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24 K.F. WIERSUM W Terra G.J.A. 1953a. Mixed-garden horticulture in Java. Malaysian J Trop Geogr 1: 33 – 43. Terra G.J.A. 1953b. The distribution of mixed gardening on Java. Landbouw (Indonesia) 25: 163 – 203. Terra G.J.A. 1958. Farm systems in South-east Asia. Neth J Agric Sci 6: 157 – 182. Torquebiau E. 1992. Are tropical agroforestry homegardens sustainable? Agric Ecosyst Environ 41: 189 – 207. Wiersum K.F. 1982. Tree gardening and taungya on Java: examples of agroforestry techniques in the humid tropics. Agroforest Syst 1: 53 – 70. Wiersum K.F. 2004. Forest gardens as an ‘intermediate’ land use system in the nature-culture continuum: characteristics and future potential. Agroforest Syst 61: 123 – 134.
CHAPTER 3 URBAN AND HOMEGARDEN AGROFORESTRY IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS R.R. THAMAN 1 , C.R. ELEVITCH 2 , AND J. KENNEDY 3 1 The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji Islands; 148; E-mail: . 2 3 Agroforestry.net, Holualoa, Hawai’i. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Keywords: Agrodeforestation, Food security, Nutrition, Sustainability, Traditional agroforestry. Abstract. Pacific islanders traditionally had abundant, predominantly rural, agroforestry systems that provided a wide array of products for meeting the necessities of life, and conducive environments for the rich Pacific island cultures. In recent years, however, increasing urbanization and accompanying removal of trees and perennial agroforests (“agrodeforestation”) have resulted in the breakdown of these traditional agroforestry systems, accompanied by increasing economic, cultural, nutritional, and environmental problems, particularly in the urban areas. A critical analysis of the nature and future prospects of the urban and homegarden agroforestry systems in these rapidly urbanizing islands suggests that intensification and enrichment of these systems could serve as an important foundation for sustainable development. In addition to addressing the nutrition-related health problems, food security, poverty alleviation, and trade deficits, these systems also help protect and enrich the cultural traditions of Pacific peoples who are increasingly out-migrating from rural areas and embracing urban living. 1. INTRODUCTION Pacific island countries have historically been resource self-reliant because of their relative geographic isolation. Their traditional land- and sea-based economies, 25 B.M. Kumar and P.K.R. Nair (eds.), <strong>Tropical</strong> <strong>Homegardens</strong>: A Time-Tested Example of Sustainable Agroforestry, 25–41. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.
Page 2 and 3: Tropical Homegardens
Page 4 and 5: Tropical Homegardens A Time-Tested
Page 6 and 7: List of Contributors Chapter Review
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Abdoellah O.S.
Page 10 and 11: LIST L OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Nair P.K.
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER REVIEWERS Abdoellah, O.S, P
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION P.K.R. NAIR
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTION I house gardens as a s
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1. The global distribution o
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION I Related to the above
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION I Christanty L. 1990.
Page 24 and 25: SECTION 1 HISTORICAL AND REGIONAL P
Page 26 and 27: 14 K.F. WWIERSUM moist tropical reg
Page 28 and 29: 16 K.F. WIERSUM W homegardens organ
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Page 32 and 33: 20 Up to a certain level, the culti
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Page 38 and 39: 26 R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. cultures, a
Page 40 and 41: 28 bast fiber of which is used for
Page 42 and 43: 30 Category Species R.R. THAMAN T E
Page 44 and 45: 32 R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. (Thaman, 19
Page 46 and 47: 34 1.3. Animal husbandry R.R. THAMA
Page 48 and 49: 36 many cultivate food crops on ove
Page 50 and 51: 38 R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. ownership o
Page 52 and 53: 40 R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. REFERENCES
Page 54 and 55: CHAPTER 4 AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS: TH
Page 56 and 57: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS of processing
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Page 60 and 61: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS Catholic miss
Page 62 and 63: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS their ethnici
Page 64 and 65: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS A category of
Page 66 and 67: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS practice. Nev
Page 68 and 69: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS Surrogate hom
Page 70 and 71: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS Penn J.W. Jr.
Page 72 and 73: CHAPTER 5 HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERIC
Page 74 and 75: 2. GENERAL ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECON
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HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M The im
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HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M found
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HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M soil a
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HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M Domest
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Levasseur V. and Olivier A. 2000. T
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SECTION 2 STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND
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88 A. PEYRE ET AL. 1. INTRODUCTION
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90 In view of these developments, K
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92 3.1. Distinction in homegarden t
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94 In general, there is a tendency
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96 Table 2. Management practices of
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98 NEEM Inputs Management A.PEYRE E
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100 (high diversity, multi-storied
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102 A. PEYRE ET AL. therefore to be
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CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF
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COCONUT-BASED AGROFORESTRY IN MELAN
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1 2 3 4 5 6 Coconut trees tr 1 2 Co
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115 As the palms attain the bearing
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124 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. 1. INTRO
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126 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. ecologic
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128 not only be assessed based on s
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130 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. identifi
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132 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. 4.4. Fac
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134 here as well. In the first plac
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136 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. diversit
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138 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. economic
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140 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. Soemarwo
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142 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. Capsicum
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144 A. WEZEL W AND J. OHL 1. INTROD
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Figure 1. Location of the Manu Nati
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148 Furthermore, some species such
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Functional groups/species Occurrenc
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Functional groups/species Occurrenc
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154 A. WEZEL W AND J. OHL 5. DISCUS
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156 5.3. Changes in species richnes
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158 A. WEZEL W AND J. OHL Eden M.J.
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160 P.L. HOWARD have not been discu
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162 P.L. HOWARD men may occasionall
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Men and women 1 12.5 Mexico (26) 6
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166 P.L. HOWARD homegardening to pr
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168 P.L. HOWARD homegardens, and ip
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170 P.L. HOWARD and men can also ul
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172 P.L. HOWARD men use homegardens
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174 P.L. HOWARD of men’s agricult
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176 P.L. HOWARD To the degree that
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178 P.L. HOWARD specialization, and
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180 P.L. HOWARD may offer women gre
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182 P.L. HOWARD Lope Alzina D. 2006
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CHAPTER 11 CARBON SEQUESTRATION POT
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CARBON C SEQUESTRATION S POTENTIAL
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Forest remnants, Lampung, Indonesia
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Erythrina poeppigiana + cacao, Turr
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1 Low (121 Mg C ha -1 ); upper limi
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CHAPTER 12 MEDICINAL PLANTS IN TROP
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MEDICINAL M PLANTS IN HOMEGARDENS 2
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Allium cepa (onion) Liliaceae bulb
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213 value, 36 had medicinal value a
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Table 3. Multipurpose trees with me
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Leucaena leucocephala (lead tree) M
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Table 4. Shade-tolerant medicinal s
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Cymbopogon martinii var. Poaceae sh
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Rosemarinus officinalis Lamiaceae h
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CHAPTER 13 COMMERCIALIZATION OF HOM
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235 the need for more cash as consu
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COMMERCIALIZATION OF HOMEGARDENS IN
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239 between the number of individua
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243 Table 5. Differences in socioec
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CHAPTER 14 TRANSPIRATION CHARACTERI
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253 water deficits. Considering the
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TRANSPIRATION T CHARACTERISTICS C O
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270 E. TTORQUEBIAU AND E. PENOT the
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272 they generate a net margin whic
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274 3. SUSTAINABILITY OF AGROFOREST
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276 (Penot, 2001). However, it is d
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278 E. TTORQUEBIAU AND E. PENOT The
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280 E. TTORQUEBIAU AND E. PENOT pra
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282 E. TTORQUEBIAU AND E. PENOT Mic
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284 S.MOHAN ET AL . systems are wel
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286 2.3. Components of the annual f
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288 S. MOHAN ET AL . 3. RESULTS The
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290 S.MOHAN ET AL . difference acro
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292 S.MOHAN ET AL . Variables Finan
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294 S. MOHAN ET AL . aesthetics and
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296 S.MOHAN ET AL . Scientific name
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CHAPTER 17 THE ROLE OF HOMEGARDENS
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HOMEGARDENS IN AGROFORESTRY DEVELOP
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Cedrela odorata L. cedro cedro 1984
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Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
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Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. can
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Morus bombycis Koidz. mulberry amor
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CHAPTER 18 URBAN HOMEGARDENS AND AL
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URBAN U HOMEGARDENS AND ALLOTMENT G
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331 leafy greens and are transplant
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Water authorities Prohibiting the u
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CHAPTER 19 ARE TROPICAL HOMEGARDENS
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341 • Specific influences of sele
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343 Differences between means were
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345 onion (Allium ( fistulosum) for
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fertility over time, C and N conten
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349 of the overall diversity should
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4.3. Factors influencing crop diver
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ARE TROPICAL T HOMEGARDENS SUSTAINA
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CHAPTER 20 WHITHER HOMEGARDENS? P.K
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 357 In order
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359 The bottom line is, dominant fo
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 361 spectrum
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363 preferential introduction of ra
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 365 environm
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 367 hobby fa
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 369 Mohan S.
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Adaptability 66, 67, 87, 123, 179,
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Externalities 198, 269, 270, 272, 2
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Nutrient outputs 194 Nutritional se
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Tree root systems 190, 193, 196, 19
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