parmeliaceae of the
Province of Buenos Aires.
--Nora Scutari is working as a Research Associate of the Buenos
Aires Provincial Research Council on her thesis about
Physciaceae and Telochistaceae of Buenos Aires.
L
WANTED (ALIVE, PLEASE):
A GA RlCUS BISPORUS
A reward of up to $1 00 (US), plus costs, is offered
for cultures or viable spores of collections of
A. bisporus (= A. brunnescens?) and certain
related species. For details contact:
R. W. Kerrigan, Erindale Botany, University of
Toronto, Mississauga, ONT, CANADA L5L 1 C6
i 1

DON PFISTER sent along the following information about the BIOSIS
CONNECTION, suggesting that it be published in the Newsletter.
THE BIOSIS CCYNECTION
Biological Unity Throuqh Communications
The glory of the life sciences lies in their diversity. The
coverage list of BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS shows over 9,000 journals
published by (or for) thousands of scientific societies. Its
companion publication, BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTSIRRM (REPORTS,
REVIEWS, MEETINGS) reports on more than 1,000 meetings (s~onsored
by a society) each year.
Still, this array of organizations has suffered from its diver-
sity in that the life sicences have not coalesced to form the
large powerful member organizations found in our sister sciences
of chemistry, physics, medicine, and others.
This historical pressures that account for this phenomenon were
at least temporarily absent in 1927 when several societies con-
cluded a 10 year period of preparation (1) and incorporated
BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INC. (BIOSIS) as the not-for-profit cor-
oration it remains today. Since that time BIOSIS has provided a
degree of unification among diversity by becoming the preeminent
abstracting and indexing service for the life sciences. (2)
Now more than 60 years later, BIOSIS has developed a new service,
the BIOSIS CONNECTION, whose scope rivals the ambitious goals of
the 1927 founders.
BIOSIS is proud to include the Mycological Society of America
among the early adherents to the BIOSIS CONNECTION conce~t
through its membership in the BIOSIS CONNECTION Affiliate
Program.
Recognizing the benefits and problems of diversity, the BIOSIS
CONNECTION will employ'modern information technology as a focal
point for life science communications.
The first component of the BIOSIS CONNECTION concept to be imple-
mented is a computer-based, online information retrieva1,service.
With rare exceptions, the provision of online information
retrieval services has been dominated by commercial interests. .
The BIOSIS CONNECTION is beinq implemented by a not-for-profit
organization with many years of experience in this technology.
It will provide a sensitivity toward the scientific needs of our
colleagues.
As a not-for-profit activity, the CONNECTION expects to operate
in a more favorable economic posture. Profit oriented, add-on
charges will not be necessary, and the corporate overheads
present in many commercial services will not be applied.
The CONNECTION provides several specially prepared databases
derived from BIOSIS resources. The nature and scope of these
databases were defined by extensive market analysis and include
files of general research papers, patents. books and meetings.
Other subject-specific and general information files have also
been added.

Mechanisms are being built into the CONNECTION that will act to
generate business and sales of society publications and services.
In addition to the display of information on books, journals,
meetings, course offerings, etc., the system includes ~rocedures
for online (direct or indirect) ordering of these items.
Recognizing that "computer literacy" varies widely among life
scientists, the BIOSIS CONNECTION allows two modes of access to
its information. A "menu" system is self-instructing and
requires no prior experience in online retrieval. An "expert"
system is also present for those with the requisite background.
/ The online system(3) are but a part of an eventual arra.y of
services to facilitate business, publication, and scientific
needs as a service to our community.
A key element in planning and development for the BIOSIS CON-
NECTION, the new Affiliate Program (which MSA has joined)
includes a variety of coportunities for life science organiza-
tions. Affiliates are encouraged to provide input concerning new
publications, meeting information, employment opportunities, and
other useful facts to be carried as parts of the BIOSIS CONNEC-
TION online database.
The addition of databases will be integrated by Affiliate
advisory procedures, and candidates are sought for the CONNECTION.
Once evaluation has been completed, a variety of database su~port
methods are available. Scientifically critical material may
receive full or partial funding from BIOSIS CONNECTION resources.
Cooperative projects will be encouraged, and of course, outside
sponsorship can be utilized. While resources are limited, t.he
CONNECTION plans for referral databases which will record
collections of information available, together with their loca-
tions and conditions. for use.
As a further incentive to the Affiliate Program, BIOSIS will pro-
vide CONNECTION services at discounted rates to members of Affili-
ate Program societies.
The BIOSIS Board Trustees has endorsed the BIOSIS CONNECTION
concept by providing multi-year funding for the basic online
service. This commitment to communications as a means of
achieving unification among diversity provides life scientists all
over the world with a focal point that will benefit the advance-
ment of research.
For further inf5rmation ........................................
(1 ) W.C. Steere: BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS/BIOSIS pp 1-3, Plenum Press
1976.
(2) The BIOSIS database contains more than eight million records
BIOSIS will abstractlindex over 530,000 reports in 1989.
A.M. Elias
Director
Marketing & Distribution Division

FUNGAL COLLECTION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA STATE MUSEUM
by Margaret R. Bolick. Curator and
Charles L. Messenger, Collections Manger
The Division of Botany of the University of Nebraska State
Museum (UNSM) consists of the 300,000 specimen C.E. Bessey
Herbarium (Herbarium acronym: NEB) and a small paleobotanical
collection. The fungal collections-were ranked as 25th in size
nationally by Payen et al. (19741. At that time there were an
estimated 30,000 specimens. Our current best estimate of the size
of the fungal collections after the addition of specimens from the
Department of Plant Pathology is between 50,000 and 60,000
specimens.
HI STORY
The antecedent of the present University of Nebraska State
Museum was mandated by the Board of Regents at their first meeting
in 1871. Samuel Aughey was appointed the first professor of
natural history in 1874 By 1875 he had produced a "Catalog of
the Flora of Nebraska." William Cleburne, however, soon became
the major contributor of specimens to the herbarium. Beginning in
the 18701s, Cleburne collected actively for the herbarium until
the turn of the century.
The herbarium began to .flourish when Charles E. Bessey was
hired in 1886. Although Bessey contributed relatively few
specimens to the herbarium himself, his students became indefati-
gable collectors and a strong exchange program was maintained.
Several of Besseyls students went on to become prominent
mycologists; among these were his son Ernst A. Bessey, Frederick
E. Clements, Cornelius L.Shear, and Frederick A. Wolf.
The group of Besseyls students established the "Botanical
Seminar" or "Bot. Sem." that took as its project a botanical
survey of the state. Rosc,oe Pound and Frederick Clements col-
laborated on collections of fungi during this ~eriod. Clements
named many new species in the four issues of the Report of the
Botanical Survey qf Nebraska (1892-1896). Many o f e z s r
fungal holotypes collected during this early period are deposited
at NEB.
FUNGAL COLLECTIONS AT NEB
--
There are 56 types for which we have verified the citations:
most of these are holotypes from Clements and Pound. In addition
there are another 80 specimens marked as material on which new
taxa were based that are in the process of verification.
Several of' Bessev's students and succeeding Nebraska
mycologists made extensive collections of fungi from the state.
They are J M.'Bates, F.E Clements, E.E. Dale, N.F. Peterson, R J.
Pool, W.W. Ray, P.A. Rydberg. DeA. Saunders, E.C. Tullis, L.B.
Walker, H.J Webber, and A.F. Woods.

The exchange program begun at +he end of the last century was
extensive. Among the North American and European collections re-
presented are C.F. Baker, California and Pacific Slope Fungi: E.
Bartholomew. North American Uredinales and Fungi Columbiana: E.
Bethel, Colorado Flora--Fungi: Brenckle, Fungi Dakotensis, F.E.
and E.S. Clements,-Cryptogamae Formationum Coloradensium: M.A.
Curtis, eastern United States; Ellis, North American Fungi; Ellis
and Everhart, North American Fungi and Fungi Columbiana: W.G.
Farlow; D. Griffiths, West American Fungi; C.A. Hart, Economic
Fungi: E.W. Holway, North American Fungi; W.A. Kellerman, Ohio
Fungi, Kellerman and Swingle, Kansas Fungi; Linhart, Fungi
Hungarici; A. Ludwig, Mycotheca Germanica; G. Oertel, Mycot.heca
Germanica; C.G. Pringle, Arizona: Ravenel, Fungi. Caroliniana: L.
Romell, Fungi Exsiccati Praesertim Scandinavici; A.B. Seymour and
F.S. Earle. Economic Fungi; C.L. Shear,'New York Fungi: E.P.
Sheldon, Plant of the Minnesota Valley: Sydow, Mycotheca Germanica
and Ustilagineen; Thumen, Mycotheca Universalis and Herb. Mycol.
Oeconomicum; W. Trelease. North American Fungi; USDA BPI Plant
Disease Survey; University of California Herbarium, California
Fungi; Vestergren, Micromycetes Rariores Selecti: and C. Wright.,
Cuba.
CURRENT WORK: FUNGAL ---
CONSERVATION PROJECT
In the fall of 1987, Messenger and Bolick tested the pH of a
sample of the paper packets in which the fungal collections were
held, the sheets on which the packets wee mounted, and the labels.
The pH of the packet and mounting papers ranged from 3 to 4.5 and
that of the label paper, from 3 to-5. As the survey indicated
that new papers and label deacidification were needed, a grant to
the Institute of Museum Services (IMS) Conservation Grant Program
was prepared and submitted.
In August 1988, NEB was not.ified that funding had been
awarded by the IMS. The conservation project was begun in October
1988. Grant funds were used to ourchase new storage cabinet.^ and
acid-free, 100 percent rag paper for new packets. The grant also
provided funds to'bring a paper conservator, Robert A: McCarroll,
from the Rockey Mountain Conservation Center in Denver, Colorado
to teach the staff how to treat the specimens and labels.
The University of Nebraska's matching funds for the grant
were used, in part, to purchase the supplies and eaui~ment needed
to establish a basic paper conservation laboratory. Work is now
in progress on repackaging the fungal specimens in acid-free, 100
percent rag packets and deacidifying the specimen labels.
REQUEST - FOR MYCOLOGISTS BORROW SPECIMENS
NEB would like to encourage all mycologists doing revi-
sionary or floristic studies to check with us when planning their
loans. We would be happy to loan you our material and would
appreciate any offers to annotate specimens.
REFERENCE
Payne, W.W., T.B. Croat, M.E. Hale, P.K Holmgren, 9. McVaugh,
1974. Systematic Botany Resources In American, Part I.
Survey and Preliminary Ranking. New York: New York
Botanical Garden. 88p.

Apply now for the
James W. Sinden Scholarship
The James W. Sinden Scholarship Committee of the American Mushroom Institute
is pleased to announce the availability of a single scholarship of up to
$2,500. to be awarded on a yearly basis to a graduate student conducting
dissertation research involving edible mushrooms and/or other edible fungi.
The fund has been established in the name of Dr. James Sinden in recognition
of his outstanding contributions to the science and industry related to the
commercial mushroom.
Applicants will be accepted until May 1, 1990 after which the Committee reserves
the right of refusal. Will need:
.Undergraduate and graduate transcripts;
.Four letters of recommendation - two of which should be from
persons familiar with your academic record.
.Results of the Aptitude Section (quantitative and verbal) of
the Graduate Record examination. Dates GRE was taken.
.One page statement of the thesis research project and career plans.
.Copy of application for admittance to University (if available).
.List of current scholarships or grants if any to support your
research activities.
Applicants must adhere to financial policies relative to the grant as stated by
the J.W. Sinden Scholarship Committee.
Applications available from:
Dr. James W. Sinden Scholarship Committee
!&erican Mushroom Institute
907 E. Baltimore Pike
Kennett Square, PA 19348
(215) 388-7806
EDITOR'S NOTE: Although the application deadline does not appear
to be an absolute one, it may be too late for applications to be
submitted to the Sinden Scholarship Committee this year.
However, readers can be prepared for future years, and the News-
letter can run a similar notice in the October issue.

THE ALEXANDER H. AND HELEN V. SMITH RESEARCH FUND
The Awards Committee for this fund will be pleased to receive
inquiries and applications regarding the use of this fund. Since
the Mycological Society of America is meeting the latter part of
June this year the deadline for receipt of applications is May 1,
1989
The primary purpose of the fund is to encourage study of speci-
mens of fungi collected by Alexander H. Smith and his associates.
These collections, and materials relating to them, are currently
deposited at the University of Michigan Herbarium. The Fund will
will distribute grants-in-aid to cover all or a significant part
of the expense of coming to the Herbarium and working with the
collections or materials related to them.
Grants may be made available to members of the Mycological Socie-
ty of America who are working actively on the taxonomy or
floristics of the fleshy fungi. They should be to a point in
their studies where having full access to Alex's material would
advance the applicant's work. These grants will not be used for
preliminary studies of possible lines of investigation.
Applications for a grant should include 1) a proposal indicating
how the study of Alex's specimens and manuscripts would advance
the applicants work, 2) an estimated budget to cover all or part
of the anticipated expenses (e.g., travel, per diem, copying),
and 3) a current curriculum vitae.
Recipients will be chosen by an awards committee designated by
the President of the Mycological Society of America. In addi-
tion, the agreement of the Director of the University of Michigan
Herbarium to have the potential recipient(s) work there must be
obtained before the grant is awarded.
A copy of the complete guidelines or further information may be
obtained from: Harry D. Thiers
Department of Biology
San Francisco State University
San Francisco, CA 94132
The Mycological Society of America will be pleased to accept
donations to the fund; those interested are urged to send their
contributions to the Treasurer of the Society.
EDITOR'S NOTE: The date at the end of the first paragraph
probably should have been 1990, and the deadline may be past by
the time this issue of the Newsletter is received by readers.
However, there is additional information in the notice, and a
similar notice can be prepared for the October issue.

Mycological Papers, No. 161
ASPERGILLUS SPECIES ON STORED
PRODUCTS
CAB International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AF, UK
Aspergillus is a major cause of deterioration and spoilage amongst a wide range of stored
materials,particularly foodstuffs. Many species produce toxins harmful to the consumer, and
exposure to their spores may result in respiratory allergies. Others are employed in the commercial
preparation of widely used oriental foods, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics and industrial acids. Rapid
accurate identification to species in these contexts is essential.
New criteria for species determination based largely upon scanning electron microscope studies of
spore ornamentation are presented. Isolates associated with stored products, representing 137
Aspergillus taxa in eleven species groups, are included.
Phenotypic variation relative to the environment and genetic backgrounds Is considered. Results are
used to delimit species boundaries, to evaluate the strength of traditional characters and to review the
taxonomic status of species associated with food and the domestic environment.
Six established varieties are retained as such. Twelve species are reduced to varietal rank and a
further six reduced to synonymy. Six varieties are raised to species rank and another two species re-
established.
Alterations, brought about by revision of the ~otanicai'code in 1981, have resulted in name changes
for a number of Aspergillus anamorphs, particularly in Eurotium and Neosartorya. Seven name
chan,ges in the A. glaucus and (Eurotium) group, and three in the A. fumigatus group (Neosartorya), are
proposed.
Keys to species are provided, based on traditional characters and on scanning electron microscope
features.
(June 1989) 188 Pages ISBN 0 851 98 632 3
Price including postage:
£30.00 UK US$56.00 Americas £33.00 Elsewheree

(An. infomtive thrill a page. )) - Li6rary J oud
gfyoujre interested in mushrooms and the
ou~ors, you s f d 6e reading Mushroom,
the youd, 6ecause &is is just a sample gf
wfurt welve already avered:
lssue 1 (Fall 1983) - Artistic Spore Prlnts (Here's how to make them);
Mushrooms at the Summit (Cralg Clalborne shares hls reclpe from
Willlamsburg); What Makes a Good Fleld Gulde? (Nlne of those avallable
In 1983 are evaluated)
issue 2 (Wlnter 1983-84) - Toxins end Halluclnogens (The slow-teact
mushrooms are the most deadly); The Woodrotters (Lumbar may coma to
you wlth fungl In place)
lssue 3 (Sprlng 1984) - For the Flrst Tlme (How do you know when to go
out In sprlng?); Keys (An introduction to a vital tool)
lssue 4 (Summer 1984) - NO LONGER AVAILABLE
lssue 5 (Fall 1984) - Growlng Your Own Oysters (It's not difficult to get
started); Mushroom Bandits (You have some tough competltlon out there)
lssue 6 (Winter. 1984-85) - NO LONGER AVAILABLE
lssue 7 (Spring 1985) - The Merkle (Eugene J. McCerthy phllosophlzes);
A Critlque of the Photos In the Audubon Fleld Guide (By Gary Llncoff)
issue 8 (Summer 1985) - Key for Use wlth the Audubon Fleld Guide (By
Gary Llncoff); Just for the Smell of It (Bringlng your nose into play can help
with Identiflcatlon)
lssue 9 (Fall 1985) - The Inky Caps (Autodlgestion makes them special)
lssue 10 (Wlnter 1985-86) - The Macgruder Statements (Ten Interested
parties comment on overplck); All Klnds of Baskets (it's possible to have
many, but never too many)
lssue 21 (Fall, 1988) - Anclent Forests (We need lo save some); To Russla
with Mushrooms; Get Started in Cuitlvatlon by Going to Garage Sales;
issue 11 (Spring 1986)- Find Those Morels (Wlth advlce from the wlnner of
the national morel-hunting champlonshlp); The 1,2,3.4,5 of Starting Out (The
experts come close to agreement on how beginners should proceed)
lssue 12 (Summer 1986) - Controlllng the Mushrooms of Norway; Lumplng
and Splltling (There are fewer, or more, species. depending on which camp
you're in)
Where the Yangtse Bends
Issue 22 winter, 1988-89) - A Wlnter Project (Start planning for Sprlng);
Armlllaria Is Blg in Idaho(lt's called root rot); What's Happening wlth Amanita
Phalloides?
Issue 23 (Spring, 1989) - What's Holdlng up Tame Morels? (The patent was
issued a long time ago); Are They Raking Our Truffles to Death? And yes,
Can Own tuber hound
lssue 13 (Fail 1986) - The Chanterelle; Cultlvatlng Morels (wlth detalls of
the newly-patented process); Should Sale of Wlld Mushrooms be Regulated?
(The F wd and Drug Admlnistratlon thinks so)
lssue 14 (Winter 1986-87) - Fungal Allergy; The Big Problem In Alaska is
Underpick (or, maybe, bears); You Can Grow the Garden Glanl In Your -ad &is is ~fi(Lt we'a
Backyard
Issue 15 (Spring 1987) - NO LONGER AVAILABLE
lssue 16 (Summer 1987) - The Chiggers Are Out There (but you can foil
most of them); Chuck Barrows Looks Back (and sldeways and to the future)
lssue 17 (Fall 1987) -The Nutrltional Value of Mushrooms (It's qulle specles
speclflc); The FDA Issues Its Mushroom Interpretation (and leadlng
rnushrwmers react)
lssue 18 (Winter 1987-88) - The 20 Most Beautiful Mushrooms (wlth no
swimsuit competltlon to complicate thlngs); Early Mushroom Manuals In the
U.S. (One was wrltten by a death-defylng tastetester)
lssue 19 (Sprlng, 1988) - The Definitive WIrd on Mycorrhizae (They're
Important lo more than just mushrooms); Llfe In the Bog; You Can Cook with
Splrlt end Spirlts
lssue 20 (Summer, 1988) - Deadly Humor (How mushroomers joke about
danger); Mushrooms Decllne In 10 European Countrles; Using the Microscope
(An Introduction by Leo Tanghe); Pronounce it Correctly (or be In good
company)
dklive-r in tfie +re:
your satisfizction. @urrante46.
Send check or money order (not a purchase order) to:
Mushroom, Box 31 56, University Station,
Moscow, Idaho 83843
Name:
Address:
Zip Code:
issues (Subscrlptlons are $16 a year for four issues. In Canada, mark
checks "US dollars." Subscriptions have to begin with the next
Issue, but back Issues, If available, can be ordered separately
at $4 each postpald (or three or more at $3 each postpald).
are $4 eucfi postpaid
($3 each for 3 or more)
i

L. F. LAMBERT SPAWN CO., INC. -- Producers of edible fungi
cultures and spawn -- P.O. Box 407, Coatesville,
Pennsylvania 19320.
LANE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT CO. -- Complete line of mushroom storage
cabinets, especially herbarium cabinets, airtight for
permanent protection -- 225 West 34th Street, Suite 1412,
New York, NY 10122. (212) 563-0663.
MERCK SHARP & DOHME RESEARCH LABORATORIES, Division of Merck &
Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065.
MILES, INC. -- Pharmaceutical and chemical research and
manufacture -- Elkhart, Indiana 46515.
MYCOTAXON, LTD. -- Publishers of Mycotaxon, an international
journal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of fungi and
lichens -- P.O. Box 264, Ithaca, New York 14851.
TED PELLA INC., PELCO -- Transmission and scanning electron
microscopy instruments and supplies -- P.O. Box 2318,
Redding, California 96099.
PFIZER, INC. -- Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals by means of
microorganisms -- 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017.
(203) 441-4100.
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC. -- World- leader in genetic
research for agriculture -- 7250 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston,
Iowa 50131. (516-5) 270-4100.
ROHM AND HAAS CO. -- Specialty monomers, polymers, industrial
biocides , and agricultural chemicals -- Research
Laboratories, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477.
SCHERING CORPORATION -- Pharmaceutical Research & Development --
Orange St., Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003.
SMITHKLINE BEECHAM PHARMACEUTICALS, P.O. Box 7929, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19101.
SPAWN MATE, INC. --- Delayed release nutrient supplements,
research labs and technical service, and products for the
mushroom industry -- P.O. Box 1990, Santa Cruz, CA 95061
TRIARCH INCORPORATED -- Quality prepared microscope slides,
catalog-listed, or custom prepared to your specifications --
Ripon, Wisconsin 54971.
UNIROYAL CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC. -- Producers of crop protection/
production chemicals; fungicides, insecticides, miticides,
herbicides, plant growth regulants, and foliar nutrients --
70 Amity Road, Bethany, Connecticut 06525
THE UPJOHN COMPANY -- Pharmaceutical Research and Development --
301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007.
PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH DIVISION, WARNER-LAMBERT COMPANY, 2800
Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

Terrence M. Hammili, Editor
Mycological Society of America NEWSLETTER
B-18A Piez Hall
SUNY College at Oswego
Oswego, New York 13126
USA
NONPROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
OSWEGO, NY
PERMIT NO. 317
There are three inserts:
A. The MSA Newsletter Questionnaire (blue)
B. The Employee/Ernployer Data Form (green -- new address for Bob
Pohlad)
C. An MSA Newsletter Survey (yellow)