Cold-Water Corals. Distribution of fauna and ... - Jacobs University

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Direct physical disturbance Coral reef structures could potentially be damaged by direct physical damage caused by the large amount of anchors, pipelines, seabed cables etc. associated with modern exploratory and production well drilling. The actual level of risk posed by these activities in Norwegian waters is currently low, with the Norwegian Petroleum Activities Act requiring in-depth site investigations to be carried out prior to the granting of drilling licences. Deposition of waste material A secondary concern relates to the release into the ocean of the waste material generated by drilling operations, the 'drill cuttings'. As introduced in section 1.1.3 these drill cuttings are predominantly the bits of broken up rock strata through which the drill is driven (figure 3). There is an additional component consisting of various lubricating chemicals and weighting agents (usually barite) used to maintain a positive pressure during drilling and to lubricate the process, the 'drilling mud'. For commercial reasons, as much as possible of this drilling mud is cleaned from the rock chippings on the drilling rig prior to reuse in the drilling process, but a percentage remains stuck to the rock fragments. 18
SCALE 1:1 A PURSER Figure 3. Typical drill cutting material from a 17.5" well hole section. These rock chippings consist of various size fractions of material, with the fine fraction likely to travel some distance from point of release, possibly aggregating with phytoplankton and detritus during surface mixing and sinking. The size distribution of the material is the result of a combination of factors, primarily the composition of the rock being drilled and the composition of the drilling mud being used. Both of these factors can change quickly within a drilling operation, making the drill cuttings delivered to the see relatively inhomogeneous. See Appendix 2 for an example of size distribution variation with drilling depth from the Heidrun field, Norway. The majority of drilling carried out on the Norwegian margin consists of a number of discreet stages, characterised to a degree by the diameter of the drill hole. Commonly, the drill hole gets progressively narrower in diameter with drill depth. At the seabed surface, a 26" drill is commonly employed to drill through the near surface strata. In most cases, these initial rock cuttings are left on the seabed and not returned to the drilling platform. As the rock strata get more compact with depth, progressively narrower drills are used, with 17.5", 12.25" and 8.5" drill diameters used in turn prior to penetration of the reservoir rocks, with drill cutting 19
Page 1: Cold-Water Corals. Distribution of
Page 4 and 5: Frontispiece: Brisingid sea stars (
Page 6 and 7: List of publications Papers present
Page 8 and 9: 3. "The CORAMM (Coral Risk Assessme
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 3 - Paper 2 37 "Local and r
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 - Introduction Figures Fi
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 2 - Paper 1 Tables "Use of
Page 16 and 17: 1.0 Introduction Cold-Water Coral (
Page 18 and 19: Workpackage 1 This workpackage conc
Page 20 and 21: Analysis showed that between 25 and
Page 22 and 23: commonly observed slower growth rat
Page 24 and 25: The majority of the living biomass
Page 26 and 27: individual polyps gathered together
Page 28 and 29: on the Irish margin, but very few a
Page 30 and 31: 1.5 Cold-Water Coral reefs on the N
Page 34 and 35: material returned to the drill rig
Page 36 and 37: Buhl-Mortensen L, Mortensen PB (200
Page 38 and 39: Roberts J, Henry LA, Long D, Hartle
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3 "Local and regional distr
Page 53 and 54: calcium carbonate skeletons with gr
Page 55: 2005), although in Norwegian waters
Page 58 and 59: categories of substrate were used:-
Page 60 and 61: and Mortensen, 2004) and habitats f
Page 62 and 63: individuals were not logged, (rathe
Page 64 and 65: Table 2. Species densities observed
Page 66 and 67: Figure 5. Species density plot prod
Page 68 and 69: Figure 7. Average density of each s
Page 70 and 71: 100 75 50 25 0 Rost Traena Sotbakke
Page 73 and 74: 100 75 50 25 0 Rost Sotbakken Traen
Page 75 and 76: Geodia baretti Overall most abundan
Page 77 and 78: feeding strategies for L. pertusa i
Page 79 and 80: some morphological or flow regime f
Page 81 and 82: De Mol B, Van Rensbergen P, Pillen
Page 83 and 84:
Rogers AD (1999) The biology of Lop
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ABSTRACT Lophelia pertusa is the mo
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column, as is observed in other scl
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delivered to each aquarium. The Sve
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Following the acclimatisation perio
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3.2 Maximum capture rate Net maximu
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Fig. 2. Artemia salina concentratio
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Fig. 4. Artemia salina concentratio
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densities net uptake is reduced by
Page 101 and 102:
Costello, M., McCrea, M., Freiwald,
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Lepland, A., Mortensen, P., 2008. B
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Wisshak, M., Freiwald, A., Lundälv
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Abstract The Cold-Water Coral (CWC)
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structures has led to widespread de
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temperature controlled laboratory (
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Two experimental runs were carried
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epeated measures designs. All analy
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103
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Figure 3. Percentages of polyp acti
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was similar to that observed in the
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Acknowledgements This work was fund
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Fosså JH, Lindberg B, Christensen
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113
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Summary Within this thesis we prese
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Future plans Although the CORAMM pr
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Appendix 1 Appendix Small scale flo
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Appendix 2 Size variation within th
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% Total 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Particle
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% Total 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Particle
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Cold-Water Corals. Distribution of fauna and ... - Jacobs University

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