ChangingCottonLandscapeNeilForrester

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The following table presents data on the average daily maximum and minimum temperatures (in ºC) and relative humidity and total rainfall for spring to autumn (Feb-Oct) for the years 2000 to 2007 at Multan CCRI. Numbers in bold in the table below are the years where the season average is above the 2000-2007 long term average. Spring to Autumn (Feb-Oct) Av. daily max temp ºC Av. daily min temp ºC Av. Daily 8 am relative humidity Av. Daily 5 pm relative humidity Total rainfall (mm) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Av. 2000- 2007 34.8 34.3 34.5 33.5 34.3 32.6 34.4 33.5 33.9 22.3 22.2 22.4 21.9 22.5 21.9 23.2 22.4 22.3 67.0 69.5 68.1 68.4 68.9 71.6 72.1 74.3 70.4 43.3 47.3 39.0 47.2 48.6 52.0 53.1 56.8 48.7 57.6 240.3 60.9 179.6 102.6 151.9 76.3 165.3 128.6 Data Source: Dr. Naveed, CCRI Multan, Pakistan. The following table presents date on the average number of insecticide sprays applied on cotton in Pakistan in the years 2000 to 2007. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 4.8 5.7 4.8 7.0 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.4 Data Source: Directorate of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Multan, Punjab. 12
The 2003 cotton season was marked by heavy mid-late season rains and an expansive armyworm outbreak in cotton which was controlled with indiscriminate use of insecticides, particularly when supplies ran out and growers had to resort to broad spectrum insecticides such as the organophosphates. In fact the 2003 season had the heaviest spray pressure in the last eight years. The theory is that this broad-scale spraying in 2003 killed the mealybug natural enemies which had been holding the mealybug populations in check previously. This would then have allowed the mealybug populations to increase unchecked in the following years, maybe assisted by favourable weather conditions. In fact, the weather data for the 2005-2007 outbreak period indicates very favourable humid weather (see table above) for the mealybug but no clear temperature trigger. If this theory is correct, then ultimately, the natural enemies would be able to build back up and once again assert their control over the mealybug population. In fact, the reduced mealybug problem in 2008 may be the start of the redressing of the natural balance of things. There appears to be some evidence for this from data for late season mealybug collections taken from cotton in October 2008. These were made by independent research entomologist Dr. David Chamberlain, Crop Protection & Research Consultant, JDW Sugar Mills, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan who made two collections of mealybugs off cotton from the lower Punjab (Lodhran and Rahim Yar Khan) and recorded very high levels of parasitism by an encyrtid 2 wasp (94.2 and 2 * Parasitoid specimens collected by CABI South Asia from Maconellicoccus sp. attacking cotton in Tando Jam in August 2008 and sent to the Natural History Museum UK were identified as Aenasius sp. nov. nr. longiscapus Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) – see http://www.cabi.org/default.aspx?site=170&page=1303. Although the specimens collected from Maconellicoccus sp. attacking the cotton at Lodhran and Rahim Yar Khan in 2008 were not officially identified, it is likely they are the same species. 13 Mealybugs attended by ants and on brinjal (egg plant)
Page 1: Changing the Cotton Landscape in Pa
Page 5: Preface The importance of improving
Page 8 and 9: Acronyms AARI Ayub Agricultural Res
Page 10 and 11: Millions of Bales (170 kgs) Yield (
Page 12 and 13: Millions of bales (170 kgs) 35.0 30
Page 14 and 15: 4.1b/year in extra lint, oil and me
Page 16 and 17: CLCV susceptible variety in the Ind
Page 18 and 19: (Feb/March) of part of their cotton
Page 22 and 23: 96.1%, respectively). High levels o
Page 24 and 25: for transgenic seed production othe
Page 26 and 27: 2) Ensure all private seed sector c
Page 28 and 29: Logistical problems It will be very
Page 30 and 31: the introduction of Roundup Ready F
Page 32 and 33: eview and will not be discussed fur
Page 34 and 35: Following is a list of insect toler
Page 36 and 37: The key factors affecting the devel
Page 38 and 39: • Disease tolerance, especially F
Page 40 and 41: whatever natural refuges are availa
Page 42 and 43: The models above clearly indicate t
Page 44 and 45: 7. Summary of Recommendations 1) En
Page 46 and 47: case, we need to carefully examine
Page 48 and 49: Stakeholders Engaged for this Study

ChangingCottonLandscapeNeilForrester

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