ORWRDP Environmental Impact Assessment ... - DWA Home Page

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project II 

Environmental Impact Assessment 

De Hoop Dam Environmental Management Plan 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS 

Pursuant to the Environmental Impact Assessment carried out for the Olifants River Water Resources 

Development Project are Environmental Management Plans that will guide the construction and 

operation of the infrastructure. Due to the nature and extent of the proposed ORWRDP, and the 

proposed mitigation measures, a suite of Environmental Management Plans is required [ROD: Clause 

3.2.5.1], as listed below: 

Pre-Construction Environmental Management Plan. 

Construction Environmental Management Plans. 

De Hoop Dam (this document). 

R555 Realignment (P169 Provincial Road). 

Steelpoort River Weirs. 

National Bulk Water Distribution Infrastructure. 

De Hoop Dam or Steelpoort Abstraction Weir to Olifantspoort Weir Pipeline and 

Associated Infrastructure. 

De Hoop Dam to Jane Furse Pipeline and Associated Infrastructure. 

Flag Boshielo Dam to Mokopane Pipeline and Associated Infrastructure. 

Post Construction Environmental Management Plan. 

Operational Environmental Management Plan.

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project III 



FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS................................................................................................ II 

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................... III 

ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................VI 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................VI 

DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................................................................................VII 

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 

1.1 Purpose of this document ............................................................................................................1 

1.2 Environmental authorisation ........................................................................................................1 

1.3 Scope of this document ...............................................................................................................1 

1.4 Application of this document........................................................................................................2 

1.5 Context of this document in terms of the overall ORWRDP .........................................................2 

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT.................................................................................................... 5 

2.1 Project components.....................................................................................................................5 

2.2 Sensitive environments................................................................................................................5 

2.3 Potential issues and impacts .......................................................................................................6 

3. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE ................................................................................................... 11 

3.1 Reporting relationships ..............................................................................................................11 

3.2 Roles and responsibilities ..........................................................................................................11 

3.2.1 Employer .........................................................................................................................11 

3.2.2 Environmental Monitoring Committee..............................................................................12 

3.2.3 Authorities Co-ordinating Committee ...............................................................................12 

3.2.4 Engineer ..........................................................................................................................12 

3.2.5 Engineer’s Environmental Representative .......................................................................12 

3.2.6 Environmental Control Officer..........................................................................................13 

3.2.7 Contractor........................................................................................................................15 

3.2.8 Contractor’s Environmental Representative.....................................................................15 

4. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................. 17 

4.1 Environmental principles............................................................................................................17 

4.2 Compliance with Legislation and Regulations............................................................................17 

4.3 Required environmental permits, licences and authorisations ...................................................17 

5. PRE-CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION ........................................................................................ 19 

5.1 General......................................................................................................................................19 

5.2 Environmental Site Management and Rehabilitation Plan .........................................................20 

5.3 Access and landowners.............................................................................................................22 

5.3.1 Access/haul roads ...........................................................................................................22 

5.3.2 Landowner access...........................................................................................................22 

5.3.3 General disturbance and nuisance to surrounding landowners .......................................22 

5.3.4 Liaison with landowners...................................................................................................23 

5.4 Environmental Awareness .........................................................................................................23 

6. CONSTRUCTION/IMPLEMENTATION SPECIFICATION ................................................................ 24 

6.1 Site establishment .....................................................................................................................24 

6.1.1 Demarcation of the site....................................................................................................24 

6.1.2 Protection of vegetation and natural features ..................................................................25

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project IV 



6.1.3 Protection of fauna ..........................................................................................................25 

6.1.4 Protection of cultural historical aspects............................................................................26 

6.1.5 Topsoil conservation........................................................................................................26 

6.1.6 De-bushing and de-stumping...........................................................................................26 

6.2 Site infrastructure.......................................................................................................................26 

6.2.1 Structures and accommodation .......................................................................................26 

6.2.2 Contractors camp and lay-down areas ............................................................................27 

6.2.3 Batching plants................................................................................................................27 

6.2.4 Crusher plants .................................................................................................................28 

6.2.5 Sand washing plants........................................................................................................28 

6.2.6 Off-site Mitigation and Plant Rescue................................................................................29 

6.2.7 Roads and access ...........................................................................................................29 

6.2.8 Gates and fences ............................................................................................................30 

6.3 Site operations...........................................................................................................................30 

6.3.1 Rubble and waste rock ....................................................................................................30 

6.3.2 Solid waste ......................................................................................................................31 

6.3.3 Liquid waste.....................................................................................................................31 

6.3.4 Hazardous waste.............................................................................................................31 

6.3.5 Pollution control ...............................................................................................................32 

6.3.6 Implements and equipment .............................................................................................34 

6.3.7 Blasting............................................................................................................................34 

6.3.8 Air quality.........................................................................................................................34 

6.3.9 Noise control....................................................................................................................34 

6.3.10 Fire control ......................................................................................................................34 

6.3.11 Health and Safety ............................................................................................................35 

6.4 Borrow areas .............................................................................................................................35 

6.4.1 Borrow pits and rock quarries ..........................................................................................35 

6.4.2 Sand mining.....................................................................................................................36 

6.5 Earthworks.................................................................................................................................36 

6.5.1 Excavations and trenches................................................................................................36 

6.5.2 Cut and fill .......................................................................................................................36 

6.5.3 Shaping and trimming......................................................................................................36 

6.6 Stockpiles, storage and handling ...............................................................................................37 

6.6.1 Topsoil.............................................................................................................................37 

6.6.2 Spoil ................................................................................................................................37 

6.6.3 Vehicles and equipment ..................................................................................................38 

6.6.4 Fuel .................................................................................................................................38 

6.6.5 Hazardous substances ....................................................................................................38 

6.7 Erosion control...........................................................................................................................39 

6.7.1 Water use and management ...........................................................................................39 

6.7.2 Erosion control and protection .........................................................................................39 

6.8 Control of alien plants ................................................................................................................40 

7. REHABILITATION SPECIFICATION ................................................................................................ 41 

7.1 Removal of structures and infrastructure ...................................................................................41 

7.2 Inert waste and rubble ...............................................................................................................41 

7.3 Hazardous waste and pollution control ......................................................................................41 

7.4 Final shaping .............................................................................................................................42 

7.5 Topsoil replacement and soil amelioration.................................................................................42 

7.6 Ripping and scarifying ...............................................................................................................43 

7.7 Planting .....................................................................................................................................43 

7.7.1 Transplanted plants .........................................................................................................43 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project V 



7.7.2 Nursery plants .................................................................................................................44 

7.7.3 Seeds and seedlings .......................................................................................................45 

7.8 Grassing ....................................................................................................................................45 

7.8.1 Sods ................................................................................................................................46 

7.8.2 Runners...........................................................................................................................46 

7.8.3 Hand seeding ..................................................................................................................46 

7.9 Maintenance ..............................................................................................................................47 

8. REGISTERS..................................................................................................................................... 48 

9. MONITORING, AUDITING AND REPORTING................................................................................. 49 

9.1 Roles and responsibilities ..........................................................................................................49 

9.1.1 Construction compliance monitoring................................................................................49 

9.2 Penalties....................................................................................................................................50 

10. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION............................................................................................................. 51 

APPENDIX 1 : DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AND TOURISM - 

RECORD OF DECISION.................................................................................................... 52 

APPENDIX 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SITE MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN.......................... 53 

APPENDIX 3: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF REHABILITATION AND STABILIZATION..................... 54 

APPENDIX 4: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ALIEN PLANT CONTROL ............................................ 62 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project VI 



FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

ACRONYMS 

CER Contractor’s Environmental Representative 

DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism 

DME Department of Minerals and Energy 

DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry 

ECO Environmental Control Officer 

EER Engineer’s Environmental Representative 

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment 

EMC Environmental Monitoring Committee 

EMP Environmental Management Plan 

EMPR Environmental Management Plan Report 

ENG Engineer 

ER Engineer’s Representative 

ESM&R Plan Environmental Site Management and Rehabilitation Plan 

I&AP Interested and Affected Party 

ORWRDP Olifants River Water Resources Development Project 

PSP Professional Service Provider 

RoD Record of Decision 

WM Water Management 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

ACER (Africa)/CSIR Environmentek would like to acknowledge the contribution and work done by the 

authors of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’s series titled: Integrated Environmental 

Management Sub-Series No. IEMS 1.6 Third Edition, Environmental Best Practice Specifications: 

Construction. These best practise specifications were developed in consultation with the Provincial 

Environmental Authorities over a period of three years. These specifications have formed the basis of this 

project-specific Environmental Management Plan.

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project VII 



FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

DEFINITIONS 

Auditing 

A systematic and objective assessment of an organisation’s activities and services conducted and 

documented on a periodic basis. 

Catchment 

All the land area from mountaintop to seashore, which is drained by a single river and its tributaries. 

Debushing 

Clearing of the site of bush and undergrowth vegetation, but not including the removal of tree stumps. 

Environment 

The surroundings in which humans exist and which comprise: 

The land, water and atmosphere of the earth. 

Micro-organisms, plant and animal life. 

Any part or combination of a) and b) and the interrelationships among and between them. 

The physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that can 

influence human health and well-being. 

Environmental aspect 

Those components of the company’s activities, products and services that are likely to interact with the 

environment. 

Environmental awareness training course 

A presentation given to the Contractor and its Sub-contractors to raise environmental awareness and ensure 

that all staff, Contractor(s) and Sub-contractor(s) are familiar with or made aware of the contents of the 

Record of Decision (RoD) and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 

Environmental impact 

The change to the environment resulting from an environmental aspect (an activity) on the environment, 

whether desirable or undesirable. An impact may be the direct or indirect consequence of an activity. 

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 

The process of examining the environmental effects of a development in terms of the Environment 

Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989), the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations of September 

1997 (as amended) and EIA Regulations Guideline Document of April 1998. 

Environmental Management Plan 

A detailed plan of action prepared to ensure that recommendations for enhancing positive impacts and/or 

limiting or preventing negative environmental impacts are implemented during the life-cycle of a project. 

Environmental Management Programme Report (EMPR) 

The report required to be prepared for all mining activities pursuant to the Minerals and Petroleum 

Resources Development Act (No 28 of 2002). 

Environmental performance certificate 

The certificate issued by the Environmental Control Officer at the end of a Contract confirming that all 

environmental specifications applicable to the Contractor have been met.

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project VIII 



Environmental specification 

Instructions and guidance for specific construction activities designed to help prevent, reduce and/or control 

the potential environmental implications of these activities. 

Evaporation 

The change by which any substance (such as water) is converted from a liquid state into and carried off in 

vapour. 

Floodplain 

A flat expanse of land bordering a river channel, formed through sediment deposition and other alluvial 

processes, and often characterized by frequent flooding as a result of bank overspill from the river channel. 

Groundwater 

Subsurface water in the zone in which permeable rocks, and often the overlying soil, are saturated under 

pressure equal to or greater than atmospheric. 

Heritage resource 

Any place or object of cultural significance including buildings, structures, landscapes, graves and 

geological, archaeological and palaeontological sites. 

Landscape 

Land modified for human use and occupation, embracing both the natural (wilderness) environment and the 

urban. 

Landscape architecture 

The science, art and technique of planning and design of integrated man-made and natural elements and 

spaces to improve the quality of life. 

Monitoring 

A systematic and objective observation of an organisation’s activities and services conducted and reported 

on regularly. 

Natural vegetation 

All existing vegetation species, indigenous or otherwise, of trees, shrubs, groundcover, grasses and all other 

plants found growing on the site. 

Overburden 

The soil overlying desirable material extracted during borrowing or quarrying. 

Pollution 

Any change in the environment caused by substances, radioactive or other waves, or noise, odours, dust or 

heat, emitted from any activity, including the storage or treatment of waste or substances, construction and 

the provision of services, whether engaged in by any person or an organ of state, where that change has an 

adverse effect on human health or well-being or on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural or 

managed ecosystems, or on materials useful to people, or will have such an effect in the future. 

Progressive reinstatement 

Reinstatement of disturbed areas to topsoil profile on an ongoing basis immediately after selected 

construction activities (e.g. backfilling of a trench) are completed. This allows for passive rehabilitation (i.e. 

natural recolonisation by vegetation) to commence. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project IX 



Protected plants 

Plant species officially listed on the Protected Plants List (each province has one), and which may not be 

removed or transported without a permit to do so from the relevant provincial authority. 

Red Data species 

Plant and animal species officially listed in the Red Data Lists as being rare, endangered or threatened. 

Rehabilitation 

Rehabilitation is defined as the return of a disturbed area to a state, which approximates the state (where 

possible), which it was before disruption. Rehabilitation for the purposes of this specification is aimed at 

post-reinstatement revegetation of a disturbed area and the assurance of a stable land surface. 

Revegetation should aim to accelerate the natural succession processes so that the plant community 

develops in the desired way, i.e. promote rapid vegetation establishment. 

Riparian vegetation 

Vegetation occurring on the banks of a river or a stream (i.e. vegetation fringing a water body). 

Record of Decision 

The written statement from the relevant environmental authority in terms of the Environment Conservation 

Act (No 73 of 1989), with or without conditions, that records its approval of a planned activity and the 

implementation thereof and the mitigating measures required to prevent or reduce the effects of 

environmental impacts during the life of a contract. 

Runoff 

The total water yield from a catchment including surface and subsurface flow. 

Subsoil 

The soil horizons between the topsoil horizon and the underlying parent rock. 

Topsoil 

This is defined as the A horizon of the soil profile. Topsoil is the upper layer of soil from which plants obtain 

their nutrients for growth. It is often darker in colour, due to the organic (humic) fraction, but regardless of 

the fertility appearance, structure, agriculture potential, this profile constitutes the topsoil. 

Transplanting 

The removal of plant material and replanting the same plants in another designated position. 

Veld 

Unimproved areas of natural vegetation. 

Wastewater 

Means water contaminated by the project activities. 

Watercourse 

A geomorphological feature characterized by the presence of a streamflow channel, a floodplain and a 

transitional upland fringe seasonally or permanently conveying surface water. 

Waterlogged 

Soil or land saturated with water long enough for anaerobic conditions to develop. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project X 



Weeds and invader plants 

Weeds and invader plants are defined as undesirable plant growth that shall include, but not be limited to all 

declared category 1, 2 and 3 listed invader species as set out in the Conservation of Agricultural Resources 

Act (No 43 of 1983) regulations. Other vegetation deemed to be invasive should be those plant species that 

show the potential to occupy in number, any area within the defined construction area. 

Wetland 

A seasonally, temporarily or permanently wet area, often exhibiting a specific vegetation community, for 

example, sedges, rushes, reeds, hydrophilic grasses, ground-covers and trees. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007

Olifants River Water Resources Development Project 1 



1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Purpose of this document 

This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) applies to the contract issued for the construction of the 

De Hoop Dam, as well as two weirs that form part of the Olifants River Water Resources Development 

Project (ORWRDP) – Dam Contract. The ORWRDP entails the construction of a large storage dam on 

the Steelpoort River plus associated National Bulk Water Distribution Infrastructure (pipelines, pump 

stations, balancing dams, off-takes and reservoirs) in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. 

This EMP has been compiled by ACER (Africa)/CSIR Environmentek for the Department of Water 

Affairs and Forestry and is based on the Department’s Environmental Best Practice Specifications for 

Construction 1 . 

In addition to its function as a site specification for use by tendering contractors, the EMP will be 

utilised by the Environmental Control Officer (ECO) as well as the Engineer’s and Contractor’s 

Environmental Representatives (EER and CER) as a Monitoring and Auditing Reference Tool, 

addressing the various construction and/or implementation stages of a project in terms of specific 

deliverables, requirements and monitoring and auditing procedures. 

1.2 Environmental authorisation 

In terms of the Environment Conservation Act (No 73 of 1989), the Department of Water Affairs and 

Forestry applied to the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) for 

environmental authorisation. Authorisation has been granted by DEAT as per the Record of Decision 

(RoD) (Appendix 1). The RoD contains a number of conditions of authorisation, including the 

compilation and approval of this EMP for construction phase of the project. 

Importantly, should there be a conflict of interpretation between this EMP and the RoD, the stipulations 

in the RoD shall prevail over that of the EMP. Similarly, any provisions in current legislation overrule 

any provisions or interpretations within this EMP. 

1.3 Scope of this document 

This EMP covers environmental actions associated with the civil components of projects, which are 

considered pertinent to proper environmental management and control in terms of relevant legislation. 

This manual is considered a complete specification, and the contractor will be legally bound to all 

aspects thereof, unless specifically agreed otherwise in the final contract. 

A specific condition of every contract will include, as a minimum requirement, a specified 

Environmental Awareness Course (Section 5.4) to be undertaken by every person in the Contractor’s 

employ who will be accessing the site, as well as every sub-contractor for which the main Contractor is 

responsible. 

1 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry; Integrated Environmental Management Sub-Series No. IEMS 1.6 Third Edition, 

Environmental Best Practice Specifications: Construction; Republic South Africa, 2005 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Procedures and standards for monitoring and auditing, covering the requirements for the construction 

and rehabilitation phases are included, as are issues of non-compliance and non-performance, and 

the requirement for environmental awareness training. 

1.4 Application of this document 

In order to ensure a systematic and robust approach to the management of environmental impacts 

during the construction and rehabilitation phases of the De Hoop Dam contract and to prevent longterm 

or permanent environmental degradation as a result thereof, this EMP does the following: 

Assigns roles and responsibilities to the parties charged with its implementation. 

Sets out environmental specifications that are applicable to the project and its associated 

activities and provides guidance in order to achieve these environmental specifications. 

Defines corrective actions, which must be taken in the event of non-compliance with these 

environmental specifications. 

Specifies requirements and procedures for monitoring, auditing and reporting. 

Specifies requirements and procedures for record keeping. 

Fulfils certain conditions of environmental authorisation (as contained within the RoD). 

Makes provision for the fulfilment of other relevant conditions of environmental authorisation (as 

contained within the RoD). 

Makes provision for the fulfilment of other relevant legal requirements pertaining to the 

environment. 

Acts as a Monitoring and Auditing Reference Tool for ensuring compliance with the provisions of 

the EMP. 

Makes provision for review of EMP. 

This document contains management actions, given as Specifications, addressing the various 

components of the Work Site. These specifications will apply to all phases of a construction or 

implementation project unless reference is made to a specific phase. Rehabilitation of the Work Site is 

addressed in the form of Specifications, which apply to all environments unless reference is made to a 

special environment. 

The ESM&R plan is essentially a schematic displaying the preferred extent, location and relationship 

of the various components of the anticipated Work Site, bearing in mind the environmental parameters 

explored and highlighted in the EMP. The Contractor may propose alterations to the ESM&R plan. 

Such changes will be considered by the Engineer with input from the Environmental Control Officer 

(ECO). 

Environmental Monitoring (for compliance) will be carried out throughout the construction and 

rehabilitation phases of the project. 

1.5 Context of this document in terms of the overall ORWRDP 

As highlighted in Section 1.1 this document only deals with one component of the ORWRDP, namely 

the construction of the De Hoop Dam. It aims to highlight specific actions for the attention of the 

contractor responsible for the construction of the De Hoop Dam, against which the contractor’s 

performance can be monitored. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




In order to link this document within in the broader context of the ORWRDP and associated 

environmental studies and management plans, a summary table is provided in Section 2.3 of the 

impacts identified during the assessment, mitigation measures recommended and responsibilities for 

implementation. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Important aspects to note are as follows: 

Impacts identified and mitigation measures proposed. 

Twelve specialist studies were undertaken during the environmental assessment of the 

ORWRDP, which considered the potential impacts of the ORWRDP and associated 

infrastructure on the receiving environment. 

The findings of all the specialist studies were distilled and examined in the Environmental 

Impact Report (EIR) and the key issues and associated impacts are discussed in Section 9 of 

the EIR, whilst Section 10 recommends mitigation measures to be implemented. 

These mitigation measures have been incorporated into the relevant EMPs depending on the 

source of the impact and the roleplayer responsible for implementing the mitigation measure. 

During the compilation of this construction EMP, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’s 

Environmental Best Practice Specifications for Construction, developed in consultation with the 

Provincial Environmental Authorities over a period of three years, where used as the basis for 

stipulating actions required during implementation. 

Importantly, where mitigation recommendations made in the EIR, were adequately or in more 

detail addressed in the Best Practice Specifications, the wording of the Best Practice 

Specification remains. Where site-specific aspects needed to be referred to, the wording of the 

EIR was carried across. 

Responsibility for implementation and monitoring procedures. 

The implementation of mitigation measures associated with the ORWRDP will involve a wide 

range of roleplayers over approximately a decade, dealing with both site-specific construction 

impacts and impacts of a more strategic nature. 

As stated in Section 3.2.1, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry will be the Employer 

for all components of the work related to the ORWRDP and, thus, ultimately the liability 

associated with environmental non-compliance rests with this Department. 

However, in order to practically assign responsibilities during the implementation of each 

component of the ORWRDP, separate EMPs were prepared to guide the roleplayers when 

dealing with these individual components. 

Thus, this De Hoop Dam EMP deals with management measures required during the 

construction of the dam that the Contractor appointed for this component must address. 

Mitigation measures associated with the construction of other components of the ORWRDP, the 

establishment of a conservation area or the planning and implementation of a strategic water 

conservation and demand management strategy, for example, remain the responsibility of the 

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (and other contractors appointed) and, thus, are 

better placed in the other EMPs.




Structure of this EMP. 

As highlighted in Section 1.4, the application of this document is to ensure a systematic and 

robust approach to the management of environmental impacts during the construction of the De 

Hoop Dam contract. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

It is for this reason that the structure of the report records the environmental requirements 

systematically in the phases of the contract rather than structuring the contract phases under 

the different issues identified during the assessment phase. 

Thus, in summary, this report outlines for the contractor and those responsible for monitoring 

the following: 

The context of the document. 

The activities to be undertaken. 

The reporting and organisational relationships and responsibilities. 

Overarching environmental principles and legal requirements. 

Construction Specifications that address the environmental requirements during on-site 

activities and operations. 

Rehabilitation Specifications that address the environmental requirements once 

construction has been completed. 

Information registers to be kept on site. 

Monitoring and reporting requirements for the duration of the contract.




2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 

2.1 Project components 

This contract entails the construction of De Hoop Dam and includes the following activities as 

authorised by DEAT in its RoD: 

The construction of a large storage dam and the associated spillway on the Steelpoort River at 

De Hoop. 

Clearing, establishment and operation of a site camp with offices, storerooms and workshops, 

overnight accommodation for security and emergency staff, powerlines and facilities for power 

generation, ablutions, washbays, emergency health facilities, abstraction of water, supply of 

potable water, facilities for waste water management, and facilities for the storage of explosives. 

Construction of various temporary access roads, low level river crossings and haul roads. 

Construction and operation of batching plants. 

Construction and operation of a crusher and a steel-bending yard. 

Construction of permanent housing on site and local construction accommodation off-site as 

specified. 

Construction of office blocks, parking bays and a taxi rank. 

Installation of communication networks infrastructure. 

Construction and operation of a small-scale water treatment and small-scale sewage treatment 

plant. 

Construction and operation of small-scale waste collection and disposal facility. 

Facilities for the bulk storage and dispensing of fuel (e.g. diesel and petrol) for construction 

vehicles. 

Stockpiling of construction materials for the construction of the dam, including the batching 

plants. 

Construction of cofferdams and/or river diversions. 

Storage and handling of hazardous substances including diesel, engine oils and other listed 

substances. 

Construction of temporary access tracks. 

Establishment and operation of quarries, borrow pits and spoil sites. 

Excavation of borrow areas from which construction materials will be sourced. 

Construction of two weirs: 

One weir upstream of the De Hoop Dam basin, approximately 2 m above riverbed level 

and 30-50 m long. 

One weir upstream of the confluence of the Steelpoort and Olifants Rivers, approximately 

2 m above riverbed level and 60-80 m long. 

2.2 Sensitive environments 

Sensitive environments are any aspects of the surrounding biophysical or social environment that 

should be provided additional care, protection or respect by the Contractor and his staff. For this 

contract the following are considered sensitive environments: 

The Steelpoort, Klip and Maseketi Rivers and associated riparian vegetation. 

The area on the right flank of the De Hoop Dam that is being investigated for purposes of offsite 

mitigation. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




The water quality in the Steelpoort River downstream of the construction site. 

All flora outside the demarcated construction area and camp site perimeters (dam and two 

weirs). 

Any gravesites or sites of cultural heritage located within the construction area and adjacent to it 

(dam and two weirs). 

2.3 Potential issues and impacts 

The project components outlined in Section 2.1 will give rise to certain impacts on the environment. 

Sensitive environments in terms of the De Hoop Dam construction contract are highlighted in Section 

2.2. 

Table 1 provides a link between these activities and impacts that may result, to the mitigation 

measures and those responsible for implementation. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Table 1 Summary of impacts identified, mitigation measures and responsibility 

Potential impacts 

identified in the EIR 

which will be associated 

with the De Hoop Dam 

Impact on the quantity and 

quality of river flows 

Impact on terrestrial and 

aquatic ecosystems 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Reason for possible impact Mitigation measures Reference Responsibility Notes 

Interruption of flow of water in a stressed 

catchment can impact on both water 

quantity and quality 

Increased mining facilitated by an enabling 

environment can impact on the water 

quality of the Olifants Catchment (postconstruction) 

Construction occurs in an ecological 

region of endemism 

Implementation of the Reserve 

in the Steelpoort River 

Implementation of the Reserve 

in the Olifants Catchment 

All mining developments must 

comply with best practice in 

terms of waste and pollution 

management. 

Protocols developed by the 

Department of Water Affairs 

and Forestry (concerning 

Water Quality and Cumulative 

Effects Assessments) need to 

be actioned for the anticipated 

new mining developments in 

the Middle Olifants. 

Implement Off-Site Mitigation 

and Plant Rescue 

Contractor to remain within 

demarcated construction areas 

The Reserve must 

be implemented 

as prescribed by 

the Minister of 

Water Affairs and 

Forestry 

Operational EMP 

Section 2 

Operational EMP 

Section 2 

Pre Construction 

EMP 5.1/5.2 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP Sections 

6.1.1/6.1.2/6.1.3 

DWAF 

DWAF / DME 

DWAF / DME 


De Hoop Dam 

Contractor








Influx of people and social 

problems during 

construction 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 


The dam and weirs will be constructed in 

the Steelpoort River. 

Construction activities have the potential 

to release pollutants into the environment 

Construction activities will result in jobseekers 

coming to the area 

Road traffic and safety Dam construction near the existing R555 

and traffic safety around the site must be 

controlled 

Dust and noise Dust and noise will be generated during 

construction 

The proposed crusher and batching plants 

and other site infrastructure may result in 

unpleasant odours to surrounding 

landowners. 

In areas where dust is expected to be 

problematic, enforce a maximum speed of 

40 km/h for passenger and 20 km/hr for 

heavy construction vehicles 

Water quality and aquatic 

ecosystem monitoring 

Contractor to maintain 

effective pollution control 

Appoint Social PSP or 

Directorate to coordinate and 

monitor labour and social 

issues 

Maintain liaison with 

Department Social PSP 

Construction will need to 

implement adequate road 

construction, signage and 

safety procedures 

Safety and access onto site 

must be monitored and 

controlled 

Contractor to comply with EMP 

Specifications 






EMP 5.3/5.4 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP 

6.1.1/6.1.2/6.1.3 


EMP 7.1 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP 5.1 

De Hoop Dam 

Contract 

Documents 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP 6.2.7 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP 

5.3.3 and 6.3.8 

De Hoop Dam 5.2/ 

5.3.3/5.3.4 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP 

5.3.3/ 6.3.8, 


De Hoop Dam 

Contractor 


De Hoop Dam 

Contractor 

Contractor 

Contractor 

De Hoop Dam 

Contractor/ 

ECO 

De Hoop Dam 

Contractor 

Due to the relative 

remoteness of this site, 

dust and noise impacts on 

surrounding landowners 

were considered of low 

significance, particularly 

since many will have their 

farms purchased. The ECO 

and Engineer should 

request a method 

statement from the 

Contractor to address dust








Employment creation Construction activities will result in 

employment 

Loss of private and trust 

land (including possible 

land claims) 

Grave relocation, including 

exhumation and reburial 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 


Dam construction impacts upon both 

private and Trust land that will need to be 

acquired. 

The construction of the dam will require 

that graves are relocated 

Apply watering as an 

additional means of controlling 

dust 

The Department will establish 

labour desks and facilitate 

coordinated employment of 

unskilled labour 

Maintain liaison with 

Department Social PSP 

Negotiated agreement must be 

reached within the prescripts 

of Government policies and 

the availability of severance 

land 

A cultural heritage specialist 

will be appointed to address 

grave relocation in accordance 

with the ROD and legislative 

requirements 

De Hoop Dam contract work 

must not disturb or damage 

any graves 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP 5.3.3 


EMP 7.1 

De Hoop Dam 5.1 


EMP 3.2 & 3.3 


EMP 4.1 

De Hoop Dam 

6.1.1/6.1.4 


Contractor 



Contractor 

issues if required 

Section 6.1.4 specifies that 

if graves are discovered 

during the contract, the 

contractor must cease work 

in this area and inform the 

Engineer. Thereafter, the 

communication process 

outlined will ensure that the 

Cultural Heritage PSP 

returns to site to address 

the grave, prior to 

construction proceeding








Impact upon 

archaeological and 

cultural heritage sites 

Control of the spread of 

alien plant species 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 


The construction of the dam will impact 

upon cultural heritage sites 

Disturbance during construction has the 

potential to promote the growth of alien 

plant species 

Dam safety The risk of dam failure, although slight, 

always exists 

A cultural heritage specialist 

must be appointed to 

undertake the necessary 

investigations required to 

obtain destruction permits 

Rehabilitation and monitoring 

must be undertaken 

Ongoing dam safety 

inspections according to the 

provisions of legislation as 

ordinarily undertaken by the 

Dam Safety Sub-Directorate 

within the Department of 

Water Affairs and Forestry. 


EMP 4.2 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP 6.1.1/6.1.4 

De Hoop Dam 

EMP 6.8/7.9 


De Hoop Dam 

Contractor 

De Hoop Dam 

Contractor 

DWAF protocols DWAF 

Section 6.1.4 specifies that 

if cultural artefacts are 

discovered during the 

contract, the contractor 

must cease work in this 

area and inform the 

Engineer. Thereafter, the 

communication process 

outlined will ensure that the 

Cultural Heritage PSP 

returns to site to address 

the site, prior to 

construction proceeding




3. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE 

Efficient implementation of the Specifications, effective Monitoring, as well as clear Responsibility and 

Accountability allocation requires that various role-players be defined for the implementation of the 

project. 

Therefore, for the purpose of this document, the following role-players are defined, based purely on 

responsibility and accountability allocation. 

3.1 Reporting relationships 

Figure 1 is a depiction of the role-players and their reporting relationships for the ORWRDP 

Implementation Phase. This figure depicts the practical reporting relationship, not necessarily the 

contractual or institutional relationships. All official communication and reporting lines related to the 

EMP (including instructions, directives and information) shall be channelled according to this 

organisational structure. 

3.2 Roles and responsibilities 

3.2.1 Employer 

The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry will be the Employer for all components of the work 

related to the ORWRDP. 

Ultimately, the liability associated with environmental non-compliance rests with the Employer. In 

terms of the ROD, the Department is responsible for the following: 

Compilation and submission of an EMP for the construction of the project to National DEAT for 

approval prior to commencement of construction. 

Implementation of the approved EMP. 

Submission of any substantial changes, updates or amendments to the EMP to National DEAT. 

Ensuring that the provisions of the EMP are binding on all Contractors operating on the site 

during construction of the project. 

Ensuring that monthly environmental inspections are conducted during construction to establish 

how well the Contractor is complying with conditions of authorisation and the EMP. 

Ensuring that compliance/non-compliance records are kept in good order and made available 

on request by the authorities. 

Ensuring that a copy of the RoD and the approved EMP is available at the construction site at 

all times and all staff, Contractors and Sub-contractors are familiar with or made aware of the 

contents of the environmental authorisation. 

Complying with all applicable environmental legislation, regulations and guidelines, and 

ensuring that Contractors undertake responsibility to do the same. 

Being committed to the principles contained within NEMA, including the prevention of pollution 

and sustainable development. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




3.2.2 Environmental Monitoring Committee 

A condition of the RoD is that the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry establishes an 

Environmental Monitoring Committee (EMC). This committee must be established before 

commencement of any construction activities. This EMC must meet on a bi-monthly basis from the 

inception of the project. This EMC must report to the Director-General of DEAT on a bi-monthly basis. 

The purpose of the EMC is to execute the following: 

To monitor and audit project compliance to the specific conditions of the ROD, environmental 

legislation and specific measures stipulated in the environmental impact report and the 

Environmental Management Plans. 

To make recommendations to the Director-General: DEAT on issues related to the monitoring 

and auditing of the project. 

The EMC shall meet at least four times a year. 

The EMC will be disbanded at a time to be determined by DEAT in consultation with the 

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 

3.2.3 Authorities Co-ordinating Committee 

A condition of the ROD is that the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry establishes an Authorities 

Co-ordinating Committee. The responsibilities of this committee shall include but not necessarily be 

limited to the following: 

To oversee that all commitments in the ROD and the EMP are met. 

To provide guidance for the functioning of the EMC. 

To take into account all relevant information and issues raised by stakeholders when making 

project decisions. 

Evaluate the reports and correspondence received from the independent Chairperson of the 

EMC. 

3.2.4 Engineer 

The Employer (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) appoints an Engineer as its responsible 

agent to ensure that the Contractor adheres to construction specifications, the ROD and the EMP. It is 

noted that in terms of the construction contract, the Engineer may delegate certain authorities and 

responsibilities to the Engineer’s Representative. 

The Contractor may only take instructions from the Engineer, whilst all major decisions, affecting 

programme or costs, regarding environmental procedures or protocols are to also be approved by the 

Employer, via the Engineer. The Engineer also has the power to stop any construction activity in 

contravention of this specification. When the direction is given by the Engineer to the Contractor in 

terms of the EMP, it is deemed to be after due consultation with the ECO. 

3.2.5 Engineer’s Environmental Representative 

The Engineer’s Environmental Representative (EER), employed by the Engineer, is responsible for the 

day-to-day monitoring of the Environmental Specifications. In addition, the EER must act as liaison 

and advisor on all environmental and related issues, give advice to the Contractors Environmental 

Representative (CER) when necessary and ensure that any complaints received from the public are 

duly recorded and forwarded to the Engineer and the Employer. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




The Engineer’s Environmental Representative should: 

Be well versed in environmental matters. 

Understand the relevant environmental legislation and processes. 

Understand the hierarchy of Environmental Compliance Reporting, and the implications of Non- 

Compliance. 

Know the background of the project and understand the implementation programme. 

Be able to resolve conflicts and make recommendations on site in terms of the requirements of 

the Specifications. 

Keeping accurate and detailed records of all EMP-related activities on site. 

Report to the ECO on monitoring of environmental issues. 

3.2.6 Environmental Control Officer 

The Environmental Control Officer (ECO) is an independent representative appointed by the 

Employer, who on behalf of the EMC and will: 

On a daily basis, via the Engineer, monitor specifications on site and project compliance with 

the conditions of the ROD, environmental legislation and recommendations of the EMP. 

Monitoring and verifying compliance with the EMP and RoD, and keeping a register of 

compliance/non-compliance. 

Identifying and assessing previously unforeseen, actual or potential impacts of the project on 

the environment. 

Ensure the maintenance of the on-site public complaints register. 

Ensure that a monthly environmental performance audit is undertaken, verifying the monitoring 

reports submitted by the Engineer’s and Contractor’s Environmental Representative and 

maintain a register of these audits. 

Conducting site inspections during the defects liability period, and bringing any environmental 

concerns to the attention of the Employer. 

Recommending to the Engineer and Employer that the Contractor suspend any or all works on 

site if the third parties who carry out all or part of the Contractor’s obligations fail to comply with 

the environmental specifications. 

Advising on the rectification of any pollution, contamination or damage to the project site, rights 

of way and adjacent land. 

Attending site meetings (scheduled and ad hoc). 

Maintaining a filing system meeting the Projects Quality Management Plan. 

Arranging the presentation of the environmental awareness training course to all staff, 

Contractors and Sub-contractors and monitoring the undertaking by the Contractor(s) of 

environmental awareness training for all new personnel on-site. 

Ensuring that a copy of the RoD and latest version of the EMP are available on site at all times. 

Ensuring that the Employer and Engineer are made aware of all applicable DEAT-approved 

changes to the EMP. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Figure 1 Organogram showing reporting relationships for the ORWRDP 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

DME 

DWAF: Business Management 

(Employer) 

DWAF: Civil Engineering & 

MEE 

(Engineer) 

DWAF: Construction 

(Contractor) 

Authorities Co-ordinating 

Committee 

DEAT 

EMC 

& ECO




The role of the ECO will be fulfilled by an appointed PSP, well versed in environmental aspects related 

to large construction projects, who is able to make meaningful and workable recommendations as 

required. 

The ECO provides feedback to both DEAT and the Engineer, who in turn reports back to the Employer 

and I&APs, as required. The ECO will also submit monthly reports to DEAT. Issues of noncompliance 

raised by the ECO must be taken up by the Employer, and resolved with the Contractor, 

via the Engineer, as per the conditions of the contract. 

Decisions regarding environmental procedures, specifications and requirements, which have a cost 

implication (i.e. those that are deemed to be a variation, not allowed for in the Specification) must be 

endorsed by the Employer, and conveyed to the contractor via the Engineer. 

As per the RoD, the ECO shall provide a secretariat service to the EMC, which shall include convening 

meetings, preparing agendas in cooperation with the EMC Chairperson, taking, compiling and 

distributing minutes and or/any other relevant information to the EMC members. 

3.2.7 Contractor 

The Contractor will be the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. It is the responsibility of the 

Contractor to do whatever is necessary to ensure that he and his appointed advisor (Contractor’s 

Environmental Representative) are well versed in environmental matters so that they may accurately 

and efficiently carry out the requirements of this Specification. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

The Contractor shall: 

Be responsible for the implementation of the applicable environmental specifications in 

accordance with the requirements and provisions of this EMP. 

Ensure that all third parties who carry out all or part of the Contractor’s obligations comply with 

the requirements and provisions of this EMP. 

Report any non-compliance to the Engineer within 12 hours of the event occurring. 

Report any non-compliance event that constitutes an emergency immediately and in line with 

the protocol applicable to that particular emergency event. 

Ensure that all employees and sub-contactors attend the environmental awareness training 

course and are familiar with or are made aware of the contents of the RoD. 

The Contractor is liable for any and all remedial work required in terms of this Specification, resulting 

from his environmental negligence, mismanagement and/or non-compliance. 

3.2.8 Contractor’s Environmental Representative 

The Contractor’s Environmental Representative (CER), employed by the Contractor, is responsible for 

managing the day-to-day on-site implementation of this Specification, and for the compilation of 

regular (usually weekly) Monitoring Reports. In addition, the CER must act as liaison and advisor on all 

environmental and related issues, seek advice from the EER when necessary and ensure that any 

complaints received from the public are duly recorded and forwarded to the Engineer.




The Contractor’s Environmental Representative should: 

Be well versed in environmental matters. 

Understand the relevant environmental legislation and processes. 

Understand the hierarchy of Environmental Compliance Reporting, and the implications of Non- 

Compliance. 

Know the background of the project and understand the implementation programme. 

Be able to resolve conflicts and make recommendations on site in terms of the requirements of 

this Specification. 

Keeping accurate and detailed records of all EMP-related activities on site. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




4. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 

4.1 Environmental principles 

The following principles should be considered at all times during the pre-construction and construction 

phase activities. 

The environment is considered to be composed of both biophysical and social components. 

Construction is a disruptive activity and all due consideration must be given to the environment, 

including the social environment, during the execution of a project to minimise the impact on 

affected parties. 

Minimisation of areas disturbed by construction activities (i.e. the footprint of the construction 

area) should minimise many of the construction related environmental impacts of the project 

and reduce rehabilitation requirements and costs. 

As minimum requirements, all relevant standards relating to international, national, provincial 

and local legislation, as applicable, shall be adhered to. This includes requirements relating to 

waste emissions (e.g. hazardous, airborne, liquid and solid), waste disposal practices, noise 

regulations, road traffic ordinances, etc. 

Every effort should be made to minimise, reclaim and/or recycle “waste” material. 

4.2 Compliance with Legislation and Regulations 

In terms of the Conditions of Contract, the Contractor is required to comply with all relevant legislation 

and regulations. 

4.3 Required environmental permits, licences and authorisations 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

The following are required prior to the activity commencing: 

Blasting. Blasting permits are required from the Department of Minerals and Energy in 

accordance with the Explosives Act (Act No 26 of 1956). 

Asphalt plants. Tar and macadam preparation processes are scheduled in terms of the 

Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (Act No 45 of 1965). The necessary permits are required 

from DEAT as per of Sections 9 to 13 and the contract will need to comply with any conditions 

attached thereto. 

Waste disposal. All wastes (general and hazardous) generated during the construction may 

only be disposed of at appropriately licensed sites (in terms of Section 20 of the Environment 

Conservation Act (Act No 73 of 1989). Cognisance must also be taken of the relevant provincial 

legislation in this regard. It should also be noted that all controlling authority and regulations 

pertaining to litter in terms of the Environment Conservation Act (sections 19, 19A and 24A) 

have been delegated to the provinces. 

Storage of hazardous substances. Hazardous substances must be stored and handled in 

accordance with the appropriate legislation and standards, which may include the Hazardous 

Substances Act, the Occupational Health and Safety Act, relevant associated Regulations, and 

applicable SABS and international standards. 

Health and safety of work teams. Construction Regulations (2003) published under the 

Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act No 85 of 1993) apply to construction activities including




FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

“the moving of earth, clearing of land, the making of an excavation, piling, or any similar type of 

work”. A “health and safety plan” which addresses hazards identified, and includes safe work 

procedures to mitigate, reduce or control the hazards identified, is required under this Act. A 

risk assessment must also be undertaken by an appropriately qualified person(s) and the 

Contractor shall ensure that all employees under his or her control are informed, instructed and 

trained by a competent person regarding any hazard and the related work procedures before 

any work commences, and thereafter at such times as may be determined in the risk 

assessment.




5. PRE-CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION 

The Pre-Construction Phase refers to the period following final project planning and the tender phase, 

leading up to, but not including, the establishment on site by the appointed contractor. Preconstruction 

activities are the responsibility of the Employer. 

5.1 General 

Certain items, of a pre-construction nature, are the responsibility of the Employer who shall also be 

responsible for ensuring that the Contractor is made fully aware of these requirements: 

An item for environmental issues will be provided for on the Construction Site Meeting Agenda, 

which will be conducted by the Engineer. 

Maintain professional conduct at all times, addressing all role-players with respect and refrain 

from foul language and abuse. 

Understand the interaction and relationship of between affected landowners and communities. 

The Employer, through its appointed PSP, will deal with social issues, conflicts and other 

aspects of the project. 

The Employer will establish a protocol agreement with relevant scientific research and botanical 

institutions for the collection of valuable plant species and the harvesting of seed during 

construction, in particular, from the left bank of the basin area. This protocol should contain the 

condition that a certain percentage of the plants harvested are returned towards the end of the 

project period for utilisation in the rehabilitation of construction areas and for re-population in the 

off-site mitigation area. The operation will be over a number of years required for construction in 

order that plant species can be collected over different seasons. 

Understand the procedures for appointing labour through the established Labour Desk. 

Any disputes and complaints by stakeholders or the public must immediately be brought to the 

attention of the Engineer and ECO for further action. 

All persons employed by the Contractor or his sub-contractors must abide by the requirements 

of this Specification as it applies to the Works. 

Any employees of the Contractor or his sub-contractors found to be in breach of any of this 

Specification may be ordered to leave the site forthwith. The order may be given orally or in 

writing by the Engineer. Confirmation of an oral order will be given as soon as practicable but 

lack of confirmation in writing shall not be a cause for the offender to remain on site. 

Supervisory staff of the Contractor or his sub-contractor may not direct any person to undertake 

any activities that would place such person in contravention of this Specification. 

The Contractor is deemed not to have complied with this Specification if: 

There is evidence of wilful or accidental contravention of any specification included in the 

Specification. 

There is evidence of the Contractor carrying out activities not permitted in terms of the 

Contract and/or the Specification. 

There is evidence of environmental negligence and/or mismanagement resulting in 

negative impacts on the environment. 

The Contractor has failed to meet with the requirements of the approved schedule. 

The Contractor will be informed via Monitoring and Auditing Reports as well as by means of 

direct instruction by the Engineer as to what corrective actions are required in terms of 

Environmental Compliance. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Disregard for instruction, and failure to respond, note and report adequately complaints from the 

public will be construed as non-compliance. 

Non-compliance may lead to the Contractor forfeiting his Environmental Retention or being 

penalised (Section 9). In more serious cases, the Employer, via the Engineer, may give notice, 

and then halt construction Works until such a time that the Contractor has upgraded his site to 

comply with the Specifications. Resultant delays may not be claimed, and will be for the 

Contractor’s own cost. 

In prolonged cases of persistent non-compliance, the Contractor may be evicted from site. Only 

the Employer, via the Engineer, may issue such instruction, retaining any costs required to 

remedy situations perpetuated by environmental negligence, mismanagement and/or noncompliance. 

5.2 Environmental Site Management and Rehabilitation Plan 

The specifications listed hereunder are preparation actions ahead of the Construction and 

Rehabilitation phases. Adherence thereto is the responsibility of the Contractor. These specifications 

are relevant for the entire period of the construction contract: 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Draw up and submit for approval an amended Environmental Site Management and 

Rehabilitation (ESM&R) Plan, based on the Provisional ESM&R Plan issued during the tender 

phase (see Appendix 2). Construction site yards, concrete batching plants, asphalt batching 

plants and other noisy fixed facilities should be located well away from noise sensitive areas 

such as any accommodation quarters or offices situated on site. This plan must show the final 

positions and extent of all permanent and temporary site structures and infrastructure, including 

(as relevant): 

Buildings and structures. 

Contractors’ accommodation. 

Contractors’ camp and laydown areas. 

Site offices. 

Site laboratories. 

Batching plants. 

Crusher plants. 

Sand washing plants. 

Roads and access routes. 

Gates and fences. 

Essential services (permanent and temporary water, electricity and sewage). 

Rubble and waste rock storage and disposal sites. 

Solid waste storage and disposal sites. 

Site toilets and ablutions. 

Hazardous waste storage and disposal sites. 

Firebreaks. 

Borrow areas. 

Excavations and trenches. 

Cut and fill areas. 

Sand extraction points. 

Topsoil stockpiles. 

Spoil areas. 

Sludge dams. 

Construction materials stores.




Vehicle and equipment stores. 

Workshops. 

Wash bays. 

Fuel stores. 

Hazardous substance stores. 

Features and plants to be conserved. 

The construction programme prepared in terms of the Conditions of Contract shall take into 

account any limitations of the environment such as the seasonality of water bodies. 

Indicate that the rehabilitation will immediately be executed, per phase, upon the completion of 

the civil works. 

Ensure that the Construction Programme and the amended ESM&R Plan relate to one another. 

Inform the Engineer of any changes to the approved Construction Programme as submitted. 

The Construction Programme must afford the local community and affected landowners the 

opportunity to harvest medicinal plants, firewood and other resources ahead of debushing. 

Where necessary, the Construction Programme must allow for harvesting of seeds and 

seedlings for future use during rehabilitation. These harvested plants must be kept under 

nursery conditions (refer Section 6.2.6). 

Draw up and submit for approval a Water Management (WM) Plan. This plan must show the 

positions, extent and specifications of all temporary and permanent water management 

structures and infrastructure, including: 

Taps, pipelines and irrigation systems. 

Underground drains. 

Grass drains. 

French drains. 

Trench and berm systems. 

Deflection berm systems. 

Bunds and sumps. 

Settlement ponds. 

Water discharge points (including energy dissipation specifications). 

Water testing points. 

Sewage water management systems. 

Grey water management systems. 

The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry will stipulate the acceptable and unacceptable 

levels of sedimentation in the Steelpoort River downstream of the construction area (dam and 

two weirs). 

Keep both the ESM&R and the Water Management Plans updated throughout the construction 

period. Changes to either approved Plan must be approved by the ECO, via the Engineer. 

Make provision for monitoring and auditing as specified. Ensure that the ECO has access to the 

site at all times. 

Ensure that the relevant Environmental Awareness Training Courses are presented before the 

commencement of construction. 

Ensure that a Safety Officer (compulsory) and Contractor’s Environmental Representative 

(compulsory) are appointed before the commencement of construction. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




5.3 Access and landowners 

5.3.1 Access/haul roads 

The Drawings detail all access/haul roads that are required to be used during the construction 

phase of the proposed project. This shall include access to farmlands. Access roads shall be 

capable of accommodating the type of vehicles and/or mechanical plant using the routes, i.e. 

livestock transport, tractors and trailers, etc.. Any changes to the routes shown on the Drawings 

shall be to the prior approval of the Engineer. 

In determining the location and extent of access/haul roads, cognisance must be taken of 

sensitive and no-go areas (Section 2.2). 

As far as possible, use must be made of existing roads in the area, or temporary haul/access 

roads should be established within the boundaries of the demarcated works area. Any clearing 

for access or haul roads necessary outside the demarcated works area, shall only be 

undertaken after approval from the Engineer. 

5.3.2 Landowner access 

The Employer will identify the access requirements which will be shown on the Drawings. The 

design will address the disturbance of access to landowners and their employees during the 

construction phase, and will make provisions for maintaining access. 

If after commencement of the final design phase, the Contractor is approached by any 

landowners who claim to access being hindered, the Contractor must immediately inform the 

Engineer. 

5.3.3 General disturbance and nuisance to surrounding landowners 

Dust control management practices and procedures will be specified by the Engineer, by 

implementing one or more of the following methods depending on site specific circumstances: 

A maximum speed of 60 km/h for passenger and light commercial vehicles and 40 km/h 

for heavy vehicles and equipment must be strictly enforced to minimise dust generation in 

or nearby residential areas. 

In areas where dust is expected to be problematic, particularly nearby residential areas, 

reduce this maximum speed to 40 km/h. 

Apply watering or alternative chemical stabilisation as an additional means of controlling 

dust. 

The Engineer must ensure appropriate mitigation measures in order to ensure noise levels are 

within their lawfully acceptable levels. 

During construction it is important that selective and sensitive location and design of the lighting 

requirements for the construction camp are developed. Strategies include reducing the height 

from which floodlights are fixed, identifying zones of high and low lighting requirements with the 

focus of the lights being inward, rather than outward, avoid uplighting of structures but rather 

direct the light downwards and focussed on the object to be illuminated, avoid directing the light 

towards the direction from where it would be most visible, unless otherwise requested by the 

community. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




5.3.4 Liaison with landowners 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Any complaint or liaison with landowners with regard to environmental aspects, compensation 

or disturbance to economic activities or animals, must not be handled by the Contractor. The 

Contractor must immediately inform the Engineer on site, who will in turn involve the Employer 

and/or ECO for further action. 

5.4 Environmental Awareness 

Proper environmental awareness training is a requirement for all construction crews working not only 

in natural environments, but all urban environments as well. This not only ensures the safety of the 

personnel, but also helps to protect the integrity of the environment during construction. 

The Employer will be responsible for coordinating arrangements for these training courses, in 

consultation with the ECO. 

The Contractor must arrange, through the ECO, that all of his employees and those of his subcontractor 

go through these project specific environmental awareness training courses before the 

commencement of construction and as and when new staff or sub-contractors are brought on site. 

An awareness course is compulsory for all employees and structured in accordance with their relevant 

rank, level and responsibility, in order that these employees: 

Acquire a basic understanding of the environment and the environmental features pertaining to 

the Work Site and environs. 

Are familiar with the requirements of the Environmental Specifications as they apply to the 

Works. 

Are made aware of any site-specific environmental matters, which are deemed to be necessary 

by the ECO. 

It may also be necessary to present the Project EMP to employees, highlighting specific requirements 

and sensitivities. 

The Skills Development Act and Levy can be utilised to claim back a significant portion of training 

costs and, in terms of that act, the learners receive credits for the training received.




6. CONSTRUCTION/IMPLEMENTATION SPECIFICATION 

The Construction Phase refers to the period of the project during which the actual Works are carried 

out, deemed to include site establishment and Site Works. 

6.1 Site establishment 

When establishing the site, the environmental objective is to minimise the footprint of disturbance and 

to minimise the extent of soil erosion, loss of vegetation and the potential for pollution of soils and 

water resources. 

6.1.1 Demarcation of the site 

The Contractor’s right to access any portion of the Site is governed by the terms and conditions 

of the Conditions of Contract. 

Identify and demarcate the extent of the site and associated Works Areas as indicated on the 

approved ESM&R Plan 2 using danger tape with steel droppers or other methods approved by 

the ECO, in consultation with the Engineer. 

Minimise the extent of the Works Site footprint as much as is possible. 

In sensitive environments, or where unauthorised access into no-go areas (Section 2.2) may 

take place, then a perimeter fence (if practical) must be erected around the works area, the 

specification (also refer to Particular Specification 60 and 61) of which must be adequate to 

address the problem. 

Maintain site demarcations in position until the cessation of construction works. 

Maintain animal movement corridors as indicated on the Master Plan and ESM&R Plan, and/or 

as specified on site by the Engineer. 

In sensitive environments such as pristine or valuable vegetation and sensitive social 

environments, this working servitude may be reduced 3 . 

Maintain the demarcation line, and ensure that no personnel or construction materials move 

outside the designated site. 

Do not use the site for any other purpose other than for the proper carrying out of the Works 

under the Contract. 

Do not establish any Site Works besides those specified and allowed for in the successful 

tender, unless specifically agreed upon by the Engineer. 

Do not establish any activities or operations that, in the opinion of the ECO are likely to 

adversely affect the aesthetic quality of the environment. 

In the event that such activities and operations are deemed to be necessary, then ameliorative 

actions to reduce the adverse effects must be taken. Actions will be specified by the ECO, via 

the Engineer. 

Do not paint or mark any natural feature. Marking for surveying and other purposes must be 

done using pegs, beacons or rope and droppers. 

2 The ECO will be available to aid the Contractor with the demarcation of this area 

3 To be indicated by the ECO 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




6.1.2 Protection of vegetation and natural features 

All plants and natural features to be protected during construction must be identified in the 

demarcated construction area prior to the Contractor commencing with land clearing. Any 

permits or licences required for the removal or pruning of protected tree species as per the 

Government Gazette Notice 1012 of 27 August 2004 and the National Forests Act (Act No 84 of 

1998) must be obtained. 

The Contractor may clear only the vegetation within the construction area, unless specifically 

marked, and must take special care not to disturb plants outside the construction area during 

this process. 

Any plants or trees of value, close to the construction area that will remain, shall be marked 

clearly and must not be disturbed, defaced, destroyed or removed for the duration of the 

Contractor’s presence on site, unless otherwise specified by the Engineer. 

Maintain plant demarcations in position until the cessation of construction works. 

Do not disturb, deface, destroy or remove plants or natural features outside of the construction 

area, whether fenced or not, for the duration of the Contractor’s presence on site, unless 

otherwise specified by the Engineer. 

The Contractor will be held liable for the replacement of any plant or feature under the 

protection of these specifications that is removed or damaged by the Contractor’s negligence or 

mismanagement. 

No open fires are permitted under trees. 

No material storage or laydown is permitted under trees. 

No vegetative matter may be removed for firewood. 

The ECO may add to this list, as long as motivation for doing so is consistent with the criteria 

used to initially identify the plant or feature (during the Environmental Impact Assessment). 

6.1.3 Protection of fauna 

No wild animal may under any circumstance be handled, removed or be interfered with. 

No wild animal may under any circumstance be hunted, snared, captured, injured or killed. This 

includes animals perceived to be vermin. The penalty clause associated with the needless 

destruction of wildlife is stated later in this document. 

The Contractor must regularly undertake checks of the surrounding natural vegetation, in fences 

and along game paths to ensure no traps have been set. Remove and dispose of any snares or 

traps found on or adjacent to the site. 

Ensure that the Work Site is kept clean, tidy and free of rubbish that would attract animal pests. 

Ensure that bins and waste storage facilities are scavenger-proof. 

The Contractor must report problem animals and vermin to the Engineer who will facilitate any 

removal by the relevant organization or authority. 

Ensure that domesticated animals belonging to the local community are kept away and are safe 

from any unprotected Works. 

Do not make use of any pesticides, unless approved by the ECO. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




6.1.4 Protection of cultural historical aspects 

A PSP appointed specifically to identify, locate and map all features and sites of social and/or 

cultural historical significance to be protected during construction 4 must have completed their 

task prior to the Contractor disturbing any areas where important sites have been identified. 

Some sites near the construction area may be marked for protection using danger tape and 

steel droppers. 

Maintain demarcations in position until the cessation of construction works. 

Do not disturb deface, destroy or remove protected features and sites, whether fenced or not, 

for the duration of the Contractor’s presence on site, unless otherwise specified by the 

Engineer. 

If any chance archaeological finds, graves or skeletal material are unearthed, halt Works in that 

area immediately and inform the Engineer 5 . 

Do not resume Works in the area in question without permission from the Engineer 6 . 

6.1.5 Topsoil conservation 

The stripping and stockpiling of topsoil is covered by the Technical Specifications. 

In the absence of a recognizable topsoil layer, strip the uppermost 300 mm of soil. 

Co-ordinate Works to limit unnecessarily prolonged exposure of stripped areas and stockpiles. 

Retain vegetation and soil in position for as long as possible, removing it immediately ahead of 

construction/earthworks in that area. 

Strip and stockpile herbaceous vegetation, overlying grass and other fine organic matter along 

with the topsoil. 

Do not strip topsoil when it is wet. 

Do not mix topsoil obtained from different sites, unless the ECO gives permission. 

6.1.6 De-bushing and de-stumping 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Obtain permission from the Engineer to proceed with debushing. Only debush areas specified 

on the ESM&R Plan. 

6.2 Site infrastructure 

6.2.1 Structures and accommodation 

Locate all buildings and structures, including offices, workshops, stores, site laboratories as well 

as the weather station within predetermined zones as per the approved ESM&R Plan. 

Locate all temporary and permanent labour housing within predetermined sites as per the 

approved ESM&R Plan and/or relevant Sketch Plans. 

4 To be indicated by the ECO as referenced in the Environmental Impact Assessment. 

5 The Engineer must contact the Employer who will contact the Cultural Heritage PSP. 

6 A Phase 2 archaeological investigation must be undertaken and a permit must be obtained from SAHRA regional office before 

any archaeological site can be destroyed. In addition, exhumation and reburial of graves must conform to the standards set out 

in the Ordinance on Excavations (Ordinance no. 12 of 1980). Permission must be obtained from the descendants (where 

known), the National Department of Health, Provincial Department of Health, Premier of the Province and the local police. In 

addition, permission must be obtained from the landowners (where the graves are located and where the graves are going to be 

relocated) before exhumation can take place. Human remains can only be handled by a registered undertaker or an institution 

declared under the Human Tissue Act (Act No 65 of 1983 as amended). The ECO will co-ordinate.




Secure housing sites using 1,2 m high fence. In areas where security or theft is a problem, the 

fence height may be increased to 1,8 m or even 2,4 m and topped with razor wire. These fences 

are to remain in position until the cessation of Works. Also refer to Particular Specifications 60 

and 61 and the Scope of Works in the Technical Document. 

Ensure that essential services (including showers, appropriate sanitation and drinking water 

facilities) are provided for all housing sites 

Maintain essential services in a functional state. These may not be overloaded. Defects and 

inadequacies must be rectified immediately. 

Provide a designated place for food storage, preparation and consumption. Food storage must 

be separate from sleeping quarters and waste storage areas. 

Service all labour housing with cooking facilities, preferably gas or electricity. 

Allow for household amenities, such as washing and drying of clothes, as well as areas for 

social interaction. 

6.2.2 Contractors camp and lay-down areas 

Locate all storage areas and material laydown sites within predetermined zones as per the 

approved ESM&R Plan. 

Additional areas required by the Contractor for laydown and storage must be approved by the 

Engineer, in the form of an amended ESM&R Plan indicating the extent and anticipated 

utilisation of the storage and laydown area. 

Keep the camp and all its storage and laydown areas secure and neat at all times and employ 

appropriate access control measures during construction. 

Clearly indicate which activities are to take place within which areas of the site using 

demarcation and/or signage. 

Position security lighting so that it does not pose a nuisance to residential properties or tourist 

facilities or a danger to road users. 

Locate all other structures (including site offices, site laboratories, substations, workshops, wash 

bays, stores, substations etc.) as indicated on the approved ESM&R Plan. 

6.2.3 Batching plants 

Position batching plants on the basis of convenient location to the Work Sites as well as 

environmental limitations/opportunities 7 . 

Do not locate batching plants or associated sludge dams within the 1:100 year floodline, or 

within a horizontal distance of 100 m (whichever is greater) of a watercourse or drainage line. 

Protect the batching plant on the up-slope side by an earth berm or sandbag system to deflect 

clean surface runoff away from the plant. 

Contain the batching plant on the down-slope side by a trench and earth berm or sandbag 

system to control contaminated runoff and construction water emanating from within the plant. 

Collect all construction water and contaminated runoff emanating from within the batching plant 

(and associated wash bays) and contain within a sludge dam for later disposal in the 

appropriate manner (Section 6.3.5). 

Clean out all sludge dams on a regular basis, and disposed of sludge in the appropriate manner 

(Section 6.3.5). 

7 As allowed for on the approved ESM&R Plan. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Ensure that appropriate measures are in place to prevent the overflow of sludge dams during 

heavy rains and storm conditions. A method statement to this effect shall be provided by the 

Contractor for approval by the Engineer. 

Scrape waste concrete and cement sludge off the side of the batching plant on a regular basis, 

and dispose of in the appropriate manner (Section 6.3.5). 

6.2.4 Crusher plants 

Position crusher plants on the basis of convenient location to the Work Sites as well as 


Utilise the minimum area required for the storage of different stone sizes. 

Do not locate crusher plants or associated settlement ponds within the 1:100 year floodline, or 

within a horizontal distance of 100 m (whichever is greater) of a watercourse, drainage line or 

identified wetland. 

Do not locate crusher plants or associated settlement ponds within any riparian vegetation 

zone 9 . 

Protect the crusher plant on the up-slope side by an earth berm or sandbag system to deflect 

clean surface runoff away from the plant. 

Contain the crusher plant on the down-slope side by a trench and earth berm or sandbag 

system to control contaminated runoff and construction water emanating from within the plant. . 

Collect all construction water and contaminated runoff emanating from within the crusher plant 

and contain within a closed settlement pond system. 

Filtered water from the settlement pond may be liberated into the environment in an appropriate 

manner (Section 6.3.5). 

Clean out settlement pond on a regular basis, and disposed of sludge in the appropriate manner 


Ensure that appropriate measures are in place to prevent the overflow of settlement ponds 

during heavy rains and storm conditions. 

6.2.5 Sand washing plants 

Position sand washing plants on the basis of convenient location to the Work Sites as well as 


Do not locate sand washing plants or associated settlement ponds within the 1:20 year 

floodline, or within a horizontal distance of 50 m (whichever is greater) of a watercourse, 

drainage line or identified wetland unless specified additional sediment retention methods are 

implemented such as silt curtains. 

Do not locate sand washing plants or associated settlement ponds within any riparian 

vegetation zone 11 . 

Protect the sand washing plant on the up-slope side by an earth berm or sandbag system to 

deflect clean surface runoff away from the plant. 

Contain the sand washing plant on the down-slope side by a trench and earth berm or sandbag 

system to control contaminated runoff and construction water emanating from within the plant. 

Collect all construction water and contaminated runoff emanating from within the sand washing 

plant and contain within a closed settlement pond system. 





FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Filtered water from the settlement pond may be liberated into the environment in an appropriate 

manner (Section 6.3.5). 

Clean out settlement pond on a regular basis, and disposed of sludge in the appropriate manner 


Ensure that appropriate measures are in place to prevent the overflow of settlement ponds 

during heavy rains and storm conditions. A method statement to this effect shall be provided by 

the Contractor for approval by the Engineer. 

6.2.6 Off-site Mitigation and Plant Rescue 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

The Employer will establish an agreement with the South African National Biodiversity Institute 

or similar institution for the collection of valuable plant species and the harvesting of seed during 

construction, in particular, from the left bank of the basin area. Furthermore the Client may have 

a temporary holding area for a certain percentage of the plants harvested that can be used in 

the rehabilitation of construction areas and for re-population in the off-site mitigation area. 

Primary mitigation for loss of flora is Clause 3.2.1.13 in the revised Record of Decision. The 

operation will be over a number of years required for construction in order that plant species can 

be collected over different seasons. 

6.2.7 Roads and access 

Develop all permanent and temporary roads and access routes as indicated on the approved 

ESM&R Plan. 

Slight deviations of alignment are permitted, so as to avoid significant vegetation specimens and 

communities, natural features and sites of cultural and historical significance identified by the 

ECO or Cultural Heritage PSP. These deviations must be approved by the Engineer. 

Make use of existing roads and tracks where feasible, rather than creating new routes. 

Ensure that adequate vehicle turning areas are allowed for. Position these in disturbed areas as 

far as possible. 

Where construction will obstruct existing access, be sure to allow for alternative temporary 

access routes. 

In general, construction routes should not be wider than 3 m in sensitive areas, with passing 

bays where two-way traffic is required. 

Any additional routes and turning areas required by the Contractor must be approved by the 

Engineer in consultation with the ECO, in the form of an amended ESM&R Plan indicating the 

position and extent of the proposed route/area. 

Plan access routes to avoid significant vegetation specimens and communities, natural features 

and sites of cultural and historical significance 12 . 

Routes should not traverse slopes with gradients in excess of 8%. Where this is unavoidable, 

stabilise the road surface, if not gravel, using methods approved by the Engineer. 

Avoid routes through drainage lines and riparian zones wherever possible. Where access 

through drainage lines and riparian zones is unavoidable, only one road is permitted, 

constructed perpendicular to the drainage line. Avoid roads that follow drainage lines within the 

floodplain. 

Enforce speed limits at all times on site roads. 

Allow for safe pedestrian crossing where necessary. 

Ensure that only authorised roads and access routes are used. 

12 To be indicated by the Engineer.




Vehicles may not leave the designated roads and tracks and turnaround points will be limited to 

specific sites. 

Where this is avoidable, maintain all access routes and roads adequately in order to minimise 

erosion and undue surface damage. Repair rutting and potholing and maintain stormwater 

control mechanisms. 

Runoff from roads must be managed to avoid erosion and pollution problems. 

Regularly remove topsoil (and other material) accumulated in side drains of roadways to keep 

these open and functional. 

Clear up any gravel or cement spillage on roads. 

Clean and make good any damage to public or private roads caused by the Contractor during 

the construction phase. 

No off-road driving is permitted, unless authorised by the Engineer. 

Do not permit vehicular or pedestrian access into natural areas beyond the necessary work site. 

The Engineer will indicate whether or not it is necessary to keep a photographic record of 

temporary or permanent rights of way over private property as permitted during construction. 

6.2.8 Gates and fences 

Protect and maintain existing private property, fences and gates. 

Respect the open or closed status of gates for the duration of the construction period. 

Small sensitive areas may be fenced where necessary, as the work site progresses. 

Additional fencing may be specified by the Engineer, on advice from the EER to counter 

problems arising on site. The Contractor must erect such fencing and/or gates when and where 

required by the Engineer, and re-erect and maintain temporary fencing and or gates as 

necessary. 

Fences must be aligned to avoid significant vegetation specimens and communities, natural 

features, sites of cultural and historical significance and animal movement corridors as advised 

by the Engineer. All alterations must be approved by the Engineer. 

Limit clearing for fencing to the removal of trees and shrubs within 1 m of the fence line. No 

removal of the grass cover or topsoil is to occur within this width. 

Retain temporary fencing and/or gates in position until replaced by permanent fencing or until 

the Engineer directs their earlier removal. 

If temporary fencing and or gates are removed temporarily for the execution of any part of the 

Works then these must be reinstated as soon as practicable by the Contractor. 

6.3 Site operations 

6.3.1 Rubble and waste rock 

Store inert building rubble and waste rock as indicated on the approved ESM&R Plan. 

Subject to approval by the Engineer, in consultation with the ECO, certain borrow pits and/or 

quarries may be utilised for the disposal of waste rock and inert building rubble (Section 6.4). 

If no on-site disposal opportunities exist, then rubble and waste rock must be disposed of at the 

nearest registered solid waste disposal facility. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




6.3.2 Solid waste 

Collect all domestic waste in adequate numbers of litter bins located as required on the Work 

Site and within the Contractors camp. 

Where feasible, collect waste paper, glass and metal waste separately and arrange for 

collection by recycling contractors. 

For linear works, provide litter bins at regular positions, with spacing not exceeding 100 m 

throughout the Work Site. 

Litter bins must be equipped with a closing mechanism to prevent their contents from blowing 

out. 

Ensure that personnel make use of the litter bins provided. Keep all Work Sites and the 

Contractors camp tidy and litter free at all times. 

Empty litter bins weekly (or as required before they reach capacity). 

Where necessary, dedicate a storage area on site for the collection of construction waste. 

Remove stored domestic waste to the nearest registered solid waste disposal facility. 

Ensure that solid waste is transported so as to avoid waste spills en-route. 

Where solid waste disposal is to take place on site, ensure that only non-toxic materials, which 

have no risk of polluting the groundwater, are buried in designated approved areas at 

acceptable depths below ground level 13 . 

No solid waste disposal site may be located below the full supply level of the prospective dam. 

No solid waste may be burned on site. 

6.3.3 Liquid waste 

Provide portable chemical toilets at all Work Sites, unless a proper septic tank is installed as per 

the conditions of the ORWRDP RoD 14 . 

Ensure that adequate numbers of conveniently located site toilets are available on all Work 

Sites at all times in quantities related to the number of users (this shall not exceed 1 toilet per 20 

users). 

Do not locate any site toilet, sanitary convenience, septic tank or French drain within the 1:100 

year floodline, or within a horizontal distance of 100 m (whichever is greater) of a stream or 

identified wetland. 

Maintain and clean site toilets regularly as is required to keep them in good, functional working 

order and in an acceptable state of hygiene. Sewage from chemical toilets may not be dumped 

into the environment – the sewage is to be removed to a proper waste water treatment facility. 

Combine drinking water facilities with hand washing facilities near site toilets. 

6.3.4 Hazardous waste 

Store hazardous waste as indicated on the approved ESM&R Plan. 

Ensure compliance with all national, regional and local legislation with regard to the disposal of 

hydrocarbons, chemicals, solvents and any other harmful and hazardous substances and 

materials. 

Drip trays must be used where dispensing mechanisms or stored receptacles may leak. Collect 

any hazardous waste in receptacles located on a drip tray on site pending disposal. 

Retain waste oils and batteries for recycling by the supplier wherever possible. 

13 The Department’s consent and the necessary approvals and permits are to be in place before any such disposal takes place. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Water and oil should be separated in an oil trap. Oils collected in this manner should be 

retained in a safe holding tank and removed from site by a specialist oil recycling company for 

disposal at approved waste disposal sites for toxic/hazardous materials. Oil collected by a 

mobile servicing unit should be stored in the service unit’s sludge tank and discharged into the 

safe holding tank for collection by the specialist oil recycling company. 

Regularly dispose of all hazardous waste not earmarked for reuse, recycling or resale (such as 

oil contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons, electrical cleaning solvent, certain chemicals 

and fluorescent tubes) at a registered hazardous waste disposal site. 

Contain chemical spills, and arrange for cleanup/control by the supplier, or by professional 

pollution control personnel. 

Under no circumstances shall the spoiling of bituminous products on the site, over 

embankments, in borrow pits or any burying be allowed. 

No spillage of bituminous products shall be allowed on-site. Special care should be taken to 

avoid spillage of tar products such as tar prime or pre-coating fluid to avoid water-soluble 

phenols from entering the ground or contaminating water. 

Unused or rejected bituminous products shall be removed from site and taken to the supplier’s 

production plant. 

All used filter materials should be stored in a secure bin for disposal off site. Hazardous waste 

shall not be stored or stockpiled in any area other than that designated on the construction-site 

layout. 

Maintenance and servicing bays shall have a concrete floor and be fitted with sumps and 

collection tanks for wastewater that is contaminated with diesel, petrol and oil. This wastewater 

shall be removed to a registered disposal site. 

Regularly dispose of all hazardous waste not earmarked for reuse, recycling or resale (such as 

oil contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons, bitumen, tar, electrical cleaning solvent, certain 

chemicals and fluorescent tubes) at a registered, approved hazardous waste disposal site. 

6.3.5 Pollution control 

Do not locate any reservoir, dam or depot for any substance, which causes or is likely to cause 

pollution, within the 1:100 year floodline, or within a horizontal distance of 100 m (whichever is 

greater) of a watercourse, drainage line or identified wetland. 

Do not dump waste of any nature, or any foreign material into any drainage line or wetland. 

Do not allow the use of any drainage line or wetland for swimming, bathing, or the cleaning of 

clothing, tools or equipment. 

Prevent the discharge of water containing polluting matter or visible suspended materials 

directly into drainage lines or wetlands. 

Deflect any unpolluted water/runoff away from any dirty area (including plants, maintenance 

areas, workshops and contractors’ yards). 

Otherwise clean, but silt laden water may be discharged overland, provided no erosion is 

resultant from this discharge (Section 6.7.1). 

Where necessary, turbid water pumped from excavations within rivers must be passed through 

a sand filter or settling pond before being released back into the river. Discharge of this water 

must be in a controlled manner, and no erosion may result (Section 6.7.1). 

Design, construct, maintain and operate any tailings dam or sludge dam that forms part of a 

dirty water system to have a minimum freeboard of 0.8 m above full supply level. 

14 

The installation of a septic tank requires approval from the local authority. Septic tanks may only be installed where soil 

conditions are suitable. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Ensure that no stormwater is allowed to enter any drainage installation for the reception, 

conveyance, storage and/or treatment of sewage. 

Ensure that water passing through vehicle wash bays and workshops pass through oil baffles/oil 

traps/oils separators before passing into conservancy tanks. 

Treat all oil sludge collected in the said traps, including sump liners, as hazardous waste 


Take special care during rainy periods to prevent the contents of sumps and drip trays from 

overflowing. 

Before any water is permitted to enter natural drainage lines, the quality of the water must 

comply with the standards contained within the General Authorisations of the Department of 

Water Affairs and Forestry 15 . 

Water may only be discharged into a stormwater or sewer system with the permission of the 

local authority 16 . 

Immediately clean any accidental oil or fuel spills or leakages. 

Do not hose oil or fuel spills into a storm water drain or sewer, or into the surrounding natural 

environment. 

Clean small oil or fuel spills with an approved absorbent material, such as 'Drizit' or ‘Spill-sorb’. 

Contain oil or fuel spills in water using an approved oil absorbent fibre. 

Treat soil contaminated by oil or fuel using one of the following approved methods, as per 

instruction of the Engineer/ECO: 

Remove the soil to the depth of the contamination and dispose of at a registered 

Hazardous Waste Disposal Site. 

Remove the soil to the depth of the contamination, and regenerate using approved bioremediation 

methods. 

Report major oil or fuel spills to the provincial Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 

as well as to the relevant Local Authority. 

Carefully control all on-site operations that involve the use of cement and concrete (this applies 

to areas other than the batching plant). 

Limit cement and concrete mixing to single sites where possible. 

Dispose of all visible remains of excess cement and concrete after the completion of tasks. 

Dispose of in the approved manner (solid waste concrete may be treated as inert construction 

rubble, but wet cement and liquid slurry, as well as cement powder must be treated as 

hazardous waste [Section 6.3.4]). 

Contain water and slurry from cement and concrete mixing operations as well as from batching 

area wash bays. Direct such waste water into a settlement pond or sludge dam for later 

disposal. 

Do not allow the washing of trucks delivering concrete anywhere but within designated wash 

bays equipped with runoff containment. Direct such waste water into a settlement pond or 

sludge dam for later disposal. 

Where possible, make use of timber products treated off-site. 

Underlay areas where on-site application of timber treatment products is to take place with a 

PVC sheet to prevent the contamination of the soil surface. 

15 As set out in Government Notice 399 (26 March 2004) – Revision of General Authorisations in terms of Section 39 of the 

National Water Act, 1998 (Act No 36 of 1998) Sections 21(f), (h) and (g). 

16 The ECO to advise/co-ordinate in this regard. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




6.3.6 Implements and equipment 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Make use of mobile plant and equipment, which is appropriate to the task (i.e. for construction, 

rehabilitation and maintenance) in order to minimise the impact on and extent of damage to the 

environment. 

6.3.7 Blasting 

The requirements for blasting are contained in the Technical Specifications. 

6.3.8 Air quality 

Manage dust resultant from the Works and fugitive dust in an efficient and environmentally 

sensitive manner. 

Dust must be controlled through the regular watering of the work areas. 

Ensure that a dust control system (i.e. sprinkler or vacuum) is installed and maintained in an 

operating condition at the crusher plant. 

Dust from the construction site must not disturb economic or social activities in the vicinity of the 

construction site. 

In areas where dust is expected to be problematic, particularly nearby residential areas, enforce 

a maximum speed of 40 km/h for passenger and light commercial vehicles and 20 km/h for 

heavy vehicles and equipment. 

Apply watering as an additional means of controlling dust. 

6.3.9 Noise control 

Ensure that employees and staff conduct themselves in an acceptable manner while on site, 

both during work hours and after hours. 

No loud music is permitted on site or in the Camp. 

Notify adjacent landowners of after-hours construction work and of any other activity that could 

cause a nuisance. 

Respond to community complaints with regard to noise generation, taking reasonable action to 

ameliorate the impact. 

Where complaints cannot be addressed to the satisfaction of all parties, then the Contractor will, 

upon instruction by the Project Manager, via the Engineer/RE, provide an independent and 

registered Noise Monitor to undertake a survey of the noise output levels. Recommendations to 

reduce noise to legislated levels must be implemented. This may include the construction of 

noise barriers, earth berms or sound attenuation walls as required. 

6.3.10 Fire control 

Take adequate precautions to ensure that fires are not started as a result of Works on site as 

specified below: the Contractor will be held liable for any damage to property adjoining the Site 

as a result of any fire caused by one of his employees. 

Establish and maintain fire breaks around the Work Sites as and when specified by the ECO 

and as required by applicable legislation and the local authority. 

In areas highly susceptible to fire (plantations), night time security guards must be employed.




A minimum requirement for construction in a high fire risk area is a water truck or cart, with a 

minimum capacity of 5 000 litres, equipped with pump and hose (minimum length 30 m), which 

must be permanently on site. 

Ensure that the Work Site, the contractor’s camp and all living quarters are equipped with 

adequate fire fighting equipment 17 . This includes at least rubber beaters when working in veld 

areas, and at least one fire extinguisher of the appropriate type irrespective of the site. 

Take immediate steps to extinguish any fire, which may break out on the construction site. 

No open fires are permitted anywhere on site. 

Restrict contained fires for heating and cooking (i.e. in a fire drum) to designated areas on site. 

Prevent employees from creating fires randomly outside designated areas. 

Do not store any fuel or chemicals under trees. 

Do not store gas and liquid fuel in the same storage area. 

Do not permit any smoking within 3 m of any fuel or chemical storage area, or refuelling area. 

6.3.11 Health and Safety 

The requirements for Health and Safety are covered by the relevant legislation and Technical 

Specification. 

6.4 Borrow areas 

6.4.1 Borrow pits and rock quarries 

All work must be done in accordance with the EMPR as authorised by the Department of 

Minerals and Energy (DME). 

Any additional borrow areas and quarries required by the Contractor must be approved by the 

Engineer, in consultation with ECO, in the form of an amended ESM&R Plan, and may only be 

opened once approved by DME in terms of the requirements of the Minerals and Petroleum 

Resources Development Act (Act No 28 of 2002). 

Avoid stripping material to bedrock (if relevant). This limits rehabilitation potential for these 

areas. 

Minimise the flow of any surface water or floodwater into borrow areas. Where necessary 

protect borrow areas by an earth berm or sandbag system to deflect clean surface runoff away 

from the excavations. 

Allow for the natural free drainage of borrow areas. All borrow areas must be drained unless 

otherwise specified. 

Ensure that truck loads are covered with tarpaulins when sand is being transported on public 

roads. 

Control the type of material imported to ensure that soil contamination, in terms of weeds and 

alien invasive plants, does not occur. 

Bury coarse material incapable of supporting vegetation beneath the finer material. 

Backfill inert rubble 18 in layers of not more than 1 m, level and compact. Proceed in this manner 

until the level of backfilling has been reached and then cover the site with a layer of fine 

overburden at least 500 mm thick, followed by a layer of topsoil at least 200 mm thick (Sections 

7.2 and 7.4). 

17 

In terms of SABS 1200 

18 

Brick, rock, dry waste concrete and other building rubble that will not liberate toxic residues into the soil or ground water over 

time, once buried. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

No residue or substance which causes or is likely to cause pollution of a water resource may be 

placed in the workings of any underground or opencast mine excavation, prospecting diggings, 

pit or any other excavation. 

6.4.2 Sand mining 

Only screening activities are permitted within the riverbed. No unnecessary stockpiling of 

material should take place in the riverbed. 

Locate all support activities in the river plain, outside of the riparian vegetation zone. 

Limit access to single routes and access points at all times. Access through riparian vegetation 

to sand borrow areas must be constructed perpendicular to the drainage line. 

6.5 Earthworks 

6.5.1 Excavations and trenches 

For significant trees as indicated by the EER, trenching must 3 m away from the stem. 

Excavate and backfill trenches on a progressive basis as covered in Specifications. 

During construction through a drainage line, the majority of the flow must be allowed to pass 

down the stream (i.e. no damming must be allowed to take place). In-stream diversions should 

be used rather than the construction of new channels. 

6.5.2 Cut and fill 

The Engineer may identify cut and fill areas that need protection and will specify a solution in 

terms of the most appropriate approved method and technology (Section 6.7.2). 

Finish blasted areas and cut and fill slopes as roughened surfaces, which emulate the natural 

surroundings. 

Ensure that no concrete rubble is present within the top 1,5 m of any embankment. 

6.5.3 Shaping and trimming 

Shape areas to correct contours to within a tolerance of 300 mm. This tolerance applies to 

areas where the final contours are shown on the drawings. 

Trim areas already shaped to within an acceptable tolerance, with all undulations following a 

smooth curve. This tolerance applies to areas where the final contours are shown on the 

drawings. 

Dispose of excess material in the agreed manner (Section 6.3.1). 

Plan shaping and trimming operations to allow for topsoil application: final trimmed levels must 

make provision for the specified depth of reapplied topsoil (Section 7.5).




6.6 Stockpiles, storage and handling 

6.6.1 Topsoil 

Topsoil is to be handled twice only – once to strip and stockpile, and once to replace and level. 

Position topsoil stockpiles as indicated on the approved ESM&R Plan. 

Any additional topsoil stockpile areas required by the Contractor must be approved by the 

Engineer in consultation with the ECO, in the form of an amended ESM&R Plan indicating the 

position and extent of thereof. 

Position topsoil stockpiles on the higher side of a disturbed area, and above a 1:50 year flood 

line wherever possible. 

Ensure that all topsoil is stored in such a way and in such a place that it will not cause the 

damming up of water, erosion gullies, or wash away itself. 

In linear developments, stockpile topsoil in windrows parallel to the excavation. 

In riverine areas, stockpile topsoil above the riverine zone. 

Do not stockpile topsoil in drainage lines. 

Do not stockpile topsoil in heaps exceeding 2 m in height. 

Remove exotic/invasive plants and broad leaf weeds that emerge on topsoil stockpiles (Section 

6.8). 

If topsoil is to be stockpiled for extended periods, especially during the wet season, then the 

ECO may recommend one of the following measures: 

The re-vegetation of the stockpiles with indigenous grasses 19 (Section 7.8). 

The covering of the stockpiles with a protective material such as hessian mats. 

Ensure that topsoil is at no time buried, mixed with spoil (excavated subsoil), rubble or building 

material, or subjected to compaction or contamination by vehicles or machinery. This will 

render the topsoil unsuitable for use during rehabilitation. 

The Contractor will be held liable for the replacement of any topsoil rendered unsuitable for use 

during rehabilitation, for reasons due to his negligence or mismanagement on site. 

6.6.2 Spoil 

Position spoil (excavated subsoil) as indicated on the approved ESM&R Plan. 

No spoiling shall take place outside of the designated construction area. 

Any additional spoil storage area required by the Contractor must be approved by the Engineer 

in consultation with the ECO, in the form of an amended ESM&R Plan prior to initiating the 

activity. The following information is required for approval: 

The location, description of and access to proposed sites. 

The quantity of material to be stored as spoil. 

The type of material to be stored as spoil (i.e. blast rock, excavated rock, subsoil etc.). 

The proposed method of storing spoil. 

A proposal for the reinstatement and rehabilitation plan, including the final profile. 

In linear projects, spoil must be positioned in windrows parallel to the excavation. 

Position spoil on the higher side of a disturbed area, and above a 1:20 year flood line wherever 

possible. 

Ensure that all spoil is stored in such a way and in such a place that it will not cause the 

damming up of water, erosion gullies, or wash away itself. 

19 To be indicated by the ECO. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Store spoil in low heaps, not exceeding 2 m in height. 

Do not store spoil in drainage lines. 

Properly rehabilitate any permanent spoil dumps as soon as work in that area is complete. The 

specifications contained in Section 7 are to be followed in this regard. 

In general, no slopes steeper than 1(V):3(H) will be allowed. 

Bury the coarser material beneath the finer material, and overlay all permanent spoil heaps with 

a layer of topsoil at least 200 mm thick (Sections 7.4 and 7.5). 

6.6.3 Vehicles and equipment 

6.6.4 Fuel 

Vehicles used during construction must have the minimum impact on the environment or other 

road users. 

Regularly check vehicles, machinery and equipment operating on site to ensure that none have 

leaks or cause spills of oil, diesel, grease or hydraulic fluid. 

No vehicles, machinery or equipment with leaks or causing spills may be allowed to operate on 

the construction site. These must be sent to the maintenance yard or workshop for repair, or 

must be removed from site. 

Ensure that the maintenance of all vehicles and equipment, including oil and lubricant changes, 

takes place only within properly equipped, bunded maintenance areas or workshops as 

indicated on the ESM&R Plan. 

Only emergency and essential repairs of vehicles and equipment may take place on site. 

Underlay light-duty vehicle wash bays and workshops with an impermeable PVC lining or thin 

concrete slab which drains into a conservancy tank. 

Underlay heavy duty maintenance areas and workshops with a concrete slab, enclosed within a 

bund, which drains into a conservancy tank. 

Provide drip pans for generators, or any machinery that will be in position for longer than one 

day. 

Drip trays are to be watertight, and must be emptied regularly and before rain events. The 

contents of drip trays are to be treated as hazardous waste (Section 6.3.4). 

Where oil and fuel spills are expected, parking is to be on an impervious surface with adequate 

pollution control mechanisms in place. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Storage and handling of fuel must be in accordance with SANS specifications, or better, as 

directed by the Engineer. 

6.6.5 Hazardous substances 

Hazardous and flammable substances must be stored and used in compliance with applicable 

regulations and safety instructions (Revised ROD Clause 3.2.1.5)




6.7 Erosion control 

6.7.1 Water use and management 

Do not drain, fill or alter in any way, any drainage line, including the riverbanks unless this forms 

part of the construction Works, or upon specific instruction by the Engineer. 

Monitor water use and ensure that areas of waste are identified and minimised (i.e. water used 

for surface wetting, for batching, at the crusher plant, for potable supply etc.). 

Repair identified leaks and address issues of water wastage as soon as these are identified. 

Where possible, recycle water on the construction site. 

6.7.2 Erosion control and protection 

Line overflow and scour channels with stone pitching along their length and at their points of 

discharge to prevent soil erosion. The point of discharge must be at a point where there is 

natural grass cover. 

Ensure that channels do not discharge straight down the contours. These must be aligned at 

such an angle to the contours that they have the least possible gradient. 

Locate any point of overland discharge at least 50 m away from any river, stream or drainage 

way. 

Identify all areas susceptible to erosion so that they can be protected from undue soil erosion 

resultant from activities within and adjacent to the construction camp and Work Areas. 

Retain natural trees, shrubbery and grass species wherever possible (Section 6.1.2). 

Do not permit vehicular or pedestrian access into natural areas beyond the demarcated 

boundary of the Work Area (Section 6.1.1). 

Utilise only light equipment for access and deliveries into areas of unstable soils, in areas where 

erosion is evident, and at stream and river embankments 20 . 

Limit vehicular access into rocky outcrops and ridges 21 . 

Institute adequate sedimentation control measures at river crossings and when excavation or 

disturbance within riverbanks, or the riverbed takes place 22 . 

Address erosion donga crossings as river crossings, applying soil erosion control and bank 

stabilisation procedures as specified by the ECO (Appendix 3). 

Do not allow erosion to develop on a large scale before effecting repairs. When in doubt, seek 

advice from the ECO, via the Engineer. 

Repair all erosion damage as soon as possible and in any case not later than six months before 

the termination of the Defects Notification Period to allow for sufficient rehabilitation growth. 

In general, slopes steeper than 1(V):3(H) or slopes where the soils are by nature dispersive or 

erodable, must be stabilised. The Engineer, in consultation with the ECO, will specify a solution 

in terms of the most appropriate approved method and technology. One or more of the 

following methods may be required: 

Topsoil covered with a geotextile 23 , plus a specified grass seed mixture 24 . 

Gravel armouring cover specified by the Engineer 25 . 

Silt fencing designed by the Engineer. 

20 To be indicated by the Engineer. 

21 To be indicated by the Engineer. 

22 To be indicated by the Engineer in consultation with the ECO. 

23 Preferably made of sisal, with openings of at least be 225 mm 2 and guaranteed to last at least 24 months. 

24 The subsoil must be broken up / roughened to properly bind with the topsoil. 

25 The subsoil must be broken up / roughened to properly bind with the topsoil. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Earth or rock-pack cut-off berms 26 . 

Benches (sand bags), gabions or similar. 

Stormwater berms. 

Where the river diversion has a higher energy flux than the natural channel or a smaller crosssection 

which would lead to erosion in excess of the natural river course, protect the slopes 

using one or more of the following methods or similar may be used, as specified by the 

Engineer, in consultation with the ECO: 

Sandbags. 

Reno mattresses. 

Plastic liners and/or coarse rock (undersize rip-rap). 

During the course of construction, the ECO may identify additional slopes in need of 

stabilisation and through the Engineer will specify actions in terms of the most appropriate 

practical approved method and technology. 

6.8 Control of alien plants 

Monitor all sites disturbed by construction activities for colonisation by exotics or invasive plants 

and control these as they emerge (Appendix 4). 

Follow manufacturers instruction when using Engineer approved chemical methods, especially 

in terms of quantities, time of application etc. 

Ensure that only properly trained people handle and make use of chemicals. 

Dispose of the eradicated plant material at an approved solid waste disposal site. If no toxic 

sprays or persistent poisons were used during eradication, then the wood may be sold or 

donated. 

Rehabilitate all identified areas as soon as practically possible, utilising specified methods and 

species 27 . 

26 Angled across the contour at approximately 30 degrees from the bisector of the contour. 

27 To be indicated by the Engineer in consultation with the ECO and Appendices 6 for recommended method and species for 

rehabilitation. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




7. REHABILITATION SPECIFICATION 

The Rehabilitation Phase refers to the period of the project after the completion of the actual Works, 

the onset signalled by site cleanup, site rehabilitation, the withdrawal of the Contractor from site, and 

coinciding with the commencement of the Defects Notification Period. This specification shall be read 

in conjunction with Particular Specifications DHP63 and DHP64. 

7.1 Removal of structures and infrastructure 

As soon as a section of Works is finished and a construction site or camp vacated, the area 

must be rehabilitated by appropriate landscaping, levelling, topsoil dressing, land preparation, 

alien plant eradication and vegetation establishment. 

Clear and completely remove from site all construction plant, equipment, storage containers, 

temporary fencing, temporary services, fixtures and any other temporary Works 28 . 

Materials that will not be used again must be sold if possible or completely removed. 

Ensure that all access roads utilised during construction (which are not earmarked for closure 

and rehabilitation) are returned to a usable state and/or a state no worse than prior to 

construction. 

7.2 Inert waste and rubble 

Clear the site of all inert waste and rubble, including surplus rock, foundations and batching 

plant aggregates. After the material has been removed, the site shall be re-instated and 

rehabilitated. 

Load and haul excess spoil and inert rubble to fill in borrow pits/dongas or to dump sites 

indicated/approved by the ECO (Section 6.4). 

Subject to approval by the Engineer in consultation with the ECO, certain borrow pits and/or 

quarries may be utilised for the disposal of waste rock and inert building rubble. 

Remove from site all domestic waste and dispose of in the approved manner (Section 6.3.2) at 

a registered waste disposal site. 

7.3 Hazardous waste and pollution control 

Remove from site all temporary fuel stores, hazardous substance stores, hazardous waste 

stores and pollution control sumps. Dispose of hazardous waste in the approved manner 


Remove from site all pollution containment structures. Dispose of materials that will not be used 

again as hazardous waste (Section 6.3.4). 

Remove from site all temporary sanitary infrastructure and waste water disposal systems. Take 

care to avoid leaks, overflows and spills and dispose of any waste in the approved manner 


28 The removal of a septic tank requires approval from the local authority. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




7.4 Final shaping 

Make safe all borrow pits, quarries and dangerous excavations by backfilling, grading and 

blasting as required. 

In general, no slopes steeper than 1(V):3(H) are permitted, unless otherwise specified by the 

Engineer, in consultation with the ECO. Steeper slopes require protection (Section 6.7.2). The 

rationale is that the new slopes must mimic the natural slopes and topography. 

Programme the backfill of excavations so that subsoil is deposited first, followed by the topsoil. 

Compact in layers for best results. 

Backfill French drains, sludge dams and evaporation dams and compact, covering with a final 

layer of topsoil to a height of 100 mm above the surrounding ground surface. 

Deficiency of backfill may not be made up by excavating haphazardly within the Work Site. 

Additional fill may only be imported from approved borrow areas as indicated by the ECO. 

Monitor backfilled areas for subsidence (as the backfill settles) and fill depressions using 

available material. 

Dismantle and flatten temporary drifts and river crossings, reinstating all drainage lines to 

approximate their original profile. 

Shape all disturbed areas to blend in with the surrounding landscape. 

Ensure that no excavated material or stockpiles are left on site and that all material remaining 

after backfill is smoothed over to blend in with the surrounding landscape. 

7.5 Topsoil replacement and soil amelioration 

The principle of Progressive Reinstatement must be followed wherever possible. This includes 

the reinstatement of disturbed areas on an ongoing basis, immediately after the specified 

construction activities for that area are concluded. 

Execute top soiling activity prior to the rainy season or any expected wet weather conditions. 

Execute topsoil placement concurrently with construction where possible, or as soon as 

construction in an area has ceased. 

Replace and redistribute stockpiled topsoil together with herbaceous vegetation, overlying grass 

and other fine organic matter in all disturbed areas of the construction site, including temporary 

access routes and roads. Replace topsoil to the original depth (i.e. as much as was removed 

prior to construction - Section 6.1.5). 

Place topsoil in the same area from where it was stripped (Section 6.1.5). If there is insufficient 

topsoil available from a particular soil zone to produce the minimum specified depth, topsoil of 

similar quality may be brought from other areas of similar quality. 

The suitability of substitute material will be determined by means of a soil analysis addressing 

soil fraction, fertility, pH and drainage. 

Do not use topsoil suspected to be contaminated with the seed of alien vegetation (e.g. black 

wattle). Alternatively, the soil is to be sprayed with specified herbicides. 

Ensure that storm water run-off is not channelled alongside the gentle mounding, but that it is 

taken diagonally across it. 

Shape remaining stockpiled topsoil not utilised elsewhere in an acceptable manner so as to 

blend in with the local surrounding area. 

After topsoil placement is complete, spread available stripped vegetation randomly by hand over 

the top-soiled area. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

In the event that no topsoil is available on site prior to construction, and thus no topsoil is 

available for rehabilitation, undertake the following ameliorative action: 

Sample the soil to a depth of 200 mm in all areas allocated for grass planting and send 

the sample for soils analysis to determine the type of fertiliser and rate thereof to be 

applied. 

The necessary soil amendments as indicated by soil tests must be added to and worked 

into the soil. 

After the application of fertilisers such as superphosphate, a waiting period of six to eight 

weeks is required prior to the execution of planting and or grassing. 

7.6 Ripping and scarifying 

Rip 29 and/or scarify 30 all areas following the application of topsoil to facilitate mixing of the upper 

most layers. Whether ripping and/or scarifying is necessary will be based on the site conditions 

immediately before these works begin. 

Rip and/or scarify all disturbed (and other specified) areas of the construction site, including 

temporary access routes and roads, compacted during the execution of the Works. 

Rip and/or scarify along the contour to prevent the creation of down-slope channels. 

Rip and/or scarify all areas at 300 mm intervals (but not more than 400 mm intervals), ensuring 

that the lines overlap. 

Do not rip and/or scarify areas under wet conditions, as the soil will not break up. 

7.7 Planting 

7.7.1 Transplanted plants 

All planting work is to be undertaken by a suitably experienced personnel, making use of the 

appropriate equipment (Section 6.3.6). 

Transplanting entails the removal of plant material and replanting the same plants in another 

designated position. 

Transplant trees and shrubs into positions as indicated on the ESM&R Plan. 

Transplant trees and shrubs during the winter (between April and September). Transplant 

deciduous trees, before the new growth appears. 

Prune back the plants to limit transpiration and spray foliage with an evapo-transpiration 

retardant liquid if they are evergreen. 

Aloes and bulbous plants may be transplanted at any time of the year. 

Trees to be transplanted must be carefully removed from the soil so as to retain as large a 

rootball as practically possible. Use the tree’s driplines as an indicator: the larger the tree the 

larger the rootball (and subsequently the planting hole). 

Minimise disturbance of the soil and the remaining roots in the rootball during the lifting, moving 

and or transportation of all species. 

Wrap the rootball in Hessian or in plastic sheeting to retain the soil and to keep the rootball 

moist. 

Unless otherwise specified by the ECO, excavate square holes of 800 mm x 800 mm x 800 mm 

on average for trees and 500 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm on average for shrubs. 

29 Loosening of the soil to a depth of 300 mm. 

30 The roughening of the surface of the soil to a depth of approximately 50 mm, creating a smoother surface than ripping.




If impenetrable shale, rock, clay or a high water table is encountered, making the above hole 

sizes impossible, then seek advice from the Engineer. 

Where local soil has poor drainage, broken rock (approximately 75 mm in diameter) must be 

placed to a depth of 150 mm at the bottom of the planting hole prior to planting and backfilling 

with approved plant medium mixture. 

Backfill planting holes with excavated material/approved topsoil, thoroughly mixed with weed 

free manure or compost (per volume about one quarter of the plant hole), one cup of 2:3:2 

fertiliser and an approved ant and termite poison. 

Plant trees and shrubs so that their stems or trunks are at the same depth as in their original 

position. 

Orientate trees and shrubs in the same direction as in their original position. 

Plant aloes and bulbs in similar soil conditions and to the same depth as in their original 

position. 

Stake all trees using three weather resistant wooden or steel stakes anchored firmly into the 

ground. Two of the three stakes are to be located on the windward side of the plant. 

Galvanised wire binding, 3 mm thick, covered with a 20 mm diameter plastic hosepipe must be 

tied tightly to the stakes, half to two thirds the height of the tree above the ground and looped 

around the trunk of the tree. 

Place stakes at least 500 mm apart and away from the stem and roots of the tree, so as not to 

damage the tree or its roots. This distance will depend upon the size of the tree planted and 

must be approved by the Engineer in consultation with the ECO before staking. 

Where necessary, protect newly planted trees against wind, frost and wild animals by means of 

fencing, sacking or frost nets. 

Water transplanted trees and shrubs as required until the plants are able to survive 

independently (i.e. depending on the rainfall). 

A raised circular 200 mm high subsoil berm, placed 500 mm (shrubs) to 750 mm (trees) from 

the plant’s stem must be provided for the watering. Do not simply leave the excavated plant 

hole partially backfilled for this purpose – the berm must be raised above the natural soil level. 

Water aloes and bulbs once directly after transplanting to settle the soil. 

Remove stakes and wire binds over time as required, as plants become established. 

7.7.2 Nursery plants 

All planting work is to be undertaken by suitably experienced personnel, making use of the 


Plant all trees, shrubs and individual plants in positions as indicated on the ESM&R Plan. 

Planting should preferably be done during the rainy season. 

Unless otherwise specified by the Engineer, excavate square holes of 800 mm x 800 mm x 800 

mm on average for trees and 500 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm on average for shrubs. 

If impenetrable shale, rock, clay or a high water table is encountered, making the above hole 

sizes impossible, then seek advice from the Engineer. 

Where local soil has poor drainage, broken rock (approximately 75 mm in diameter) must be 

placed to a depth of 150 mm at the bottom of the planting hole prior to planting and backfilling 

with approved plant medium mixture. 

Backfill planting holes with excavated material/approved topsoil, thoroughly mixed with weed 

free manure or compost (per volume about one quarter of the plant hole), one cup of 2:3:2 

fertiliser and an approved ant and termite poison. 

As much of the soil from container plants as possible must be retained around the roots of the 

plant during planting. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




The plant must be planted into the specified hole size with the approved soil, compost and 

fertiliser mix used to refill the plant hole and must cover all the roots and be well firmed down to 

a level equal to that of the surrounding in situ material. 

After planting, each plant must be well watered, adding more soil upon settlement if necessary. 

Add mulch to the surface area of the bermed basin. 

Stake all trees using three weather resistant wooden or steel stakes anchored firmly into the 

ground. Two of the three stakes are to be located on the windward side of the plant. 

Galvanised wire binding, 3 mm thick, covered with a 20 mm diameter plastic hosepipe must be 

tied tightly to the stakes, half to two thirds the height of the tree above the ground and looped 

around the trunk of the tree. 

Place stakes at least 500 mm apart and away from the stem and roots of the tree, so as not to 

damage the tree or its roots. This distance will depend upon the size of the tree planted and 

must be approved by the Engineer in consultation with the ECO before staking. 

Where necessary, protect newly planted trees against wind, frost and wild animals by means of 

fencing, sacking or frost nets. 

Thoroughly water plants as required until the plants are able to survive independently (i.e. 

depending on the rainfall). 

A raised circular 200 mm high subsoil berm, placed 500 mm (shrubs) to 750 mm (trees) from 

the plant’s stem must be provided for the watering. Do not simply leave the excavated plant 

hole partially backfilled for this purpose – the berm must be raised above the natural soil level. 

Water aloes and bulbs once directly after transplanting to settle the soil. 

Remove stakes and wire binds over time as required, as plants become established. 

7.7.3 Seeds and seedlings 

All planting work is to be undertaken by suitably experienced personnel, making use of the 


Tree seedling material should be fresh and of local origin. Resist using plants from far afield as 

they may not be best suited to local climatic or soil conditions. 

Small seedlings are likely to transplant more successfully than will large ones. These should be 

potted and kept under nursery conditions (Section 6.2.6) until they are large enough to plant 

out. 

7.8 Grassing 

Suitably trained personnel must undertake grassing by making use of the appropriate 

equipment (Section 6.3.6) and grass species as specified by the terrestrial ecologist. 

Grass areas using the method specified on the ESM&R Plan. 

Trim 31 areas to be grassed to the required level. 

Sodding may be done at any time of the year, but seeding must be done during the summer 

when the germination rate is better. 

Hydroseeding with a winter mix will only be specified where regrassing is urgent, and cannot 

wait for the summer. 

31 Preparation of an even surface for grassing. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




7.8.1 Sods 

Sodding is defined as the laying of grass sods. 

The soil should be uniformly wet to a depth of at least 150 mm before planting of grass sods. 

Protect sods against drying out: keep these moist from the time of harvesting until final 

placement. 

Rake or spike the area to give a loose surface to a depth of 100 mm. 

Lay the first row of sods in a straight line, starting at the bottom of a slope, where possible. 

Place the next row of sods in the same way, tightly against the bottom row with the joints 

staggered, until the full area is covered with sods. 

Tightly butt sods together, taking care not to stretch or overlap sods. 

Where a good fit cannot be obtained, the intervening spaces may be filled with parts of sods or 

topsoil. 

On steep slopes the sods must be secured using timber stakes of at least 300 mm in length. 

After planting, water sods to prevent drying out. 

Irrigate as required until the grass is able to survive independently (i.e. depending on the 

rainfall). 

7.8.2 Runners 

Plant grass runners evenly by hand or by mechanical means at a rate of at least 400 runners 

per hectare. 

Use only fresh runners, avoiding grass runners that have been allowed to dry out. 

Rake or spike the area to give a loose surface to a depth of 100 mm. 

The soil should be uniformly moist to a depth of at least 150 mm before planting of grass 

runners. 

After planting, runners must be given water and, when sufficiently dry, must be rolled with a light 

agricultural roller and re-watered. 


rainfall). 

7.8.3 Hand seeding 

All seed supplied should be labelled in accordance with the Government Seed Act (Act No 20 of 

1961). 

The soil should be loose and uniformly moist to a depth specified by the Engineer, before any 

seeding commences. 

Halve the seed and fertiliser mixture as specified and apply evenly in two immediate successive 

applications perpendicular to each other. 

The seeded area must be raked over after seed application and well watered. 


rainfall). 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




7.9 Maintenance 

The Employer will monitor the re-growth of invasive vegetative material for one year, as per the 

ROD. 

Cordon off areas that are under rehabilitation as no-go areas using danger tape and steel 

droppers (or other approved method). If necessary, these areas should be fenced off to prevent 

vehicular, pedestrian and livestock access. 

Revegetation must match the vegetation type, which previously existed, unless otherwise 

indicated in the Contract or specified by the Engineer. 

Base the new carrying capacity of rehabilitated land on the status quo rather than the regional 

estimate. 

Water all transplanted, planted and grassed areas as specified (Sections 7.7 and 7.8) 32 . 

Control invasive plant species and weeds by means of extraction, cutting or other approved 

methods. 

For planted areas that have failed to establish, replace plants with the same species as 

originally specified. 

A minimum grass cover of 80% of natural occurrence is required, and individual plants must be 

strong and healthy growers at the end of the Defects Notification Period. 

32 Ideally, the amount of irrigation required will make up the difference between rainfall recorded on site and the minimum. 

requirement 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




8. REGISTERS 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

As per the ROD the following registers are to be maintained and kept on site by the ECO at all times: 

A daily site diary. 

A non-conformance register. 

A public complaints register. 

A register of audits.




9. MONITORING, AUDITING AND REPORTING 

9.1 Roles and responsibilities 

The responsibilities of the various role-players in implementing, monitoring and auditing of the EMP 

are defined in Section 3 of this document 

9.1.1 Construction compliance monitoring 

9.1.1.1 Site handover 

The Engineer will attend the site handover meeting, where the EMP will form part of the agenda. Key 

environmental matters discussed at this meeting will be minuted and submitted as part of the 

environmental reporting. 

9.1.1.2 Method statements 

Before a construction activity commences, the Engineer and ECO will agree which activities, if any, 

require a written method statement over and above those already listed in the Contractor’s Scope of 

Works. In such cases, the Contractor, with assistance from the CER, will submit a written method 

statement, which should include the following: 

The type of construction activity. 

Locality where the activity will take place. 

Identification of impacts that might result from the activity. 

Identification of activities or aspects that may cause an impact. 

Methodology and/or specifications for impact prevention for each activity or aspect. 

Methodology and/or specifications for impact containment for each activity or aspect. 

Emergency/disaster incident and reaction procedures. 

Treatment and continued maintenance of impacted environment. 

The Contractor may provide such information in advance of any or all construction activities provided 

that new submissions shall be given to the Engineer whenever there is a change or variation to the 

original. 

The ECO will review the construction method statements in order to ensure that the environmental 

specifications contained within this EMP are adhered to. 

9.1.1.3 Site inspections and meetings 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

During construction, the day-to-day compliance with this EMP will be monitored by the ECO. 

The ECO will attend monthly site inspections and meetings and will complete monitoring checklists to 

establish how well the Contractor is complying with conditions of the authorisation and the EMP. 

Regardless of which monitoring technique is used, the ultimate aim is that each environmental 

management specification be checked by means of a system in which a score may be allocated for:




Full compliance. 

Satisfactory performance. 

Unsatisfactory performance. 

No action. 

Monitoring will take place at least every month during construction, and every three months during the 

Defects Notification Period as specified in Clause 3.2.4 of the ROD. Completed Monitoring Reports will 

be submitted to the Engineer and the EMC who will attend to issues. 

Anything of a significant environmental nature that arises in between the monthly site meetings must 

be recorded in the site diary by the ECO and be reflected in written correspondence (email/fax/letter) 

directed to the Engineer and copied to the Client. If required, the Engineer, in consultation with the 

ECO, must conduct a site visit to address the matter. 

9.1.1.4 Tests on Completion 

The ECO will attend the Tests on Completion inspections. Outstanding environmental matters 

requiring attention will be provided to the Engineer for inclusion in the snag list, which is attached to 

the Taking-Over Certificate. 

9.1.1.5 Final completion and environmental performance certificate 

Once the environmental items on the snag list have been addressed to the satisfaction of the ECO, 

the ECO will provide an environmental performance certificate confirming that the environmental 

specifications applicable to the Contractor(s) have been met. This certificate will be submitted to the 

Engineer prior to the Performance Certificate being issued. 

9.2 Penalties 

Contractual bonuses payable to the Contractor will be penalised for non-compliance based on annual 

audits and in line with the Public Finance Management Act. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




10. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION 

The project Communication Strategy will be made available to the Contractor. The Contractors, their 

staff or sub-contractors are not to enter into discussions or provide comment to members of the 

general public, affected landowners or media on aspects of the project, compensation procedures or 

construction programme/activities. All such communication must be directed to the Engineer, who will 

direct it via the Employer, to the departmental media liaison personnel or relevant PSP. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




APPENDIX 1 : DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AND TOURISM - RECORD OF 

DECISION 

Go to http://www.dwaf.gov.za/ORWRDP/documents.asp to view the RoD. 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




APPENDIX 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SITE MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




APPENDIX 3: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF REHABILITATION AND STABILIZATION 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

[Source: RENNIES WETLAND PROJECT. Wetland Fix. 1997] 

a) Stream bank stabilization using herbaceous plants 

Where practical initiate restoration programmes on prioritised catchments and streams. 

Initiate streambank restoration programmes as high up the catchment as possible and progress 

downstream. 

Remove stock from, fence off or herd stock away from sensitive areas. 

Provide an alternative water source. 

Provide a protected stream crossing point. 

Methods of stream bank stabilization using herbaceous plants: 

Root rhizome cuttings buried in rows 50 cm – 100 cm apart. 

Root clumps of grass, sedge, reed or bulrush at 50 cm – 100 cm intervals. 

Root clumps of grass, sedge, reed or bulrush at 50 cm – 100 cm intervals and anchored 

down with rocks. 

Reed culm bundles planted at 50 cm – 100 cm intervals. 

Reed culm bundles planted at 50 cm – 100 cm intervals and anchored down with rocks. 

Root clumps of grass, sedge, reed or bulrush planted in roll gabions anchored into 

trenches with stakes. 

Root clumps of grass, sedge, reed or bulrush planted in roll gabions placed over silt trap 

layer of dead branches and anchored into trenches with stakes. 

Root clumps of grass, sedge, reed or bulrush planted in standard gabions or containers 

and anchored into trenches with stakes. 

b) Stream bank stabilization using trees 

Do not plant trees in riparian zones in straight lines but at random with approximately 3-5 m 

gaps between trees. This seems close but the aim is to try and establish a closed canopy and 

an extensive root system cover quickly, and furthermore, not all the trees will survive. 

Plant the front trees as close to the stream as possible, but not on the edge of steep banks 

where bank slumps/slides are likely to occur. Reshaping of the banks or planting far enough 

back from the bank edge to allow for slumping should be considered. 

Methods of stream bank stabilization using trees: 

Tree seedlings planted into the bank at 3 m intervals (zig-zagged or in a grid pattern). 

Tree cuttings and seedlings planted into the bank at 3 m intervals. 

Tree cuttings – ground layering. 

Tree cuttings pilings. 

Tree cuttings laid into wire netting rolls anchored into trenches with stakes. 

Tree cuttings planted through wire netting rolls anchored into trenches with stakes. 

Tree cuttings laid into front and top of gabions or containers filled with stone soil. 

Tree cuttings staked alongside gabion deflectors.




c) Channel Plug development using herbaceous plants 

The basic concept of developing channel plugs is to restore or to create wetlands. 

Remove crops or timber to the prescribed distance from the wetland edge. 

Develop plugs at channel/donga headcuts or as high up in the channel as possible before 

progressing with plugs downstream. 

Remove/fence off or herd stock away from sensitive areas. 

Use a weak link fence that will collapse during flood events. 

Provide an alternative water source for stock. 

Remove alien invasive plants in planned phases (starting upstream and working on light 

infestations first) and maintain control via regular follow ups. 

Methods of channel plug development using herbaceous plants: 

Rock fill (rip-rap) at head cut supported by root clumps of sedge, reed or bulrush. 

Soil hump diversion planted with root-clumps of grass, sedge, reed or bulrush. 

Sand bag diversion planted with grass, sedge, reed or bulrush when wet. 

Channel planted with root clumps of sedge, reed or bulrush in 100 cm strips. 

Channel planted with root clumps of sedge, reed or bulrush in 100 cm strips and 

supported with rocks. 

Channel planted with reed bundles and anchored with rocks to form 100 cm strips. 

Roll gabion channel planted with root clumps of sedge, reed or bulrush, anchored with 

rocks and half buried in trenches. 

Gabion: Root clumps of sedge, reed or bulrush planted in front and on top of stone and 

soil filled gabions. 

Concrete weir: Supported by root clumps or gabion/root clump planting. 

Clay core dam wall supported by root clump plantings. 

Reno mattress: long flat wire-mesh or veldspan baskets filled with rocks or stones, used 

to protect water overfall points against downstream scour. 

d) Channel plug development using trees 

Do not plant trees in riparian zones in straight lines but at random with approximately –5 m gaps 

between trees. This seems close but the aim is to try and establish a closed canopy and an 

extensive root system cover quickly, and furthermore, not all the trees will survive. 

Plant the front trees as close to the stream or erosion slide as possible, but not on the edge of 

steep banks where bank slumps/slides are likely to occur. Reshaping of the banks or planting 

far enough back from the bank edge to allow for slumping should be considered. 

Methods of channel plug development using trees: 

Seedlings and/or cuttings planted into the channel at about 150 cm intervals. 

Cuttings ground layered into the channel. 

Cuttings planted into rock sill. 

Cuttings planted alongside a roll gabion sill filled with rock and soil. 

Cuttings planted through a roll gabion sill filled with rock and soil. 

Cuttings staked alongside gabion or container plug. 

Cuttings staked and ground layered alongside gabion or container plug. 

e) Herbaceous plant establishment on streambanks and in channels 

Zone 1: The stream or channel bed zone that is usually permanently or semi-permanently wet. 

Zone 2: The lower bank zone that is usually moist and is frequently waterlogged during the wet 

season. 

The bank top zone that is usually only wet or inundated for short periods during the wet season. 

The following species are recommended for use in the zones as indicated: 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Plant name Distribution map Optimal position in the channel 

Cyperrus papyrus 

Papyrus 

Typha capensis 

Bulrush 

Phragmites australis 

P. mauritianus 

Common reed 

Echinochloa colona 

E. crus-galli 

Jungle rice 

Watergras 

Cyperus latifolius 

C. immensus 

iKhwane grass 

Leersia hexandra 

Wild ricegrass 

Wilde rysgras 

Juncus kraussii 

J. effusus 

Juncus 

iNcema 

Hermarthria altissima 

Red swamp grass 

Rooikweek 

Acroceras macrum 

Nile grass 

Nylgras 

Cynodon dactylon 

Couch grass 

Kweek 

isiFulwane 

Imperata cylindrica 

Cottonwool grass 

Dousgras 

Um Thente 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Stenotaphrum 

secundatum 

Coastal buffalo grass 

Strand buffelsgras 

uNgwengwe 

Setaria megaphylla 

Broad leaved setaria 

Breeblaar setaria 

uBabe 

Penisetum purpureum 

Elephant grass 

Olifantgras 

f) Tree establishment on streambanks and in channels 

PG zone: ‘Plug trees’ with spreading roots in wet channels that under some conditions form a 

‘root weir’ affecting a blockage or plug in the channel. 

VR zone: Vigorous rooting trees suitable for bank stabilization. 

P zone: Pioneer or precursor trees that are fast growing, can tolerate full sun when young and 

will create partial shade for other trees and seedlings to follow. 

O zone: Trees of ornamental, commercial or medicinal value (added to areas away from bank 

edge). 

The following species are recommended for use in the zones as indicated: 

Tree name & No Leaf or pod Distribution Map 

shape 

172 

Acacia karroo 

Sweet thorn 

Soetdoring 

umunga 

183 

Acacia robusta 

Splendid thorn 

Enkeldoring 

umNgamanzi 

324 

Bridell micrantha 

Coast Gold leaf 

Mitseeri 

umHlalamagwababa 

637 

Buddlej 

saiviifoia 

Sagewood 

Saliehout 

ILoshane 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Position in stream channel profile




524 

Baringtonia racemosa 

Powderpuff tree 

Poeierkwasboom 

u Bhoquo 

39 

Ceitis africana 

White stinkwood 

Witstinkhout 

um Vumvu 

667 

Cierodendrum giabrum 

Tinderwood 

Harpuisblaar 

umQoqonga 

536 

Combretum 

erythrophyllum 

River Bushwillow 

Riviervaderlandswilg 

umBondwe 

330 

Croton sylivaticus 

Forest croton 

Boskoorsbessie 

umZilanyone 

113 

Cryptocarya latifolia 

Broad-leaved laurel 

Breeblaarkweper 

umHlangwene 

159 

Faidherbia albida 

Ana tree 

Anaboom 

umHlalankwazi 

66 

Ficus natalensis 

Natal Fig 

Natalvy 

um Thombi 

50 

Ficus sur 

Cape Fig 

Besemtrosvy 

umKhiwane 

66 

Ficus sycomorus 

Sycamore Fig 

Gewone Trosvy 

umKhiwane 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




54 

Ficus trichopoda 

Swamp Fig 

Moerasvy 

umVubu 

670 

Halleria lucida 

Tree fuchsia 

Notsung 

iMinza 

361 

Harpephyllum caffrum 

Wildplum 

Wildepruim 

umGwenya 

464 

Hibiscus 

taliaceus 

Lagoon hibiscus 

Wildekatoenboom 

umLolwa 

397 

Ilex mitis 

African holly 

Without 

iPhuphuma 

145 

Leucosidea sericea 

Oldwood 

Ouhout 

umTshitshi 

335 

Macaranga capensis 

Wild poplar 

Wildepopulier 

iPhumela 

577 

Maesa lanceolata 

False assegai 

Basterassegai 

uPhongaphonga 

37 

Myrica piluifera 

Broad-leaved 

waxberry 

Breeblaarwasbessie 

38 

Myrica serrata 

Lance-leaved 

waxberry 

Smalblaarwasbessie 

uMakhuthula 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




22 

Phoenix reclinata 

Wild date palm 

Wildedadelboom 

iSundu 

18 

Podocarpus latifolius 

Real Yellowwood 

Opregte Geelhout 

umSonti 

16 

Podocarpus falcatus 

Outeniqua Y.wood 

Outeniekwageelhout 

umSonti 

118 

Ocotea bullata 

Stinkwood 

Stinkhout 

umNukani 

26 

Raphia australis 

Kosi palm 

Kosipalm 

umVuma 

647 

Rauvolfia caffra 

Quinine tree 

Kinaboom 

umHlambamanzi 

380 

Rhus chirindensis 

Red current 

Bostaaibos 

inHlokoshiyane- enkhulu 

386 

Rhus lancea 

Willow rhus 

Karee 

384.1 

Rhus montana 

Drakensberg karee 

Drakensberg karee 

Rhus viminalis 

White karee 

Witkaree 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

396




35 

36.2 

Salix muncronata 

River willow 

Vaalwilger 

umZenkana 

555 

Syzygium cordatum 

Waterberry 

Waterbessie 

umDoni 

557 

Syzgium guineense 

Water pear 

Waterpeer 

umDoni-namanzi 

42 

Trema orientalis 

Pigeonwood 

Hophout 

umBhatini 

646 

Voacanga thouarsli 

Wild frangipani 

Wildefrangipani 

umKhadlu 

606 

Diospyros mespiliformis 

Jackal-berry 

Jakkalsbessie 

678 

Kigelia africana 

Sausage tree 

Worsboom 

684 

Breonadia salicina 

Matumi 

Mingerhout 

301 

Trichilia emetica 

Natal mahogany 

Rooiessenhout 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

APPENDIX 4: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ALIEN PLANT CONTROL 

a) Principles for control 

[Source: RENNIES WETLAND PROJECT. Wetland Fix. 1997] 

Light invader plant infestations are easier to deal with than heavy infestations. They can also 

get worse if ignored: heavy infestations may not. So tackle the easiest problems first. 

Infestation generally proceeds downhill: start at the highest point and work downwards. 

No control operation succeeds the first time - one or more follow-ups are essential. So when 

attempting to clear a large area piece-meal, it is better to make the second effort a follow up 

operation on the first area cleared than to start on a new area. Cleared areas should be 

inspected at intervals to ensure that alien elimination is complete. 

Take into account other plants present and possible damage or disturbance to desirable plants 

or to the soil during control, as long term site rehabilitation costs need to be further considered. 

Do not overlook commercial prospects. Some alien plants might have a market value for use as 

compost, firewood or even building materials. 

In cases where large infestations are being tackled it is advisable to consult with the Agricultural 

Research Council, Plant Protection Research Unit; as their expertise could save time and 

money. 

b) Methods of control 

1. Biological control (the use of natural biological agents such as insects, mites and pathogens) 

Even though a biological agent might become well established, eradication of the target weed 

does not usually occur. The main aim of biological control is not to eradicate but to reduce the 

vigour of the weed and to impair its reproductive capacity. 

2. Mechanical control (action in which force is exerted) 

This method is target specific, requires little expertise, but is generally slow, labour intensive 

and involves soil disturbance: 

Raking/dragging of aquatic weeds. 

Hand-pulling/uprooting (small infestations and where invaders are shallow). 

Cutting/slashing as close to the ground as possible (usually used as an initial treatment 

prior to chemical treatment). 

Ring-barking and strip-barking (used when felling is impractical, or when damage from 

felling large trees is to be limited). 

Felling. 

3. Chemical control 

In certain cases, the use of herbicides is preferable to mechanical methods, for example when 

the disturbance created by digging and uprooting could be disastrous on steep slopes prone to 

soil erosion or when chemical control may be more economical than mechanical control. 

Consider the following when choosing a herbicide: 

It should be one registered for use against the weed to be eliminated.




Note the level of persistency displayed by the herbicide after application. Residual 

herbicides preclude immediate re-growth or replanting. 

The degree of selectivity of action of the herbicide may be critical. Some kill all plants, 

others have no effect on non-target species, particularly grasses. 

The effect of the herbicide upon animal life must be considered. Some herbicides are 

dangerous to particular groups of animals (e.g., fish) and should never be used near 

water. 

Methods: 

Foliar application (only kills the plant after translocation to the roots and is therefore slow 

acting. Environmental conditions are important during application). 

Basal bark treatment (for plants with a diameter of 5-15 cm. Highly selective and efficient 

for control in rugged terrain). 

Cut stump treatment (for plants with a diameter of greater than 15 cm). 

Soil applied herbicides (not selective and usually persistent. Effectively used for control 

of bush encroachment). 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Biologic Mechanica Mechanica Mechanica Mechanic Chemical Chemic Chemica Chemical Other 

al 

l 

l 

l 

al 

al l 

Alien 

Hand- Cutting or Ringbarki Felling Foliar Cut Basal Soil 

Plant 

pulling slashing ng 

Spray Stump bark treatment 

Species 

barkstrippi 

ng 

Barbados 

Seedlings 

Garlon Burn 

Gooseber 

and re- 

heape 

ry 

growth 

d 

materi 

al 

Blackwoo 

d 

Seedlings 

Bramble Garlon 

Reclaim 

Roundup 

Brushoff 

Escort 

Grasslan 

Brazil 

Seedlings Garlon Veld 

Pepper 

Burn 

Bugweed Seedlings Garlon Chopper Garlon Reclaim 

Roundup 

Chopper 

Starane 

Starane Grasslan 

Guava Chopper Tordon 

Tordon 

super 

super 

Gum- 

Garlon Garlon 

Reclaim 

saligna 

Chopper 

Escort 

Chopper 

Grasslan 

Inkberry Seedlings 

Kariba Leaf 

Igran 

weed feeding 

weavils 

Lantana Seedlings Roundup Tordon 

Reclaim 

Chopper super 

Chopper 

Grasslan 

Mauritius 

Seedlings Garlon 

thorn 

Roundup 

Parrots 

Rakin 

feather 

g or 

draggi 

ng 

Pine 

Poplargrey 

Seedlings Veld 

burn 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007




Port 

Seed Seedlings Garlon 

Reclaim 

Jackson 

willow 

borer 

Roundup 

Graslan 

Prickley Sap- 

Roundup 

pear sucking 

cochineal 

and leaf 

eating 

cactoblas 

tis 

MSMA 

Rooikran 

Seedlings Garlon Reclaim 

s 

Grasslan 

Sesbania Flower or 

Garlon Garlon Reclaim 

red 

Spanish 

reed 

seed 

feeding 

weavils 

Roundup 

Graslan 

Syringa Seedlings Garlon Garlon 

Triffid 

Garlon Garlon 

Reclaim 

weed 

Water 

fern 

roundup 

Brushoff 

Escort 

Chopper 

Grasslan 

Water 

hyacinth 

Water 

lettuce/ 

cabbage 

Wattleblack 

Wattle- 

Longleaf 

Wattle- 

Silver 

Weeping 

willow 

Wild 

tobacco 

Leaf 

feeding 

weavils 

Leaf 

feeding 

weavils 

Seed 

feeding 

weavils 

Wasp 

causes 

galls 

FIRST EDITION 

12 MARCH 2007 

Roundup 

Igran 

Seedlings Garlon 

Roundup 

Seedlings 

Tordon 

super 

Seedlings Garlon Garlon 

Tordon 

super 

Seedlings 

Garlon 

Tordon 

super 

Tordon 

super 

Reclaim 

Grasslan 

Inject 

Masm 

ar 

Veld 

burn 

Rakin 

g or 

draggi 

ng 

Rakin 

g or 

draggi 

ng 

Rakin 

g or 

draggi 

ng

ORWRDP Environmental Impact Assessment ... - DWA Home Page

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?