Laboratory Methods of Organic Chemistry - Sciencemadness Dot Org

CONTENTS
A. SOME GENERAL LABORATORY RULES
Reaction Velocity and Temperature . . . . . .
PAGE
1
Purification of Organic Substances . . . . . . 3
Crystallisation . . . . . . . . 4
Chromatographic adsorption . . . . . . 14
Distillation . . . . . . . . . 15
Sublimation . . . . . . . . . 26
Distillation with Steam . . . . . . . 27
Evaporation of Solvents . . . . . . . 29
Extraction . . . . . . . . . 32
Working with Compressed Gases . . . . . .35
Heating under Pressure . . . . . . . 37
Stirring and Shaking . . . . . . . . 38
Determination of the Melting Point . . . . . . 40
B. ORGANIC ANALYTICAL METHODS
Detection of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, and the Halogens . 43
Organic Elementary Analysis . . . . . . 46
I. Determination of Nitrogen by Dumas' Method . . .47
II. Determination of Carbon and Hydrogen by Liebig's Method . 55
III. Determination of Halogen, Sulphur, and other Elements . . 69
1. Determination of halogen by the Carius method, p. 69; 2.
Argentometric determination of chlorine and bromine, p. 73;
3. Iodine determination by the Leipert-Munster method, p. 76;
4. Determination of sulphur by the Carius method, p. 77; 5. Determination
of sulphur by combustion, p. 78; 6. Simultaneous
determination of halogen and sulphur, p. 79; 7. Determination
of other elements, p. 79.
IV. Determination of Organic Groups . . . . .80
1. Volumetric determination of methoxyl and ethoxyl, p. 80;
2. Determination of the acetyl and benzoyl groups, p. 82; 3.
Determination of active hydrogen by the method of Tschugaeff
and Zerevitinoff, p. 84.
V. Determination of Molecular Weight . . . . .86