Import Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

More documents

Recommendations

Info

7. Borreliosis (Borrelia spp.) 7.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 7.1.1. Aetiological agent Bacterium in the Family: Spirochaetaceae, Genus: Borrelia. The genus Borrelia contains at least 37 species which are characterized into two groups; those causing relapsing fever, and those causing Lyme borreliosis. Dogs and cats are only rarely affected by the relapsing fever borreliae group, with the clinical significance of such infections not known (Breitschwerdt 1994). The genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a bacterial group of at least 10 species that are causative agents of borreliosis in Europe and the USA (Lyme disease). Organisms from this group are the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis (Branton 1998). 7.1.2. OIE List Not listed. 7.1.3. New Zealand’s status Borrelia burgdorferi is listed on the Unwanted Organisms Register (Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry 2008). 7.1.4. Epidemiology Within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group, most species are non-pathogenic for humans, dogs and cats. Three species, however, are clinically important as zoonoses in humans and dogs, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii (Greene 2006). Borreliosis is the most frequent tick-transmitted zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere affecting humans (up to 155 cases per 100,000 individuals) (Wilske 2005). The bacterium has specific tropism for skin, musculoskeletal tissue, joints and the central nervous system depending on the species involved. Early symptoms of human borreliosis include a red, enlarging rash from the site of tick bite, and flu-like symptoms. Many complications may follow an untreated case, such as meningitis, Bell's palsy (paralysis of part of the face), heart block and painful joints, muscles and bones (AOCD 2004; Bratton 2005). 16 • Import risk analysis: Cats, dogs and canine semen MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Borreliae cannot survive as free living organisms. Small mammals and birds are reservoir hosts and infection is transmitted by certain Ixodes species of tick. Haematophagous arthropods, including other tick species, fleas, flies and mosquitoes have been found to be infected in nature. These other arthropods are believed to have acquired infection from feeding on infected vertebrates but they have not been capable of transmitting infection to new hosts experimentally (Piesman 1997). Their role, if any, relative to the known tick vectors, is considered insignificant. In North America, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is the only pathogenic species found in dogs. Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus, and I. neotomae are the tick vectors (Greene 2006). In Japan, dogs may be infected with B. japonica and B. garinii. In Europe, dogs are mainly infected with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. garinii. Ixodes ricinus in Europe and I. persulcatus in Eurasia are the primary tick vectors. Distribution of infection corresponds to the habitat of the ticks (Greene 2006). In an endemic area dogs may become infected but most remain asymptomatic with approximately 5 % developing disease concurrent with a rising titre. Clinical signs include fever and polyarthritis. Cats appear to be asymptomatic and more resistant than dogs (Hovius 2005). Cats, dogs and humans are incidental hosts of Lyme borreliosis. Infection is associated with outdoor activities that result in exposure to tick vectors. Cats and dogs are not a direct source of infection to people. They may, however, bring infected ticks into the human household (Hovius 2005; Greene 2006). Investigation of in utero transmission by testing the pups of infected dams failed to isolate B. burgdorferi and antibodies were not found in any puppy’s heart blood. The same study failed to isolate the organism from infected dogs’ urine or bladders concluding that urine is an unlikely source of infection. Keeping healthy dogs in direct contact with the infected dogs for up to a year did not lead to infection or seroconversion (Appel 1993). An earlier study (Burgess 1986) suggested that contact transmission may have occurred between two dogs. However, the organism was not isolated from the in contact dog which would have provided the evidence that transmission had occurred. Blood transfusion could theoretically be a means of transmission, but this has not been reported in humans or animals (Greene 2006). Semen intended for artificial insemination might be considered a potential source of infection as the organism survives freezing and storage (Kumi-Diaka 1995). However, there have not been any reports of sexual transmission of the disease and attempts to transmit it venereally in rats and hamsters failed (Moody 1991; Woodrum 1999). Natural transmission of the organism by any means other than by tick inoculation has not been reported. No references could be found indicating that relapsing fever borreliosis is of any clinical significance in dogs or that they are anything but dead-end hosts. 7.1.5. Hazard Identification conclusion Since Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species are exotic organisms that may cause severe illness in humans and animals, they are classified as potential hazards. Borrelia belonging to the relapsing fever group are not considered to be potential hazards. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Cats, dogs and canine semen • 17
Page 1 and 2: Import risk analysis: Cats, dogs an
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7 and 8: ACRONYMS CDC United States Centers
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary This risk analysi
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction Current Import Heal
Page 13 and 14: c) Consequence assessment: The cons
Page 15 and 16: ECTOPARASITES Fleas Myiasis (fly la
Page 17 and 18: Bartonella vinsonii spp.var berkhof
Page 19 and 20: Ectoparasites Fleas Leeches Lice Mi
Page 21 and 22: BACTERIAL DISEASES SECTION 6. Anthr
Page 23: In the extremely unlikely event tha
Page 27 and 28: Burgess EC (1986). Experimental ino
Page 29 and 30: the spread and maintenance of these
Page 31 and 32: followed by a cytoplasmic agar gel
Page 33 and 34: Leptospirosis is particularly preva
Page 35 and 36: The establishment of a new Leptospi
Page 37 and 38: This option may create practical pr
Page 39 and 40: 10. Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseud
Page 41 and 42: 11. Mollicutes (Mycoplasma spp.) 11
Page 43 and 44: 12. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp
Page 45 and 46: There are currently no routine test
Page 47 and 48: Infection of cats and dogs usually
Page 49 and 50: 13.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 13.3.1. Optio
Page 51 and 52: 14. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)
Page 53 and 54: 14.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 14.2.1. Entry
Page 55 and 56: Option 3. Faecal samples could be c
Page 57 and 58: 15. Tularemia (Franciscella tularen
Page 59 and 60: 15.2.2. Exposure assessment Althoug
Page 61 and 62: 16. Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) 16.
Page 63 and 64: 16.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 16.2.1. Entry
Page 65 and 66: References Aitken ID, Bogel K, Crac
Page 67 and 68: Intravenous inoculation of a cat wi
Page 69 and 70: 18. Babesiosis (Babesia spp.) 18.1.
Page 71 and 72: B. gibsoni is difficult to clear wi
Page 73 and 74: By utilizing an ELISA or IFA test f
Page 75 and 76:
Miyama T, Sakata Y, Shimada Y, Ogin
Page 77 and 78:
Some dogs that recover clinically f
Page 79 and 80:
Harrus S, Waner T, Aizenberg I, Fol
Page 81 and 82:
potential vector species are found
Page 83 and 84:
maintained in monkeys and humans. T
Page 85 and 86:
ehind the appearance of microfilari
Page 87 and 88:
Miyoshi T, Tsubouchi H, Iwasaki A,
Page 89 and 90:
cutaneous signs of disease (Baneth
Page 91 and 92:
The likelihood that infected dogs c
Page 93 and 94:
Duprey ZH, Steurer FJ, Rooney JA, K
Page 95 and 96:
22.1.2. OIE List Not listed. 22.1.3
Page 97 and 98:
22.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 22.2.1. Entry
Page 99 and 100:
23. Canine Chagas Disease (Trypanos
Page 101 and 102:
Bradley KK, Bergman DK, Woods JP, C
Page 103 and 104:
the lower parts of the body, urtica
Page 105 and 106:
Infection is chronic therefore quar
Page 107 and 108:
25. Nagana (Trypanosoma brucei) 25.
Page 109 and 110:
References Brun R (2005). Human Asi
Page 111 and 112:
causing agents, including Yersinia
Page 113 and 114:
Heath ACG, Bishop D (1998). Checkli
Page 115 and 116:
The first report of nasal infestati
Page 117 and 118:
28. Lice 28.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATIO
Page 119 and 120:
Option 2. Certification that the an
Page 121 and 122:
2002). Antibody to the rickettsia w
Page 123 and 124:
Option 4. For countries where nasal
Page 125 and 126:
The optimal temperature range for t
Page 127 and 128:
fourth day, the larvae produce absc
Page 129 and 130:
Option 3. As for option 2. and in a
Page 131 and 132:
next generation of larvae) while ot
Page 133 and 134:
2) Exotic disease associated with t
Page 135 and 136:
necessary. If ticks were to be foun
Page 137 and 138:
ENDOPARASITES SECTION The section o
Page 139 and 140:
(Chapman et al 2004; Conboy 2000; C
Page 141 and 142:
techniques (Zajac & Conboy 2006e).
Page 143 and 144:
aorta of dogs and wild canids (Bark
Page 145 and 146:
32.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 147 and 148:
• Capillaria spp. can be diagnose
Page 149 and 150:
33.1.3. New Zealand’s status All
Page 151 and 152:
Heterobilharzia americana is a para
Page 153 and 154:
examination of faeces (To et al 198
Page 155 and 156:
33.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 33.3.1. Optio
Page 157 and 158:
vulpecula) and kangaroos (Macropus
Page 159 and 160:
can be infected by drinking water c
Page 161 and 162:
evidence of cestode infestation be
Page 163 and 164:
CDC (2007b). Opisthorchiasis. Avail
Page 165 and 166:
Farrell RK, Soave OA, Johnston SD (
Page 167 and 168:
Kiefer F (1931-2). Report on the co
Page 169 and 170:
Pearce JR, Hendrix CM, Allison N, B
Page 171 and 172:
Soulsby EJL (1969c). Genus: Toxocar
Page 173 and 174:
Zajac AM, Conboy GA (2006h). Veteri
Page 175 and 176:
Infection does not appear to spread
Page 177 and 178:
References Bosschere H, Roels S, Va
Page 179 and 180:
Egypt during 1977-79 where one mill
Page 181 and 182:
Greene CE, Baldwin CA (2006). Mosqu
Page 183 and 184:
Several flaviviruses are pathogenic
Page 185 and 186:
Louping-ill is an acute viral encep
Page 187 and 188:
Tipold A, Vandevelde M (2006). Tick
Page 189 and 190:
38.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 38.2.1. Entry
Page 191 and 192:
Type C viruses naturally infect hum
Page 193 and 194:
References Anonymous (2006). Inters
Page 195 and 196:
acquired infection from Pteropid sp
Page 197 and 198:
Therefore the likelihood of transmi
Page 199 and 200:
41. Reoviridae 41.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
Page 201 and 202:
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
Page 203 and 204:
OIE List Listed under “multiple s
Page 205 and 206:
Although dogs and cats can be infec
Page 207 and 208:
derived, inactivated adjuvanted rab
Page 209 and 210:
If rabies occurred in a single anim
Page 211 and 212:
Article 8.11.5. Recommendations for
Page 213 and 214:
Bingham J (2005). Canine rabies eco
Page 215 and 216:
Paweska JT, Blumberg LH, Liebenberg
Page 217 and 218:
mild in adults but more severe in c
Page 219 and 220:
complex bird/mosquito/environment c
Page 221 and 222:
MISCELLANEOUS SECTION 44. Canine Tr
Page 223 and 224:
44.2.4. Risk estimation Since the e
Page 225 and 226:
45. Exotic Strain Variations of the
Page 227 and 228:
Greene CE (2006). Infectious canine
Page 229 and 230:
disseminated aspergillosis may have
Page 231 and 232:
Greene CE, Chandler FW (2006). Tric
Page 233 and 234:
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
20. Hendrix C, Wohl J, Bloom B, Ost
Page 257 and 258:
62. Gibbons L, Jacobs D, Sani R (20
Page 259 and 260:
104. Smits B, Ellison R (1997). Rev
Page 261 and 262:
145. O'Keefe J, Jenner J, Sandifer
Page 263 and 264:
188. Hodges R, Holland J, Nelson F,
show all

Import Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?