leadership crises and decline of opposition parties in

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PPN Progressive Party of Nigeria PPP Peoples Progressive Party PRP Peoples Redemption Party SAP Structural Adjustment Programme SDP Social Democratic Party SGN Solidarity Group of Nigeria SLA Southern Leaders Forum SMC Supreme Military Council SPP Social Progressive Party TBO The Buhari Organization UDP United Democratic Party UMBC United Middle Belt Congress UNCP United Congress Party of Nigeria UPN United Party of Nigeria viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ii Certification iii Acknowledgements iv Dedication v Acronyms vi Table of Contents ix Abstract xiv CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1Background to the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 4 1.3 Research Questions 6 1.4 The Significance of the Study 6 1.5 Research Aims and Objectives 7 1.6 Research Propositions 7 1. 7 Scope of the Study 8 1.8 Organization of the Work 8 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1.0 Literature Review 10 2.1.1 Conceptualizing Democracy in Modern Context 10 2.1.2 The Centrality of Political Party in Modern Democracy 15 ix
Page 1 and 2: LEADERSHIP CRISES AND DECLINE OF OP
Page 3 and 4: CERTIFICATION This dissertation tit
Page 5 and 6: DEDICATION With gratitude to God, I
Page 7: INEC Independent National Electoral
Page 11 and 12: 3.3.2 Selected Key Informants 79 3.
Page 13 and 14: 6.2 Internal Democracy in the ANPP
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1 Pioneering
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6.6.3 Party Finance in Weekl
Page 19 and 20: 1.1 Background to the Study CHAPTER
Page 21 and 22: It has been acknowledged by democra
Page 23 and 24: Senators (27) and ninety-seven (97)
Page 25 and 26: Mozaffar et al. 2003, Randall and S
Page 27 and 28: Chapter Three deals with the resear
Page 29 and 30: control over leaders” (Dahl 1970)
Page 31 and 32: opinions of scholars like Lipset, D
Page 33 and 34: and extent of government. In other
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, underlying these debates
Page 37 and 38: While early democratic theory typic
Page 39 and 40: celebrated formulation of the ‘ir
Page 41 and 42: outside the central party bureau:
Page 43 and 44: In the early 1940s, Schattschneider
Page 45 and 46: game theoretical studies of governm
Page 47 and 48: government formations are commonly
Page 49 and 50: mechanism for ensuring ‘vertical
Page 51 and 52: While they state that party leaders
Page 53 and 54: inclusiveness criteria of “who ca
Page 55 and 56: (Her) Majesty’s Loyal Opposition.
Page 57 and 58: organized opposition that liberals
Page 59 and 60:
participant in that it helps the go
Page 61 and 62:
president in power and the oppositi
Page 63 and 64:
Matters stand out as some of the fe
Page 65 and 66:
problem ranging from political prob
Page 67 and 68:
eligion, region and ethnicity. Wher
Page 69 and 70:
seats following the 2006 elections,
Page 71 and 72:
where reinstituted. In Zambia, for
Page 73 and 74:
increase in the number of independe
Page 75 and 76:
national unity and economic develop
Page 77 and 78:
patronage at the time that it mobil
Page 79 and 80:
the constraint of achieving a minim
Page 81 and 82:
varied among state governments, and
Page 83 and 84:
or resuscitated ethno-regional / re
Page 85 and 86:
powers of the court are stated unde
Page 87 and 88:
interactions among group which purs
Page 89 and 90:
asic source of social evolution. Ma
Page 91 and 92:
tendency for political organization
Page 93 and 94:
A second implication/relevance of t
Page 95 and 96:
group in their own interest.Therefo
Page 97 and 98:
(i) It involves a small sample size
Page 99 and 100:
image of the party through its ideo
Page 101 and 102:
Leadership newspapers. However, the
Page 103 and 104:
asis between 2002 and 2003, particu
Page 105 and 106:
is the ANPP as an opposition party
Page 107 and 108:
classified. The categories for this
Page 109 and 110:
3.5.0 Data Transformation Technique
Page 111 and 112:
3.7.1 Inaccessibility of the ANPP O
Page 113 and 114:
CHAPTER FOUR HISTORY, TRENDS OF POL
Page 115 and 116:
2. to encourage the spontaneous evo
Page 117 and 118:
when the … (educated) African has
Page 119 and 120:
A geographical extension of the met
Page 121 and 122:
Like its predecessors, there was ve
Page 123 and 124:
for opinion dissent,public institut
Page 125 and 126:
overgrown through neglected; and on
Page 127 and 128:
3. acting as intermediary in politi
Page 129 and 130:
can” style of politics. The emine
Page 131 and 132:
has been strengthened by successive
Page 133 and 134:
often exhibit the intolerance and i
Page 135 and 136:
forming its democratic transition p
Page 137 and 138:
The military has introduced so many
Page 139 and 140:
4.3 A Brief Historical Formation of
Page 141 and 142:
leader of the party started to show
Page 143 and 144:
emergency meeting in Zaria in 1951,
Page 145 and 146:
In October 1977, a year after the p
Page 147 and 148:
and (4) full employment. The PRP ex
Page 149 and 150:
The Political Bureau’s wide-rangi
Page 151 and 152:
impose two political parties: Natio
Page 153 and 154:
wise progression” beginning from
Page 155 and 156:
Subsequently All Nigeria Congress (
Page 157 and 158:
New Era Alliance (NERA) was premise
Page 159 and 160:
Democratic Alliance (DA) was made u
Page 161 and 162:
2. (1) There shall be multiple poli
Page 163 and 164:
policies and strategies for tacklin
Page 165 and 166:
(c) no political party shall receiv
Page 167 and 168:
14. Subject to paragraphs 12 and 13
Page 169 and 170:
The general point concerning the ef
Page 171 and 172:
so important to retain political po
Page 173 and 174:
Assembly. The other a de-facto alig
Page 175 and 176:
the presidential candidate. The eff
Page 177 and 178:
CHAPTER FIVE THE FORMATION AND TRAN
Page 179 and 180:
On the whole, the following were th
Page 181 and 182:
down well with Ige and Adesanya, wh
Page 183 and 184:
as such members of the “five fing
Page 185 and 186:
G J OFFICE OF THE NAT SOC. SEC 30 M
Page 187 and 188:
c) Chief Levy Braide 14 Rivers Stat
Page 189 and 190:
In Kano, APP had to contend with th
Page 191 and 192:
5. 0 Conduct for primaries 5.1 Cong
Page 193 and 194:
Osun: Chief Oladosu Oshimowo/Alhaji
Page 195 and 196:
This arrangement did not go down we
Page 197 and 198:
APP/UNPP fusion is irreversible bec
Page 199 and 200:
Gen. Buhari made the above statemen
Page 201 and 202:
CHAPTER SIX AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LE
Page 203 and 204:
contributions to a functioning demo
Page 205 and 206:
in 1999 which was ill thought and u
Page 207 and 208:
countless campaign slogans, most ab
Page 209 and 210:
The governors have wielded and cont
Page 211 and 212:
Governors of Kebbi, Zamfara and him
Page 213 and 214:
the hierarchy and the various organ
Page 215 and 216:
As events moved in quick succession
Page 217 and 218:
However, that did not stop Useni’
Page 219 and 220:
and strong speculation that Etiebet
Page 221 and 222:
All measures to provide a level pla
Page 223 and 224:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 225 and 226:
party candidates for purposes of co
Page 227 and 228:
In a way, the governors preferred S
Page 229 and 230:
When the researcher put the questio
Page 231 and 232:
Muhammed maintained that: In punish
Page 233 and 234:
party virtually appropriated the sp
Page 235 and 236:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 237 and 238:
united party since the burden is on
Page 239 and 240:
6.3.1 The Buhari Organisation (TBO)
Page 241 and 242:
people and enjoyed more confidence
Page 243 and 244:
The activities of the governors pol
Page 245 and 246:
The same thing happened in 2007, th
Page 247 and 248:
a former House of Representatives m
Page 249 and 250:
Hoewver, about 79% of all the categ
Page 251 and 252:
The ruling party has used the strat
Page 253 and 254:
Nigeria. However, it has never befo
Page 255 and 256:
No member of the party shall hold a
Page 257 and 258:
(b) Dissolution of INEC and prosecu
Page 259 and 260:
phrase ‘Government of National Un
Page 261 and 262:
No doubt, the participation of the
Page 263 and 264:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 265 and 266:
Party Organizational Structure Deci
Page 267 and 268:
The South-South geo-political zone
Page 269 and 270:
to woo voters. A clear example was
Page 271 and 272:
dues, local fund raising by party a
Page 273 and 274:
conduct an annual examination and a
Page 275 and 276:
The above scenario made it more dif
Page 277 and 278:
that huge amount of money to the PD
Page 279 and 280:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 281 and 282:
There is a consensus that there is
Page 283 and 284:
Governor Ibrahim Shekarau: 2009). T
Page 285 and 286:
generally not respected, it lacks t
Page 287 and 288:
Policy and programme development de
Page 289 and 290:
Part of the low salience of ideolog
Page 291 and 292:
This lack ideological distinction n
Page 293 and 294:
now, the situation is the same. You
Page 295 and 296:
Bachelor’s Degree, 20.6% have Mas
Page 297 and 298:
At the begining of the fifth sessio
Page 299 and 300:
ANPP has never been part of these s
Page 301 and 302:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 303 and 304:
Governors. Because of this developm
Page 305 and 306:
maneuvering and masterminded the wh
Page 307 and 308:
election rigging in its various for
Page 309 and 310:
Olajumoke were credible enough to b
Page 311 and 312:
one led by Don Etiebet and the othe
Page 313 and 314:
party has no evidence and the neces
Page 315 and 316:
political patronage in political of
Page 317 and 318:
Because the party is most times dor
Page 319 and 320:
References Alavi, H. (1979) “The
Page 321 and 322:
Africa.Boulder: Westview. Cho, W. (
Page 323 and 324:
Ikoku, S.G. 1985. Nigeria’s Fourt
Page 325 and 326:
Luckham, R. (1995), “Dilemmas of
Page 327 and 328:
Oyugi, W., (2003) The Politics of T
Page 329 and 330:
Stephan, A (1993) “On the Tasks o
Page 331 and 332:
Appendix 1 List of the people inter
Page 333 and 334:
Appendix ii b Interview Questions f
Page 335 and 336:
Leaders hip Crises Appendix 3 Conte
Page 337 and 338:
Appendix 4 List of Political Associ
Page 339 and 340:
educational and other objectives as
Page 341 and 342:
Maintenance of International peace,
Page 343 and 344:
c. The composition of the Executive
Page 345 and 346:
xxv. Ministers and Special Advisers
Page 347 and 348:
viii. State financial secretary ix.
Page 349 and 350:
v. The vacancy shall be fill by the
Page 351 and 352:
NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The na
Page 353 and 354:
iii. Adopt party stand on controver
Page 355 and 356:
iii. Advice the party on mass media
Page 357 and 358:
1. The meeting shall discharge the
Page 359 and 360:
20.4 RULES FOR THE CONDUCT OF MEETI
Page 361 and 362:
22.3 AUDIT i. Executive Committee t
Page 363 and 364:
v. The Executive Committee concerne
Page 365 and 366:
iv. The National Executive Committe
Page 367 and 368:
iii. Governor and Deputy Governor i
Page 369 and 370:
31.2 ELECTION OF OFFICERS i. Electi
Page 371 and 372:
Appendix 6 MANIFESTO OF THE ANPP Th
Page 373 and 374:
Women’s Right An A.N.P.P administ
Page 375 and 376:
products in other sectors. To this
Page 377 and 378:
(xvii) Making sincere effort to pre
Page 379 and 380:
Offer incentives to would-be indust
Page 381 and 382:
d. Confronting the erosion menance
Page 383 and 384:
Appendix 7 THE BUHARI ORGANIZATION
Page 385 and 386:
Building of Human Capital through r
Page 387 and 388:
(f) Enhanced welfare for n-servicem
Page 389 and 390:
(a) To turn around Nigeria’s econ
Page 391 and 392:
disturbing decline into a state of
Page 393 and 394:
sector in the past three years, the
Page 395 and 396:
8.2 Strategies (a) Resuscitation an
Page 397 and 398:
10.1 Objectives (a) To rapidly impr
Page 399 and 400:
(c) Pursue a high priority national
Page 401 and 402:
YOUTHS DEVELOPMENT AND EMPOWERMENT
Page 403 and 404:
17.1 Objectives (a) Support and enc
Page 405 and 406:
(d) Effective management and audit
Page 407 and 408:
21.1 Objectives (a) Support and emp
Page 409:
(c) Involvement in public enlighten
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