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30 Category Species R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. Fruit and nut Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) yielding trees Carica papaya (papaya) Citrus spp. (citrus) Cocos nucifera (coconut) Mangifera indica (mango) Musa cultivars (banana and plantains) Pometia pinnata (oceanic litchi) Psidium guajava (guava) Syzygium spp. Terminalia catappa (beach almond) Non-food plants Bischofia javanica (koka) Cassia and Senna spp. (shower trees) Casuarina spp. Delonix regia (flamboyant) Erythrina variegata (coral tree) Eucalyptus spp. Ficus spp. (banyans) Gliricidia sepium (madre de cacao) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hibiscus tiliaceus (beach hibiscus) Lagerstroemia speciosa (pride of India) Leucaena leucocephala Macaranga spp. Morinda citrifolia (noni) Plumeria obtuse and P. rubra ( frangipani) Polyscias spp. (hedge panax) Samanea saman (rain tree) Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) Source: Based on Thaman (1983, 1987, 1995, 2002); Levett (1992, 1996); Levett and Uvano (1992). Categories such as ‘supplementary food crops’ and ‘spice plants and social beverage and stimulant plants’ were clearly absent in the undeveloped open areas. <strong>Homegardens</strong> also contain a great diversity of cultivars of important food and handicraft plants. As stressed by Soemarwoto et al. (1985) in their study of Javanese homegardens, true plant diversity is far greater than indicated by the numbers of species, since many species are represented by numerous cultivars. In Tonga, for example, there are numerous distinct breadfruit cultivars, the most common of which include ma’ofala, maopo, puou, loutoko, kea and ’aveloloa. There is similarly great cultivar diversity among other tree crops such as coconuts, banana, mango (Mangifera indica), pandanus (Pandanus spp.), papaya (Carica papaya), and especially among the traditional staple root crops such as yams (Dioscorea spp.), taros (Colocasia esculenta, Alocasia macrorrhiza and Xanthosoma spp.), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), all of which add economic, ecological, and nutritional
URBAN U AND HOMEGARDEN AGROFORESTRY IN THE PACIFIC P ISLANDS I stability to the urban gardening systems. “Tree gardens” in the settlements in Yap, in the Federated States of Micronesia, for example, had 21 coconut cultivars, 28 breadfruit cultivars, and 37 banana cultivars (Falanruw, 1995). Similar cultivar diversity is found in the taro (Colocasia esculenta)-dominated agroforestry gardens in and around the main town of Koror and villages in Palau. Throughout Papua New Guinea, tree crops continue to provide a crucial component of the diverse subsistence agricultural systems of the rural population, with high cultivar diversity of many species such as bananas, breadfruit, pandanus, and many indigenous fruit and nut trees. This diversity is retained despite the addition of newly introduced high-yielding cultivars 2 . Figure 1. Homegarden in downtown Apia, Samoa includes numerous useful tree species including the fast-growing timber tree poumuli ( Flueggea flexuosa), fruit trees such as coconut (Cocos nucifera) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), as well as many ornamentals (Photo: R. R. Thaman). Countless species, commonly overlooked as “weeds,” are important components of homegardens (Soemarwoto et al., 1985). Homegardeners have many uses for spontaneously propagating plants as medicines, fuel, fodder, mulch, roofing, fish poisons, toothbrushes, and food. “Weeds” such as Amaranthus spp., black nightshade (Solanum americanum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and fetid sea holly (Eryngium foetidum), for example, are important potherbs in Fiji and are often sold in the municipal market of Suva 31
Page 2 and 3: Tropical Homegardens
Page 4 and 5: Tropical Homegardens A Time-Tested
Page 6 and 7: List of Contributors Chapter Review
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Abdoellah O.S.
Page 10 and 11: LIST L OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Nair P.K.
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER REVIEWERS Abdoellah, O.S, P
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION P.K.R. NAIR
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTION I house gardens as a s
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1. The global distribution o
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION I Related to the above
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION I Christanty L. 1990.
Page 24 and 25: SECTION 1 HISTORICAL AND REGIONAL P
Page 26 and 27: 14 K.F. WWIERSUM moist tropical reg
Page 28 and 29: 16 K.F. WIERSUM W homegardens organ
Page 30 and 31: 18 K.F. WIERSUM W and rural homegar
Page 32 and 33: 20 Up to a certain level, the culti
Page 34 and 35: 22 K.F. WIERSUM W homegarden system
Page 36 and 37: 24 K.F. WIERSUM W Terra G.J.A. 1953
Page 38 and 39: 26 R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. cultures, a
Page 40 and 41: 28 bast fiber of which is used for
Page 44 and 45: 32 R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. (Thaman, 19
Page 46 and 47: 34 1.3. Animal husbandry R.R. THAMA
Page 48 and 49: 36 many cultivate food crops on ove
Page 50 and 51: 38 R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. ownership o
Page 52 and 53: 40 R.R. THAMAN T ET AL. REFERENCES
Page 54 and 55: CHAPTER 4 AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS: TH
Page 56 and 57: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS of processing
Page 58 and 59: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS Amazonia in m
Page 60 and 61: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS Catholic miss
Page 62 and 63: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS their ethnici
Page 64 and 65: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS A category of
Page 66 and 67: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS practice. Nev
Page 68 and 69: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS Surrogate hom
Page 70 and 71: AMAZONIAN HOMEGARDENS Penn J.W. Jr.
Page 72 and 73: CHAPTER 5 HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERIC
Page 74 and 75: 2. GENERAL ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECON
Page 76 and 77: amendments as indicated by nutrient
Page 78 and 79: that of the native forests of the r
Page 80 and 81: of other regions in Mesoamerica. Th
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Page 84 and 85: HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M 205 to
Page 86 and 87: HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M The im
Page 88 and 89: HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M found
Page 90 and 91: HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M soil a
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HOMEGARDENS OF MESOAMERICA M Domest
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Levasseur V. and Olivier A. 2000. T
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SECTION 2 STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND
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88 A. PEYRE ET AL. 1. INTRODUCTION
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90 In view of these developments, K
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92 3.1. Distinction in homegarden t
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94 In general, there is a tendency
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96 Table 2. Management practices of
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98 NEEM Inputs Management A.PEYRE E
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100 (high diversity, multi-storied
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102 A. PEYRE ET AL. therefore to be
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CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF
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COCONUT-BASED AGROFORESTRY IN MELAN
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1 2 3 4 5 6 Coconut trees tr 1 2 Co
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115 As the palms attain the bearing
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124 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. 1. INTRO
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126 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. ecologic
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128 not only be assessed based on s
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130 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. identifi
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132 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. 4.4. Fac
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134 here as well. In the first plac
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136 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. diversit
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138 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. economic
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140 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. Soemarwo
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142 TESFAYE T ABEBE ET AL. Capsicum
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144 A. WEZEL W AND J. OHL 1. INTROD
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Figure 1. Location of the Manu Nati
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148 Furthermore, some species such
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Functional groups/species Occurrenc
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Functional groups/species Occurrenc
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154 A. WEZEL W AND J. OHL 5. DISCUS
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156 5.3. Changes in species richnes
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158 A. WEZEL W AND J. OHL Eden M.J.
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160 P.L. HOWARD have not been discu
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162 P.L. HOWARD men may occasionall
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Men and women 1 12.5 Mexico (26) 6
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166 P.L. HOWARD homegardening to pr
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168 P.L. HOWARD homegardens, and ip
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170 P.L. HOWARD and men can also ul
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172 P.L. HOWARD men use homegardens
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174 P.L. HOWARD of men’s agricult
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176 P.L. HOWARD To the degree that
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178 P.L. HOWARD specialization, and
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180 P.L. HOWARD may offer women gre
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182 P.L. HOWARD Lope Alzina D. 2006
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CHAPTER 11 CARBON SEQUESTRATION POT
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CARBON C SEQUESTRATION S POTENTIAL
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Forest remnants, Lampung, Indonesia
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Erythrina poeppigiana + cacao, Turr
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1 Low (121 Mg C ha -1 ); upper limi
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CHAPTER 12 MEDICINAL PLANTS IN TROP
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MEDICINAL M PLANTS IN HOMEGARDENS 2
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Allium cepa (onion) Liliaceae bulb
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213 value, 36 had medicinal value a
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Table 3. Multipurpose trees with me
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Leucaena leucocephala (lead tree) M
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Table 4. Shade-tolerant medicinal s
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Cymbopogon martinii var. Poaceae sh
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Rosemarinus officinalis Lamiaceae h
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CHAPTER 13 COMMERCIALIZATION OF HOM
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235 the need for more cash as consu
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COMMERCIALIZATION OF HOMEGARDENS IN
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239 between the number of individua
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243 Table 5. Differences in socioec
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CHAPTER 14 TRANSPIRATION CHARACTERI
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253 water deficits. Considering the
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TRANSPIRATION T CHARACTERISTICS C O
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270 E. TTORQUEBIAU AND E. PENOT the
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272 they generate a net margin whic
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274 3. SUSTAINABILITY OF AGROFOREST
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276 (Penot, 2001). However, it is d
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278 E. TTORQUEBIAU AND E. PENOT The
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280 E. TTORQUEBIAU AND E. PENOT pra
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282 E. TTORQUEBIAU AND E. PENOT Mic
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284 S.MOHAN ET AL . systems are wel
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286 2.3. Components of the annual f
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288 S. MOHAN ET AL . 3. RESULTS The
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290 S.MOHAN ET AL . difference acro
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292 S.MOHAN ET AL . Variables Finan
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294 S. MOHAN ET AL . aesthetics and
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296 S.MOHAN ET AL . Scientific name
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CHAPTER 17 THE ROLE OF HOMEGARDENS
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HOMEGARDENS IN AGROFORESTRY DEVELOP
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Cedrela odorata L. cedro cedro 1984
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Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
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Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. can
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Morus bombycis Koidz. mulberry amor
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CHAPTER 18 URBAN HOMEGARDENS AND AL
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URBAN U HOMEGARDENS AND ALLOTMENT G
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331 leafy greens and are transplant
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Water authorities Prohibiting the u
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CHAPTER 19 ARE TROPICAL HOMEGARDENS
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341 • Specific influences of sele
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343 Differences between means were
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345 onion (Allium ( fistulosum) for
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fertility over time, C and N conten
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349 of the overall diversity should
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4.3. Factors influencing crop diver
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ARE TROPICAL T HOMEGARDENS SUSTAINA
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CHAPTER 20 WHITHER HOMEGARDENS? P.K
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 357 In order
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359 The bottom line is, dominant fo
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 361 spectrum
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363 preferential introduction of ra
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 365 environm
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 367 hobby fa
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WHITHER W HOMEGARDENS? 369 Mohan S.
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Adaptability 66, 67, 87, 123, 179,
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Externalities 198, 269, 270, 272, 2
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Nutrient outputs 194 Nutritional se
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Tree root systems 190, 193, 196, 19
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