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2. Taxonomic part 44 Conidia Chemistry Distribution Chapsa -ascus: walls thickened, tholus absent - - - - X - X ? d Chroodiscus Fibrillithecis Leptotrema Leucodecton Melanotopelia Myriotrema Nadvornikia Pseudoramonia Reimnitzia Thelotrema Topeliopsis L. schizolomagroup - - g X - X walls unthickened, tholus present (at least in younger stages) X X X - X X X ? d walls unthickened, tholus X X X X X absent X - - X - - - ? d ocular chamber conspicuous, - - - - - large, distinctly tapered X - - - - - X ? d -ascospores: - - - - - rather small (≤30 µm long) X X X X X - X X X X X X X very large (>130 µm long) X - - - - X X - - - X X - transseptate X X a - - X - X X X - X X X submuriform to eumuriform cell walls (and endospore) X X X X X X X - - X X X X rather thin cell walls (and endospore) X X - X - - X - X - X X X rather thick X - X - X X X X - X X X X hyaline X X X - X X X - X - X X X brown X - - X X X X X - X X X X non-amyloid X X - X X X X X X X X X X faintly to strongly amyloid X - X X X X X - - X X X X bacilliform - - X X X - X - - X - X h irregular, oblong or ellipsoid X - - - X - - - - - X X h fusiform - - - - - - X - - X - - - β-orcinol depsidones X X b X X c X X X X X - X X X xanthones - - - - - - X - - - X - - anthraquinones - X - X - - - - - - - - - tropical to subtropical X X X X X X X X - X X X X warm- to cool-temperate X - - X X X - - X - X X X 2. 9. 1. Chapsa Massal., Atti Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. Lett. Arti, ser. 3, 5: 256 (1860). Type species: Chapsa indica Massal. Asteristion Leight., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 163 (1869). Asteristium Clements, The genera of fungi: 76 (1909). Thelotrema sect. Asteristion (Leight.) Matsum., J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 88: 16 (2000). Type species: Asteristion erumpens Leight. =Chapsa platycarpa (Tuck.) Frisch. - -
2. Taxonomic part 45 THALLUS – Crustose, very rarely partly bulging and flaking away from substrate, predominantly corticolous, rarely saxicolous, lignicolous, terricolous, humicolous, muscicolous or foliicolous. Predominantly ±thin, mainly hyposubstratic with minor episubstratic parts, c. 50-200 µm high, more rarely moderately thick and with ±distinct episubstratic parts, up to c. 400 µm high. Mostly pale, in shades of gray with greenish, tannish, yellowish or whitish tones, more rarely dark and in shades of olive with brownish or yellowish tones. Surface dull to distinctly shiny, rarely waxy, smooth to rough or pruinose, in predominantly hypophloedal thalli often with protuberant substrate structures, predominantly continuous to slightly verrucose or verruculose, rarely distinctly verrucose to verruculose. Predominantly unfissured, rarely distinctly fissured. Prothallus thin to indistinct, brown. Corticate to ecorticate, either without true cortex and covered by a c. 10-20 µm thick, discontinuous to continuous protocortex, rarely with distinctly conglutinated parts forming a true cortex; or covered by a c. 20-50 µm thick, hyaline to ±yellowish true cortex consisting of irregular to periclinal hyphae. Algal layer continuous to more rarely discontinuous, poorly to well developed, calcium oxalate crystals absent to abundant, small to large, scattered to clustered, rarely forming layers in lower thallus. Distinct medulla layer absent to more rarely present in thicker thalli and in ascomata area. Vegetative propagules not seen. ASCOMATA – Predominantly ±conspicuous, rarely inconspicuous (C. halei, C. subpatens), (moderately) large to very large, c. 0.6-5 mm in diam., roundish to ±irregular, particularly fused ascomata usually appearing distinctly irregular and/or ±branched, rarely somewhat elongated. Apothecioid in younger stages, becoming ±distinctly chroodiscoid with age, rarely indistinctly chroodiscoid throughout development. Erumpent, in regenerating ascomata often becoming ±sessile with successive ascomata generations. Mostly solitary to ±distinctly fused, rarely only marginally fused or strictly solitary, in some taxa ascomata ±frequently distinctly clustered in groups of several ascomata, then the individual ascomata often distinctly smaller than in solitary growing ascomata. In majority of species ascomata regenerating, then with ±distinctly layered thalline rim. Immersed to slightly raised or with an annular margin, rarely distinctly emergent in regenerating ascomata, then depressed-urceolate to cupular. Disc entirely to partly visible from surface, at least in older stages, white, gray, flesh-colored or brownish, usually ±distinctly pruinose, more rarely epruinose. Proper exciple usually not visible from the surface to more rarely visible when becoming partly detached or in ascomata with strongly recurved thalline rims, ±whitish, rarely brownish, very rarely proper exciple distinctly visible from surface and forming an inner margin/pore. Thalline rim margin porelike only in younger stages or in ascomata with distinctly layered thalline rim, in older stages predominantly gaping, distinctly split and lobed to lacerate or eroded. Thalline rim unlayered to distinctly layered, epruinose to ±distinctly pruinose, whitish or brighter than thallus to more rarely brownish, yellowish or reddish-brown (usually due to protuberant substrate) internally and concolorous with thallus marginally, rarely concolorous with thallus throughout, predominantly erect to recurved, in layered margins often exfoliating. Proper exciple fused to slightly detached or apically exposed, very rarely distinctly free. Predominantly evanescent to thin, rarely distinctly thickened. Hyaline to rarely pale yellowish internally, yellow to brown, rarely orange marginally, in distinctly hypophloedal taxa often with substrate particles incorporated, apically sometimes more darkish and often covered by granules. Exciple nonamyloid to more rarely ±distinctly amyloid at the base. Subhymenium indistinct, evanescent to thin and with same color as basal exciple, rarely darkish brown to slightly carbonized, in some species with a distinct, hyaline, amyloid, lateral area. Hymenium non-amyloid, discoid to somewhat cupular, often with a ±broader base, up to c. 70-200 µm high, non-inspersed, predominantly clear, in C. niveocarpa distinctly interspersed, weakly to moderately, more rarely strongly conglutinated. Paraphyses un-thickened to rarely ±thickened, straight to slightly bent, parallel to slightly interwoven, unbranched, tips unthickened to ±distinctly thickened, sometimes ±distinctly irregular. Lateral paraphyses present, inconspicuous to
Page 1 and 2: Taxonomic studies on members of the
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 TABLE OF CONTEN
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 Fig. 26. / Fig.
Page 9 and 10: 0. Deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung
Page 11 and 12: 0. Deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction 13 1. Introduction
Page 15 and 16: 2. Taxonomic part 15 2. Taxonomic p
Page 17 and 18: 2. Taxonomic part 17 conducted fiel
Page 19 and 20: 2. Taxonomic part 19 humid Eucalypt
Page 21 and 22: 2. Taxonomic part 21 PD: Paraphenyl
Page 23 and 24: 2. Taxonomic part 23 - myriotremoid
Page 25 and 26: 2. Taxonomic part 25 submuriform to
Page 27 and 28: 2. Taxonomic part 27 Protocetraric
Page 29 and 30: 2. Taxonomic part 29 show a prefere
Page 31 and 32: 2. Taxonomic part 31 Table 2: Austr
Page 33 and 34: 2. Taxonomic part 33 6a Ascomata di
Page 35 and 36: 2. Taxonomic part 35 32a Ascospores
Page 37 and 38: 2. Taxonomic part 37 54a Thallus ec
Page 39 and 40: 2. Taxonomic part 39 78a Ascospores
Page 41 and 42: 2. Taxonomic part 41 103a Ascomata
Page 43: 2. Taxonomic part 43 Thallus Chapsa
Page 47 and 48: 2. Taxonomic part 47 Acanthotrema (
Page 49 and 50: 2. Taxonomic part 49 Sipman, 1992),
Page 51 and 52: 2. Taxonomic part 51 Chapsa astroid
Page 53 and 54: 2. Taxonomic part 53 Chapsa halei M
Page 55 and 56: 2. Taxonomic part 55 Thelotrema alb
Page 57 and 58: 2. Taxonomic part 57 indistinctly p
Page 59 and 60: 2. Taxonomic part 59 Fig. 16. Chaps
Page 61 and 62: 2. Taxonomic part 61 paraphyses str
Page 65 and 66: 2. Taxonomic part 65 Chapsa lordhow
Page 67 and 68: 2. Taxonomic part 67 hyaline, dense
Page 69 and 70: 2. Taxonomic part 69 NOTES - The sp
Page 71 and 72: 2. Taxonomic part 71 hyaline, non-a
Page 73 and 74: 2. Taxonomic part 73 ILLUSTRATION -
Page 75 and 76: 2. Taxonomic part 75 immersed to sl
Page 77 and 78: 2. Taxonomic part 77 ILLUSTRATION -
Page 79 and 80: 2. Taxonomic part 79 chroodiscoid i
Page 85 and 86: 2. Taxonomic part 85 2. 9. 2. Chroo
Page 87 and 88: 2. Taxonomic part 87 small to moder
Page 89 and 90: 2. Taxonomic part 89 CHEMISTRY - Th
Page 91 and 92: 2. Taxonomic part 91 Ascospores (ve
Page 93 and 94: 2. Taxonomic part 93 Cardwell, A. &
Page 95 and 96:
2. Taxonomic part 95 translucent to
Page 97 and 98:
2. Taxonomic part 97 visible to mor
Page 99 and 100:
2. Taxonomic part 99 becoming (mode
Page 101 and 102:
2. Taxonomic part 101 Thelotrema re
Page 103 and 104:
2. Taxonomic part 103 NOTES - This
Page 105 and 106:
2. Taxonomic part 105 Ascomata abun
Page 107 and 108:
2. Taxonomic part 107 thick, hyalin
Page 109 and 110:
2. Taxonomic part 109 Fig. 58. Leuc
Page 111 and 112:
2. Taxonomic part 111 from Sri Lank
Page 113 and 114:
2. Taxonomic part 113 Thallus musci
Page 115 and 116:
2. Taxonomic part 115 covered by gr
Page 117 and 118:
2. Taxonomic part 117 Fig. 62. Myri
Page 119 and 120:
2. Taxonomic part 119 Palms and Coo
Page 121 and 122:
2. Taxonomic part 121 septae modera
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
2. Taxonomic part 125 small, roundi
Page 127 and 128:
2. Taxonomic part 127 Thallus epi-
Page 129 and 130:
2. Taxonomic part 129 Thallus epi-
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
2. Taxonomic part 133 15369 (UPS);
Page 135 and 136:
2. Taxonomic part 135 includes gray
Page 137 and 138:
2. Taxonomic part 137 Islands (Naga
Page 139 and 140:
2. Taxonomic part 139 Thallus predo
Page 141 and 142:
2. Taxonomic part 141 distinctly to
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
2. Taxonomic part 145 yellowish, th
Page 147 and 148:
2. Taxonomic part 147 T. subcaesium
Page 149 and 150:
2. Taxonomic part 149 inspersed, st
Page 151 and 152:
2. Taxonomic part 151 Thallus varia
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
2. Taxonomic part 157 (1990) propos
Page 159 and 160:
2. Taxonomic part 159 information.
Page 161 and 162:
2. Taxonomic part 161 parallel, wit
Page 163 and 164:
2. Taxonomic part 163 Fig. 100. Rei
Page 165 and 166:
2. Taxonomic part 165 hyaline to ye
Page 167 and 168:
2. Taxonomic part 167 Species descr
Page 169 and 170:
2. Taxonomic part 169 Lumbsch & Man
Page 171 and 172:
2. Taxonomic part 171 Thelotrema bi
Page 173 and 174:
2. Taxonomic part 173 nov. inval. [
Page 175 and 176:
2. Taxonomic part 175 Similar are T
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
2. Taxonomic part 179 circumscriptu
Page 181 and 182:
2. Taxonomic part 181 N OTES - Thel
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2. Taxonomic part 183 with free exc
Page 185 and 186:
2. Taxonomic part 185 Thelotrema cu
Page 187 and 188:
2. Taxonomic part 187 Thelotrema cy
Page 189 and 190:
2. Taxonomic part 189 Fig. 124. The
Page 191 and 192:
2. Taxonomic part 191 Thelotrema di
Page 193 and 194:
2. Taxonomic part 193 transversely
Page 195 and 196:
2. Taxonomic part 195 CHEMISTRY - T
Page 197 and 198:
2. Taxonomic part 197 (moderately)
Page 199 and 200:
2. Taxonomic part 199 thalline rim,
Page 201 and 202:
2. Taxonomic part 201 Thallus varia
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
2. Taxonomic part 205 Forest Park:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
2. Taxonomic part 209 noted a colle
Page 211 and 212:
2. Taxonomic part 211 and the stict
Page 213 and 214:
2. Taxonomic part 213 Matsumoto, 20
Page 215 and 216:
2. Taxonomic part 215 presence of t
Page 217 and 218:
2. Taxonomic part 217 ascospores wi
Page 219 and 220:
2. Taxonomic part 219 ECOLOGY AND D
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
2. Taxonomic part 223 grayish-brown
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
2. Taxonomic part 229 Lumbsch & Man
Page 231 and 232:
2. Taxonomic part 231 CHEMISTRY - T
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
2. Taxonomic part 235 (F). Cape Hil
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
2. Taxonomic part 239 25 µm thick,
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
2. Taxonomic part 245 moderately sm
Page 247 and 248:
2. Taxonomic part 247 Thelotrema su
Page 249 and 250:
2. Taxonomic part 249 Hafellner 166
Page 251 and 252:
2. Taxonomic part 251 N OTES - Char
Page 253 and 254:
2. Taxonomic part 253 NOTES - Thelo
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
2. Taxonomic part 257 host substrat
Page 259 and 260:
2. Taxonomic part 259 ascospores pe
Page 261 and 262:
2. Taxonomic part 261 margins. Prop
Page 263 and 264:
2. Taxonomic part 263 brown, epruin
Page 265 and 266:
2. Taxonomic part 265 not visible f
Page 267 and 268:
2. Taxonomic part 267 Fig. 189. Top
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
2. Taxonomic part 273 Topeliopsis m
Page 275 and 276:
2. Taxonomic part 275 rarely double
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
2. Taxonomic part 279 secondary com
Page 281 and 282:
2. Taxonomic part 281 subacute ends
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
2. Taxonomic part 285 ETYMOLOGY - T
Page 287 and 288:
2. Taxonomic part 287 Fig. 207. Lep
Page 289 and 290:
2. Taxonomic part 289 either the ab
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
3. Molecular phylogeny 295 Table 5:
Page 297 and 298:
3. Molecular phylogeny 297 Species
Page 299 and 300:
3. Molecular phylogeny 299 3. 2. 2.
Page 301 and 302:
3. Molecular phylogeny 301 followin
Page 303 and 304:
3. Molecular phylogeny 303 Dyplolab
Page 305 and 306:
3. Molecular phylogeny 305 Since th
Page 307 and 308:
3. Molecular phylogeny 307 of T. de
Page 309 and 310:
3. Molecular phylogeny 309 the grap
Page 311 and 312:
4. References 311 4. References Ach
Page 313 and 314:
4. References 313 Fée A.L. (1825)
Page 315 and 316:
4. References 315 Kantvilas, G. & J
Page 317 and 318:
4. References 317 Magnusson, A.H. &
Page 319 and 320:
4. References 319 Patwardhan, P.G.,
Page 321 and 322:
4. References 321 Vainio, E.A. (192
Page 323 and 324:
5. Appendices 323 Leptotrema lepado
Page 325 and 326:
5. Appendices 325 5. 3. List of syn
Page 327 and 328:
5. Appendices 327 T. rimulosum Mül
Page 329:
Erklärung: Hiermit erkläre ich, g
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