The unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina Teod. as a model - Algae

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Algae 2011, 26(1): 3-20 years to the complete genome sequencing of about a dozen microalgal species and a number of genome projects are currently in progress for several other algae (http:// www.jgi.doe.gov). Indeed one of the earliest algal genomes sequenced, C. reinhardtii’s, serve as an important reference and a guidepost for further molecular analyses (Grossman et al. 2007, Merchant et al. 2007). Research on this unicellular green alga and two diatom species, whose genomes have recently been sequenced, are now in the post-genomics stage (Armbrust et al. 2004, Montsant et al. 2007, Siaut et al. 2007). Despite the considerable available molecular data regarding these microscopic photosynthetic organisms, further biotechnology development is necessary for overall algal commercial exploitation. With the recent publication of the mitochondrial and plastid genomes of D. salina (Smith et al. 2010) and the forthcoming release of the nuclear genome by JGI, genome-based and other approaches will become possible in the near future. For example, development of microarrays or deep cDNA sequencing methods (Margulies et al. 2005) can be expected to follow in short order and allow comparative analysis of the transcriptome of cells exposed to various environmental conditions. These techniques will allow the study of multiple cellular processes at the molecular level as, for example, the dissection of the regulatory mechanisms involved in carotenogenesis and glycerol metabolism. Furthermore, combining genomics of D. salina with proteomics will facilitate analysis of the structure and function of the unique glycocalyx and the plasma membrane of this halotolerant organism. In comparison to the alga C. reinhardtii, more genomic tool development is still necessary for its close relative, D. salina. At this time highly efficient transformation systems are not available and genetic crosses cannot be performed on a routine basis. However, with the genome sequence becoming available soon, the alga D. salina as a model system is about to undergo a major transformation. The short-term outcome of research on this industrially important species will allow not only an enhanced understanding of complex metabolic networks, but also further development of transgenic algal strains for particular commercial applications (e.g., production of carotenoids and recombinant proteins). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AR was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal, with the studentship SFRH/ BD/13937/2003. Part of the work here described was DOI: 10.4490/algae.2011.26.1.003 12 financed by the Portuguese National Budget and the projects POCTI/MAR/15237/99 and INTERREG159-SAL- Atlantic Salt Ponds awarded to JCV; by funding from the Department of Transportation SunGrant Initiative (to JCC) and NIH Grant P20 RR-016464 from the INBRE Program of the National Center for Research Resources supporting the Nevada Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Center, and the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station; and was supported in part by a grant from the Development of Marine-Bioenergy program funded by Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of the Korean Government. REFERENCES Aarts, M. G. M. & Fiers, M. W. E. J. 2003. What drives plant stress genes? Trends Plant Sci. 8:99-102. Abd El-Baky, H. H., El-Baz, F. K. & El-Baroty, G. S. 2004. Pro- duction of lipids rich in omega 3 fatty acids from the halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina. Biotechnology 3:102-108. Ahmed, A. M. & Zidan, M. 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