Import Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

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30. Myiasis (Fly Larvae Infestation) 116 31. Ticks 122 ENDOPARASITES SECTION 129 32. Nematodes and Acanthocephalans 129 33. Trematodes 140 34. Cestodes 148 VIRUS FAMILIES SECTION 166 35. Bornaviridae 166 36. Bunyaviridae 170 37. Flaviviridae 174 38. Herpesviridae 180 39. Orthomyxoviridae 182 40. Paramyxoviridae 186 41. Reoviridae 191 42. Rhabdoviridae 194 43. Togaviridae 208 MISCELLANEOUS SECTION 213 44. Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour 213 45. Exotic Strain Variations of the Major Endemic Diseases 217 46. Fungal and Algal Infections 220 APPENDIX 1 THE PRELIMINARY HAZARD LIST 224 ii
ACRONYMS CDC United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CF (T) complement fixation (test) CSIRO The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation DEFRA United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DOC New Zealand Department of Conservation ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IFA(T) indirect fluorescent antibody (test) IHS Import Health Standard IM intramuscular IU international unit MAF New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MAFBNZ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand mcg microgram mg milligram mm millimetre OIE World Organisation for Animal Health PCR polymerase chain reaction RNA ribonucleic acid RT-PCR reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction WHO World Health Organization iii
Page 1 and 2: Import risk analysis: Cats, dogs an
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5: Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary This risk analysi
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction Current Import Heal
Page 13 and 14: c) Consequence assessment: The cons
Page 15 and 16: ECTOPARASITES Fleas Myiasis (fly la
Page 17 and 18: Bartonella vinsonii spp.var berkhof
Page 19 and 20: Ectoparasites Fleas Leeches Lice Mi
Page 21 and 22: BACTERIAL DISEASES SECTION 6. Anthr
Page 23 and 24: In the extremely unlikely event tha
Page 25 and 26: Borreliae cannot survive as free li
Page 27 and 28: Burgess EC (1986). Experimental ino
Page 29 and 30: the spread and maintenance of these
Page 31 and 32: followed by a cytoplasmic agar gel
Page 33 and 34: Leptospirosis is particularly preva
Page 35 and 36: The establishment of a new Leptospi
Page 37 and 38: This option may create practical pr
Page 39 and 40: 10. Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseud
Page 41 and 42: 11. Mollicutes (Mycoplasma spp.) 11
Page 43 and 44: 12. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp
Page 45 and 46: There are currently no routine test
Page 47 and 48: Infection of cats and dogs usually
Page 49 and 50: 13.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 13.3.1. Optio
Page 51 and 52: 14. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)
Page 53 and 54: 14.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 14.2.1. Entry
Page 55 and 56: Option 3. Faecal samples could be c
Page 57 and 58:
15. Tularemia (Franciscella tularen
Page 59 and 60:
15.2.2. Exposure assessment Althoug
Page 61 and 62:
16. Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) 16.
Page 63 and 64:
16.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 16.2.1. Entry
Page 65 and 66:
References Aitken ID, Bogel K, Crac
Page 67 and 68:
Intravenous inoculation of a cat wi
Page 69 and 70:
18. Babesiosis (Babesia spp.) 18.1.
Page 71 and 72:
B. gibsoni is difficult to clear wi
Page 73 and 74:
By utilizing an ELISA or IFA test f
Page 75 and 76:
Miyama T, Sakata Y, Shimada Y, Ogin
Page 77 and 78:
Some dogs that recover clinically f
Page 79 and 80:
Harrus S, Waner T, Aizenberg I, Fol
Page 81 and 82:
potential vector species are found
Page 83 and 84:
maintained in monkeys and humans. T
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ehind the appearance of microfilari
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Miyoshi T, Tsubouchi H, Iwasaki A,
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cutaneous signs of disease (Baneth
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The likelihood that infected dogs c
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Duprey ZH, Steurer FJ, Rooney JA, K
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22.1.2. OIE List Not listed. 22.1.3
Page 97 and 98:
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23. Canine Chagas Disease (Trypanos
Page 101 and 102:
Bradley KK, Bergman DK, Woods JP, C
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the lower parts of the body, urtica
Page 105 and 106:
Infection is chronic therefore quar
Page 107 and 108:
25. Nagana (Trypanosoma brucei) 25.
Page 109 and 110:
References Brun R (2005). Human Asi
Page 111 and 112:
causing agents, including Yersinia
Page 113 and 114:
Heath ACG, Bishop D (1998). Checkli
Page 115 and 116:
The first report of nasal infestati
Page 117 and 118:
28. Lice 28.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATIO
Page 119 and 120:
Option 2. Certification that the an
Page 121 and 122:
2002). Antibody to the rickettsia w
Page 123 and 124:
Option 4. For countries where nasal
Page 125 and 126:
The optimal temperature range for t
Page 127 and 128:
fourth day, the larvae produce absc
Page 129 and 130:
Option 3. As for option 2. and in a
Page 131 and 132:
next generation of larvae) while ot
Page 133 and 134:
2) Exotic disease associated with t
Page 135 and 136:
necessary. If ticks were to be foun
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ENDOPARASITES SECTION The section o
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(Chapman et al 2004; Conboy 2000; C
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techniques (Zajac & Conboy 2006e).
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aorta of dogs and wild canids (Bark
Page 145 and 146:
32.1.5. Hazard identification concl
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• Capillaria spp. can be diagnose
Page 149 and 150:
33.1.3. New Zealand’s status All
Page 151 and 152:
Heterobilharzia americana is a para
Page 153 and 154:
examination of faeces (To et al 198
Page 155 and 156:
33.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 33.3.1. Optio
Page 157 and 158:
vulpecula) and kangaroos (Macropus
Page 159 and 160:
can be infected by drinking water c
Page 161 and 162:
evidence of cestode infestation be
Page 163 and 164:
CDC (2007b). Opisthorchiasis. Avail
Page 165 and 166:
Farrell RK, Soave OA, Johnston SD (
Page 167 and 168:
Kiefer F (1931-2). Report on the co
Page 169 and 170:
Pearce JR, Hendrix CM, Allison N, B
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Soulsby EJL (1969c). Genus: Toxocar
Page 173 and 174:
Zajac AM, Conboy GA (2006h). Veteri
Page 175 and 176:
Infection does not appear to spread
Page 177 and 178:
References Bosschere H, Roels S, Va
Page 179 and 180:
Egypt during 1977-79 where one mill
Page 181 and 182:
Greene CE, Baldwin CA (2006). Mosqu
Page 183 and 184:
Several flaviviruses are pathogenic
Page 185 and 186:
Louping-ill is an acute viral encep
Page 187 and 188:
Tipold A, Vandevelde M (2006). Tick
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Type C viruses naturally infect hum
Page 193 and 194:
References Anonymous (2006). Inters
Page 195 and 196:
acquired infection from Pteropid sp
Page 197 and 198:
Therefore the likelihood of transmi
Page 199 and 200:
41. Reoviridae 41.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
Page 201 and 202:
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
Page 203 and 204:
OIE List Listed under “multiple s
Page 205 and 206:
Although dogs and cats can be infec
Page 207 and 208:
derived, inactivated adjuvanted rab
Page 209 and 210:
If rabies occurred in a single anim
Page 211 and 212:
Article 8.11.5. Recommendations for
Page 213 and 214:
Bingham J (2005). Canine rabies eco
Page 215 and 216:
Paweska JT, Blumberg LH, Liebenberg
Page 217 and 218:
mild in adults but more severe in c
Page 219 and 220:
complex bird/mosquito/environment c
Page 221 and 222:
MISCELLANEOUS SECTION 44. Canine Tr
Page 223 and 224:
44.2.4. Risk estimation Since the e
Page 225 and 226:
45. Exotic Strain Variations of the
Page 227 and 228:
Greene CE (2006). Infectious canine
Page 229 and 230:
disseminated aspergillosis may have
Page 231 and 232:
Greene CE, Chandler FW (2006). Tric
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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import
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20. Hendrix C, Wohl J, Bloom B, Ost
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62. Gibbons L, Jacobs D, Sani R (20
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104. Smits B, Ellison R (1997). Rev
Page 261 and 262:
145. O'Keefe J, Jenner J, Sandifer
Page 263 and 264:
188. Hodges R, Holland J, Nelson F,
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