Cold-Water Corals. Distribution of fauna and ... - Jacobs University

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Workpackage 1 This workpackage concentrated on developing new image analysis techniques to allow swift, accurate assessment of cold-water coral reef condition from video survey data. As is discussed further in section 1.6.1, at time of writing a number of reefs have been and continue to be damaged by fishing action. A rapid quantification of reef condition and the improvement of monitoring strategies could benefit from developments in video image analysis. Two such developments focused on within the framework of the CORAMM project were video mosaicing and automated image analysis. In videomosaicing, video data collected by submarine, remove operated vehicle (ROV) or by towed camera sled is semiautomatically arranged within a computer to produce a larger composite image or seabed map. The second CORAMM focus was on developing automated methods to allow a computer to 'learn' how to recognise fauna species or reef health status directly from video data. Workpackage 2 This workpackage focused on getting accurate, time series data on nutrient supply, particle size, particle flux, temperature, flow speed and flow direction data from within and around the Tisler cold-water coral reef, Norwegian Skagerrak. The reason for doing so was to try and assess the maximum, minimum and average levels of these parameters a particular reef experiences. Snapshot readings from a selection of reefs recorded during research cruises have been made at a number of sites (Kiriakoulakis et al, 2005; Kiriakoulakis et al, 2007; Davies et al, 2009), but time series data was still rather lacking at commencement of the CORAMM project, although some nutrient and flow velocity studies have recently been published (Lavaleye et al, 2009). Such data is useful for helping locate other reefs using niche factor analysis (Davies et al, 2008 ) in constructing dynamic energy budget models of reefs and to aid in determining what volume of material held in suspension within benthic boundary layers of the ocean may reach and interact with reef ecosystems. Workpackage 3 Workpackage 3 consisted of a number of experimental investigations aimed at addressing some of the gaps in knowledge of Lophelia pertusa feeding, reproduction, respiration, susceptibility to particle exposure and growth. 4
Workpackage 4 This workpackage aimed to take the results from the other workpackages and use them in developing a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model of a healthy CWC reef. The completed model will be incorporated into the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) strategy utilised by Statoil, with the aim of further minimising potential risks to the benthic environment posed by company activities. Within the CORAMM project architecture, the modellers played a major role in all stages of experimental work, helping to ensure results were produced in the laboratory or field in such a way as to be suitable for direct inclusion into their models. Such an early involvement with the modellers was a novel and very successful approach, with a host of papers currently submitted or in preparation produced from the collaborative results. 1.1.3 Aims of PhD research Prior to my PhD studies I studied for a very interdisciplinary 'MSc Oceanography' qualification at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. As one of the few PhD students involved in the CORAMM project there was a great opportunity to carry out further interdisciplinary studies. The start of my PhD coincided with the start of the CORAMM project and so my initial research aims were focused on the fundamental early requirements of that project. Drill cuttings As mentioned in 1.1.2, the CORAMM project was particularly interested in assessing whether or not exposure to drill cuttings could a negative impact on CWC organisms and ecosystems. Such a question is difficult to address wholly in the lifetime of a three year project, made doubly difficult considering the variety in composition and particle size distribution of drill cuttings discharged to sea (see 1.6.2). An early focus of my research work was to try and address these issues. Within the lifetime of the CORAMM project Statoil delivered ~100 different drill cutting samples from 4 drilling operations. I was the principal investigator assessing the particle size composition and settling rates of these samples. These parameters are of critical importance when attempting to determine transport of the material following release to the ocean. 5
Page 1: Cold-Water Corals. Distribution of
Page 4 and 5: Frontispiece: Brisingid sea stars (
Page 6 and 7: List of publications Papers present
Page 8 and 9: 3. "The CORAMM (Coral Risk Assessme
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 3 - Paper 2 37 "Local and r
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 - Introduction Figures Fi
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 2 - Paper 1 Tables "Use of
Page 16 and 17: 1.0 Introduction Cold-Water Coral (
Page 20 and 21: Analysis showed that between 25 and
Page 22 and 23: commonly observed slower growth rat
Page 24 and 25: The majority of the living biomass
Page 26 and 27: individual polyps gathered together
Page 28 and 29: on the Irish margin, but very few a
Page 30 and 31: 1.5 Cold-Water Coral reefs on the N
Page 32 and 33: Direct physical disturbance Coral r
Page 34 and 35: material returned to the drill rig
Page 36 and 37: Buhl-Mortensen L, Mortensen PB (200
Page 38 and 39: Roberts J, Henry LA, Long D, Hartle
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3 "Local and regional distr
Page 53 and 54: calcium carbonate skeletons with gr
Page 55: 2005), although in Norwegian waters
Page 58 and 59: categories of substrate were used:-
Page 60 and 61: and Mortensen, 2004) and habitats f
Page 62 and 63: individuals were not logged, (rathe
Page 64 and 65: Table 2. Species densities observed
Page 66 and 67: Figure 5. Species density plot prod
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Figure 7. Average density of each s
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100 75 50 25 0 Rost Traena Sotbakke
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100 75 50 25 0 Rost Sotbakken Traen
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Geodia baretti Overall most abundan
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feeding strategies for L. pertusa i
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some morphological or flow regime f
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De Mol B, Van Rensbergen P, Pillen
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Rogers AD (1999) The biology of Lop
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ABSTRACT Lophelia pertusa is the mo
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column, as is observed in other scl
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delivered to each aquarium. The Sve
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Following the acclimatisation perio
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3.2 Maximum capture rate Net maximu
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Fig. 2. Artemia salina concentratio
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Fig. 4. Artemia salina concentratio
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densities net uptake is reduced by
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Costello, M., McCrea, M., Freiwald,
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Lepland, A., Mortensen, P., 2008. B
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Wisshak, M., Freiwald, A., Lundälv
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Abstract The Cold-Water Coral (CWC)
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structures has led to widespread de
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temperature controlled laboratory (
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Two experimental runs were carried
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epeated measures designs. All analy
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103
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Figure 3. Percentages of polyp acti
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was similar to that observed in the
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Acknowledgements This work was fund
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Fosså JH, Lindberg B, Christensen
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113
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Summary Within this thesis we prese
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Future plans Although the CORAMM pr
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Appendix 1 Appendix Small scale flo
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Appendix 2 Size variation within th
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% Total 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Particle
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% Total 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Particle
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