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Contents Contents ix Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi Guided tour of the book and website xxiv 1 Variables and research design 1 Chapter overview 1 1.1 Why teach statistics without mathematical formulae? 1 1.2 Variables 2 1.3 Levels of measurement 7 1.4 Research designs 8 1.5 Between-participants and within-participants designs 16 Summary 20 Multiple choice questions 21 References 24 Answers to multiple choice questions 24 2 Introduction to SPSS 25 Chapter overview 25 2.1 Basics 25 2.2 Starting SPSS 25 2.3 Working with data 28 2.4 Data entry 30 2.5 Saving your data 33 2.6 Inputting data for between-participants and within-participants designs 35 2.7 Within-participants designs 39 Summary 40 SPSS exercises 40 3 Descriptive statistics 41 Chapter overview 41 3.1 Samples and populations 41 3.2 Measures of central tendency 43
x Contents 3.3 Sampling error 48 SPSS: obtaining measures of central tendency 52 3.4 Graphically describing data 55 SPSS: generating graphical descriptives 65 3.5 Scattergrams 67 SPSS: generating scattergrams 69 3.6 Sampling error and relationships between variables 70 3.7 The normal distribution 73 3.8 Variation or spread of distributions 74 SPSS: obtaining measures of variation 79 3.9 Other characteristics of distributions 80 3.10 Non-normal distributions 80 SPSS: displaying the normal curve on histograms 86 3.11 Writing up your descriptive statistics 88 Summary 89 SPSS exercises 90 Multiple choice questions 91 References 95 Answers to multiple choice questions 95 4 Probability, sampling and distributions 96 Chapter overview 96 4.1 Probability 96 4.2 The standard normal distribution 99 4.3 Applying probability to research 106 4.4 Sampling distributions 106 4.5 Confidence intervals and the standard error 109 SPSS: obtaining confidence intervals 118 4.6 Error bar charts 119 4.7 Overlapping confidence intervals 120 SPSS: generating error bar charts 122 4.8 Confidence intervals around other statistics 125 Summary 125 SPSS exercises 126 Multiple choice questions 128 References 131 Answers to multiple choice questions 131 5 Hypothesis testing and statistical significance 132 Chapter overview 132 5.1 Another way of applying probabilities to research: hypothesis testing 132 5.2 Null hypothesis 137 5.3 Logic of null hypothesis testing 138 5.4 The significance level 140 5.5 Statistical significance 142
Page 1 and 2: Statistics Without Maths for Psycho
Page 3 and 4: British Psychological Society stand
Page 5 and 6: Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
Page 8: Brief contents Preface xvii Acknowl
Page 13 and 14: xii Contents 8.3 Power 248 8.4 Fact
Page 15 and 16: xiv Contents 14 Introduction to fac
Page 17 and 18: Supporting resources Visit www.pear
Page 19 and 20: xviii Preface Although we have upda
Page 21 and 22: xx Preface of each chapter there is
Page 23 and 24: xxii Acknowledgements inferences, J
Page 25 and 26: Guided tour of the book and website
Page 27 and 28: xxvi Guided tour of the book and we
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 1 Variable
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 1 Variables and research de
Page 34 and 35: Discussion point Dichotomising cont
Page 36 and 37: 1.3 Levels of measurement CHAPTER 1
Page 40 and 41: Definition CHAPTER 1 Variables and
Page 48 and 49: Definition Activity 1.3 1.5.2 Betwe
Page 54 and 55: CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 2 Introduc
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 2 Introduction to SPSS 27 Y
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 2 Introduction to SPSS 29 I
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CHAPTER 2 Introduction to SPSS 31 O
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CHAPTER 2 Introduction to SPSS 33 Y
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CHAPTER 2 Introduction to SPSS 35 2
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CHAPTER 2 Introduction to SPSS 37 C
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2.7 Within-participants designs CHA
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 3 Descript
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Definitions CHAPTER 3 Descriptive s
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Definition CHAPTER 3 Descriptive st
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CHAPTER 3 Descriptive statistics 47
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Activity 3.4 CHAPTER 3 Descriptive
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3.4 Graphically describing data Def
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Figure 3.3 Histogram of the depress
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Figure 3.5 Example of a stem and le
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3.5 Scattergrams Definition CHAPTER
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SPSS: generating scattergrams CHAPT
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3.7 The normal distribution CHAPTER
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3.8.1 The range CHAPTER 3 Descripti
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SPSS: obtaining measures of variati
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Figure 3.25 Bimodal distribution CH
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Activity 3.9 Which of the following
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Summary CHAPTER 3 Descriptive stati
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Multiple choice questions 1. Which
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12. What is the mean of the followi
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References Armitage, C. and Reidy,
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CHAPTER 4 Probability, sampling and
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Definition CHAPTER 4 Probability, s
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Activity 4.6 CHAPTER 4 Probability,
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Activity 4.8 CHAPTER 4 Probability,
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Figure 4.22 Error bar chart for a d
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Exercise 2 CHAPTER 4 Probability, s
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References Åberg, M.A.I., Pedersen
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CHAPTER 5 Hypothesis testing and st
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Definition CHAPTER 5 Hypothesis tes
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Discussion point CHAPTER 5 Hypothes
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Definitions CHAPTER 5 Hypothesis te
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Discussion point Why report the exa
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Example from the literature CHAPTER
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5.10 Why set E at 0.05? CHAPTER 5 H
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Figure 5.7 Illustration of scores i
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Figure 5.11 Flow diagram as a guide
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6. Convert the fi rst score from ea
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6.1 Bivariate correlations CHAPTER
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Figure 6.1 Sister’s age and your
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CHAPTER 6 Correlational analysis: P
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Activity 6.2 CHAPTER 6 Correlationa
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Activity 6.4 CHAPTER 6 Correlationa
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Figure 6.13 Perfect linear relation
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This brings you to the following di
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Activity 6.8 Look at the following
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SPSS: obtaining a scattergram matri
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Personal reflection Emeritus Profes
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Activity 6.10 CHAPTER 6 Correlation
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Summary CHAPTER 6 Correlational ana
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Multiple choice questions CHAPTER 6
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Which is the most sensible answer?
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 7 Analyses
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CHAPTER 7 Analyses of differences b
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Table 7.3 Raw data for NOISE/NO NOI
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7.1.8 Output for independent t-test
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SPSS: for an independent t-test CHA
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CAUTION! CHAPTER 7 Analyses of diff
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Mean (SD) performance for each task
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Then we come to the paired sample s
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1. The value of the test statistic
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SPSS exercise CHAPTER 7 Analyses of
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Questions 8 to 10 relate to the fol
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 8 Issues o
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Personal reflection From Professor
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CHAPTER 8 Issues of significance 24
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8.5 Calculating power CHAPTER 8 Iss
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Example from the literature Cogniti
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8. All other things being equal, th
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17. Confi dence intervals around a
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 9 Measures
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9.2 One-variable 7 2 or goodness-of
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4. The fi gures are then added to g
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This opens the Chi-square dialogue
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Activity 9.3 The goodness-of-fit te
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CHAPTER 9 Measures of association 2
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Finally, click on OK: This produces
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The data can be written as shown in
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This brings up the following dialog
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9.3.2 Output for 2 ¥ 2 G 2 CHAPTER
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We then have the test statistics: C
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Also, for the test statistic to be
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CHAPTER 9 Measures of association 2
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Summary • For the analysis of rel
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B: The wettest day of the week put
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7. Look at the following output: c
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There is something wrong with the a
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 10 Analysi
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There are two types of ANOVA: CHAPT
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CHAPTER 10 Analysis of differences
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ONEWAY CHAPTER 10 Analysis of diffe
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10.7.3 Post-hoc tests/planned CHAPT
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Figure 10.5 Mean symptom severity r
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2. Which is the most appropriate co
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Which is the most appropriate state
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 11 Analysi
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CHAPTER 11 Analysis of variance wit
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11.4 ANOVA terminology CHAPTER 11 A
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11.6.1 Sources of variance CHAPTER
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T-TEST CHAPTER 11 Analysis of varia
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11.6.3 Effect size CHAPTER 11 Analy
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Example from the literature Attenti
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Click on the Defi ne button and set
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SPSS exercises Exercise 1 CHAPTER 1
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2. ANOVA is useful for: (a) Teasing
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References Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwr
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CHAPTER 12 Regression analysis 385
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Figure 12.2 Scatterplot with line o
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Ensuring that the Linear option is
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Figure 12.5 Plot of x with y CHAPTE
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Figure 12.7 Plot of x with y CHAPTE
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Figure 12.8 Plot of sales against p
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SPSS: linear regression analysis Se
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Variance explained CHAPTER 12 Regre
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R 2 CHAPTER 12 Regression analysis
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Y (predicted examination success) =
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Personal reflection Article: Barrie
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Summary • Regression analysis all
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Multiple choice questions 1. The li
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10. The correlation between credit
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20. Which is the most appropriate s
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Example CHAPTER 13 Analysis partial
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This gives you the following dialog
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CHAPTER 13 Analysis partialling out
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Figure 13.4 Regression lines for ea
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In addition, for most purposes: CHA
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Figure 13.11 Regression lines for t
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SPSS: obtaining output for an ANCOV
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Figure 13.12 Regression lines for e
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Activity 13.4 ANCOVA assumes that:
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SPSS exercise CHAPTER 13 Analysis p
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5. The covariate is: (a) Beginning
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Questions 16 to 20 relate to the fo
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER 14 Introdu
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Activity 14.1 CHAPTER 14 Introducti
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Figure 14.1 Ten correlated variable
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CHAPTER 14 Introduction to factor a
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CHAPTER 14 Introduction to factor a
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466 Statistics without maths for ps
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608 z-score Statistics without math
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612 Index autism-like traits 348 av
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614 Index expected frequencies 265,
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616 Index mental health procrastina
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618 Index sample size 250 - 2, 253
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620 Index Weight Cases dialogue box
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