Import Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

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Contributors to this risk analysis 1. Authors Lincoln Broad Bob Worthington Senior Adviser, Risk Analysis, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington Contractor, Risk Analysis, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington (endoparasites section and mollicutes chapter) Katie Owen Senior Adviser, Animal Response, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington (Rhabdoviridae chapter) 2. Internal Peer Review Stuart MacDiarmid Howard Pharo Principal International Adviser Risk Analysis, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington Team Manager, Risk Analysis Animal Kingdom, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington Cathy Dyer Senior Adviser, Animal Imports, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington 3. External Scientific Review Colin Wilks Professor, School of Veterinary Science, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia Craig Greene Professor, Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA (blood parasites section) Susan Shaw Senior Lecturer in Dermatology and Applied Immunology, Companion Animal Studies, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, England (blood parasites section) John Bingham Veterinary Pathologist, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia. (Rhabdoviridae chapter) iv
Executive Summary This risk analysis examines the risks involved with the importation of domestic cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis familiaris) and canine semen from all countries. A project team was established, with representatives from the Department of Conservation, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Fisheries, the New Zealand Food Safety Authority and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In 2005 the project team finalised a preliminary hazard list on which this analysis was to be based. That list is included as Appendix 1. By eliminating organisms that could clearly be considered not to be hazards in the commodities, the list was refined, leading to a list of agents that require further consideration. Risk management is not warranted for many agents because they are arthropod-borne, mainly through specific ticks, flies and mosquitoes that are not present in New Zealand. However, if new tick or mosquito species were to establish here, measures would be justified for many organisms which would otherwise be eliminated from the preliminary hazard list. Further, many agents do not warrant specific safeguards beyond veterinary certification that the animals are clinically healthy. This is because many diseases have relatively short incubation periods and cause obvious and acute clinical signs. Excluding sick animals further reduces the likelihood of any disease introduction. This document examines each of the agents of concern by applying MAF’s standard risk analysis process. This begins with the hazard identification step, where the epidemiology of the disease including distribution, clinical signs, transmission, diagnosis and any available treatment is considered. As a result, each organism is classified as a potential hazard or not in the commodities. Organisms identified as potential hazards are subjected to detailed individual risk assessments, by considering the likelihood of entry, exposure and the likely resulting adverse consequences. For organisms that are assessed to be hazards in the commodities, the risk management step considers options that could be used to effectively manage the risk. The risk analysis concludes that the following agents pose non-negligible risks in imported cats, dogs and canine semen, and that sanitary measures can be justified for them: • Canine brucellosis • Leptospirosis • Plague • Salmonellosis • Babesiosis • Q Fever • Filariosis • Leishmaniosis • Surra • Canine transmissible venereal tumour • Ectoparasitic infestations (fleas, leeches, lice, mites, ticks and fly larvae infestation) • Endoparasites (cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans and trematodes) MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import risk analysis: Cats, dogs and canine semen • 1
Page 1 and 2: Import risk analysis: Cats, dogs an
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7: ACRONYMS CDC United States Centers
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction Current Import Heal
Page 13 and 14: c) Consequence assessment: The cons
Page 15 and 16: ECTOPARASITES Fleas Myiasis (fly la
Page 17 and 18: Bartonella vinsonii spp.var berkhof
Page 19 and 20: Ectoparasites Fleas Leeches Lice Mi
Page 21 and 22: BACTERIAL DISEASES SECTION 6. Anthr
Page 23 and 24: In the extremely unlikely event tha
Page 25 and 26: Borreliae cannot survive as free li
Page 27 and 28: Burgess EC (1986). Experimental ino
Page 29 and 30: the spread and maintenance of these
Page 31 and 32: followed by a cytoplasmic agar gel
Page 33 and 34: Leptospirosis is particularly preva
Page 35 and 36: The establishment of a new Leptospi
Page 37 and 38: This option may create practical pr
Page 39 and 40: 10. Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseud
Page 41 and 42: 11. Mollicutes (Mycoplasma spp.) 11
Page 43 and 44: 12. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp
Page 45 and 46: There are currently no routine test
Page 47 and 48: Infection of cats and dogs usually
Page 49 and 50: 13.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 13.3.1. Optio
Page 51 and 52: 14. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)
Page 53 and 54: 14.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 14.2.1. Entry
Page 55 and 56: Option 3. Faecal samples could be c
Page 57 and 58: 15. Tularemia (Franciscella tularen
Page 59 and 60:
15.2.2. Exposure assessment Althoug
Page 61 and 62:
16. Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) 16.
Page 63 and 64:
16.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 16.2.1. Entry
Page 65 and 66:
References Aitken ID, Bogel K, Crac
Page 67 and 68:
Intravenous inoculation of a cat wi
Page 69 and 70:
18. Babesiosis (Babesia spp.) 18.1.
Page 71 and 72:
B. gibsoni is difficult to clear wi
Page 73 and 74:
By utilizing an ELISA or IFA test f
Page 75 and 76:
Miyama T, Sakata Y, Shimada Y, Ogin
Page 77 and 78:
Some dogs that recover clinically f
Page 79 and 80:
Harrus S, Waner T, Aizenberg I, Fol
Page 81 and 82:
potential vector species are found
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maintained in monkeys and humans. T
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ehind the appearance of microfilari
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Miyoshi T, Tsubouchi H, Iwasaki A,
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cutaneous signs of disease (Baneth
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The likelihood that infected dogs c
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Duprey ZH, Steurer FJ, Rooney JA, K
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22.1.2. OIE List Not listed. 22.1.3
Page 97 and 98:
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23. Canine Chagas Disease (Trypanos
Page 101 and 102:
Bradley KK, Bergman DK, Woods JP, C
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the lower parts of the body, urtica
Page 105 and 106:
Infection is chronic therefore quar
Page 107 and 108:
25. Nagana (Trypanosoma brucei) 25.
Page 109 and 110:
References Brun R (2005). Human Asi
Page 111 and 112:
causing agents, including Yersinia
Page 113 and 114:
Heath ACG, Bishop D (1998). Checkli
Page 115 and 116:
The first report of nasal infestati
Page 117 and 118:
28. Lice 28.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATIO
Page 119 and 120:
Option 2. Certification that the an
Page 121 and 122:
2002). Antibody to the rickettsia w
Page 123 and 124:
Option 4. For countries where nasal
Page 125 and 126:
The optimal temperature range for t
Page 127 and 128:
fourth day, the larvae produce absc
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Option 3. As for option 2. and in a
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next generation of larvae) while ot
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2) Exotic disease associated with t
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necessary. If ticks were to be foun
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ENDOPARASITES SECTION The section o
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(Chapman et al 2004; Conboy 2000; C
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techniques (Zajac & Conboy 2006e).
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aorta of dogs and wild canids (Bark
Page 145 and 146:
32.1.5. Hazard identification concl
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• Capillaria spp. can be diagnose
Page 149 and 150:
33.1.3. New Zealand’s status All
Page 151 and 152:
Heterobilharzia americana is a para
Page 153 and 154:
examination of faeces (To et al 198
Page 155 and 156:
33.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 33.3.1. Optio
Page 157 and 158:
vulpecula) and kangaroos (Macropus
Page 159 and 160:
can be infected by drinking water c
Page 161 and 162:
evidence of cestode infestation be
Page 163 and 164:
CDC (2007b). Opisthorchiasis. Avail
Page 165 and 166:
Farrell RK, Soave OA, Johnston SD (
Page 167 and 168:
Kiefer F (1931-2). Report on the co
Page 169 and 170:
Pearce JR, Hendrix CM, Allison N, B
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Soulsby EJL (1969c). Genus: Toxocar
Page 173 and 174:
Zajac AM, Conboy GA (2006h). Veteri
Page 175 and 176:
Infection does not appear to spread
Page 177 and 178:
References Bosschere H, Roels S, Va
Page 179 and 180:
Egypt during 1977-79 where one mill
Page 181 and 182:
Greene CE, Baldwin CA (2006). Mosqu
Page 183 and 184:
Several flaviviruses are pathogenic
Page 185 and 186:
Louping-ill is an acute viral encep
Page 187 and 188:
Tipold A, Vandevelde M (2006). Tick
Page 189 and 190:
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Type C viruses naturally infect hum
Page 193 and 194:
References Anonymous (2006). Inters
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acquired infection from Pteropid sp
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Therefore the likelihood of transmi
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41. Reoviridae 41.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
Page 201 and 202:
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
Page 203 and 204:
OIE List Listed under “multiple s
Page 205 and 206:
Although dogs and cats can be infec
Page 207 and 208:
derived, inactivated adjuvanted rab
Page 209 and 210:
If rabies occurred in a single anim
Page 211 and 212:
Article 8.11.5. Recommendations for
Page 213 and 214:
Bingham J (2005). Canine rabies eco
Page 215 and 216:
Paweska JT, Blumberg LH, Liebenberg
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mild in adults but more severe in c
Page 219 and 220:
complex bird/mosquito/environment c
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MISCELLANEOUS SECTION 44. Canine Tr
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44.2.4. Risk estimation Since the e
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45. Exotic Strain Variations of the
Page 227 and 228:
Greene CE (2006). Infectious canine
Page 229 and 230:
disseminated aspergillosis may have
Page 231 and 232:
Greene CE, Chandler FW (2006). Tric
Page 233 and 234:
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import
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20. Hendrix C, Wohl J, Bloom B, Ost
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62. Gibbons L, Jacobs D, Sani R (20
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104. Smits B, Ellison R (1997). Rev
Page 261 and 262:
145. O'Keefe J, Jenner J, Sandifer
Page 263 and 264:
188. Hodges R, Holland J, Nelson F,
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