Parents and infants: determinants of attachment in a ... - Generation R

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Chapter 6 ABSTRACT Attachment disorganization in infancy is a risk factor for behavior problems and other psychopathology. Traditionally the role of parental behavior for qualitative differences in early attachment relationships has been emphasized. However, disrupted infant-parent interactions only partly explain attachment disorganization. A complementary focus on child factors such as early differences in the underlying neurobiological systems is needed. We examined whether early structural differences in the gangliothalamic ovoid, comprising of the basal ganglia and the thalamus, are involved in the etiology of infant attachment disorganization. Gangliothalamic ovoid diameter was measured by ultrasound in 6-week-old participants of a prospective population-based cohort study. Attachment classification of 629 of these infants was assessed with the Strange Situation at 14 months of age. Neurobiological differences within the normal range were prospectively associated with attachment disorganization. Infants with a larger gangliothalamic ovoid at 6 weeks had a lower risk of attachment disorganization at 14 months (OR 0.73 per SD increase in dia meter, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.93, p < .05). Volume of the lateral ventricles as an index of general brain development was not associated with attachment disorganization. These findings provide new insight in the etiology of infant attachment disorganization that may in part be neurodevelopmentally determined. 104
Introduction Subcortical structures and the neurobiology of infant attachment disorganization During the first year of life, infants develop a stable emotional bond with a potentially protective attachment figure (Bowlby, 1969/1982). In the last 30 years, it has repeatedly been shown that early attachment relationships may have long-lasting consequences for the child’s development (DeKlyen & Greenberg, 2008; Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005). Secure early attachment relationships are related to social competence and resilience later in life (e.g. Belsky & Fearon, 2002; NICHD ECCRN, 2006). Disorganized attachment is considered the most insecure form of attachment and has consistently been associated with increased risk for later maladaptation and psychopathology (McCartney, Tresch Owen, Booth, Clarke-Stewart, & Lowe Vandell, 2004; for a review see Guttmann-Steinmetz & Crowell, 2006; for a meta-analysis see Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Van IJzendoorn, & Roisman, 2010). The quality of the attachment relationship is traditionally thought to be a result of the quality of interactions between the infant and the attachment figure. Based on these interactions, the infant develops early internal working models of the self and other people in relation to the self (Bowlby, 1969/1982) that are used to manage emotional, behavioral and physiological systems. Disorganized attachment is thought to reflect the child’s response to frightened, frightening or dissociative parental behavior (Hesse & Main, 2006; Lyons-Ruth, Bronfman, & Parson, 1999; Main & Hesse, 1990). The 105
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Page 72 and 73: Appendices References 183
Page 74 and 75: tivity and attachment interventions
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Page 78 and 79: DeKlyen, M., & Greenberg, M.T. (200
Page 80 and 81: analysis and dynamic modeling of de
Page 82 and 83: Hazen, N.L., McFarland, L., Jacobvi
Page 84 and 85: dian cortisol activity, and behavio
Page 86 and 87: unipolar mood disorders. Annual Rev
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Pruessner, J.C., Kirschbaum, C., Me
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T Tabachnik, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (
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Weinfield, N.S., Sroufe, L.A., Egel
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Summary Summary The formation of an
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Summary index of the basic function
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Summary These findings apply simila
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Samenvatting Nederlandse samenvatti
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Nederlandse samenvatting spiegel bl
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Nederlandse samenvatting reacties t
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Conclusie Nederlandse samenvatting
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About the author About the author A
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2. Teaching activities year Practic
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Luijk, P.C.M., Saridjan, N., Tharne
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