GB_1 -Selection of oil-bearing rose in Bulgaria

2011
Online Version ISSN: 1314-412X
Volume 3, Number 3
September 2011

Georgi Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)
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Online Version ISSN: 1314-412X
2011
Volume 3, Number 3
September 2011

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 3, No 3, pp 189 - 192, 2011
Genetics and Breeding
Selection of oil-bearing rose in Bulgaria – tendencies and perspective
N. Kovatcheva*
Institute of Roses, Essential and Medical Cultures, 49 Osvobozhdenie, 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria
Abstract. The oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill.f.trigintipetala Dieck) is of priority economic importance to Bulgaria, whose products are entirely export
oriented. The main limiting factor for its development are meteorology conditions throughout the growing season. These abiotic factors have exerted a growing
influence in recent years, resulting in reduced production traits. The direction of the selection of the oil-bearing rose is associated with offering high-variety,
selection of promising branches resistant to abiotic stress. Given the rich gene fund of the assembly origin, variety, hybrids at the Institute of Roses, Essential
and Medical Cultures, Bulgaria, a lection program has been developed that reflects the main stages of research.
Keywords: oil-bearing roses, selection, gene fund
Introduction Preservation of genetic resources of oil-bearing
Kazanlak rose (Rosa damascena Mill.f.trigintipetala Dieck) has
roses
been the subject of research for more than 90 years, the beginning of
this activity was placed in the experimental field in Kazanlak in 1922.
Today the oil-bearing rose is a major essential oil plant for our
country. It is grown in the traditional for this production area of the
Rose Valley. At present in our country the population of the Kazanlak
rose has increased and it occupies almost 100% of the areas in the
country. The population is an amalgamation of selected promising
origin. It will maintain a certain standard of Bulgarian rose oil and
ensure its excellent quality. From the selected Bulgarian varieties
there are also some limited areas and basically maintained at the
Institute of Rose. Each of them is characterized by productive
indicators and quality of essential oil (DSK, 1993), it is also an
assessment of mixtures, obtained by mechanical mixing in a certain
proportion (Kovacheva et al., 2010).
A great interest is manifested to other types of oil rose producing
high quality essential oils and resistant to major diseases and pests.
Special attention is paid to the white damask rose (Rosa alba L.). In
recent years its essential oil has received high perfume rating
worldwide. In the past it was present in greater extent in the
plantation, alongside with R.damascena Mill. White damask rose is
cold resistant, twice as higher yield of fresh color, but low in essential
oil content. In our country varieties and types of oil rose with different
type of rose oil are introduced. This makes it impossible to use it in
production now. Over the past ten years a significant reduction of the
obtained rose oil from the unit feedstock has been observed.
As a result of research work conducted at in the Institute of
Roses, Essential and Medical Cultures (IREMC), Bulgaria a
valuable gene fund of oil rose has been selected, part of which is
preserved to this day. Much of the breeding material in their origin
are extremely important for our rose production, because they are
unique and no possibility of re-selects. The rose plants from which
they were transferred no longer exist. The Institute has a rich
collector's garden, including selected origin of oil-bearing roses and
introduced species and varieties, hybrids, 50 ha planted with oil-
bearing rose, accredited research laboratory for the analysis of raw
materials and essential oils, 1 ha of cultivation equipment, laboratory
for distillation, semi-and industrial distilleries. IREMC is located in
the Rose Valley in Kazanlak valley, which geographically belongs to
the eastern beyond the mountain fields, with length from west to east
about 60 km and width ranging from several hundred meters to 13
km. Soil refers to leached maroon-forest soils with little food stocks in
the layer 0-60 cm. The climate is transient continental and relatively
soft. Winter is warmer and summers cooler than in the neighboring
regions of Kazanlak - Gabrovo, Stara Zagora and Chirpan
(Clim.guide, 1973). From the elements of climate with direct impact
on the development of the oil-bearing rose the annual amount of rain
and air temperature are important. The average annual temperature
is around 11 º C and annual rainfall - 654 mm.
Climatic factors are one reason for the hesitant yields in years.
Despite the achievements of the Bulgarian selection, this problem
has emerged as major in the coming years. The aim of this paper is
Results of selection work in Bulgaria and
perspective of development
to present selection guidelines of oil-bearing rose in the Institute of
Roses, Essential and Medical Cultures (IREMC),Kazanlak,
Bulgaria.
Selection work with the oil-bearing rose in Bulgaria has gone
through several stages. The first studies were designed to study
* e-mail: n.kovatcheva@abv.bg
189

iodiversity patterns in the population of the oil rose and a choice of material from which to obtain maximum essential oil. The quantity of
highly productive origin (Nikolov, 1924; Topalov, 1961, Staykov, essential oil per unit of raw material forms its cost, too.
1965). For 22 years there has been extensive research in Competitiveness of Bulgarian rose oil depends not only on its quality,
plantations located throughout the Valley of Roses. A total of 365 but on the market price as well. An important trend in job search is to
origins of the Kazanlak Rose have been investigated found and shape the content of essential oil in flower up to 0.05%.
transferred from 87 rose plantations to 33 villages of the main rose- Furthermore, high economic performance and quality of
production farms, representing about 95-97% of all areas of this crop essential oil is searched, a condition for the success of a breeding
in our country. Astadzhov (1988) creates a number of improved program is the compliance with the biological requirements and
populations. Selected are the first varieties of rose oil - Iskra physiological changes in the plant. Climatic factors (temperature,
(Astadzhov, 1978) and Svejen (Staykov and Astadzhov, 1975), relative humidity, rainfall, wind) are important conditions for the
winners for better productivity of rose flower 6500-8000 kg/ha and normal flowering of the bushes. With climate change in recent years
high content of essential oil, average 0.055 %. a substantial fall in yields of oil rose to fresh flower and essential oil
Due to concerns of breeders for losing the quality of rose oil has been observed. Significantly increased the yield (the quantity of
(Nikolov et al., 1977), oil rose is reproduced by vegetative means. raw material needed to obtain 1 kg of product), which affects the cost
For the same reason, the use of hybrids in production in our country of the product rose oil and its competitiveness. An important
is not allowed. Seeking opportunities to induce the desired qualities - dimension of the work is to assess the stability and adaptability to
cold resistance and high resistance to disease, however, breeders economic indicators available for the production of varieties.
still use the methods of hybridization (Popova and Kozhuharova, The oil-bearing rose is often lost from cold, in greater or lesser
1987; Staykov and Kalaidjiev, 1972; Kovacheva, 2010). Forms with extent. Sometimes the losses are significant and in some places
good productive performance are obtained, highly resistant to they reach 80% (Staykov, 1965). At rest bushes withstand extremely
diseases, but with the type of essential oil different than the low temperatures and at -30°C freeze purposes shrubs. A problem,
standard. however, are early autumn-winter and late winter-spring frosts.
By the methods of hybridization in Russia and the Ukraine Depending on weather conditions, this type of frost occurs in 4-5
(Demidov, 1983; Nazarenko, 1983, 1989) many new varieties have years. The last greater frost was observed in 2006 in separate micro
been created, in most cases Kazanlak rose oil is involved in the areas of the Rose Valley, particularly in the plantations on the
crossing combinations. Despite the good performance of the southern slopes of Stara Planina. Losses of flower are in direct
selected varieties (cold tolerance, high yield, resistance to rust and contact with the nature and extent of frost. In most cases this
black leaf spots), all authors confirm that the highest quality of reduces the overall adaptability of the plant and the stability of its
essential oil is from Kazanlak rose (Nazarenko, 1989). As one of the yield. According to our authors (Decheva and Koseva, 1978), there
most reliable crosses recommended is the combination Rosa is a correlation between cold resistance and sugar content. In the
damascena Mill. with Rosa gallica L., the latter is particularly most critical period after mid-January, however, such dependence is
resistant to rust (Staykov, 1965). not observed. Although temperatures vary from +7 to -8 º C, sugars
The introduction and testing of new types and origins is a priority decreased continuously. In that period rose is the least cold
in breeding work. Studies in this direction (Kovacheva et al., 2006; resistant. There is also a close correlation between the content of
Kovacheva, 2008) allow the use of certain types of the Rosa genus oxygen solubility metabolites and cold resistance of the oil-bearing
as good parental donors. The main task in breeding programs is to rose (Karpova, 1992). With the accumulation of anthocyanins in the
increase productivity. It is a function of several interrelated rose buds their cold tolerance increases. Given the research and
processes. A balanced combination of morphological and results, it is quite justifiable to seek higher cold tolerance. But the end
physiological characteristics and the adaptive potential of species result - maintaining the quality of Bulgarian rose oil, significantly
reflects on their ability to use more fully the environmental factors limits the methods of selection. In the 1990s Tsvetkov (1984),
and achieve higher yield (Kovacheva et al., 2010). Singh and included radiation and chemical mutagenesis in the selection of oil
Kayiyar, (2001), explore the possibility of increasing the efficiency of rose. He created two varieties, with high cold tolerance. Under
the selection process for the oil-bearing rose and examined the natural conditions, frost them are 14-16% (59% of the population)
correlation and direct effects between symptoms, which and at temperatures -30 ° C, respectively, 15-26% (50% of the
characterize productivity. They determine that the larger diameter of population). Varieties are highly resistant to rust and black leaf spots
the plant /associated with vegetative growth/ is an undesirable with quality rose oil within the standard.
attribute in Rosa damascena, as there is less direct effect on the In some years, and recently more often, favorable conditions for
formation of yield. The basis of selection for high productivity, mass distribution of economically important diseases in the oilnumber
of flower buds of the plant, number of flowering branches bearing rose are created. The reduction in yield is significant. Not
and average weight of flower must be taken into account, because of always the removal of chemical control is successful, in most cases it
the high positive correlation with the yield from 1 plant. There have is associated with increased cost. There are cases in which misuse
been correlations between the components of essential oils that can of pesticides gives a negative impact on the final product.
be used to compile breeding programs and are able to increase the Undoubtedly, the creation of varieties tolerant to this type of stress
effectiveness of the choice (Kovacheva et al., 2007; Kovacheva, would lead to greater efficiency of production. Unfortunately, with the
2007). Considering the obtained results, as the primary task traditional methods of selection such a result would hardly be
required continuous improve work with the existing population and achieved. Genetic engineering would be more effective in the case,
selection of branches with high economic performance and quality but according to current law, the country has banned the release of
essential oil. genetically modified crops including the oil-bearing rose.
Rose oil is entirely an export product. In this sense, market Following a change of ownership, the profile of rose-production
requirements are closely linked to maintaining the quality of industry entirely changed to an extent influenced to standard
traditional Bulgarian rose oil. Rose-oil producers strive for high and Bulgarian rose oil. It is known that, depending on soil and climatic
stable yields and rose manufacturing prefers high quality raw conditions, the quality of rose oil in the various micro-areas is
190

different. In the past, standardization was achieved by mixing of oils. lVariety
support selection by individual choice with follow-up
In current conditions this method of organization does not apply and biological and chemical properties of the origin.
all firms that make rose oil are forced to offer a product that is The source material is stored in a collector's garden consisting
obtained as a result of all the factors (natural, technological, etc.). of a collector and hybrid garden. Regarding the symptoms cold
Considering the environmental characteristics of different regions resistance and high resistance to disease, varieties have been
and the condition for preserving the quality of the Bulgarian rose oil, established. Many hybrids and forms, obtained by self-pollinationm
the positive effect will enrich the population with perspective origins, have been created. Other types of roses from foreign collector
implementation on a larger scale of selected varieties and types of gardens are also introduced.
white rose (Rosa alba L.). Under their rate of participation in creating In future work will be aimed at choice of form of various
a plantation in order to maintain the standard Bulgarian rose oil is production plants and other environmental areas. Given the
one of the tasks in further work. Combining a large number of methodology of the choice and ownership of plantations, this task is
samples with different composition of oil helps to enrich the extremely challenging. The new forms in the gene fund and breeding
composition of oil produced since it achieves its mixing even when materials are explored in phenology and a set of phenotypic features
picking flowers in plantations. - biometric, productive, quality. The final evaluation for the selection
Products of Damascus Rose - essential oils, concretes, of appropriate material selection are the sense of smell qualities of
absolutes, rose water and extracts are most widely used in the rose oil. The approved source plants are cut in spring and in
perfumery, cosmetics and aromatherapy. In recent years studies summer, from the branches seedlings are rooted obtained by the
reinforce the benefit of rose products in the field of medicine. established method of green cuttings. The resulting rooted roses
Antibacterial, antimicrobial activity, anti-HIV activity of the products from the base of plants / trees / are planted for comparative study of
of rose oil are reported (Jirovetz et al., 2006; Mahmood et al., 1996; the branches. Evaluation of the forms is made in the third year of
Özkan, 2004). Toxicology studies of essential oil are in support of its planting. The standard selection process followed to include forms
safety (Tablizi et al., 2003). The interest and demand for antioxidants and it showed a good overall assessment in experimental fields,
of plant origin has increased and many studies are associated with
oil rose and its products ( Kumar at al., 2008; Ulusoy at al., 2009;
Achuthan and al., 2003). We expect that positive results in research
pre-variety test and competitive variety trials.
in this direction will enable the creation of new pharmaceutical
products and generic products of rose oil in medicine. In this regard, Conclusion
one of the objectives in the selection of oil rose in Bulgaria will focus
on establishing new models which could be isolated in more certain
ingredients needed in medicine.
To achieve that objective, research is aimed at:
lEnrichment of the germplasm with new forms including other
types of oil rose from foreign collections; samples of genus Rosa of
the Bulgarian flora, foreign varieties and origins, origin from
plantation. Exploration and differentiation of origin by directions
depending on their application in the selection and especially the
IREMC is a fundamental and unique center for research and
development of essential oil production in Bulgaria. It stores genetic
resources of oil-bearing rose. As a result of breeding work forward.
Enrichment of the germplasm with new forms, types, varieties,
hybrids, origins. Developing a more effective method for initial
evaluation of the forms in terms of essential oil content using single
flower. Selection of forms, olders of valuable industrial properties for
organic farming and direction medicine. Greater involvement of
Rosa alba L. as self-direction in production and as a source material
quality of essential oil. The most common type of grouping content
for selection.
become the main components and their relationship.
lA comparative study of origins. Enrichment of the population
with perspective origin, carriers of valuable economic characteristics
and quality of essential oil. References
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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 3, No 3, 2011
CONTENTS 1 / 1
Genetics and Breeding
Selection of oil-bearing rose in Bulgaria – tendencies and perspective
N. Kovatcheva
Combining ability of mutant maize line. I. Number of rows in the ear
M. Ilchovska
Freezing of day 5 and 6 sheep and goat embryos of Greek breeds
A. Pampukidou, , M. Avdi, R. Ivanova T. Alifakiotis
Investigation on some seed characteristics among sunflower lines and hybrids
M. Drumeva, N. Nenova, E. Penchev
Determination of coloured horses raised in Turkey
O. Yilmaz, M. Ertugrul
Nutrition and Physiology
Effects of different levels of dietary digestible amino acids on nitrogen retention and excretion in Topigs pig hybrids
A. Ilchev, G. Ganchev
Development of the caecal microbiota in rabbits weaned at different age
B. Bivolarski, G. Beev, S. A. Denev, E. Vachkova, T. Slavov
Consumption of dissolved oxygen in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
I. Sirakov, Y. Staykov , G. Djanovski
Effect of coconut oil on rumen and duodenal ammonia concentrations and some blood biochemistry parameters in yearling rams
V. Radev, T. Slavov, E. Enev, I. Varlyakov
Pharmacokinetics of tiamulin and chlortetracycline after application of Tetramutin-premix in pigs
D. Dimitrova V. Кatsarov, D. Dimitrov, D. Tsoneva
Production Systems
Research effect of application of herbicides raft 400 SC for growing of lavender
D. Angelova, H. Lambev
Defining the critical kinematic parameters of rotary harrow with vertical axis of rotation
D. Guglev
Development and experimental study of the maximum temperature potential of a solar thermal module for driving of an absorption
air-conditioning machine
K. Peychev, R. Georgiev
Histometrical investigation on the turkey broiler’s third eyelid (Harderian) gland
D. Dimitrov
Study of the tolerance of alfalfa varieties (Medicago Sativa L) to Sitona species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
I. Nikolova, N. Georgieva
Productive performance and quality of essential oil from oil bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill) for use of oxadiargyl
D. Angelova
Study of the thermal efficiency of a solar thermal module at different mounting angles
R. Georgiev, K. Peychev
Behavior of apple rootstock M9 produced by somatic organogenesis in stoolbed
G. Dobrevska
Agriculture and Environment
Effect of experimentally polluted water on the stomatal and structural characteristics on the leaves of two varieties of Triticum
aestivum L. grown on different soil types
K. Velichkova, D. Pavlov, D. Ninova
Ecological assessment of Cr (VI) concentrations in the surface waters of Stara Zagora Region used in agriculture
N. Georgieva, Z. Yaneva, D. Dermendzhieva, V. Kotokova
Effect of shooting on the structure of population of golden jackal (Canis аureus L.) in Sarnena Sredna Gora mountain
E. Raichev
Product Quality and Safety
Chemical surface disinfection of funnel type fish egg incubators
A. Atanasov, N. Rusenova,Y. Staykov, G. Nikolov, A. Pavlov, D. Stratev, E. Raichev
Fatty acid composition of common carp, rainbow trout and grey mullet fish species
M. Stancheva, A. Merdzhanova
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and readers, an E-mail address and
telephone number should be presented as
footnote on the first page. Corresponding
author is indicated with *.
Abstract should be not more than 350
words. It should be clearly stated what new
findings have been made in the course of
research. Abbreviations and references to
authors are inadmissible in the summary. It
should be understandable without having
read the paper and should be in one
paragraph.
Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords
should be selected not repeating the title
but giving the essence of study.
The introduction must answer the
following questions: What is known and
what is new on the studied issue? What
necessitated the research problem,
described in the paper? What is your
hypothesis and goal ?
Material and methods: The objects of
research, organization of experiments,
chemical analyses, statistical and other
methods and conditions applied for the
experiments should be described in detail.
A criterion of sufficient information is to be
possible for others to repeat the
experiment in order to verify results.
Results are presented in understandable
tables and figures, accompanied by the
statistical parameters needed for the
evaluation. Data from tables and figures
should not be repeated in the text.
Tables should be as simple and as few as
possible. Each table should have its own
explanatory title and to be typed on a
separate page. They should be outside the
main body of the text and an indication
should be given where it should be
inserted.
Figures should be sharp with good
contrast and rendition. Graphic materials
should be preferred. Photographs to be
appropriate for printing. Illustrations are
supplied in colour as an exception after
special agreement with the editorial board
and possible payment of extra costs. The
figures are to be each in a single file and
their location should be given within the
text.
Discussion: The objective of this section
is to indicate the scientific significance of
the study. By comparing the results and
conclusions of other scientists the
contribution of the study for expanding or
modifying existing knowledge is pointed
out clearly and convincingly to the reader.
Conclusion: The most important conse-
quences for the science and practice
resulting from the conducted research
should be summarized in a few sentences.
The conclusions shouldn't be numbered
and no new paragraphs be used.
Contributions are the core of conclusions.
References:
In the text, references should be cited as
follows: single author: Sandberg (2002);
two authors: Andersson and Georges
(2004); more than two authors: Andersson
et al.(2003). When several references are
cited simultaneously, they should be
ranked by chronological order e.g.:
(Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003;
Andersson and Georges, 2004).
References are arranged alphabetically by
the name of the first author. If an author is
cited more than once, first his individual
publications are given ranked by year, then
come publications with one co-author, two
co-authors, etc. The names of authors,
article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or
alphabet different from Latin, should be
transliterated into Latin and article titles
should be translated into English.
The original language of articles and books
translated into English is indicated in
parenthesis after the bibliographic
reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru,
Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian =
Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor.,
Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr,
etc.)
The following order in the reference list is
recommended:
Journal articles: Author(s) surname and
initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal,
volume, pages. Example:
Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and
Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to
selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal
Science, 74, 39-50
Books: Author(s) surname and initials,
year. Title. Edition, name of publisher,
place of publication. Example:
Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and
the conservation of farm animal genetic
resources, Second edition. DLO Institute
for Animal Science and Health,
Netherlands.
Book chapter or conference proceedings:
Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title.
In: Title of the book or of the proceedings
followed by the editor(s), volume, pages.
Name of publisher, place of publication.
Example:
Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W,
Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3variants
and diverse phenotypes of
unconverted and converted C3. In:
Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H.
Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon
Press. Oxford, UK.
Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of
level of feeding during dry period, and body
condition score on reproductive
t h
performance in dairy cows, IX
International Conference on Production
Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14,
Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).
Thesis:
Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic
energy and true digestibility of amino acids
of some feeds in experiments with muscus
duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc.
Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.
The Editorial Board of the Journal is not
responsible for incorrect quotes of
reference sources and the relevant
violations of copyrights.

Volume 3, Number 3
September 2011