ifuifii{€:trf;#'f'#i7

"-:ifuifii{€:trf;#'f'#i7 

A Dissart tis SttLjttd to arg| Sttdv 

cat€G.4, IhivetsitY of P.tuar ii 

czt atarl"v iot lrhe D"/gtae of ltocto' of 

PhlToaolry, 

Bt 

HABIB GUL 

(i)

geoeeooa&ctc***'&cf :*crE 

S ,ftvt)titta) e 

E IN THE NAME OF E 

E "ALLAH'' F 

E 

rhe lllost ilereilul E 

E 

rhe ,ltost Graeiun^s E 

E*t*tFEoErrc$lE

'-7 

: 

\9 

Ile tlesis 0t ifr, fulib [lil is aPPmred 

I'//TEA AL SUPEEVISOE 

ETTE-RNAL EXAMINFP 

FjIEENAL FXAMIIYER 

E. ExrERr'r^L E XAfylt/tR 

4, 

PRI IIC I 4L SC' &NT' EC OFF ICEA' 

IIEA' FOOO TECBITOI,O4]Y D'V I 3 IOII 

EVCLEAB INSI'TI'T8 OF fuOI' IIID 

AGNICULTTIRE I PESTIAflAN' 

/--qtt FP neRICULtUmL t;8, iiEAXMAt 

ASSISTAIII PPOFESSOE, 

ÎRAH 

W If1AS ITV' 

' llln:,sZ . 

/ p8saatt^P' / 

IIHAH-issocrat', 

A&EA S|WY CE IAE 

inrvERsrfl oF PEsEAtlaR' 

PESEAITABI I]IJFP

.DE.D .Z CA' A'ED 

ro Dt b..v. faa&, 

L'x. Slbed.E ?.!if otl 

to t, .ta..a7on.t. @xhtt 'hot' 

7ov. 6rd c.!a Md. . tsn out of t'

sr,tr*slll/E (lmBrE) rEdsptocv Ffi lllt 

fowlc Evfl0flHr tr [ollsllli ilsrnicl 

( ivl

al!8Slgll9lg 

AAT ADproprt.te A!...rs.ni ol T.clologv 

ADP annual D.v.lo9..!t Proglu€. 

Alll AlDtopfl.te l{.!d T.cblolotY 

AICA! a.3ocittj.on for Ittcr.atlolal Coop'!'tton ot 

Alllcultule & lo!.3t!Y. 

AXRSP Aa. (han Ru!.! SuPp.lt Progr@'' 

ASC ar.t Siudt C€trtra 

lsT arrtoltlsto solt T.clholory 

AaDA 

^DDloplt.te T.chloloat D.v€IoDr'lt Astoclatiotr 

( Indle) 

ATDO ApProprl.tcT.chrolorvD€v.Iopr'ntora'ni"tlor' 

EARC B.nrlsd..h A.!.arch C'un'Il 

BC 3.lo!s Chlitt 

!D syrt.r 8..i. D.!oc!..Y syst.! 

Btlu at.ic g..lth Urit 

BRC Euildllt R.s..!ch C'nt!'' 

co t.!!ee c.l.lu. 

CA C.ntr.1 A.la 

Ctfl codu.lcttiotr .!d flolks D'paltrtni' 

CB Co.t .nd B€n.ltt 

CNRS 

CsT 

c.nt.€ tl.tion.I d' f' l'ch'f'h' 

(!4ri3 

' 

c.Pit.l S.vin! Tecinologt 

sclentifllru' 

ct c.uunltY T.chlololy 

CUP Culurtty Ullllt P!o3!ar'' 

DC D.v.IoD.d Counilitt'

DDAc Di€tlict D.v.loDleat Advitolv domitt'6 

Dilp Di.P.n..!Y 

tT De@c!.tlc T.chloloCy 

El.ct rl.ciliciLt 

ESAT EnwtloNnt.l Sound $d a9Dlop'tat' t'chnorocv 

EXI Ext.n.1otr 

PDC !.d.!.I D'v'1op"nt CoDitt'€ 

FIC Ped.!.l l.D1'fflttito' coorti" 

c!l? oF.. ttilontl P!'ituct 

GOP oov.ttEni ol P'kis!$ 

!. 

IDBP 

gect'!€ 

lnt.tnttioEl Bst lo! Rtc6Dstluciron dd 

D.v.IoFd'trt ltorld B'nkJ 

Induttri'l D6v'lot!'ni Banl of Ptkilto 

l',o Int.fn'tioaal!4bou!Olg'nizailon 

IMCS ldlroved ||ud Cook stove 

IRDP 

lRRt 

I!!.6rattd Rut'1 D€v'lopr'nt Prolrl@' 

InittnatloDaf Rtc' R"e!!ch I^rtitut' 

I1 

IT'G 

Ini.fcdi't' f'chlolott 

JIcA 

BDB 

J.!'n Int'ln'tionll Coop'lttion Ae'ncv 

xoh!.tan D'v€l'DEnt gotld 

& 

Kllg 

t 

K!{ 

Int.rEdiste t"hnotodv D'veloDo€nt orou? 

Kilogla@€ 

K4t.lofl lIiSht'Y 

K!Ion€6' 

(vt)

lCT l,or co.t I.chlol.tt 

LDC' L.!.t !.v.1oP.d Count!1.r 

LoaRDt Loc.I c.v.!n!.nt ed Ru!'l D'v'loP!'nt 

D.r.rt!6nt. 

LT Lo, T€chnolott 

ItC U.D.a.!.!t Co@ltte. 

llltP Mlclo flYdropo*.! 

Hl.c |lilc.]le€ou. 

MIII Uj,trI.tlt ol Int.rn tloDll lr'd' I lDduatrt 

(J.P6r) 

ullT M.!n t{.nt.l Thru€t 

rll| x.!b.! ot ra.tton.l A33'ibly 

l1/o vlnl.tlv o! 

llPA t.rb.! 6f Provinctal Ass'6blv 

s rllddl. scho.I 

usc MIddI. s.hool G1!18 

ut M.tllc Ton 

!t l.t.6tt 

{.oA Sod. A.h 

NA! No!th.!n a!€.. 

IEC ll.tiodl EconoDi' courcil 

N(rc. ltoroov€ldntAlolatnl'ttiong 

NllA Nuc1.6! Ia.tltqt' fo! Food and A3lloultule 

oECD Ola.nlt.tion to! Econollc co_op'rstlon 'nd 

D.v.loPleni 

PIO PIaMile {d Dtv'loPretrt D'9'rirent' 

PABD P.ki.ts Aced.lv ftr Ru!!I D'velop!'n!' 

{vii)

PCAI P.lt.t.n counctl ol aPProPlllt. Technololt 

PCSIR P.ki5taD councll of scl.trtlllc and Indust'ial 

R....!ch. 

PD{P Provinci4l D.v.loDrert Ilolktna P6tt 

I D.ar.G of Acldllt 4nd Arl.li'itv {P!"3u!e ol 

Hvrt!os.n!on.) 

IIDC P.kt!t.nln

aDP 306l.l D.v.Ioteat Proar.D. 

sqylo g.!h.tl Ird!o.l.ct!j,c D.v.loD..rt o.t.nlr.ttoD 

SIDB sru t.itstrl.. It @loDGBt Bo.td 

sPC 3D.6I.I PFal..r c.U 

TA Loh&Ioar A.....dnt 

flo l.ohool,oty oo!.ulibs c.!ir. {unlr.!.l!t o! 

aol.E. r t cbcloay, i|D.t, oh.al 

l,lDP ullt d x.tt6. D.v.IoE-!t Ppa!.@ 

lJlltCE" Odt.d tr.ttoa. t.t.l!.tton.l Chlldc!'. h.{.!ct 

!und 

lnao UDii.rl {.tioD. o!t6ir.t1o! 

l,T Oa-t!.l..rt 

vttl.s6 vul.a. alrlcultu!. ud lndu.trid D.v.loDu.!t 

II' 

vr Vlllrt! l.onnoloty 

tlPltA rrt.s sd Pd.r Dd.Iorrni Autbo.itt 

ltIP rodil bt,l.r-!t Perr.D 

l.gP xoll

B.h!l A.rsd Bllck s€. 

atrr.r 

s.!th.k 

G')OS SARY 

h.. t.od .tt.! . DuBlie detth 

tin.rcial suDPort to B'ld€e'oo! 

D!.sint Roo! 

Bait-uI-Hikm 'House ol ntsdoo' -"ttbLished bv Abb6sld 

CaItPhs t"'ry 8tD L/ a!,1 

B.nI I.!6tl J.ei3h R.c. 

Budb 

Bhlkhlhoos 

Buddhtst 

Mor*s 

ch.llhi S9lmina th"l 

ch.tnl 

s.uc€ 

rld-ul-Flae! I.laric F aft'! 

!..ting 'tival 

th' Ran'ian xonth 

lid-ul-Atha l.l.nic F ln l"o!t 

Ab!4hio r s'crrr 'tival rc' 

ol Proph't 

liaklE TraditioB! Ile'lth PlBctitl6n'! of Ut6nl 

SY3tetr 

H.t Do'o 

Bul!.h 

Prsv.. lor L't' Musli! {K6hi3t6trl Te!i) 

A Foctl Soclal Pornt Fnr n!I'r ln th' 

villate 

J.hrco 

Jirs.h 

Xh.!!at 

M.drAssa 

Mdndt 

d.!k3t 

BrooD_stick 

Elde's At"'blv Lhloulb lhob Cu'ioD"t L'e 

lE Enrot'd 

aree tood l 

School 

M.rk€t 

'leG) 

D.v€loPd'nr snd s'rvlc' c'ntr'

tullsh 

A Patd o. Un9'id i€ll4ious Perton! tDch'rt' 

of Uo.qu. 

gu.l.lr A. Int.!P!.t.t1on co

,I 

\.2 

r.5 

1,1 

r,8 

r. t1 

L.t2 

Lt.2 

ttr.l 

u,!]:_9!_!4!!!! 

l!!r!-el-llcu-e 

!jo. ard sub_'f!ib.s of (ohiltar 

i,l3t of !a!na ol l(ohistan Or.tlict 

si.d. sp..i.3 touna in f,ohilian 

LiEt ot rre.3, shrubs, H.rb. aDd 

Gr.E3.s of Kohistan Diat!lcl 

couDt!t€s ana AA.nci€. rhlch 

cont.tbuted ro Di3a.te. H.Ii€f 

!..rbquake in Kohi3tsn _ 

larthquake !os..3 of i(ohlstan Disirrct 

liD.Ddltu.e rncured on the P!6ject 

lr;cut€d bv trDs lloo AP.tl' r9?5 to 

s.ttlenent and PoPulation DlstributloD 

list of lolic. st.iions lkhlst.n 

)istrict .nd Blic. Posts 

rouDs and PlonouDs of l(ohrtt.n1 

singular ad Pllr.I in Kohlstar! 

colr.lisior ol Nulber3 in lnglish, 

KohiEtgni. P.Fiar and lurkic iJa.gu6a. 

sin'i6! rords ol lbhlstan, shanraki, 

tsr!€ri, Pashio, uldu and lntrish 

,r a€' !!a'91€. ot |

ll.3 Detail 0l ldqc.tlon Sacilitie. 234 

Availabie ln lohistt! ,i3tlict 

11r,4 !nroleEen! of sove in Prila.r schools z4o 

In l(ohi3!sn oi3tri.i, feh€iI-Nls€ 

r!r,t state.€nt sh6ring govs P.in..t, ilosqu. 24L 

and Haktib schools 

rrr.6 r.r.her3/stud.nt3 Posilion ol th. 242 

r!r, ? YI.Id tn liwe Distrlot 246 

of N'r!P (1990 - 9I ln ronne.) 

rrr.S xunber and tar! Area sv 3iz' of 250 

Kohistan ot6lrl.t 

r1r.9 rlligrted A!.. av soulce in xitt 254 

rr!.lo a!.a, Productlon .d Yield ot 255 

f.uits tnd veg.t.bl.3' 1990 - 9r 

rrr,l1 area, Ptoductio! aDd Yield of 

cereals/coor.rcral oro?3 of NNI'P 

and lkhiEtan Dlstrict. 

r1r.12 trea, lrodu.tloD.nd Yield ol oll s€eds 257 

and Pulses iD l$histan tist'Ict 1990-91 

rrr,13 a.ea, P.oduction .nd vierd of tsodde! 2i1 

in (ohtstan Dl.t.ict 1990-91 

r. r.14 Per"enr sh... of various croPs rn 253 

the lotal (roPPed Area of xohistrn 

Dist.ict 19t0-91 

I1r,lt Percent sh.re ol valious OroPE Sotn 259 

in l(ohis!.n Dlsili.i in rotar 

Y.oduclion ol NrfP 1990 _ 9l 

rrr.16 litestock ropulation riih G'otih ol 261 

(ohistar Disi!i.t 

11r..1? nece.sa.v lnfo!!.tioD r{egaldlnd 

!...3t, D!.trIct l(ohi3t4! 

264 

rrr ' 18 Chann€l 6l Kohlgtan 271 

0ist.tct 

rr r.19 stateoetn shositg Rural H'alth c'nlr€s 

and lasrc H..l!h uni!s in DisLrict 

Kohist6n r.hsll_'i3e 1992 - 93 

215 

Lrr,2A Uiofo ltvd.oPot.r llsnt3 rngtall'd 

244 

uPto 31.12.92

.21 o.teil3 of surv.y 6l Htr slt.s in 245 

I.ohl.ta! Di.tlict 

\l\,22 r€.llbte tlyd.o Po?€r sch.des in 28€ 

KohIst4n risrr!ct 

Irr,23 r..slbl. sit.3 of s@11, ltediuD .nd 289 

!ara. ryd.opo{.! Ploi.ct3 rn 

Kohtstar Di.t!ict 

LLL.21 La!a. nyd.oloe.r sites Planned at 290 

iAP!A in Kohilt.n Dist.ict 

LLL,25 P.lc.atage Pu.ltv of l,6ed.nd 

zln., Gred. rnd li€oovetv ltatro 

294 

1!r.26 Uicro rDdustri.l uniis tn 

f,ohi3t.n Dislrlct 1gaa 

3or 

r1J.l 

P.LJ 

H..tl^r and roiling ltD. of rruits 334 

!r.2 PF.D6.atioDr 6nd Blanching of 336 

v.t.t4btes 

rv.3 DryirA condition. for fruit3 and 340 

v.getsbI€E 

lv,4 Pr€p.ratio! tl€thod oI !6d.tables 345 

rv,s Pr.Palation and Dlvlnt Oonditions 346 

for v..ious l.rit3 

r!.6 l..hnioal u3€. ot Botanical Plants 392 

oi 11ohistan DI.t!ict 

s.7 Poe.! ou.lut ln Ki for ijlll€reDt 43J 

v.lu.s of &6ad a.d rat.r cluantiiY 

(lllicien.Y : 401 Aasuoed) 

tv,3 !ff.c1en.v coopalison of Differett 453 

dud Cook $t.v. 

rv.9 a3tiDted cosi ot an u!dtn'!v 'ork 

1v,lo ch.nicel Codpo3ttion v'66table 119 

rlbre t.ts fror lite.atule (1 2) 

rv.ll oh.lical c6!Po3itl6n !i!' rib" 419 

v.l Distribution of PoPulation (urb'n 52't 

snd liural l{i..) 

r,2 PoPulaiion Bv As. and s" (truial 524 

{t!e 1931 c.nlus) 

484

v.3 Auu!1 u!b.n ltu!.l Poput.tlon cloeth, 529 

1901-1931 

v.4 Annual lrrb.n 8u!al Populatlon 530 

o!.wth li.t.. r9?2-1981 

v.5 r,tt..&y r|.t.! ot Peliists By ulban 536 

.nd Rulal 4r... 1951 - al 

v.6 {.:h.r.cte.i!tlc. ol Aalloultulaf 531 

tlou..hold !.bou! lDd.a.d itr !..r 

rnd/o! l,iw..tock l{o!t 0v.! l0 yearg 

v.7 !.!! stre n1.t!1butioa, 1980 (!€r€ent) 542 

v.8 Dlltllbuilon ot i,.nd o,n.r.hlp, 19?6 543 

(r.rc.!t) 

v,9 lri.t.ibutlon ol r.o. t.d !.!. A!e4 tsv 544 

'l.nu!€ and Provlnce, 1980 (!.!..nt) 

v.1o !tt.!*y Rat.! bv s.x .nd l)!b.n ad 544 

Lulal A!e!3 ot Plliatan 1951 - lgal 

v.ll lrovln.iaf Dl!?llbution oMteracl 549 

lrst. of Pakl.tsn bv nlban and Hu.er 

and s€xcs 1951 - 1981 

v.l2 nural Herlth r.ciliti.r - 19al 

553 

v,l3 lio.d unde! Dl.tlict oounclls ln t56 

P.kl.ia! 19t{_1983 

v.l,t Po!! .nd r.!.ar.Dh otlic.t !t 55? 

tu!.l a..t. 19t0-?l to r99l-92

z. 

3. 

t. 

6. 

12. 

17. 

13. 

19. 

20. 

r16P ol Kohi.r.n )iEtrtct 

a st.uncbinc 

A ryDical rGhlrt.ni old rr.n 

A !.r llud Ao1!.l! of llolrlst.n tistllct 

,IId raula ol Kohistan Dj.!i!lct' [on.l 

Ph....rt and tr.doP.4 !i..arnt 

rnd.r x6p shorint a.!thq!ak. ^t?ect.

21. 

22. 

23. 

29, 

32. 

33, 

36. 

'12, 

A comoa scen€ly ot 66hiat.tr Dt3trlci 

Moudt.ln..lias ln rohistr. Dl.tdct 

A Typlc.l (ohistsri B4bY .i sPliDg 

DtggraDn. .f Solr. D.hydi.to! 

Develop.d Ey IIFA, Ir.nab P..b!rtr 

sol6i O.hrdlato. {Pinapons ttP. ) 

veget.bl€ Scedlint 

Fclctn, fo! Rsnt.!!.d 

trood.n Stick fo! S.€d sto.lnt 

Prot.ctlon of Frui! F.od Fli.! 

and otb.. Insect. 

sorina M.rig6ld lot CoDt.ollinl Ils€ct3 

soekint of 9addy s..da 

RaisinB Rad PePP.r !n Tunb.I. 

cuttlng of Touato L..veg 

Int.i CropPing B.tr.er Pubpkin 

cro(int Fluits and veget4br.s 

li11.id. F$oint - Couate. CroDPrng 

ired SorinB of Potato eld v.aetables 

vtc.o a..in6 ioro.tion on Co.tour LiD' 

Enpty clr3s sottle :3 carrot se.de. 

Port6bl,e S.oi-auloo.tic Ric. Ihtesher 

Rotav.to. sheel fo. Upfand Culttw'tion 

Ilcubator Hatch.r, Fllet€s. Broode' 

l{ood Pr...rvativ. cotrPo3!tlon 

3t2 

3r3 

315 

331 

'352 

353 

356 

358 

361 

363 

366 

36? 

368 

311 

3?3 

376 

360

45. 

46. 

17. 

48. 

52. 

53. 

51. 

55. 

t6. 

54. 

59. 

6t. 

42. 

64. 

65. 

B.nd rlacto! 

Double Bl.d.d n..lplocariDC Actlon 

outrool ol rrlctle rlrra.tion sy.rer 

^n 

lod!fied r.Ickl. rr!iA.tlon sy.t.t 

stendlna Tr..r clorin6 qlth !lt.h.r 

rlth the H.lp 6l Pitche. 

341 

390 

1L2 

41? 

418 

ol r.t.! Driw.n ollnd:ina {ill! a2t 

u..

5€. Di.trlbuti.n ol rDploy.d P€Eon. by rlaJor 533 

Ru..l r!!lor..n! s.cto! 

€9. Distllbutlor ol terDs .nd 539 

10. renu!. Di3illbullon br !.r! stz., !940 5,10 

1\. Ltt.r6.y tatlo8 of |ru!4l P6pul'tl6n by Ag€ 550 

Gr6uP3 (19?2 r 1981)

all D.aiE€ to Aloirhtr allah ?or hls 'blessinds 

4!d suid.nc€ in da!kn.s!.nd rh6 helps us lD dlfliculties, 

'Ihe autho. ts exr..n.ly ind.bred ro hi3 .dw13o! ur. Abdul 

s.tta!, P!tnct?al scl.n!lf1c olficer, H6ad !o.d scie.ce 

Division, ruclerr taEtitut. of Iood and ACrtculi,lle (NttrA), 

Pesh!{a! lor his const.nt .ncou..a€Dent .nd .x?.rr guidsnce 

du.int t.he course ol rhir !.!€a.ch.nd theBis p..p..arion. 

r of. !y hear. t.lt thrDks ro hiD as . tok€n 6t ..specr .Dd 

3in..rlty. lhankE ar. 6l.o .xtended to !y co-rdwiEor Dr. 

Muha!trad ALrab, Asit6nr Professo., Nwl.! ontv.rsitr o? 

At!lcuIture Peshawar lo. hl! .oNt.uctlve ruAC€.tions and 

const.nt hetg du.iag the cou!3. ol this €tudy. I ar highly 

Srat.ful to ,!, r'uh.urd anea. Kbalr Dllcctorr 1.e. srudy 

o.ntr. icentlal asi.), un!v.rsity of P.sha*.. for ployidins 

n. ,n oppo.tuniiy this Etudy at his 

institutlon. fhe hetp, coope.ation aDd dutd.hc. of ny 

int€rn3l adwiso. P.ofEsso! s.tl.A Rizvi, Res.a!oh rssocjare, 

A!.. study oentre (oeDtr.l Ast4), university of Peshawar is 

hidhly ltp.eciat€d. 

rhanks a!. .l3o du€ to }!oresso. D!. r'ruhaDrad 

Abdu1I.h, sec!et.ry, aoa.d ot advanc€ studI.s aDd liesea.ch. 

l!*lP !niv€rEity of lng1r...ing .nd fe.b.6Iogy !.shara! and 

Itr, llinhaj-ud-Din Khant D.putr Directo!, PatIBt.n AcedeEt 

for t!r!l Dew€1oprent, P..hapar ior their syop.th6tic help 

du.inC rhi3 iork. r d v.ry luch obtig.d to sa..d |ih.n

nos.r.i, D.pulr co@i!!Ioo.., f,ohi3t.n Dist.ict !ot 

!.ovl

INTRffiLCIN'I 

Kohi.tar iE . P..3ian *o!d ehich n an. "plqc. of 

Dountsin3 , 1n fdcr, {h.n rhe rern Koht€tan i. i.niioned, 

6.ou and fo!.st cove!.d lountein p..ks, g!..D hi1ls, 

.tleds spriD8s .nd iar. ,rld lif€ co!6 to th€ !ind. 

^nd 

rh. supposttlon in thI. coDDeorion rs roi rlonB, rnde.d 

(.histen DlEi!ict, lik. I!s n€iChbdllng are4., l. on€ of 

the Dost beautiful pl...s ir the e6!ld ehioh is cros.ed bt 

lie .iAhiy Indus ?ro! on. .nd to th. other. !h. Di3rlicrr 

tbouAh it po.sea3.s.norEoug n.tural ..sou.c.s such .E 

forest and &ihe!a1€, hrdloglectri.ttr pot..rl.l, fe.tile 

hillr tlack8 and touFis! is ret coDsid€led ih. o6st 

b.ckr.rd Di.r.l.ts ot PakiEran. rhe adtrinlst.dtiv. .reas o! 

Pakisten and the locarloD of the l(ohistsn Di!tri.t are 

i,ike other blckr$d a!.4s ol Pak!3t!.i Kohisraa 

beset rtth p.oblens alont rith its p6r,.nrl.ls a.d 

Plospect5. rhes. plobl.trs include a hlah rate o? population 

Cro'ih, sk.,.d 1.nd dist!ibution, pov.ity, tIliter..ri ill 

h.atth and lalnut.itlo., lor-rield. and loe ploductiyirr, 

lnadequat€ job oppo.tunl!ies, uD.nploynent 6s r.ll ag 

unde re.llo yn.n t , u.3kiIIed labou. fo.ce, d.t.rlo.rtint 

lhysic.r ioa..st.uctu!., o.thodox 3oci.l ord.. lnd lack ot 

lulfttn.lt ol b.sic needE. fhese !robt.!s a.. aggr.vai.d bt

lack ol .!!.Dti.l E€rvic.E .uch .s he.lth ca.e educ.tion, 

d.inkin8 e.t.! Eupplr, .rnltation, t8! to Dalk.t roads o! 

6lectrt.liy. rhe.e conditlons arE colpound.d by.oci6cultur4I 

problens .teEEing froD factions, litiA6tio^, old 

cuEto!€ rn

abduli.cf (haa of (.hista. oi.rricr (pr....d, 

coEia6lon€. xaza!6 Divt.io.) x4€ con14.r6d fo! tu.aishihe 

any l.lornaitoni n€ !.p6.red '!h6b I took over rh. chalae 

of nlsrrlct (ohisran oD 2tst audugr! 19?9, rhe ti.st rhlnd 

I ask.d !y superinr.n.t.Dr '6s ro plovide ne rit.h ba6ic 

lacts .bo!t !he Di.t.ict aE awai.L.bl. tn tlte olft... r 

found that rhe ofatc6 r.3 benkrllt .3 !!. as rhe b.si. 

tnfolaatlon ras concerD.d. ,rh€ only tlau!.6 aveiIabI. ,.re 

6bout popularioa ehtch roo, r late. lound our to oy dlsorr, 

ger. r.o53ly inco..ccr . . . . , , . . . . DurinS r, st!y, .II !y 

official and noa-ofllcirl wisitoE .nd Auests used to 

sortcit infornarioD an.l a3k questioDs about rh6 ares,hich 

Ssve an lrp.ession rblt rhe area.nd tis people r..e 

?e!rap5 ar enic!. 4Dd . culi66iry ro outside.s. rr ras 

P3.tic!Ially paiDful to ftnd rhat Derb..s of rh. civil 

se.wi.e fron this p.ovirc. roo, qctually lack€d !n bssic 

knouleda€ of this Distrlc!. aen6rarly th. nenbels of rhe 

civil s..vice knor so!.thiDd if nor .tl about every 

dist.ict a.d ac€ncy bur 'heneve. tb.y tart .bout {ohistaD 

lnet digDlaycd an arful lack of knorl.da€.,'l 

In ract th€ peopte of this ar.s 

coneelvat,ive and fatali!ttc abour DAny of 

ihat take place i. thei! .nvi.oueDt or the 

Jhey thus ret.ard rhe apDlicarton of nod.rn 

lnproved pracrrces and of the p.oces5 ald

thl. studt trs ai!.d t6 .id th. po6f to r6.lt 

th.lsetves by ld.ntifvins the Potenti.lE .nd guts.stind 

^ppropliat€ l.chnologt. a corprehen.iv. !4clate ol 

Applop.iaie 'l echbology in r.I.tioa to.g.o-ba3€d iDdutt!v! 

.n.!ay and por.r, corstruction t.chnologv' !in...l ,ealth 

€tc has been foroulated fo. exploitation. lt l3 belicvcd 

th.t {ith judiclouE aPPllcatlon of all o! sobe of tb.3. 

t.chnologi.s tlll to.long rav i! i.Prowrng econolrc 

conditioB of the inhabtt.nts 0f xohiEtln 

o!d.r to devel6! 6 reaniDgful aP?.oechr thiE r.aearch studt 

eas Epleld ove! lnto five ch.pt€ts. 

The ft..t ch.pt€! of this ,ork begin3 'ith 

History of l(ohi3tsn Dist.tct. rt i.s consld.!.d Dec's6'rt 

bccau.e p.opostng an APPropl1.te r€chnololv ro. th' 

d€v.Iopient ol an area rithout kno'ing lts historv ir 

D..ninsle33. s.v.tal Ptans pr.P.r.d bv th. rolld's erit€nt 

econorists and .ncineels t.ll.d becaus. ot noi keePIDS 

prop.r his!.rlcal backgroutd A pl.nn.r' 

cngtneer and .drtnistrator !u5t Inow the hlstorv' cultu!€' 

,.o3r.phy, atiitude3 towa.ds r.ligio!r phvsical conditlon 

6l th. inhabit.Di.6tc. of lh.t..e. rh.r€ he intends to 

{ork for the.ntlre E.tisfaction of the publi. .. tell ag 

cov.lnn€nt. Ihe .hapte! od hlrtolv cont!ln3 info.!6t1.h 

!.t.!di!g lsctor€ r.lated to ih. studv 6nlv 

rh€ 5.co.d chapt.! i3 .3sign.d to APPropri.t. 

'l.chnology, aggr6priate Te.hnologv i3 xidelv lroposed fo!

.co.o!ic der.Iopeenr, !i,i,rrtns iaoqual dlsr.iburion of 

{.!1th, optlDun rriltr6tlon oi r.sourc.s, c!ea!rng 

.!PloyDedt oppo.runiti€s .!c, as the h.ad of pakist.n 

souncil of appropriare l.chnol.ay fo! drlp, rArA .rd 

for rbe ra3t 16 rerls, rh. .urho! realis€d 

that the subJecr needs f..sh appro.ch ro plarqind ahd 

.*..uti6n in drrdtc rays for ent.!ins 

..ntu!y 

'ith 

pr.sriae aDd leslecr. Applic4ti6n ot 

aPplop.r.te l.chnolo6y is onlr possibtc it lr is iully 

socl0-.cono!ic condit!ons of {ohlsraD DlsL.lct 

.!e d.sc.ib.d in ih€ rhild chtpte!. .this ls anoihe! subJ.cr 

rhlch has he.n d.ali 'itb fo. rb. fi.st tile tn tn€ lif. of 

rndts Kohtst.n. !hi. chalre! took conside!.bl. rlne gnd alt 

posEtble .tfoFrs {ere tred€ ro provtde r6t6st data ahd 

Ii ke 

.arlcurture, rin.r.1 realrh a. {.lt.s ecoDoli. d.velop!.!r 

.t. a!e etab6.ared. jJiaf...nt sraa€3 in ecoaollc 

d.w.lolDent and,eltare rhlch a.€ requi.ed ro! lhe study 

ard.re us€ful fo. d.!1int lDd lnde.staDdiia the pnenooe.o! 

chapt.. tour is th6 one ia rhich nor odty rh6 

preE€nt technoloAles adopted and 6dapied a!e hidhlighr€d 

but the fhdr al1ocai.d ... r6chnicall, drscus3ed. 1,h. 

rnfo.larion glw.^ ir this chApter i3 rh. cF.u or rhi. 

.€rearch study. r'h€ t€chnorogi.. prolosed for !h€ Disirict, 

if applied hor.stly witl b.iDA ! .€voluiton not only in

lohl.t.n bui .lro h o!h.! !.ro!. E..I .r... ol ro.rb.m 

P.ll.ta .r nll 8 c..tr.l a.lo at.t..r rriiaul.dt 

Ioblrt& Di.tslci .oD!rt. t'rtr.rllt o! {r.l 

.r.x .hd i!.r. i. !o ..rl-ub.! .F.. Oh.rr.! ttttt 

.n.bl.. u. to ud.!!t.nd I! .oe &t.ll. rb. hlrto.r ot 

n!.1 &v.lo!D!i, Dlobl.[, obJ@rtr.., t !1uh oa tL. 

.b..aloG.i t!otr.D! td DroJGr crcl.. a1r6. th.E t. @ 

nr.l d.v.loDDDi .dl Ar4rct!l.t. r'€clDloat tr.e.lorDlr 

lr.9.DtD.nt la or ot ou! utva!.ltte., our .ohot.E h.v. 

Illtlc t orl..la. oa th. rqu.€t. h rb1. cb.Dr.!, tb. 

.ubjat 1. .l,.h6r.tcrl tn Llrbi ol d€ltFil obJ..tt@r,

N 

+ 

r''r',' l-t 

rat-l 

Adrlll.ir.tlt tr... 

.n

lqtlro 

ctltPl'tx-l 

th. r!dq. I 

rout i! rbaa.. I 

clt6t. C 

PEt .rd Pr..nt I 

orisi! 0 

trtb.! le 

n li!i6 ?t 

ctltG. a7 

cltd3 .!d Allr1r ta 

rl,oE. .to 

0.o1o!y o! l(ohlrtu 11 

A$6qq.t. 49 

Ib.a.!c. .!d rlldirtuD ol roh!.rs D.rlorrlr aoGi 58 

L..toE xtahnr CO 

Dl.t.lct ct.tu. ol {ott.t.! C7 

AdrtDi.tt.tlo! 12 

o.1d x.c!l.c. ?o 

!egurt.. 16

craPLat-1r 

{h.t iE rnr.!!.dlaie t..hnoloat 

rnt.E.diar. t.ch.ologt n.v.Ioprent or.up 

shtl! t!6r rrt.s.di4. t..hnoloay to 

AD9.oPri!t. t.chnology 

con..pt ol a!?rop!iat. l.chnoloty 

D.lilition. ol Applopliat. l.cnnototy 

oa A9p!opli.t. t.chnolott 

^!!.53en! 

f!tu.. s.op. of a!pro!fi4t6 r.chnologt 

App.o?riate l.chrol69t 4nd fi.!!€t Probl.!3 

soqrce3 ol ApDroprirt€ 't.chnolody 

Distrust in arDropriat. r..!nol6gy 

r!.nsfe! ot 'r..hnology 

iJ.B.l ard St.tuto.t Asp.ct ol 'r.chnofat Lr.nsf.! 

ADDrotriate lallcurtu!.l l.chDorogt 

Approp!iat. conrt!uction t.chnoI.ey 

.{pp!o?!i.t€ rn.ldy T 6chnoIogy 

Appropriat. l.cbroloay lo! !!ployr.nt .nc 

rrcorc G!n.!.rlon. 

lvolution ol A!!ro!.iat. l.chnolo8y in P6kiEt.n 

!.klsian coutrcll 6i Apploprllte !€chnology 

91 

102 

105 

lto 

tL2 

llt 

t26 

l2a 

134 

135 

139 

t44 

152 

r58 

174 

137 

207 

205 

209

cstPtB-III 

socto-r.t oxrc iQvELopxrx+ o! IoElet,lx prtrnrcr 

Socio-...horic Dcv.IoF.lr 

AcoD6!!c D.v€]oD..at 

tt.a.. ol Sco.odc D.v.lo9r!t 

Pr.€eDt gi.t. ol D.r.loFai 

E tidllt of t).e.IoD.eat 

I..ts.tloD 

oomerc. .!d T!.d. 

Co|.61c.tloa 

tou!i!! 

Iatioul Eutldiot D.p.!iD!rr 

lunion Councll .!d LO&RDD ) 

P.. C.Dlla Incor. 

Iteira Conaltri.a. 

220 

zzl 

221 

226 

23t 

aa1 

244 

21t 

?15 

260 

266 

t69 

273 

277 

t91 

498 

246 

ao2 

t11 

3la 

i|19 

320

CEAPTER.IV 

utanor4er9Alrur&L_a.L[0Er:!6d_DrlllBrqr 

Ploblere ot Food Spoilat€ 

YethodoloSt of Foods Preselv.tion 

Packsg -.int and 3!o.age 

Juice, J.! .nd Jell!.s EakiDr 

nppa.atu. lor 1!6n3planii.! V.getabfe S.cdlings 

Feneint foF Rrng.land 

Sto.age of Plant S..d 

Protection of F.uit3 flon !1i.3 and oth.r 

P.oiection 6f veg.tabl6 seedlinas fro! Ants 

Sortng lra!itold io CoDt.ol ins€ct P€stg 

Disinfectl6n of Paddy Seeds by soakin! 

Raisint R.d Pepler S.edtini in Tunnels 

C.nt.ol ol Pes!3 and Dise.s. br Natu!.I Aa.nts 

Tooato Cultivation Th.ough l.eves cuttina 

Int€r-croppi!E Bct,een PuDpkin 

G.oriDg F.uit3 add V.getabl.s unde. t!.lli€E 

SEA1I Scal€ Hiltside iarning-contour CroppiDg of 

lilxed Souint ol Potaio.Dd Soy.bean 

lr.e Pl.nt.tiod in 9atc.-Coll.ction Tcrrrce 

Stmple vethods of naking cotrposi 

Ehpty OI3EE Bottl..s c.rrot !.eder 

Portab.Lc s.Ei-autonatic Rice Th.eshe! 

Rotawrta. flheel for Uplaad Cultivatioa 

Incubator-h.tch.! FiFeleEs Broade. c6trbtnstio. 

ltood pre3e.Yation 

323 

331 

342 

t47 

350 

351 

353 

354 

35? 

359 

36t 

352 

362 

365 

368 

370 

tt2 

312 

3?5 

331

Fo!..t ald tood T.cbnotogy 

PL',ood add qaldboerd 

Doubl. sladed R.clplocatila Actlon s.nd S.eriII 

Techtrlcal Uses ol Bot.Dical Pl.nts 

ApplopriEte Irrlg.tlo! Syste! tor i{ater Sc.rclit 

T.1ck16 1..14ation syste! 

Pitch.! Ir.ig.tlon SYsteb 

Fu.ros Irrigatl6n Sy.te! 

l{at.r Driv.a e.indine VillE 

flydropore! Technology 

lnprov.d Vud Cook Slowe 

Blolas T..hholo8y 

EEtabliEhnent ol totkshop 

8.. (..plng ?ech.olott 

Ext!.ction o! Ptne aiber. flor Ploe Ie.dl.! 

wool Spinning U.chine 

calp.t and {all H.naing u4Duf.ciuling 

BuiIdIna Line.r Ihlr.st.uctu.. 

Stabliz.d Yud Pl.!t.riDg 

Ru..1 rrl.. co61.. 

Rur.I t{.shiBg Xtcbloe 

352 

347 

4r4 

420 

.130 

445 

454 

172 

.l?, 

446 

i01

trnit-lteu lrrlulacturilg 

csaPtES - v 

EC84!--DBEI4E!Eq 

cau€.. of Rural aless 8&lr.!dn.3s .Dd GoverD!.Dt 

gisto.lcrl g.ckglound 

Rural D.vel,oprent in P.ki.t.t 

villate Aariculture ..d Indu.t!1.! 

Develop!.nt Plo€r.De 

Basic D.Dcr.cr Srste. 

Ru.,l ltorkr P!6g..tre 

Integ..i.d RuraL D.velop!.nt Prol!.@e 

Peopl€E Works Progreo&e 

AgloviIL.3 D.v€lopnelt P.o!t.[n. 

Rural D.velolnent through Loc.1 CourcilE 

P.ine viniai..'s Fiwe-point. P.oa..rre 

Peoplers Prot.alre 

?aDcer-.-tatan Prog!.!.€ 

Ru.eI Dcv.l,.PD.nt Program.. Vnd.. Local Cov.rn!.rt 

and Ru.aI D.v.lop.ent D.partt.nt, GovernD€nt of NwFP 

rhy Planrina for Rural D.v.Iopa.ni 

Conclusiod 

503 

510 

418 

a2z 

523 

5 

512 

581 

542 

542 

58.r 

62! 

635 

663

I 

o,4a 

rt i3 r.Po.!€d tht! ths n'n' 

deriv.d fo.n th6 persian Bord Kota or 'Xotistan t 

meanins hounEains. as Kohielan i3 a nount:tno!3 ar6t: 

thBrefor€, it i3 call€d xohistan adfrini'trttivelvr 

Kohi5tan is diwid.d into Lht tolto(inq 

2. 

SkaL or 

(a1am (ohislan 

a con3id.rabl6.umb€r ol Kohi3tanit are rrvrns 

in o!he. dist.ic!3 also_ rht araa adjoins i:n"hra to th' 

s!a! ro th6 south and ll{'st tnd Dianor 

di3tricis ro th6 North i! called Kohistan Districl or 

Abasin xohistan. The r(ohiEtln Dist'ict is 200 KF lonq and 

65 (m wid€- rt li.3 from 34 degr'€_ss' io 35 daqr6e_52 

norlh latitudes and 7? d'9ro6- 45' to 75 daqr"-ss 'atc 

Iongitud.s ?- Indus flors about ts5 xn in ih' ttr'ltotv 

of Lha (ohistan oistri.t a3 shodn in th' mao ot Kohisl'n 

oisiricL (Fisur.-l) rt iE important !6 n'ntion that tor 

rh€ draking of this map th6 author nohitot'd oi3trict 

bolnda.i€s bv foo! dnd conEun6d a reasonabL6 tld€' 

rBE !\au$ 

m6ans !n6 falhe. of th€ riv' 

l6nqua963. Ih. riv6r r5 

i.e. Tib.t Da.Ya, KdY!as, 

€nte.i.9 th6 bolndari6s ol

t1 

taaP ol KclltsTAL orstntct 

-.b.,.L.6'; 

9.4-

3 

Ih. Indus i€.tso call€d i€h'a' in: f'r p'rt! in sindh 

the Hate. of Indus in th' wint€r i3 oft6n clean to a 

9r.!t ext€ni, l@kinq g'€tn and adds 

:..a. Th€ rndu3 tlo{s sid' bv 3ide Hith Kt"korm flighr'v 

(xKH) rh.ougho!t in rh6 oislrict rh' 'iv" 'uns alone 

!h. right sid. ot xr$t lrcm tlhkot€ to o'3u rhilg t1o'ing 

lnd€r a b6.ulifuI bridgt This brids€ !s a masnitic'nt 

,ork of chin..' Tochnoloqv 'nd conn€cts Konira dith D'3u' 

Lh6n rhe rlvc. floos to:h6 I6t! sid6 of K(H con'€cti'c 

lith Raikots 0t 3ist'ict )i'fr'r' rha indo< i3 fed bv rh6 

Koi. the Koz! rh6 Palas- :h' Ear Pala'' lhs pattan' tn' 

xaya1. rhe z.id Ka', th' Achori the sh'tval' th€ N"btn 

.ivul6ts and ihe Kandit rivars €tc Jslkote' s0r'r' 

sarin. Dubair, Jijval a'd na'v oth€' tt'€ams trhich t" 

full du.ing 3onnsr a^d einost dtv in Hint€r flors rnrc 

th. Indus, Th6 'ive' is of !ittl€ €cononic b'nstit so 

Kohistani3 ai prasent t'd is knorn a

l+rygg!:H

Th. Itrdus ha. ôt ,a.ticularlv influ.nc€d th6 

1iv€s ot the p€opl€ Bxc.pt in a faN situaiio.3 rh6r6 

ro..!t contractors float th.i. ..tis 0f sinbcG f.on th€ 

uppe. .6gions Kohistanis g.t tat.. fof 

d.inkins rnd irrisatio. P!.po3.3 fron Lh€ n€arbv 3p'!nqs 

and r€.Ennial 3t.eams. It f,ill b€ i.ter6sting to i.ntion 

lhat !h6rs is not a singt. rell alrosi in th' rhol6 

oistrict. r'lorBove.. Kohistanis hav€ 

i^t6.6s! in fishins, lhich i3 caughr onlv .t ft{ plac's' 

r,lo.ld t.mous and tasry !.o!t riEh i5 availtble in th6 

cold {ater of lhs lndls and its biq iributa'i€t Fish is 

nor sold !n xohistan ar all 

!eullall! 

as Lhe nanc .ieniai.3' ih6 Kohistq^ (l'nd or 

ho!nt.ih3) oistrict con3is!! ot mountain€' rht" is 

h.rdly any plano area: ho!.v.r for th6 con'tructlon ol a 

EmaLl ho!s., a part ot !h. ftountain i< r'v'1I'd bv 

curting.hd blasting. ih. Kohi3tan oistrict iE fl'nk€d bv 

th. oll-shoots of th. to.ld thr€€ Fighti'st oountain 

rtn96€t rh6 Hinalavan ort-shoots, the Hindu xuch '^d lh6 

Xarako.n. On the loft bank of Lhe indus-Kohi3t'n is lh' 

Himalayan off-shoots a.d on ih6 risht is Xarako'n Th€ 

up !o chiiral fron Kandia vtrl'v (Indue 

xohistan) and fo.ms rh. olt-shoots of the Hi'du-Kush' 

ot valI'Ys bY 

!h.o*inq out 

bv sew6'al tvp'! ahd 

Except rh6 north6rn n6ighbou13 !h6 

mouniai is 

'f 

rh6 0i3!ficr a.€ !he tall€st lnd mosi 

difliculL to accass. rhs ran96s of ihs nounlains are

.ocky, 3t..p, p..cipirous .0..t t.ofr b.in9 h..3iv. 

.Esom6 and i^tlDid.ting a.d ..6 cov...d no3tly by lhick 

conifgrous fo.€.rs at high.liiL!d. and oth6. titrid3 ol 

tr.6s ar loF. atritud.. th. knorn roqnr.in..nd 9..k3 0l 

th. oirt.ict a.. palas! Kad calli, xoi andr.k, fr..o, 

Gada., Doga, Chur, n.li {adi (.i chunck and L.!h 6.la.h. 

L.3h c.la.h ic co.3id6..d ro b. ih6 high.sr p..t {ith 

rh6 h.jorriy h.v. h3ighis 

b.tk66h lo,ooo io 16,000 f.6r, 

'Kohislan fo.n! .n inoo.lant t€chnoic E.gr.nt 

ot K5rakoro and ic locat.d o. th. no.th ..3t.rn 

r.rninarion o? rh. Hin.lay.s. Th. bulk ol xohi3tan 

s€qu.nc6 con3i3t3 ot anphiloliri.s .nd a3sociabd 

voluninou. rock Nhich con.i3t ol c.ust of an anci.nt 

cal€-.Ik.ti^. i:trna orc '. F. Hi.^, . chin.3. sqddhilt 

pilg.in. rho t..v.Il.d th.ough Kohi3tan in !o3 ao on hi. 

ir rh. ii.3t rrav.ll.. rhos. r.itt.n 

3t.t.n.nt is awaitrbl.t Hc c.1lld rndus 

intorr€d th. outsid6 rcrld about th. h.nging b.tdg. 

i.chnology. Tholgh th. ariti3h did nor a...t thi: ar.r 

y.t th€y co.pil.d ..l.v.nt infornation r.gardin9 

5rrut.glc .oqt€3! 

o.od!c. and th. 6lit€ of Lh6 ar6.. 

clin.ricatly, Kohist.n oi3rrtcr c.n b. dtwtd6d 

i^to Lh..e ..gio..; lh. upp€r ..gion, th. 6iddl6 ..gion 

rlgion. rh. uop6. .6sion 

nolnlain o€aks 4hich a.. cov€r€d by snor durin9 no3L p!.i 

or th. y!.r. rh! niddl. eart

severe rini6. Hhil€ rh. loP6. r€gions a.6 seni-arid. Thi3 

area is k6pt vo.y hot by th. bar6 rock radiation during 

sumn€r and q!it6 cold in th. r!ntB.. Th. area along th. 

Indus falls und.r thi3 ..9ion, G6nrallv the crimat€ ot 

th€ District is cold dry in !int.. .nd 

on th€ averag. shof,ing larg. v..isttons b€tw.€n the iEo 

ln 3qmn.r, th. oaximum tenp€ratu'e in 

the lowar r€sions go.. up!o 43c!. The h6a! of th6 5un 

nakes rh€ rocks hot lik..nbers. conirarv to tl' in th6 

din!6r, the down b€lor lree2ins poi.! Th6 

ave.aq€ gorspira.ion .ai. vari63 tron vallev to vall6v 

and fr6h foot hill3 to th€ o€are ot th€ molntains. rhcugh 

th€r€ is no .ainfall r.co.dinE svst€n in Lhe oistrict va! 

it is roushly estinatsd ac 3a cm in th€ d€pressioh of tht 

hills and 65 

Ih€ louer part r6ceiwos 

no.€.ain thah 

the Kohistani3 a.6 tond ot huntins and in this 

connectio., th€y.r€ tlckv. Eird3 s!ch 

q!ails :nd po!t€rs. p6.!ridg€ and piq€ons and rild 

aninals like har€, 60nk.y and jackar ara availab!e in 

qui16 larq6 nunb6. to. hunqing pu.pos6s- liser' reopard' 

can al.o b. t.ac€d uiih siruggr.' 

to Ncak rinancial Dosition and hish cosr ot 

cartridse and sow.rnn.nt r..t.ictio 

sane is pray€d on. limilgd scaLo and as a hobbv ot rh€ 

w311 io do peop lo,

P&E9.qXI 

L€ttn.. xa3 th. rirst historian who 

visited th€ 6nrl16 l(ohisran a.ea in 1e66. He c.lt6d 

Kohrstan a3 oardisian and sald th6.e i5 no bis narker in 

e6lt 9h.€ i- 25 seers (33,5 

k.q) per rup6.. Ih6y 6.t br.ad !irh Gh6a. H€ vi3it6d 

.:ndid rhicr is a /!s! dr.. -r€-6 sni-, ras. ln dâ {cnr1 

trrbes ar€ 3ertl.d. at th. !im6 of {a. ?o,0o0 n6n aould 

€nre. into rh. fi€ld. Hc .dd.d rhar al1 th€ir disp!tsE 

06re seriled throuqh Jirqa which consists ot rk6lv€ 

Lh..6 fron Yas'rii^. i ^.nin 

(desr.dBllo! ctass p.Eon) is not atlored to tlke oar: in 

the Jirsa proc€€di.gs. P.opI. f.on both sides acro3s !h6 

tanguages t. xe ru r..ror 

''though th6 Kohi3ranis a.6 f16. and 

y6l th.y pay tlx to eojar Yasin's 

3€tt4 th. corct.lction or KXtr, Kohistan 

remain.d tost in obscu.iry ror r.nt of infornarion_ Th6 

thi3 p.eviouEly unknorn ar.a 

and its p6oplc. lh. average Kohi3taî, as the local3 are 

called in s6ve.al vall.ys, had !o lork for 

ro buy necessiries of lile l.om the haa.esr narket_ rh€n 

bacl to th€ villas6 groaning Lnder ih6 

reiqht 6f the one qath€.6d arolnd htn as if 

he had brouqht son6Lhins p.6cious, some pa.ts of K6hista^ 

rhai it rak.s 2 days !o brinq the sick on 

donkey o' rhEtr ;hould€.s ro rh6 hosDiints in Bisham. rn 

the f:r tluns isolaL€d vall€ys. 

ot' iiod€rn civilization. a nrimary schoor, a union co!^cir

.nd in a rew situa.ions a disp6nsary. 

Inspit6 of €vol!tioh of xohistan a3 a oistrict 

and cons!.u.tion of xxH rhat bfought sone progr.s. io Lh€ 

erea. rhe Kohisalni3 ar. slou to cast off !he!r ancisnt 

th.r6 ar. 3ign3 lhat thca6 ratitud.. ar6 

chansinq th.ouqh 9re6t.r co^tacts rith urba. p.ki3!an. 

1^nuhe.abr€ goods Bhich {.r. unfsmiliar to th. kohi3ttnis 

20 y€ars back or so. aro sold in oubai., Pathn a.d oasu- 

uor€ls, notels and 163! hou3.3 have b€en built: rotds 4.6 

consrruc!€d: surv€y3 fo. rh..xploitation ot nin.rals a16 

in prosr€ss; schools ar. op€ned; h.alth cov.r.gr i3 

abov€ aII Govarnn€.i is taking int.r.st in 

.aising their standa.d ol lif6. 

,lrlsir 

Kohistan 0ist.ict b€gins frof chak.i a.d .nds 

ar Easha. Th€ rndus divid.3 rh. oi3trict inio Tr..!-Indus 

o. skat xohistan and naz.ra Kohistan, Scfore pa.tition of 

lndia, Hazara xohistan r.E a B.itish Indian t€..ilorv 

!h.n Hazara dist.ici. Aftor pa.tttion, it 

of pakiEtan blt uas l€ft in obsco.ity lnd 

darkness as Yaghisi.n- Tha.6 das a poritical I6h3ildar at 

oEhi under rhe as3isllnt comnissione. 

:lt6r Lhe frazara Kohist.n affairs in proxy. Lator on 

BaC!ram das cr€atBd a r€hEil of dict.ic! Mans€hrr and Lh€ 

ottics of Poritica! I.hEildar Das shifted !o Bc6ram. 

Thc.e, ihe Poritical T.h3itdar Has tooki^g aft.f Lh6 

aaza13 Kohistn. in proxy uill 

xohistan las oisrrict on octobc. r, 1976.

Resardi^q Ri$ati o. shati (ohist.^, it 

.ehai.€d Yaghistan until !939_40 uhen th. Sr.l A.d3han 

ann.x€d i! ahd includ.d ii in his 

th. locals, rul.d this part of sw.t w€rv €ff.ctiv.lv and 

9€ac6fully khen G€n€ral agha Mohamnad Yahv. xhan's 

n..tial rar - .€qins h.rg.d !t {ith paki3tln. Th. sdat 

xohistan. situated of Behrai. r.0.i^.d pa.t 

of !h6 si3t district, Th6 xohista. Dist.ict as alr.adv 

i6îioêd, li€s on both banks of lhs Indus. Acco..llng to 

I972 consus the total PoP!lation 

qlor€d as 2.o.,5r3 Nhilc th€ c€nsls survey conduct€d bv 

th€ B!r€au of statistica, Plannins and D.v.Iopm€nt 

of nuFP in late l9Bo..tinat€d it 

se.e?jl rhes6 rieur€s cahnot be consid.r.d co..€ct 

r€liabl€ as .o door !o door €nuh.ration r.! c..ri€d 

€xasE€rab€d their family nuob!.s for r.a.on. ot b6ing 

abl. Lo claim assi3!ahc6 and conpensation l.om th€ 

gove.nn€n! in the unto...6€n av€ntuaIiti6s, Iik6 h.tu.al 

calaniLies, p.6pa.arion ot .ation ca.ds i. c.E6 of 

f6od3tulf3. voting in 6I6c!io^. €tc. 

Simila.ly, they had no knoB.I€dse of th6 inportlnce of 

Kohistan.ehain€d !nknodn !o tha oulsid€ {o.ld 

unlil Lhe grea! 6a.thq!ake. In o.de. to tlnd rh6 lrle 

facts rogardins rhe o.igin, lhe race and th6 histo.v of 

ths p€opl6 ot tho Dist.lct, it dill taks g.n€ration3 of 

continuous rasea.ch. Ih. Europeans 

conduciins such oork nor€ o. I€ss conc6.ninq all th€ 

sub-conrin6nt. ignor6d this

tiohahnad Parvesh Xh.n Sh!h..n,tr atnosr ar! p.ki!rani 

.cholars and histori.n. {.r. alEo 16l!ctant to vliit thls 

to study i!. hi3lo.y, tribes, l.nsu.g.. .nd 

cultu.€. Ms ind..d. diftic!1r job ro corr.cr n.t.ri.l 

a3 it i3 not .vailabl6- Fo. thi. 

purpos€, the author h.d to 0o trom 0.6 vall.y to .noth.rr 

l.oi on€ offic€ to ahoth€. in E€a.ch ot d.si..d 

inform.tion. Fa xi€ni loo rho k.s p.rhaps th€ €r.It..t 

t.av.lI€r to vi3!l xohi.ran, did not h€^tion abo!t th. 

o.tgin of xohisran. Th. .qthor bants to quot. th. 

thoughts of a fer knorn hi,ltorian lho did son. r.3..rch 

on rohistan's o.iein. 

Q4- ShahB.dullah 

Pakista. E lr..t.rn Aord6. is kno{n .. 

D.rdistan. In sanskrir, tr is oa.da, rr is th€ ttvtng 

3.ttl.d in th€.r€.6 b.t{..n Gilgir, Kashmi., abr.ln, 

s{.r Kohistan, chl!.a1, and Kaf.istan1}. 

qr-IgcEa! 

Th€re is 

Ir ls. in facr, a 

Passajo.. {... 

,.."'" """," .. ""..]t 

ô pl.c. und6. th€ nam€ of O.rdl3t.n. 

chich i3.t63crib.d in 

by 6on. Hind! r, i.t". i."s1l 

l!vtn9 th€re- Th6.€ q..6

L2 

.. 8,_-8*q-r-!.sr9n 

orrdtc or P8.!jo.5 ... an .nci.nt srtb.' 

r..odots. o.naion.d it. Toni c.lt.d il oa.d a.i' 

St.alboNni .3 Derdic, p.6i .. D..dic, Oion66to3 and p 

pay!l!3 .3 o!.doni, atl t..n.d lh.n in lh.ir orn rtv!' 

In oth.. {.v3, Dtrd'5 !...itotv conp'i!" t1l 

rh. ar€.s .itqat.d b.tt... Hind!ku.h and India. Th' 

lribes 6nc. livin9 in this ar.. {.r. ..n6d P.33.go 5v th€ 

sanskrit tri!.rl{ 

5. qqf,:lE!!)- Bidduroh 

H. h.. lnclud.d t!1 th. vall.v! lvi'g b6td'6n 

rh6 r63te.n Pqnjab .dd th6 Hinduku3h rh.'c in lh' p€opt' 

a.. ro3tly ol Ary.n origin. H. 3av.' 'lh' n!m' O'rd is 

nor ackno{l.dg.d bv.nv 3.ction ol th. irib€€ to rhich it 

has b..n so 3N..ti^glv .ppl l.d ",hv do vou call n€ 

oardoo ? i3 !h. qu..tion flo.t conmonlv 

6i19iii.3 vi3itihg (.3hni.. - . . . . . . . Btc'u'€ voq' 

q.andtather r.3 a b..r", i3 th. tr€qltnt an'r6r' lhu3 

fron ihs R.tioh -.. .dud. a b.a!t ot prtv or 

lror.,,....oa.!nd., 'li.rc.' th. n.6. 'o.rd nav htvg 

coh€ io b. u3€d $ tn €thnoloeic.l 

a3 Dshyar r.obb..', gavs its n.n€ to Dardis!'nF it t3 

into..s!i.s th.i th. nar! of ot.di3t.n lor th. li'st lim€ 

,as !^troduc.d by G.H. L.irn.. att.. ht3 rs66 viEill

l3 

6, Pill"da lletsollaE .lsr€eF 

1h6re u6r€ tro {..rior broth€rs na661y r.ta^n and 

ianz.. ano^g thc arabE. Th.y F6r6 at logg.rh.ad. Nitn one 

of ih€ trib€s. onc€ th6ir riwals prann€d to kill rh€n bur 

the plan l€3k6d our and lhey f!€d to l.aq. 

rhBr6 rh.y creat€d ta! and ord6. sirualion h.nc€, rh€y 

!6r! forcibre deportod f.on Iraq by rh6 rh6n .qler. F.om 

th6r6 th6y arriv€d in I..6 and s€rtled rh..e. rn I.an, 

Lh€ cou.ti.E and 

on€ ot th6 prihces, laqoon qo! supporr of 

th€3€ A.ab broth6.s, cr.at6d a tor ol probl€m3 to. 

Norsh..ran Adi1. Th. 1a!.r, afi€r an a.ned lncounr€r, 

caplu.6d thes€ rabb16 b.othr.3 a^d save thon agricultu.aI 

,.n" ,,"".". *"n,."llr 

r'1!y_Ivi sardrar Xben 

na!rvi s..d.az Xh.n says. in 

the plain, rh6 locals w6r6 conp.ll6d ro 

l€av6 choir lands and grrh.. ar aeshah and s€rrl€d in 

ditr6r.nt sid€s of rh. oounrains and riv.rs rh..€ either 

lh. aryan had no inLer6st o. ,e.e dirriculr ro acc€ss. 

AftEr som€tine, lik6 tn th€ past, !h.y adjusr6d 

Lhons€Iv€s in b.ibes. rh€ rrib€s livins acro3s th€ Indus 

Hest are knodn th. .astern one3 

Haj i rlalook shah who 

r3L e.a of rhe oisrric!, 

r27 Bc, alexand6. had 

has th€ hono!. of beinq 

is ot th. opinion rhar

oth.rr d.ntio^.d.arli.r. ..crp.d du.i^9 hi..ltack.nd 

.an.{.y to th. p..!.nt Kohi3t.n oi3t.ict. on. ..ttl.d i. 

th. .a6t.rn .^d oth.r in th. r.et.rn p.rl, .l3o knor6 .3 

Riasat-.-sra!, Th. fl.^za..nd n.ni trib.3 !.ttl.d in 

d€3t€.n pari NhtI. n.d.k lnd r(.lka liv.d io th. .!3t.rn 

par!. accordlng to H.1ook sh.h. th. r{.n:.F 8.. Iivtng in 

Dqbair and K.ndi., hhil€ e.nr.d, R..olv., Jijal, K.v.l' 

Palt.n and s.o porllltion b.long.d to th. r't..i br.nch.'t 

9. t!c!!e!!!!Le!d!rE-ilb!!!!a 

all th. 1!n9u.9.r.pok.n in ou.dist.n ... 

n€ith.r Ary.^ no. :r. ih. iniresitants Arv.n3 I^ thi3 

con^.ction, sh.h..n ..y3, c.nt.al Ati. i3 a r.inbou ol 

dilf€.€nt cultqr.! and r.c.! thlch ... nlx.d dp to.uch 

.n €!t.nt th.t d..tring a lin. 13 ditticult. 

Th. collaps.d sh.hr.-.-R..h.i p.!3.d th.oegh Kohi3t.n .nc 

on whicn poliitc.I, cultur.l and !r.d. c.r.r.nr 

(convoi!3) u!€d to p.!.. t{h.n thi3 Sh.h..h clo3'd' 

Kohi3t.n b.c.n. a good fo.t rh.r. !.v.r.l .ac.. torti?itd 

Eh.h3.lv.!. up dor. nov€r.nt. lik. olh.r n.tio.a .nd 

t.ib.s can6 in th6ir liv.3. 

accordi.g to him, !h. nljoritv ol !h€ 

Kohistanis ct:in that th.v b.Iong to th. J.ri.h .ac. t6d 

h.d com€ l.on ar.bi.. R.9..din9 path.n.' th6 fr.jorrtv 

also i9.€. Hith th. 1€9.nd that lh.v ars 3t'i_Isr'aI 

(J.ri3h ..cs). Yhc p.op!€ llvins in uto.. r.eioas ot th. 

rang.3 ol xarakorr .l30 claiD th.ir d.:c.nt rron thr 

.nd xohistani3 bslonE ro th. ..n. ctock' 

a3 (ohis.anis llv6d in ths ..oot. t.d lar tlong ar.s. 

honc6, diff.ronc.. of lansu.g63 and cultu.. a

th6 pathans aod th€ Kohistants. shah€€n furth€r s'v3 that 

!h€r6 are 36v€ral diaL.ct3 in th€ Durdi' Kohi€tani! tnd 

Pashto langua€.s dhich c:n b. 3pok.n onlv bv th6 3p"k'r' 

ot ih€E€ lansuag€s. 

shah€.n s.v! !h.t durins A'van nig'atro'' n'nv 

p.r3ons enter€d th6 pr.3..t Kohistan alongrith otlE' 

tu6lv. t.ib€s. rh€ clasical ..d mod€rn histori'n' c'Il'd 

rh.n Durd and !h.i. living gItca ou'distan Jh'v t'r' 

Iivi^q close !o th. bo.d.r. of th6 Gandh'ritn! (Th' 

PaEhans) and w..€ !h€lr .11i.6. The 

Da.3posh m6nlion€d th.n .s t!€lv6 tribos having th'ir orn 

d!ffer.hr lansuag€s. Sh!h6.. has also anothot opinion- H' 

says Koh:stanis cai€ lith Al.tsndor; Sa'th€n' rhich u:3 

conv€rted as shin {5r. originlllv livi's h6a' rcmd t€a 

in ih6 n€ishbolrhood of th. I..nians' 

th. R€gozin€d cl.ifr th.i Kohisttnis oav ba Turanina l!'! 

n..nE sheep hoa.ders tnd lion l6 th€ p6op16 living in 

hth. 

foresL cover€d hiltY ar6a3-' 

xr- abdul Raul Khan, lorn€. DeDutv connis6ron6' 

of

th€n. mav b.i€f I? 

rh. 0.6-rslanic ignoranc6 ol ar.b3 hhich ig 

srill iou.d in tuhistan: xohi3taî3 ..n ...d th. Oq..n 

rith s16.i flu6ncy: th.ir int.rn.ctn. qu.rr.lr ... 

.6rinisc6.E ot th. d..k o.riod oa a.!bi.; lik. th. o.o- 

Islaoic a.ab. i.. no .ighrs .r.giw.n to rofr.n.nd {idos. 

ar€ consida..d to bo th. p.op.rty ol th. fanily; lik. 

th.h th.y ca..y lh.i. Io:ds on th.ir b.ck..nd ôt on 

bh.tr h..ds I Lh.y h.v. rh. arab vtrtu.3 ol 6inplictty ..d 

r.9.rd to. proni!.; rh.!. t.ibal 3y!t€n and pa!to..l 

liwing is lik6 th.r ot rh. Ar.o3; .nd llk. th.n th.y h.w. 

Lh6i. food sithoua chitli.3. It is obvioq! th.t th... 

.€a!oG do ôt d.3.rv. any ..rioq3 co^3id...rio. a.

t7 

then Ponj:b and th€ vi1La9. shink!ri d€riv6s iis nanc 

tron thom, Perhape by 'orc6 ol an invadinq racs lh.v tr.r€ 

plsh€d into the inac.e33ibl6 wallBvs of th6 Ind-3. Th6r. 

nisht b€ communiti€s :iving anongsl them rho can. l.on 

different directlons. i.6. chtrlis xh€t, oa.an xh.r and 

!h6 p€op!e cf aat6r. villag€. of Jag a.d shungial in 

o!bair varley are i.nibii6d bv Sx6ti Pashtoons from 

Allar. In receni 'enory thEy bough! the rand and etari'o 

dhrch ar€ reprodlcad i€r.. 

r€s!nds.esardinq 

EIaEI LEG-E\a: zaqoom. rh. chisr o{ th€ Kohistani. car6 

fron ajni., India. 

onc€' one of his ton3 

lnduE bv a glaci.. {hich had pushed dorn 'nd 

could serv€ ahc .u.pos€ ol a b.idq6. aft€r a fs! dtv3, 

the glacla. mertad and h€ .lnain€d ther€ as thar€ {43 no 

m6ans of crossing th6 'iv6r in thos6 davs 

qEclla !EPE!D! 

trou5l€ creat€rs rn in6 

aec of proohet sur6na. (P.ac6 be upon Him). 

th. .ulp.it3 und€r lock, honc6 h6 

6xp€Iled the6 fron arsbia and 3.ttl6d douh in kohi3tan 

alonqblih rhei. chiets .anolv aad ounga' 

rrIA! LCGENSj acco.dins ro ihis teg€.d ruo menb"e of 

aho eu.esh ramilv lea.ri m.gic d!rinq the tin€ of P'oph't 

be uoon rlir) thev r€ft Hecca r' rh6 

€3rly days of l3ra0, an. of Noo'istan and

the o!he. io ajmir. th€ latt€r b'c'h€ the rLrar or th6 

a.Ba bu! aft€. a shor! tin. h6 ras d€Dosed- ne left h13 

dominion and s€ttled in kohi3ta^ alonglirh his broth€r- 

accordinq to this I.g.nd' abasi^ Kohistani s a16 ih€ 

of oaqan dho da3 a 30n of zadar' oaqan hao 

Ka!k. .nd t1lnk Ih' Kohisiani3 living 

bank ar€ rhg childr6n of keuk€. 

roUEl.N LEqElq: sev.fat 06/onE rho 

rsIah, l6ft arabia and s6ttl'd in 

mountains as rh6 lor.r D.'ls d'r3 a 

ln Ehe a!thor'3 opinio'' it hav b€ that ih€ 

p.thans adjustod th.ns6!v's in rGhista' but the majoritv 

ot kohistanis 

India pa'ticula'lv froi 

Ajni. sharif as Bldh shikshoos (nonks) s6ttled in lha 

District and iis E!r.o!ndinss rhtl' attitude to'ards 

relision, Einca their grtndl'ther's !im' was staunch' 

sudhiers' staun'h 

F,ILILLEq€-\q: Kohistani3 a'a Lht s€neration 

preachinq Isran. rh.v p€rnanontlv 

SI{tr LIGENDi a.co'dins !o lhis l€gehd 

of akrana Bin 

Ar:bi3 ritb his fanilY for 

broLhers rtving in ar.bia ia66lv ab! Je61 and kund kar' 

Ihey ii?:ated r. kohist3n :nd 

nenDer of lhis 

f3mj 1!. rhundhlr n'r3h!!q /ltjnad 

pr6sident in r tro r' 

.6f!sed !o €f,brac. 

th€ upper Part of 

bis lake in rhosa

N.981t -r,l€lI-,E8q!fl€L94f EJr€f8 j 'rhe {ohisi.îs sav th€v 

a16 A.abs by descent; !h.if n6ighbours 31159. th't a 

hlndr€d y6a.3 o. so th.v r.ro idolators .hd Hind!3 and 

thi€ is pa.tly lh€ir division inro four harn 

ca!i63 at th€ pr€sen! rim€:- 

Rana_the p.oori6lors. lhe a'istocrats ol tha 

land lBrahnins) Yosh Kan-w€3sels_ holdins land ror 

s.rvic6 done to Lh€ tribs in th. ri6ld (KhaL.i3). Kadi'artisan!. 

8un- rusicians and cobblarc. 

Tha chiLasis a16 aPPt.6ntIY 

rh6 kohi€tanis. rh6 Kohi3taniE a16 phvsicallv li'a 

looki.g rac6. a.d .gmarkable 'lor !h' unttv 

tha. 6ri3t3 amonq ih€mrt 

Tnrs-e9 

The Kohistanis.r€ diwided into trib6! 'r rn 

th6 tribal ar€a3 undsr !h. .dniniEtrativ€ control ot 

cov6.nm€nt of Pakistan. aqr sh€v hav6 'o i'ibtl L€!d€'s 

of thsir odn. Prof€ssionaI3 Like cobbl€rs' m!srcr'n3' 

barb..s €tc 

as lor rac. oootle 

(Kamin) and are noi look.d upo. rilh anv 

a.€ rpp.oxinat€lv 2oo t.ibes and.subrribes in lh6 ab!3rn 

Konislan. rheir detalls ar.giv.n in Table r_r' 

rribar sv5ron is v€rv strons rholsh dua to ih' 

i ntlu€nc6 of political parlies ir is decLinins tith 

rim€. sp.€ad in aducalion 

{ith p'6p16 

outsid6 Kohistan 

flajor caus€s o' a"k€ning 

rh€ r.ibal svst€r, rt is said thal Raja ?akhtoon Nart {as 

rh€ rir5t {ho trr€d ht5 b65t !o hit tribal svsl6h He 

ranLsd Lo brinq rhe lnoI. of Kohistan lnder

lla could not $oca.d in th.9r.4nc. ot .tron! trlb'l 'nd 

r.ltsio. .y.ir ..d ... tilt..r- It is ra.tn 9ll 'a4ll 

r{.dood dE rlth th€ h.lp ot c..!.Ln lrlb.t' lr(b.., 

tinblr contrraiofs.|rd th. lrFn a.itt.h Gov"n"t 

olttcial!. includ..l t^4r. r(ohl.t$'3 N..t tn t"i tn hla 

&.inid ta rt3}-:ro. i.ltoion .ftt t@iF.@no'tc 

condttion. pl.v.d igo.t nt rot. 1n r.'!t' p|@"' or 

Kohi.ta. ln th. !!at ol $.i. H. lak.rd th€ t'lb'I 

.y.t.i it o.d.. !o .&v. ih. gosiblllsv ot anv rlt'hg 

o9oolitton md to an&r. mrc 3t bla le "r" or'hr 

litrrrtion th.n b.lo6' fi. .ltvid.d $-tn (ohtst'n "" 

kno{n a3 Rt.a..t Kohillrn lnlo six t.h.llt. ^6€lv 

Ihl. r- .to.. !o hold .nd cont.ol th' "n'

.bl. a,l 

XAJOI AraD $E-TiIEES Oa l(lltglAl| DIgIRICI 

1a 

t1. 

L1 

shl,rl.1 

It 

tl 

It 2L 

ftoh...d p..v..h a,|.r.d, Abaln v@hist.n' 

srr|.tb goi. tubtl.lrrr aool 5l!.r (ae€il. 

gbr n.rk.t), nln!E.., 9.r1, r'974. 

4

In th6 Riasati Kohistln, th€ respon.ibiliries of 

haintaining peace and lax coll.ction €r. assignsd to a 

sub€da. and 5ir TehsiId../Naib Tehsirda.s .63D.ctively- 

Ihus lhis .€gion las no.. dieciplined atd corD.rativ.Iy 

mo.e d6v6lop6d than th€ €sst€rn pa.t khich r.naincd 

Yashi3tan uptir 1976. YlEhi.tan xas .€p.€E.nt.d in the 

state 6ttti13 by tho s6l6c!6d p€rsons, Raholy., Ka.anq. 

Jalkot€. Fartan th€ biqg€st vilta96 of rhe 

Thouqh th€ lribaL syst€r still 6!ists and 

provtsion of special Provt3ion Act 1976 i.6 Ji.9. La, 

kept aliv€ rh€ t.iba1 sy3!6d and NA and rlPA3 ofr€. 

€l€ct€d by random sampllng by their €Id.r! and adql! 

f.anchi63 i5 only fornaliry to fultil th. I69al and 

po!irical r€quirengnts ol th€ stat., 1t ho{.v€r i5 

w6ak6nin9 day by day- Iholgh lhe Kohistanie h.v€ disput€s 

anonq th6n3.lv€s! personal aE w€ll as on trib.l ba3i3 y.t 

th€y ..nain Kohistanis, !ak. a unite 3tand lor a conmon 

caus€ and lighr unitedly lgri.sr th€i. c6nron €n€mysimila.ly, 

Kohistanis rron both th. part3 hav€ €^nity ahd 

in rhis conn€ciion, th€y .opport €ach oth.r's claims on 

ar.a-basis which is Aa. pa.. In €vsry villas€ oi 

Kohistan, r:h6ra lro tribes call.d Kh6ls and 

r.aditio.ally both invariably 90 in opposila directions. 

se6rh9 rh. pace of dev6loonont 

and rha orovincial as ,e11 as rh. speciar 

inc€ntives provid6d ror lhe impr6m€ntation ot various 

oistrrct of Kohistan rnd il3 r6opre- By

23 

wo!ld p.obably rid thEnE€lv.s of ih6 oId. o.thodox and 

obnoxious tribal sy3t6fr. L.r, rhich i5 on€ of th€ no3t 

ingortanr controlling and.o.m.lizins forc€s in our Iiv63 

and i3 €nforc6d in soct€!y lo. 

daily att3irs ot indiwidu.I! ahd comnuniti€s. is oft6. 

brok.n by those dho are in i.jo.itv. Thov fe€r that !h.v 

h.v6 th€ .ight in doinq so and th6y also usuatlv comprsin 

!har p€ople fron outsid6 th6if District hav€ b... 

6xploitins rheir 

Ih€ra ar€ difl€..nt opinions about th.i. 

rgligion i^ th€ past. It on th€ one hand, it is said th.t 

rhil€ on the oth€. h..d. 

ancient tin€3, 3hor that Eh6v {c.e Bldhist. 

lhsn thsy !€ra conv..t6d .s Hi^d!s and aftaraa.d3 ag 

Muslins, tn rhe ol 1a73, lho ooinion .bout 

lhe Kohistanis bei.q Hindus, a hund.6d v€ars o. so aqo !3 

3uppo.t6d by nentioni.q rh.ir cast.s and th€ ca.t. 

rsr6n-.t rh" werl kno!. chih.s6 to!.ist, Fa Hi€n 3!v3 

lha! he was lold the Indians can. the.6 (xohi3i.n) 

atonsrith their sacrsd books bv c.ossins 

ru.lh6r says. thera is a 6!dha Stat!€ (hich uas ar.ctrd 

rh. chan dvnasry'- 

Nar{an in th€ .6iqn of pians. a .uI.' of 

Anoth€. chin.36 iou.ist Hl Yanq n€.tro^.d 

Kohislan as ra Le Lo ahd includ€d oareer a.d Tanq€€r in 

a v€rv attractivc idol ot 

f, tenpre dhich rood rooking 

col,l.n and had some innor porar. Ir is one hlndred fe6!

high snd i3 !h. cr!.!ion ot arhet rl.dh.n. H. tu.th!. 3.v3 

th.t th. a.o9l. r... rich but uncivili:€d .nd p.@(t. 

rh... i3 no i6ttc. ,n

-WPI CAL (OIISIANI ILD flAN

a non-r.tostins. They all bolonq to oeoband iu3lik. Th€v 

Iov. their faith and aIrav3 .ani to h€ar th6ir faith 

appreciated. rhis i3 rhy rh6v i. majo.itv of cas6E. 6lect 

,..3ohs b€longing io !h. clersv 

provinc!3I assembli6. a.d th€ local bodis! Th'v ar€ 

sl*.ys Hi1lings to sac.ific6 €ve.v thins ih.v orn to' 

Islan. rhay can be ron rnd con:rolled onlv ov lslan As 

n€ntion€d .arrier, Islah ras :ntroduced and !.usht bv 

but nor a days' the Kohis!'ni3 PlaY 

inportant .o1€ in !6achinq i!s vario!3 principr'! to 

iusllns th.olghout in Islami' In3titutions 

and by joinins th€ labligni Junna' at (lslamic P"'chlns 

g.o!ps). o€wana saba savs !n his famds book ltta'nttt 

rhrL :sI3n ri.st 

to th. rholo roqion bv iroo Hij.at. rhe stat'mant tallios 

with or.Leitn€r st.tes€n! which h. gav€ in ra66 aD a'c 

qqot.d tho leq€nd of th. Iocal 

rh.r6 about one half c6nt!rv 

Kohlsianis converi€d to Islafr trheth€' bv torco or 

p.€achins. is 

The mosque is 9iv€n so€cial attentio' ih its 

conEtruction and nainienanc€ oi its sanctrtv as 3tcroc 

r63ponsib!1itv of !h6 so.i€tY. savi's regura' o'av6'E ano 

3p6.dins nuch rims i. ih6 mosque is consider€d a virluols 

.l€6d. the Hurlah (crergvnah) has a distin't 'Itco !n tho 

whol6 of Kohistan lnd his d6ci3ions 'esardihs ninor and 

big disputes are rilli.slv 

.Io.svme', ar€ takine o:f in ooliLics nou 

majotiLv of th6 

aoihor's opinion, like !he opinlon o: emin€nr hisio'ians 

Irk6 P.ofessof Dani. th€se

27 

worship-p€rs. and th6.c ras a bis house ot snak. !6rship 

in aishan. aft6. som€tin!. g€rnaps d!€ !o chanqg ln the 

ruting dynasiy. thoir religio^ 

lh.v b.caf,. 

lorshipp6rs 

the stars Th€i' 

nain rorship holse *as siluat6d :t Hldar "hich acco.ding 

co th6 Professor Has orsviousrv Lha sacred citv of tt'6 

r.roon, Kohistan kas on6 0f lh€ nosi suitablo plac.3 fo' 

rh6 Budh!5t monks to 06.fo.n :h6i. rituals. oue ro Lhis 

b€i.9 r hi1ly. .emot€ and ina.cessibl 

o!ieid! interf€.€ncg phvsical cr cultural !' tht 

p€rfo.hanca 6f ritos io rhlch thev paid thei' lndlvid'd 

as!6nilon. afie. son€ tim€, Suddhisn {as '€p!ac6d ov 

Hind!ism rhich in tu.n das vanauish€d about loo v'3's ago 

by ths ltuslihs. A feH .!on6 inscrlptions 1ik€ tho36 or 

shityal, support Lhis rdra. 

Ih€ 5t.uggla ot fr.n i3 aivid€d into a9!3 and 

i3 a cutt!'aL he'itas' Eur rh€' 

cutturo com6s to tha d.t6.c. of socieiv, the lnttg"Eron 

d^d ils products bac!6e d.w€topneni lt inclqdas 

knob}6dg6, n.!. beri€fs. 60rals c!stoms and caDablliri's 

acoui.6d by 

durinq dirfer€nt 

Eoci.ty ts cultu.allv d6v6loped, then it !i1l d'v6loD in 

a!l sphEres of life. In htE book a hi3rorv ol soi€ncg 

and Technologv and Culiu16 in c6'iral Asia" Prot"3o' 

sy6d abbas Hassan Rizvi ..v3. cultur€ is larE !v a 

n.Lrer oi 't-diLio.. It includes 

!.d bodil/ attitudes crarts and 

of kin.hio ,nd

conmunication. !t provid.s 6ach ner 9€n.r.cion !iih a 

roterenc. point in t6rt3 of walue., conc€pts .nd 

t6chniqu6s. Biolosical h.r.ditY does transh!. , .ans€ of 

non-acquir6d a s6t of poso^tiariti€s !o 

rlspond io _ a possible va.iation ..^9€ ln tn€ 

xohi3tanis aro ttueh b.av6 p.ool€- Ih6v have 

great rove tor th€i. s!.3ts and visilo.s lhev f6€r 

pr€asur€ in 3€rvins th6i. 

6ld€rs and giv. prope. plac6 to lhem. Thct. 

6v6ry oalk or lif6 is lslan:c. Th6ir dispu16. ar€ docidgd 

by lhei. €Id.13 in a p!b1ic Aatherinq cslled Jir!'h'- 

Th6 Jirsah 3it6 is called J!.gah chan' in local diarac!' 

In the Ji.gah €we.y ona ie allos€d to €p'ak Ih€ Kanmls 

are not a!lor.d to b. th. m.nbe.s of p'ivate Ji's'h 

alt€r compl6tion ot hea.ing and argumsnt!' a {histL€ 13 

blo{., m€aning that th6 h€aring is ov€r :hd th€n eld'rs 

{ilI announc6 th€i. deci3ion. Privata Jirgah elavs vt'v 

inpo.tant .oI. in th€ 6^ti.e life ot K6hiEtan Th' 

private Jirg.hrs elde.. a.€..ither appointed bv lhe 

do th€v asri to. a fe6. Th6v 

rhe parlicipation in the private Jirg3h is ntd' 

on ths rribal (xh6I), s!b_LribaI (smalt xh6t) d' viLlas' 

and even housghord levers rh6 decision oJ the prtvtt€ 

Jirqah is consider€d 3cceplabl6 to tha co'c€r^6d pariies' 

w€ddins c6.€oonies 

!u:r.lians or Blders selec! rh6 €irr for ih€ bov, oftsn of 

Lhe sama \iDship lhe boy 3 familv qives so6€ cash ndn€v 

of Lh€ qirI.

29 

nec€.s.ry it€ms of dail,y hou3.hold use {ith hi3 d.ughter 

at rh6 tin. ot narria96. ouring th. na.ri.g. c€remonles, 

bolh oa.!i6s 6xchansa jok.3 {ith on6 ahoth.. .arid.q.oon 

siv.3 gilt3 to his .€rariv.s.nd fri€nds b.to.. na.nas€ 

i.s afi6r tixins th. harriag. date- Th€ r.L.ilv.3 and 

fri.nds al30 conp€nsat€ th. brid€g.oon sid. bv 9ilting 

rh6n ca3h and .attl€, th€ (ohistanis 9iv6 th6ir daughters 

and sisisrs for hon6y in th. 6ntire Kohislan blt 3ardo6 

do 3o rirh outsiders. HoP.v.'! th€v pu'cha" 9irls rron 

orher's ar6as pa.ticqla.lv f.on suai. A ,idor ie s€ldom 

alLor6d !o r€marry ii sh. oant3 to and i3 consid.r€d th€ 

propBriy of !h6 farily dho h6r rn t.v rav 

th€y w.n!. ourins vi3its to th€ diff€r€nt p..t3 ot the 

3.aa, Lh6 auihor has notic.d thst nusrc has no p.'rrcur'r 

att.rctlon for the i(ohi.tani3. onlv in {€ddinq c.r.noniee 

ihe toc.I aansari, Dhor (d.un) 6tc aro plav.d. rlusic 13 

consid.r.d against th€ taith and a nusician i3 look€d 

upon a5 a Kanni (ror .aca p..son). Kohist.ni si.ls in !h€ 

.6ar aasha d.a. ar. thr" t6lk 

sonqs ol ihe area nan.ly F!€hnani, sotharung and cila_ 

as hention6d pr€viousrv, the Kohistanis are 

siaunch mu3lin3. Th€v do not and .annot rhink of a'v 

action against Islan in Lh6 nan€ of art and cuIlu.e. The 

marbl€ co.poral of lions installad on th. p.o!6ciion 

{arl3 ot lha b.idse spannins lhe lndus is a live p'oof of 

ihei. fliih. rhoush not aoDr6ciated, th6 Loc.l brok6 th€ 

facs ot !h€ lio.s co.poral thinkinq ihat ir is asairct 

rh€i r fairh- Ihe w6od ..rvins of doors. !indows and 

iinar.rB in nosques and 3h rines r€v.tl 3kill of 

Koh!sianis tn th6 field. Th. €nbroid

30 

o. a we.y snall 3c.1. by tneir 

culiure- th€.€ N6r€ no th.tt ca3€s uh6n th€ a.€a xas 3.f,i 

indcDsnd.ni (rronti.. r.eion) u.d.r tha noninal 

adninistrstiv€ control ol H.ra.a dist.ic!. at presc.t. 

insDite of sono dod.rni:.tion .nd in.r..so in population. 

still cas€s of rap6 and th.ft ..e rar.. Ihe xohislanis 

a16 strict aboui Pq.dah (conlin60€nr ol femal€). Lik6 th€ 

Pathans .hey do nor ]ik6 ihair kon6n to mix with €ven 

iheir clos6 ralaliv.s, In Ch. far ?lung arsas, Kohtstanls 

do.ot lik6 to allor outsid.r3 to visit th6i. villa965 a3 

Lhey f€a. that th.y 6i9hl s.. lhei. don6n, Their wom€n 

has no.nat look3 du.ing th.ir youns.. aq€. Ih€ no..ls of 

the n,les as H611 as thg tcnal€s ar. ox€mplarv The ciwil 

a.d crioinal cas€s in Lh6 {hoIB oistrict are at ih€ir 

ninimun 5ut the t.6nd is inc.€astn9 b6cals€ of their 

{ith nod..n civi LizaLionl.miIY 

m.nbs.s- wonen brinq !P 

childfen, srazG !:ar!Le. cuc fodder 3nd br;ns fuer lood 

for neetinq 1rh6ir hous€hoId r€qui.€ments and eal€ Thev 

herp lh€ir ne. ih p6rforhing manv oth€r dailv chorss. 

rhe d1r€c!ion.3nd decisions of iheir 

3uardians rha 

?5 Ye.rs. The 

m!f.ijqe .er€noni€s 4ith conside'abl€ 

jroenj: lik,r lhoir n€iohDo!'rs I. .o^n€crion with 

n.. ilaE .i.:1. rhe n:qoriar)on5

.aroth th. 

pavl.g vi.tt3 to 6ach oth"'t 

both 3id€3 ..6 .x!.nd.d .xt.a o.di.!'v 

hostit.Iity. G.n.r.lty ih. girl do.s no! cort bttor' th' 

nrle ..lativ.s in h€r nousr. Th.v pr6..nt Eift3 to 6'ch 

orh..'3 fanili... Th6 Nik.h c.r.ronv ls p.rforn.d und.r 

rh. &o.rvision of a r'1ulI.h in th6 p..s.nc. ot th. .ld"s 

of bolh th€ tarili.s a.d lh€ ao9.obation ol th. p."nt3 

or €ld€.s lhich 9iv.3 :h! couplg a bi^din9 lo'c' Th' 

Nikah c.roooni€s .16 p6.forn.d in ch€ brid€'3 a.thk. 

or in r!r. c.343! in th. B:it.k of th. 

brid.groon. Tn..6 ar6 soh. oth.. ri!u.13 

important. Th€ na.ria9. proc€.!ion 63co.t. th. couol. 

brid.s.ooo. hous.. lh.o tht br!"tgtoor'3 

sid. giv.s gilts to th. and 

"r:tiv'3 

fri6nd3 and in tu.n tha l.Lt.r glv. catlI. and cr3h to 

!h€ forn6r rhich i3 call.d 'aut...' ln iht loc'r 

tanglag., a kind of financial support lo n.6i th' 

ouring in. ha.ri.9. c.r.noni..' txo6ndi!ur' 

incur.6d in oajoritv of rh. ca3.3 is b.vond th' rin'ncial 

brid.g.oon 3 flniIv, In ssch 

bor.od6d, rn cas. 

c.nnot r.p.v th' loa' h' 

lranst..E his ta.n. hous! or clttla !o th. t.6d!t' aut if 

rh. l.nd6r is not xilling 

o10o6riy o. ..ih.ls, th6 Ia!t.. s€ll3 his p'@6rtv or 

cattl. Lo 3om6bodv 6136 to cl..r th. d.bts Th€ n:lor 

iN.h. of n.rria9. .xPondilu.e 

na.riag€ f6a3t and pavnant is oad. bv l€.din9 !o ih' 

prrticiran!s snd to Lh€ brtd. 3 oar.ntE or guatdi'ns- 

Ih€ b.id€g.oon 3 ranirv hi.6 noEicra'3' contdran' a^d

dlnce.s o. !h6 {.ddinq nigh!. Th. b.id. s faih.r 9iv€s a 

buffalou or . coE and f.r oth6.gift! tik. a copv ot th. 

Holy elran and oloth€! ro hi. daught.. In . t.r cas6. 

{h.re rh. b.ide'3 faiher is aallhY, no non.v i. d€nandcd 

fron !h€ bridgroonrs f.nily t^d ag.in3t lh. o..vai1in9 

.iruaIs, 9iv63 .ev.rrI €xo.nsivs a.ticl€s ot h@s6hoId 

u!. to hi3 daushtgr. iajofiLv or .h€ir f,ar. 

sinilrr Lo ihoss of !h. Pathan.. 

[ouBl'lNG €8Ellor!Ig9 

Lik. n!..ia9. c...noni.s. 

h.v6 g.€.1 inpo.Eanc! to. th. ](ohis!.ni3. Durinq all 

Lh€s6, €se6ciatly on th. occasio^. ol d.rlh not onlv 

thos. p6opl. con. tor condolencg Hho had knotn th. 

d6c€a€€d but .l3o Lh€ faoirv or th. d6c....d .6laliv.3 

3nd tri.nd3 t.i€nd al.o eom. fron ta. 

th. g.ief of Lh. b..!.v.d fadilv. o!rinq th.s. dav3 th€ 

r.laiiv€s and oth€rs .ho h.v. had a.v quar..l rith the 

d6c6as€d or hl3 lrmily .nd on sp6akin9 

t6rn3 vi3iL th. d.ca.3.d 3 hous. lo. p.avi^g for th. 

d€parred soul. Ihis i6 callgd 

sh..i6E tha 

sri6t of !h€ b.r6aved. son6 tin. rhis shod of svnoathv 

bri^g3 posit!v. r€su1!s i. th.i. ..I.tio.shio and 

€5t.ang€mBnr chtnges into cordlal!tv Ih. kohisltnis on 

s66i.9 !hei. n€ighbou.s. particularlv 

mon.y on !hi. occa3io.. Horev.r,in p.fformi^g th6 la3t 

r!n6.aI .ir€s, islamic ord..s arc .pp.oach.d. soon .ft6r 

th6.lei!h !h6 16lnliv€s, rrionds 3nd.!ighbo!r3 qarh'r 

N!i.ah. rh6 r€c€!5ed 5 

rnco i' 3€o. ind Lh€n his bodv i5 carri€d ro

h6 g..v6y:rd fo. burial al!.r it i3 d.sh.d bv a llulltn 

or .Id..s of hi3 f.nilv. tn cas€' th6 

f6nal. n.r body 13 {.3h.d bv 6ld.rtv donc^ ot ih. l.Dilv' 

ca..v his/h.. h...s. and h€/5hc i3 bu"i€d 

in th6 viIl.9.grav.y..d att.. t.rforiing hi3/h.. Nin!:_ 

i-Janaz.. a1n3 a.. giv.n dhich con3i3t3 ot 

tin6. 3oap, 9ur and cloth.. on6_ro.th i3 giv'n to in' 

.1ull. Bhil€ !h. .6m!iîns to ths poo. particip.nis ot thr 

fuh.r.I. Ih. lanily of th. d€c!.36d nourn. lo. th'.' 

d.ys. after th..6 d.y3 of th. bu.i.l, Khlv.at (f... lood) 

is p.ovid.d to ths poor rhich consi.t3 ot Pol.o o' stnplt 

rtc. and sh... In th. NHF P.ovinc. C.z€tt...3. H.D r{.t3on 

l{rii€. r€ga.ding bu.ial cu.tons ot lh. i^habittnl. ot 

H.zara dist.ict (.o{ lhc divi3ion and forns t t€aso^tbl' 

pa.L ot kohi!tan ol3l.ict). Th. poo..st {ilL ro.nd 

atlgast 20 .up..3 on luch a. .nt..taintc^t and rh. 

l.mili.s ot high status dill .pand.3 nuch 

or io.o 1 Ind..d, th. €x9.nditur6 incu.r.d on func'.I i3 

on6 of th. o.in caus€s of ind.bt€dn63: of p'opl6 ot Lh' 

oi3L.ict and i^ ih. tac. o. Dsblic opiîon "d ott'n 't 

Lhs b6h€s! ol th6 dvins p.r.on it i3 diltlcult to cli il

3' 

F€gJ.I!F ANq 3ELIG.Ig]J9 GAIII€EILqS 

exc.tt €id_ul_Fit.. .nd Eid-ul-azh.. th. o 

9..ar rsrrnic f.stiv.l3 oa th. Hijri v.ar 

irporla.i r.ligiou3 tnd f.!tiv. c.l.b..tion in !h. ar.. 

ou.ing bolh th. Eids' p.opl.6xch.'st E"'tinst rith on' 

,norh€. in !h. 9r.yar hous.3 and visit ditl..!.t ho!3.3 

and huj.a3. on both th.3. occ.sions much bui .or 

cxt.avagant.x9.nditur€ i3 incurr6d on th. food.nd 

clorhes by alno3t alM6 inhabit.^t3 ol Kohi.tan. Th. 

atro.d th63. lqtu.i6. .r. h.l9.d bv th. 

B.tl to do p6ool. a3 psr lslanic i.junctio.t. son.lii.r' 

duri.g political Dlblic o.€ting!, qulte a larE. nqnb.. ot 

tha D€opI.gath.r and 6xcha.9€ id... on ditf€.€nt i3.u€!. 

Bso€cialry oot itic.l. 

slae:_et9 qru!4!l 

A l.rs. w..i€ty of bi.d3.r. found t^ Kohict.n. 

€rc€pt a f!{. nor€ or 1€5s, all .r. loc.l. Th.r. i3 ilch 

div€.!ity i3 durins 3unn.r th. birds mi9rat. to snoNv 

nou.!!ins .nd .€9ion3 and in !lnt.. lh.v 

Iora. pa.ts. high€r .ltitud. bv on. w.v 

and r6!u.n by !h6 bird! {ho 

Kohist.n. do so fof br€eding. a nuhb.r of bird! st.v h"' 

fo. J sho.t tim. on lh€ir 

pa.ts ot thg 

rcaions- iooks. Jackdr{3 e!irlings h6lt h"' in th' 

{int6r rnd ih€. now6 0n for th€ DI.in3. lh. 

Nhose ltn. of nigr.tion i! l.on Norih !.3t r3 mti r^ 

rohi3!a. o.cnsion!lIv, flanv bird3 116 in hurrv througn 

rh6 Di3i.j:L in th6 eori^q nigrattd^ and 

du.i.9 Lh.i. aut!mn jour^€v-1..9. rlocks halr h.re fo.

ke.ks rr d .!he o. rhEir r.turn journ.v {hi!. tillvars 

iJorari J arE ra..Iy s6.. to No.th- Hon.v 

sucker€ and .on. tin.. s6.n d!.ing lh.ir 

short stay in lh6 a.6a in th6 colrsg ol th6ir nis.attonchikor6 

(h!!l pa.!rid96) :.. lound .ll ovsr th. oi3t.ict 

ihouqh th€v o.€for loH.r r.gions chikor. oi ih. bl.ck 

va.i6ry !r€ not !n .bu^danc6, Du.in9 surw.v, th6 aulho. 

h€afd abo!t dqck3 in !h. Di.t.tct. 3l!6 

rock pig€on3 lnd lh. connon pig€on3 a.e rn 

abu nda^c6. Jacka Is also ar6 aound th.... Fox.s c.. olt6n 

b6 se€n- 9o.cuoines, ho.goo3c. .nd bur.odrnE r.i3 a.€ 

conno. all nv€. (ohistan. Flvinc qui..ars .r. living at 

hiqh at!itud.s. io^k6y3 al.o hav€ . fairlv la.g€ 

ooDulaLion in Alack b...3 4.6 tound on th. 

hills ow.r TOOo f€.t in.Ilitud6 rho.on. tin. conr dorn 

ior E.ting nai.€.rop. Ib€x is tound.t w..v high 

ln 3ho.t. kohist.. Oi!t.ict l. .ich in rildlil' 

,€al!h. a3 it has a varioty ot htbit.l, so. acco.dinglv 

God ha3 gift€d th6 616. "ith a va.ialv ot rild f1o.a and 

tauna. ths river lnd!6 i3 joid.d 5v danv p.r.nnial 

5t.6an. rhich op.n into vall€y3 uD i. th€ hill. and th65. 

lush sr€.n valleys ar6 ri.h in Bildlit€. sor€ hav€ bocn 

exDlo.ad blt vi.qin and it can b. 3.id thai 

Nild€rh€ss a.€as havi.9 9rear inoortance 

rron poi.L of ,i€r ot {ild1if6, Alrholsh ô svst.haric 

5urv6y hae b€€n c...i€d our in (ohisL.n oist.ict lo knou 

i.he kil.ll:fB of rihe iraa in d6lail. ho{6v€r. the dildLif€ 

sp€ci,rs o: :3rnivo.o€, rr€rbivores and bi.ds .r€ 9iv€n i. 

rrt)rHs I i rrd l.s,

!!J!4!5 

F4i! UlIr 

aJds llD!F!4lli!€! 

th6€€ni 

@4!€ Ehifer6 

@t:a fal@.i 

e!pr! :!e! 

!)E!rl! ilics 

LIS' OF FAUNA OF KOTIISTAI{ DISTRICT 

Governhont of NurFp, 

Forost of Kohi3r.n ||lorkin9 plan-xahdia-uthor 

oisr.icr 19ss-46 io r999- 

Pr.-investh€nt

F i9q r. 

FEx l,iILD ANI}'IALS 0F KOHISIAN DISIRICT

T'bI' r '3 

BIROS SPECIES FOLll|O IN KOHISTAN OTSTRICT 

s.!;-,.-Errslieh-!-d"s --:ci-.o!tti-q jlano . - aese.4iF_lten 

l. fl.st.rn Ir.goprn lragonln ntl'rcc€phtlu! indi€gnoqr 

2. i'nal ph..3.nt 

3. (aIij Ph.sant 

4. Kokless ph..s.ni 

6. Snor Pa.trlCa. 

ro. Hidarav..6old.n 

13. alu. Rock P19.on 

lgnhpplocls i!ctll!lr|!Eqcshlfa 

4aergl9nb! 

Plrc|:r$q q3Er-of,qQbs 

l-ltr.caallus !!id ravens i3 

al-lgtqrtrg sltlcr 

Coalvchus 9qglllt 

E!f!4l! nacrorlrvrch@ 

asjriL.cnc.gaal9t'listlror 

f-alca !i-!o!ra9!-llr! 

qlg !ilal!!!9tf! 

ciLu!!!a r.:!l! 

Gov.rnr.nt ol nuFp, !'Jorking PI'n Khandl'_ 

urhor-Fo.est ol (ohi3tan oiltrict l9a5-46 to 

1999-2ooo, Fo...t.v P'6_I'v'3tn'nt c€nl'6

Figlf€ - 5 

WILD FAUNA OF XOHISTAN DISTRICT 

AAOVE I1ONAL PBEASAN' BELO'i 

NESTERN IRAGOPAN PHEASANI

Th. f10.a of tn. Kohistan Disl'ict can b' 

into tour serl nark.d tracis: 

Ih6 root hi113 ranginq !pto Sooo f€6r abov' 

Th. .ang€s b6tc..n 5ooo to 6000 t@t asov' th' 

3. Th€ toresr r€sioG, artitude t'on 6000 to 9ooo 

t6.t above th€ 3.a !6v.1. 

4. Th€ Alaino r6sion3 gooo f6€t and upNa'd3' 

Th6 f!o.a of the Dletrict in !h6 ar6a nentronto 

abov€ ar€ dilf€r.nt from tho3. of th6 plainE of r]llFP 'hd 

!h€ punjab. Th.ro a.a fo...ts and bu3n'3 dhile durlng 

sp.i.q in rh6 0hoLB oistrict' 

flourish 4hich d:sapp€a. l.tc' Th6 f@t hirls accordins 

to ihe local p.opl6, kh.n !h' population 

.oad Lr3nsto.t i.e not availabl6' sen"allv rore cov"€d 

tith thick fo.6sts' Ih6 K.ka*h.ls dho ti'3t obtained th' 

to.6st c!tting l.ase i. Iaao a'0, begs^ Lo erport of 

!i6b€r f.om th6 lore. .6glon Not rh€ najor pari of th' 

10!6r resion i3 drv and b'r6, €xcapt for a"a Nhich is 

3ttlI unacc.Bsible 

etunt€d sh.ubs and bush€s ar6 found l' !6v€rar Darts ol 

ihis rgqio^, stunps oJ Pin.s tonsitoti' cen 

tocar popuraiioh lse d.v grass a'd !'i93 as f!6r ahd 

glport the riob6r rh.ouqh the Fo'€st oeptttoent to the 

ol th€ countrv For€st harv'Ettne socicri6s 

3.o {o.kins and:ctiv6 und6' rh€ Governn€nt 

G.r:ins cat!l.3nd goa!s i. 

veq€tation rnd olants 3t 3 fasL rats a'd n:de Lhi3 roqion

arr€n..d dry. In sone p..ts ol this ..sion. chir (pinus 

Ionsirolia), o.k, oliv6 d.d the wild fig in and arolnd 

lhe settl6monts, ap.icois. Plums! 

availab!6. Tr€€s and bush63 in grav€va'ds aro sacr6d' 

doplet.d, h.nco the.€ ar6 lound w6'v old 

orive a^d pi.tacia r.€€s in 1016r accessibl€ '€sion arso' 

oith qreace. gr66n6.v at hiqh altitudes' ,rnK 

and 4h;t5 iuIlps qroi in plentv rn Nl"rF Provinc6 

district H.o. r{atson 3av3. ln shadv 

are doq-vio16t3 and lh. b!.h flax (Rain 

tra.dti3) sp.Eads its yelloF lloN€rs in sr6at p.ofusion 

close ro rh6 sround, r6calLins th€ 6nElish prioros€' 

La!€r .n, in |1arch :nd Ao.il th6 pal6 pink Hazara Lilv 

(L!l!'u!l r,eseu[) con€ into broor and ih! s'avgvards a" 

brishr dith {hit6 i.i3 a.d polv-e4!:rua nillgi3guq' both of 

rhich hav6 b..^ import€d lrom €u.op€ p.obablv th.ough 

pErsia:nd afghanis.ah- During th€ 

are fed ftor€.s to b6 3..n bui ind6diatslv th€ r.r. 

ih6ra is a st.ikins chans6. Th' 

veqetarioh ic nor disti.ctLv sub-tropical 

In Lhe naizo-fi61ds ar6 lound th6 skv bt!6 convolvulu3 

( I-p!]1! hgdereqEt). !h. oar€ vellor Hibiscu. and nanv 

bru€ slntian (q. kqr|99) 

is conBon on:ieep sras3v hill sides 9. In rh€ forest and 

rr€es ar€ coiparati!€Iv talI, 1on9 riv€d 

and s!!rdy. rhe slender o3luda. (alies {.bbiana) i3 folnd 

on tha slop€3 0f the hills. 

toliase, th' 

napre- rhe lrird che'rv er. b.3id6s fin6 N!mb6r of deoda'' 

bia. or rh€ oak. rn Lhi' roqion the'€ is 

the eln. ihe sPindle lood

12 

ch.3rnur u..d c fo

45 

LIST OF 'REES, SHRUSS, AERAS AXO GRASSES OF 

roHtsrarr orsrRrcr 

. ..FrjriIL - scJ.nliric r{ar -----y9444csl!. oscriQlie! 

___(3or.ntcll nah.\ 

I IIl!' 

E!ccll!r':!!ut 

9lg9!sr4t 

Yllit !i!al:tl4!a 

Eitt4cja clilerlrir lG.E r/shidi 

qff:a8 !ci!ai!! 

!3!i!! €oJU! 

lhrgrlit ly3ilr 

ta':qrd!. wlsaie 

a94eld!! ragdi 

clprifolilce@ !sai..!!! Scinqrrake!-Losdlrjt 

yiiiE]lrr ce&i4iigUu! Lorqin 

giElLUr r,!alll{lr$i! rnz.h 

il:titilj. t!!ji.r 

litlEllr! a tlDoa 

ei4'r aa!!i.n 

P!!!ra lrlliclilla 

PiltD scradi4!!! 

"::'" 

p..rhal/n tEr 

0i.r/R.nzh../36t€h 

P.rih.I/i&lEr/ch!.rc

cDul#.reae !.Irru!4i!id,! 

E€rc]te iletftt 

8!@@4q!s! ale9!!L. 

!4le icra 

u:iu. 

e&a!rtn!r4 ru9a6u! 

Slee q€ligait! 

P€herlse.ani /Pr3h@ 

Kaintbi/6horej./K.ei shrlb

Prabn€ee P_Lnlt4Eori.lsli! 

PhYt€cdeae Phvtol:e. aCinlt4 

PolYq@ceae Polv6urlpo. 

8&!! !@: 

qE!3!!e 

elpoi 

rhyElaeeae oaphneqlc

tl-otss! 

r. Alclur..d*i.b 

2. sr| rdLri. .F. 

J. lclhdehlc int..n di. 

a- lothrl4lrl4p6.'rlrLchcftr 

l. a.i.itd. ctd,nh 

a. Chrr.CSr .!.lEd 

r. clr-c.c.. -rrini 

t. lLtar€poean driorlD 

r0. liFr.t .tli.rdris 

rr- e.nrlru. didrt rn 

12- ffitlr6.u!. eelt 

3qr@r Oovemit oa xtfa. lorlcl'l tLn - i.rdi.-uihor Fd-r 

ot xohilr.n Fout Divl.ldr, 1935-36 to t9tt-20001 

fof6t.y PnFl.rat-nt c..nn, 96h.*r.

qEolqcLoL \q!!!-rl!! 

Kohislan is 5irlatod on th€ north-kest tio ro 

Lh€ Hinalayas tndo-Pakistan a^d Eurasian 

plare lhicb coh.ists of anphibolites, dto.iies. 

n€teoriies and associaiBd volcanic .ocks consid€r.d to b6 

the c.usi of anci6ht c.Ic-alkaline isiand are .nd ,as 

.clipsed durins th€ n6a. D!3t duB io being a ra. t:u.g 

inaccessibla in th€ iirSt qeologica! nap 

of pakisian, it was sivan a. an unnapped t€rrain bou.d6d 

by rh€ Ha:ara and Dian.r g€olosical 

i. a hi!1y ar€a having ruggcd ter.ain and hi9h re!ief 

ohich has an eievatioh rangin9 

p€aks hav€ typical ice skittl€d sharo 

rearures alongsith st.6D slopes. i.iajid in hi3 D69e. 

p6rrology ot dio.it€3 fron th. Kohistan 

norlh€rn Pakisian. A g.h€tic lnte.p.€talion at rhe Plat6 

scale ,.ires 'rhe dcv6lopo€ht of Lhe thick conpl6x or 

varioue rypes ot diorit63, 9ranodio.ite, 

gabb.o and catc-alkalina vorcanica (ahd€site. dtcir€in 

lohrsLa' is uîaue ir 

n.ture becalse alons th6 rsang po and the lndus vallet in 

rhe easi, tho is characlerized bv a b€r! or 

rlysch and voicanics rith con6 ophiorites 

(Ganss€r, re64, 1e77) and in th€ lest atshanistan i! i3 

mark€d by larse .ap€sr of typical ophiolitic rocks r. 

rhe s€ries of rocks trithin 

xohisran, Lhe Kohi3tan s€qu€nce incl!d€ so!th ro norlh 

(i) a rhi.k conpl€, ot anphibotii€5

.B 

(hyperst.n6 gabb.o3. phyrox.n6 dio.it€s ho.nbre.d€ 

diorites, 9randioriti€s) pr.viously d€scribed as rhe 

Upper s|at ho.nbl€ndic sroup by r1..tin .t ar (re62) 3nd 

arso "5 rh6 xohist.^ brsic complox by Jan and r4ian 

(1971). (2) a b€lt or n.tas.dim€nts pr6slmab1y of niddra 

a9e a.d (3) a volcanic calc-alkalin6 

.iodolitc and diorites and outcrop 

loc:Ily n63. tho baEe of rh€ gabbro-diorite-belr 

particularly .€a. Faran (app.oxsso h) in !h€ rndus 

valley, I.clud€d in th!s. rocks a.o garn.r b€arinq basic 

and ultrabasic oilh d6n!iti6s .a.gi.9 fron 3.2 to 3.52 

rJan. 1977)..-.- Tho xohisran s€qu6nc6 is 

the 3outh by LoF6r srar B!n.. schisloEe group ahd to .he 

nort5 by th€ sialic m.taf,orohos.d .ocks ot th€ Hindul

nft€r the compl€iion ot Xa.akoraD Highray 

EnRTtq!i6-q 

at about r730 hou.. on 0ecenb6r 2slh 1974. 

iajor Ahanad inforn€d his !.nio.s lhrough oi.6l.s. abou! 

lhich shook rh6 a.ea, in rh€ follo{in9 

,1 

''pa!!an .ais€d ro g.ound, Ioss€s haavy ro tolar"I 

Ihs ea.thq!ak6 shook th€ Kohisran r6gionr 

vi.tualry ripins our Part.n aazar and irs surro!.ding 

borl. Bundreds of fa.n..s and.h6ph6rds and rh6i. hlrds 

dorn th€ oountain-sid€s into thc Indus. 

Sav6ral hlndreds Chtn€s6 .to.king on XKH had ju3t .€rurn.d 

!o their caops and oiraculou3ly escaped d€.rh in rh6 

slid€s, In rh. .arrhquak€ sooo !iv.3 d... 

lo3t and 15000 {ound6d. !9000 h.ads ot carrlc kilt€d a.d 

€ith6. d.st.oy6d o. danaged. ao.rr froh 

orh€. huqe loss€s'8. 

Ih€ magnitud. oi rh. disasier atrered th6 to.ld 

n€dia :nd caushr th€ do.Id a!!€niion for finrnciat 

assistance. rh6 nessaq6s ot s6nt by kortd 

51 couniries, inLernational aqancica and 

socieii€s sani hirlio.s of dolla.3 in aid. rr i5 porth- 

rhe co!nrri€3 !hos6 paopt€ w€.e tivi.q 

1€vol and had less capaciry ro s6nd 

oon6ta.y 3s5i5tanc€ !o oiher counrries, a150 donat6d_ Th€ 

afghan R€d c.escent soci6ry, rh6 Gow€rnmenr of aanglad6sh 

despatchcd rood-5tuffs and litB savinq 

Rs r4a.ooo/ . Rs 5e_ooo/ and Rs 32o.ooo/-

t65a,o3,oool- on b6ha1l of hi3 Gov6.nbent {hich las th€ 

highesr contribution fron rorld l..ders. Th6 list of th€ 

countria3 a.d agcnci.. co.rfibut€d :o th€ .risa3t€. 

roli6t- ea.thqurk. in kohist.n oistrict includinq a sna11 

pa.ts of ilans€hra and s!.! distrtcts ar6 givan in tabl€ 

Atl th€ oublic a..v!nts of Pakistan donat€d one 

day'3 salary ro ch6 P.63id€nt 

assistanc6 and rshabititrlton of the earthq!akc 

affEcie€s. rhis aa.rhqulk€ on !h. on. sid. d€vastat€d lhB 

area whil€ o. the oihe. sid. p.v.d a {ay for d.v€loDDsnt 

ot rhe Dist.ici. of non6y ias distribotgd 

aftons th6 aff6ct€.3 lor ..-con.truct'ion of their hous.s 

and p.ep..ing !hoi. li.ld3. lor a d.ad body Rs. 5ooo/-, 

to. a buttalo{ Rs,soo/-, fo. a d.3t.oy€d hoos€ R3- 3ooo/- 

d.n.g.d p..liaIty Rs- rooo/- r€.6 

.rarded. rh€ injlr€d d6.e coop.nsll.d by Rs. r5oo/- each. 

Acco.ding to the ollic!aI 3ourc.s, aOOO houses f,o16 

conpl€tely or parti3lty d63t.oyed. Ih€ statistics 

r€sardins d€alh ahd injuri6s avaitable are give^ in IabL€ 

L6. Ihoush th€ najo.iry of ag.icult!.a1 fa.ms tr€r€ 

partiarly o. conprei.Iy deE!roysd but due io rhe effo.rs 

of lhe inhabitants, !h€ govarnnonlal 

aq€ncies .im6ry nssisianc€. ih. ac6nomic ro5 

o.Iy iade sood but .I3o a 

asriculture in Lh. sh.o€ 

fer!:Iiz6r etc lor op6hins 

lrndirional to idp.ov€d farmin-o Hearth 

Leams t.on vafious pa.re ol rhe country visited ihe a.ea 

badi3. food !t!f+ was suppli€d in abundance

J 

!l 

l7 

!a 

20 

t.bl..l.s 

COUNIRIES ANO AOENCIES COIIIRIBUIEO 

TO Ots'lITEi RELIEF €AiIIICI'A(€ TI{ KdIISIAI{ 

N.r ot coht.y/Ac.ncy 

atghr. R.d c..snt 

a!.tr.lt.n R.d Croaa 

c.h.dl.n R.d cro.! 

or9.nl:.r1ft-c.r...ry 

L..aq. ol ,Ld cM. 

Liby.n A..b R.r{btic 

Norraql.n fLd Cro.a 

t -650 

165.AO3 

o.t32

32 

6.[o t{... ol c4nt.y/AE.no 

2l P.kl.t n asoal.lld 

2 

23 

25 

26 

F.d Llon fid 9{n !oc!.ty 

3r1.. oralnt.lloo 

UIIICEF 

unil..l ar.! Eolr.t . 

unl!.d 3t t ! of hrla. 

a 

29 

50 no.ld r.d...ttd ol 

Tf.d. unton '9r.tr.. 

ln rillllom 

9.4a2 

94.rF l 

0.63t 

74.741 

o.24 

o.ata 

rbrld l@d t.oo.u. 

frou.c!; lrle:(R.td) J.n lr.dl. rrrn, i.FoFt-tn 

LOe.O27 

aoDr.l{l .rt rh. l(ohl.t n D.v.loFi-nt lo.rdr 

c.btrt otvl.ton, eov..nnt ot rbxt.t ., 

1974. 

o.tt .- tq 12

Tabl.. It 

EANTfiCUAXE LO9E9 OF I(oNI9'AN DISTRICT' T97'I 

No0Lildr hqd.d ostlt 

roooo 

t0000 

,t@o 

,todo 

15000 

tot oo 

lroo0 

200 

1500 

GoE.|sn! st P.klttm, c.blFt oivitlo^' 

xohi3i.n o.v.l;s-n! B;rd-An aDpr.iEal or tn. 

|(ohigtln o.{logrant Soat

54 

F19qr.6 

INDEX NAP SI{o'JING €ARIHCUAKE AFFECIED AREA 

L97a 

trs 

t\ 

lt

](OHISTAN DISIRICf.

a.d lhe siruatio6 {43 conrrorl.d {hich appeared to be 

rh. tin6 0f rha dis3sr€._ 

E!E8€g!!L4!9. { rNor}rcup oF_(qELsr!! 

D Ev4_qe!E4r_3E4aA 

r. 1974 s ea.tiq!ak., ir {as €3rimar€d ihar rro 

hlndred five rhoueand p.ool. {€.. aff€ctad ln on€ r.y o. 

lh€ o!her rn kohie!an, sr.! a.d frans€n.a drstricre. 

Kohisran oistricr affected. rh6 ,ri€ndty 

countries, philanthroetc :g.ncie3 and p€ople oo.ated huE. 

fof,h6 _6Ii., 

rhich ano!.r.d to R5, 422 mlltions_ Fitry 

rillion .up€es lhe cov€.ô€nE on .nh6diat€ 

.elisf and .esclo afr.cre€s and d€crdad ro 

spend Rs. J7? nillio^s on rh. d.v€lopmcnt or rh6 a.€, ,of 

whrch fo.eisn aid {.s ..ceiw.d_ 

eroject, nao€ty. Kohis!3^ D6v6ropm€nr proj.ct Fas 

fornllarod unde. of NlrFp {rth h€adquarC..3 

a. Abbottabad rhich 5!afr€d i!s lork in July, 197s. In 

th. orojecr, !h€ uin€ rixed for iLE 

r.s ..organi:€d rn,ranuary, 

as (ohis!.n o€v€loDnehr Board (KoB) and 

placed dnder rhs cabi.et oivision. cowernmnt of 

Pakisran. It courd ,chiev€ only 46* o, 

stipurated pgriod and rhe :inir 4as furrh€r exrended ror 

.16 monrhs Litl Jun.. rgal. ris rlnd arlocaurons lere also 

raiEed froo Rs. 372 nillio. to R3. 400 0irr10n. Th€ Lin6 

€:rend€d,or

Thc world Food programm6 (NFP) as6istsd xoB in 

the form of rood stufts lrom July 1974, till th6 {indlng 

!D of th. proj€ct. th€ m.jo. €nphasis of rh€ Boa.d {as on 

rh. construcrion of .oad3. schooI3, {ala. supply .ch.n... 

u.lined sate. channel. rcat hous65, ottic6s and oth€. 

public utiliry b!ildings lik. basic h6alth units.hd 

aftoresta!ion. rhe soard.cco.dinq to Br;9: (R6id) Jan 

N.dir Khan, the chairm6n or rh6 defunct Kohi.t:n 

D€v€lopnent Eoard achiev.d 951 of it3 9lann6d itrqet. 16 

also inforned ths a!tho. in nl3 l€ct!rs held in hiE 

.esid6.ce at abboLtabad on ?6th Nov6nb€., 1992 thrt Kos 

h.d genarst€d Rs. 22 nillion froo her orn 

added that the Board oispos.d ot majo. parts ot a!r.t! 

and utilized ihe anou^! in d.v.lopn6ntal sch6me3 1ik. th. 

fund scneraied trom okh sourc€ and onlv nino. pa.!s of 

lh6 provincial Gov6.nn.nl 

for ru.ihe. disi.iburion in hor d.partments. Ei9htv 

p.rc6nl of th€ KDB €mpIoy6.3 w6re absorb€d bv th€ 

F.ovinciat and Fed€r:1 Gov.rnn.nt3, nostlv on..sutar 

basi3. ih€ Borkins are. ol th! KOA is qive. in lislro A 

uhile rh6 expendirure incurrld on th6 Droject 6x€cut6d bv 

(OA from i!5 th. li^dins up in Tabl€ I_7.

T.bl. r.7 

EXPENDT'URE TNCIIRREO OI{ THE FROJECT 

EXECUTED AY ^DB FROII APRIL. 1975 TO OECEiAER' I9A3 

s..ro rl!@ ot s€ctor 

tlnd co.neniettd (Rdd!) 

Blildi.q lnd 8@.inq 

c. aniEr Hs5.io.y 

slpporttng f*o.frrii!6 

a. E6ab: & cdriiilg.rcia 

c. i..hin.rv & sto6. 

rotal clpitlr ortr.y 

r.25 

21.{!A 

In rh6 Blqc of 013t.nt iouht.in.. |1v hone A 

Portrait ot a Proi6ct, xohi3!an 0.v6lopn€nt

7. 

I 

I \ 

t 

.// 

(: 

ta 

.t 

59 

Figqr. - a 

INOUS KOHISTAN O'V€LOFI'IENI PROJECTS 

tt, I 

lY1 

\-: 

\,iP 

u -st 

t:- 

I 

I 

I 

,i-! 

r'!: 

ii?!rJ* &-tZ]l-.- i t' 

trqiJ*-tzsl-I 7".t-'/.li 

,ifiiffiffek41L-1 

rit' f ^*'-, ^*",--'-' ---F 

r-fr 

)* 'o,1.r,,€';"; , -,,"^.. 4 

il

3r.tsorh HiehH.y, on€ of th6 .ngine€rinq 

rh6 Nim.l.y5s. th. Hindoka.h and th6 

Pami13. ir has .hans6d !h6 socio-€conomic condittons .oi 

oÎy 6f Kohistanis but also ol th6 p6opl. ol th. North6.n 

Oivislo. under th€ adninist.ative control of the 

pakisrah, E.v€ral placas or r'lan6.hra and 

swar dis!.icts. It savE thc hithgrto inacceEsible ar€a a 

Itf6 li.e ho rh€ rEst of th. country and p.v.d th6 dav 

for louriEts to visit No.th€rn a.6as, china and o.Fard ro 

rhe South Easr asian count.i.. by.oad or by.i. t.om 

Ch!n.. :(KH has a gr€at st.at6gic impori.nc.. At!.. 

cro$i^q eh6 ol Pakist.n.! xhunj.ab 

vallay. :i 6ntors ih6 Autonono!s R€gion of uighu. 

sinkianq of th€ peopl.s R€plblic of china. Tadj.ki6tan, 

alshani.Lan and India a.. situated clo.6 io this rout€- 

Ih€se colntrigs Here con..ct.d by nul€ and donk.v t.rirs 

in.nci6nt times. at th€ tir. ol enarscncy, china can us6 

this high*ay ! backdoor 

karakorn i3 . l!.kic {o.d, Xara n..n3 black and 

i.6 blrck 9rav€. Indue xohi.tan is a 

shal! oc.anic orahau shich ha3 baen crushed b.tr.sn lhe 

India. a^d Asian olat6au3. rt of volcanic 

isrands not squ66zed and Lilt€d NorthHards. 

a conv€ni6nt sectio. throush this g€ol09icallv 

r3scinarrns pratea! f.om !h€ base 

chai.!3r plain. range haE tr.lv. out of

5l 

thirty highsst nount.ins in she Norld. !t cov6r' 75* of 

also .xist th. lorld s longosi 

Ih6 su.v6v on this giant p.oj.ct {as btgun rn 

r95a -55. E3rlie. co^structi6n oi highr'v xas proposdr 

under th. âm€ ol Indus vall6v Road lron sEat io D6 

connecr.d with chilas but d0. io den'nd 6f tha l'itli of 

sr.t, th. di.ection of 'out6 Has changad and it ras 

start€d in !959 tron Havolian_ aloo€l 1as km of thg 

sishHay passes throush Kdhistan Disi'ict dith ' lidth 

,.on 2A l66i ro 3g r.€r. 

In th6 6arlv 3taq63 ol slrwev and 

th6 (ohistanis r€re not h.pov {ith th6 Hiehdav 

const.uciion. Ih6v:ried !h6i' best to stoo th' uo'k 

aither by on€ wav o. !h€ oth6r' No{ !h' Kohistanl3 prav 

fo. tho3. Nho iook inte.Et in l(KH and co'qtrlct6d it to' 

thei. b.6afit. Th. KKh.uns lor 773 kn fron Havolian to 

the (h!njrab ch€ck post, th' last point of Pak!tianl 

bo.de.. lhouqh th6 Highrav ra! conpl6t'd 6t'li" ti {as 

officially opengd for traffic on rath Jun'' r97a Il took 

20 yea.s in its.onol€tion' abour rSooo p'kisttî and 

roooo chinas€ He.€ aftoloved 

possibla care 

of constructron 

lechnoloqy in rh6 .onstrucrton of this Hiqhwav Th€ 

..onri6r torks organization (Fvro) conccntrat6d on road 

bLitdinq 3nd th6 chiness on rho b'ids€s Ih6v i'trodlcgd 

rheir bridso.€chnologv in p'kistan through lhis H;shk'v 

rhe tschnolcsy {as iound t6'Eible 

reqion and noo ii is bei.q slccessiurlv emDlovad in 6ihe' 

reqio.s, In:he boginninrr, wo'k€rs Fad i' be skitI'd 1n

.ock blastlng and rock clinbing. Ih6s"LilIed p'€onnel 

s!sp€.d6d high ov6r-.iv 

lo drilr into rocks rn 

ord6r to olant €xplo3iv6s. Ou6 to dillicurt condrtrons 

and s10d rac€ of rork. rh. 

hcte.s rarh6r ihan in k:lor.!ar5' 

n!'s!"d in 

rhsn nalf th6 

r€_rilr'd th' 

"eas 

lev€Ildd !p and th€ i.chargg oi the qtn93 {are cono€Iled 

to reoorr ro rh€ir b6se3 a3 !lo.k done eroqr6sE nil 

A^nihiration of ,o.k€rs:nd nacninorv b 

the qreat€3t rhr€at io :he adninistration 

'rhB road *hsn conplsted las alfrost a nrracla' 

i3 r :ko-ran6 'ishsav caDabre ot taklng 

riih '9 b':dses ind as nanv as lToB 

culwerts. th6 qlaci6rs. --h"'ittl6 r6ck 

slrong rinds, e,r'ene va'ialions in t6n'6'ai!r' rroh: 

3!hne. hish of 43co ('sF\ i' rh€ tnd!E vallev b a 

winter Ior .i -3o'c C?o ;t i^ Hunza nor 

sei3mic acllvitv to lhich rh' r€sion is grone combin€ to 

make roi onlv the 4onsifucLlon bu! lhe nainianance ot 

sh6 hiqhrtv a .ontinlar oartro clacial 

rloos nnd r..€su1ar and i'dlscriminaLo 

'roses :na _6ad from ted 

r:o ee'eral oav='f ima!ler 3cale landsiides 'cc!r 'imosi 

Jail? rho oroblem i3 cohooln3€d bv the rrGrnarh Dt th6 

rhat ii wrlt "-s 

rtad: iL i5 ':r i na'a:d 

Years ior 

lnd 'o kn rcnq dam {as

utili:ed to take, rn€oi!6 oi 

Jnd oLh.. all efrorrs. i: coutd nor be 

last a ne{ b.idge das.!ilt at an other 

k.s fill.d !n by rh. s.direnrs b.oushr 

dohn by th€.iv€. hlnza. rh6 Highray.ec€iv.d n.jo. 

,risa3!6r durinq Dec€hb€r r974.arahqlak. and wa3 btocked 

ror 25 day3. Its 7s kn portion r.! cohpl€r.Iy or 

partrally darag.d 6016 rha. soo 

killed du.in9 rhe consirucrion o? (K8, 

th€ falling r rasult of 

accidents. fror6 kiL16d i. pattan-S.:ine 

sirltch of th6 Hiqhsay. 

Ih. Chlnls€ had stari€d constrlction of b.idsas 

f.6n ihakota. Th. b.ids€s built 5y then ar€ good looki._o 

rirh lhit€ c€0.nt slopo.rld by qrac.?u1 

archca. decor.t.d wtth carv6d butter rll.s and flor.rs in 

ptst€l 3had6s .nd lions ahd lant€rn3 tt 6ach lndus 

cro6sins poinr. ar Lhe oistrici bou.d.ry and s.v.ral 

oihar places iouniains b.yohd rh€ hills oh 

€ith.. sides ot rh6 riv6r app.rr. on ents.inq the c.nt.ar 

Erlion of xohisran oisr.ict ths vieu i3 v6ry sccnic and 

thi. secrion oi ihe hiqhDry is qood for i6ki.q b€autif!l 

pictu.6. ot !h. scenery. Abou! 5 kn r.om the o!sl.ict 

bound.ry, oubair aa.a. con.3 bank of th€ 

Lumbring st.eam of ouai.. k- s sirua!.d on borh 5id6. of 

Kl(!, in.Iudinq a f6! mei€rs of rhe Ranolya valley .oad. 

rh. oubair st..an. rhich is knoHn th6 oub.i. Rivar. is 

suitabt€ for trolt fish but .o fishinq is done. Th6.e is 

of th€ Fo.est faw kn a(ay rrom 

oubair Sazar, rh€re i3 Jijyar. a 3nrtI Bazar. Froo

Jtjyal, about 2 kn torards Plttan a n.rrou tr.ck goca 

dorn ro lhe Ind!s wh€re a hanqins brid9€ 

Ioft bank Nith rh..iqht be.k rhe.6 lh.

throuqh the cantt: and lne 

sho.t 3ta€p road of about loo o6ter3 wh6r€ the c & !J R6st 

No!s6 !s situat€d. lh€r6 is a lov€lv vi6r of th6 Incus 

and ihe snall Garden Hhich has a lot 5f attraclio^ tor 

rh€ touri5t5. Pattan i5 a 3m.II beauiirul place in rhi'n 

!h€ olain ar€a is !h€ Ia.9.3t in th€ 'whor€ District' 

eDarr from th. T€hsil H€adquarter' a 3nalI cattono6nt a 

uîo. council and. Niqh school! ih6re is a Ba:ar khich 

ma.k6t fo. it3 surro!ndings and th6 Palas 

varl€y across 

is link'd with ih' Paras 

valley by a n...od RCC bridge. th' to 9ala5 !s 

'o:d 

metallic fo. a f€! kn {hil€ of th€ Do'tion ts 

'est 

unmatalled and .iskv. Koni!a is situat€d :bout 17 km awav 

{hich is conn6ct6d rith oa3u bv a t€tulilul 

b.idse. copula!ion of both !ho vilIag'3 is tncrt'sin9 

.apidly due lo b.inq District Beadquarrers 

From (omila_oasu. sazine i3 th€ main point' 

si!!ated abour 5a km at on€ hours driving sixtv-tisht 

i(n, from sazi^6 juet b6vond the ch'ckDoet or oi'mer 

districi and oc!ria post of lhs Town Connitt6e' a road to 

!h6 chilas l..ds off Lo th€ Hoi€13 for ovarnieht 

'ish' 

srly and rsf.€shnehts havs be€n buili on both sid'3 of 

rh. KKH. Ih€ r.nainins porllo' df th' 3i1k 

.e6n,lurin9 rh6 journov in sa2in6 and chiras JaqroE 

Fa.m is a snar! 

dh6r6 North€rn Liqht 

Bunii i3 located' 

Gilg!r, a road to skard! part3 ov'r io sol'nded 

'isht ' 

3Le€I bridse. rhe (KH do.s not pass throuqh ths Gilsit 

c6 lhe right sids at duntciDar and polrce 

check Posts lhich ar€ 6iluared abou! lo kn trom rh€ cliv

66 

ih..o.d to.! to chtn. .nd on ih. {.v conn.ci. i.nv 

irDort.nt Dl&c lik. llun:r, Gulrit, su.i .nd rolnjr:b. 

'In tha co ituctioh ol i|ralrom Hig|lav, aooo Ft.ic 

lon|g ol .r.Dlciv6. 6o4t rt.ic i4|5 0l *nt, 

so.o@ rt.ic lom€. ol otl .nd lts,ooo -t.lc ton|B oi 

co.I {.ra conaui.d. 0.. choua.nd t.uck. {.re u{d. lhl. 

d. P.ki.t n'. biesnt proj.ct .s the tlm L.

qrslar-qt sl4lrts sE r!011 1!3!j 

xohistan had b€.n Yaghistan (a Iand lithout a 

govErnn.nt) since tin. ifrn.noriar. In r939, l1ian Gul 

abdul Nadood 

his control by his co6oar.tiv.ly peacefut 

6asiern part stirl .enains Yaqhistan. aft.r discolution 

1969, both th. parts ker6 altach.d rith lh€ 

distric:. Aft..bards 

Pai

68 

37 Union Cosncils a^d !h6 5t.ength of District council 

nsnbe.3 i3 ro, includinE th. cnairnln. Ir is on6 of th. 

6o3t bgautifut di3i.icts ol eakistan ,h€rB tourisn as an 

indust.y i3 still io b. d.v.loo€d- Econonic dev€lopn.ni 

bssan sith achi.wi^9 th. 3tatus of oistrict. Th6 

population of Kohistan oiEtrict is 594925 oui of ,hich 

563 is mal€ and 4.* t€nal. and lite.acv rate is.olghtv 

estimated ro b€ J.o*, Ihe union councir and 3€x_ris. 

oopulation is qiv€n i. Tabl. I-4. 

rha {ohislan ois rrict ha! 

Koi And..k, And.ak hardo, Kadh Gali. Gad.' 

ooga, Lash oalash. Pa!:3. Kandi6, JaIkot6, Pattan and 

Dubair, Ih6 kno{n villag..itu.i6d in th6 East€rn Fa't of 

th6 oistrict 5.€ Koo! pala3, 3.. Palas' Kon sher, Jal*otc 

vochar, shon€ Nala. shitia!, 8!sha and on 

side are Kodnans, Raô}r., D!b.i. Jijial Dasu' ooga' 

GiaI and uthro.r- Ther6 ar. slv.ral 3na11 and big rak€! 

in Kohistan oist.ict in thich Ranolva. oubair chun, 

Pattan and Kandia l3kes ar6 popular in th6 countrv Th' 

sopat is : big and dtl.act!v€ valr€v Acfor€ tho 

construction inhabitanls oI Jalkot6 usad !o 

so !o Naran and xashan via s!pa! vallgv to. shoooing. Ih€ 

palasis used to 90 to Stttlo and aatgran 

purpose- th€ pcoDla of th. l{6t6r. sid€ so ror shoppihg 

to Bishan , ttinsora and 

p.es€nt. iinsora 

is th6 biqs6st narkat ol ih. No.th.rn Kohistah 

'€sion 

rgmained fre€ from ih6 sikh and rh6 Sritish infirtration 

ror certain reaeon3. !and_slidin9 is a fr€qu'nt 

occurrence i^ Lho:.e3 I! cauees loss of hlnan lif6 

spart f.om rinancial loeses KKN 13

2. 

5. 

69 

T.bI. I.a 

SETTLEIIENT AXD POPULATION DIS'RIBUTION SEX.IIS6 

Idei)" gse-! ?21625 

22722 

15950 

53J2 

1579 

a5 

5 

20

23 

Jily.l 

L2022 

25225 

53t5 5570 

oov.rnrent of NrlFP, Pl'nning & 06v.1opFnt oep€dFnt, 

8!r€su of statistic.. c.B6 0f Ru6I S.ttlln.rts, Vor- 

23

1L 

I€e€ rd l.n&lid6 uoiil 2005 a0- 

0E to se.:oEl ch!.s6. rhe mjo.ity ot th. inh.bitlnt 

trigr6t6 tr4 the ldef p.rt. to th. hiqfE. 6€ dlri^q .utrm. a.ld 

.on. .gain to the fori.r p!rt. in th. rinter, in eoh. 4.e.. ih. 

inh.bit.nE t€rporarily nigr.i. to th€ 1*. parh and ol.iB ot 

otlE. distri.ts b€foE E t.Il of dnte., Ih€E i. a6tty of 

ekilb, rtE .iEEl slth i. th. .re€ tu stilt io b. eeloit.d. rh. 

bGicae ie .drcrled by tfE @tEirbF dE !o @.dv ..!d 

ignoronc.. tlE Ejor s@d ol irc4 b fd fo€t. ro. dich th. 

conrrucB ere ararded @n.r.lly to th. nd-(ohiet6ni.. Peopl. ol the 

are. take rc int6rc5t in E&!rch and d€v.lopfent in th.i. 

prclellid., padicularly in .lricultu€. Thev beli€v. in rrt. and 

h..itrte i, a..etinq rer ro.Iiti6. There .E rc i.du6!fi6/.tua, 

4..@rt otfice, €td! ort, t€leqrdph, Dto. v.hicle 

..gi.tr.tid o.fic6 ard h€pii.l. rh€E i3 @ t@, .6e!.' firo 

b.iq.d., nunicip€l and tdn con.itt e, cireF, pdtlic }ib..rvt 

.ation€l centre etc. In th. thoL. of Kohielan, the 

5..n any {.lL (ohislin .nd ii! .lsB arc rct iEh knoM to ih. 

etside €.1d. Ihe oistrict i! etill larFlv iEcc€Eibl. 6id th€ 

httory ot ltE cla€ rcEi6 .hocurc. in fa.t, b€torc fiE 

c@t.Etiq of the ka..ko.. rilgh€v, KohLanis Fd livim in . 

'lrldirio€I seiety in ob6.uriiv 6.d isolatid ex@t f.r t@fi.t3 

visit3. Ihere rc€ m ed. lnd ih.rcfore rheeled 

of th. qu€stion. A1l e.ods end 3tofts €re car.ied on aniroI. and 

poriers and this praclice Etill .ontinu$ in rGt p.rt ot the 

OiEi.ict. E,F. Knisht d€crib.d a cenrurv back xcni.idn.s 

'umlDlored E.ri6ry_8. in 3.iti!h 6e to cilsit in 1377 but left 

4 !h.ir rdte r(ohist n .l@. Kohbtan rct surp.isii'qtt F4a- a 

h.dvrn fo. the irlitiv6 fo th. qrip of lar and Esi 't rh. I.d!s 

|o Afqhaft3tdn, as Ydqhtt.n. Flnliq th6 Land ot ihe lneov.rn.bre.

49t!i! tllS4ll!! 

Riasti d.rd Ytqhisilni xohtrt nis EE struqqliE for 

qui.e a ldlq ti- for th. ,nifietid of both th€ parts inio m 

unit. Ihey for*d differo.1 org.niz.tidB io pt€* for tnei. .bEnd 

rhlch at last, E a€ceded by th. th.n Go€m-nt of paktutan ud.. 

rhe p@le s Parry- rr. lulfiq.r ali shutto, ilE then P.i.. xini.i.. 

pe66alty visit€d (ohist8n d r.t 0cLbc., 1976. rGriEtrn oi.t.ict 

.rne into being rith ite :.iporury oirtrict Ned quarter dt Paii.n 

,hi.h rds after€rds shift.d to 0..!. Ihouqh tf€re rcre the s*.1 

Kohisian and the oir Kohistrn yet ih6. p..t3 {€re not t@ch€d and 

reFided lfFrq€d into rh. ErIy conatitui.d oi.trict unde. the 

coroissiobraie of H.!ar. oiviaid !i abb.ri€bad. Ih€ District of 

KohGtan has tF i€luik lwly P.itln dnd llas!- a o@utv 

cdrni3simr b€il! ilE chief €rcutiv€ and ttE 0i51rict Haqi3tEt6, 

2 ksisbnt cd.i3.i@F, 4.h P€t€d at 

Esistant co.issi@6. 3 Tehlild.E a,rd ,l N6ib letEild.B rirh 

sL+FrdiEte La* €nforcing !g.rci.. .dd 6v€nua .oll*iirE 3t!ff rcre 

erkinq i. ihe Disi.ici. A Poti.. sqparint€d€nt, 2 o-s.Ps and 539 

ftqular Poli.e forc€ {ith 535 FMii.r Cdctrburdrv 

in lhe Jable I-9 a.e {orkinq to mirt€in ta* ad 

oi3t.i.t. civil judqe. rho t! .d3id.ed to b.6 the backbde of 

rhe .ivil sdnintstratid. h$ y.t to b. 6opointed or p€i.d. IrE 

(no*n areas co@.tins trE l€rRil of lefi a.'d rishi 

Left pad:: rhe Sank€d v.lley. 

the rijyal varley. ttE P.it n 

rh€ R.rclya vall€y, the DdEir vdl.v. 

v.rl€y, th. (eyal valt€v, cho|{d6ra.nd 

Riqlr 3a4: satera. sela had. Kh€ldbad. xare6n. (olai. shilt€nabld. 

rhe iuz Palas valley. the s.r P6I!. vallev .nd peech 3..1a. 

oasu tehsil co.ori!* of th. follo|inq kno,n are43.

.ell_8!!!: K.dns, C.br.r, r@$i, ,(diL, se, x..rdi., r.j.hoi :trd 

RigiLEj!: ctrh.Ii. (u: J.Iko€. 4.. J.lklot . 0..u, s.zlE. ljcht. 

riull.h. &r s&n riclln. tuig. ,rull.h, L€t . utl.h, an96ri 

rull.h. Aqho.i xullrh, srziE, shity.I, Hrr6.n .rd 3.riy.r, 

Ih€ Jirg. 3yst. i! ltroig 6nd i. r.tlm utrd.. rrFp 

cri.idl Llr soei.l t@i.id a.t r94 lnd th. rFP civil PM€duro 

(so..irl 9rcvi.td) orditue l9tt. rb.y ot tlF di.p!i6.r 

ir.dilidlly e.ttl.d by tfE Jirs.h .rrpolnt d bv ih. otltrtc! 

i.g$tr.@ $i.h i! p4.id.d by: llr lilorcil! otfi€./ottici.l Et 

!.lor rh. rtltB ol d il.ib r.h!ild.r. lh. d.cl.id of th. Jitg.n i. 

oitiri.t h.gi.tEt! tor dtirEtid rho h.. in 

.liho.ity to cdti.., .rt r o. ro,*t it. Aoo.ll .g.iFt $t 

oi3t.i.r,r.giEt..t'. rb€i3id 6. a. !d. io tlr cdi..i@r, 

r.zaru Divi3i6 lho ir th. tiroI .utho.ity. xi! d.ci.iq qnFi b. 

plt b.foE !h. High cdrt. li i. iFort .t, tllt 6ly .tnr 

d&Lri.g Attre!. xofiiskn a. a oillrtct, lL9i.t.!ia -i p€r.d to 

d.al rirh rll 6.6. IrEro i. a b.rch ol o.ti.. .ppoitrt d bv th. 

Gov.rnEnr. IrE p.rti6 {ho .ui6lly .9r to bring th.i. @ 

bd.d rh. a.zie for ih.ir (bcilid .@ordim to ilt Sh.ri.. c.n do 

e rirh ih. .pp6vrl of th. Distrie rLgi3t..i. $o di€t4 th. 

beEh of o.zir lor th. e.- €...

?4IIA! 

a49u_ 

?. 

5. 

POLTCE Stallofi ANo FOLICE pO€rS

!$cgu&n9g-ur !9-!d!!Li!l.r3j9n 

DE to M-*1t1.-.! 

coll.cled:nd h.rc!, tr€re i3 F reven@ colrt in the Di.irict lt 

iE a Ette. of hlsh €oorciatid ihat oi.trict Adrinistr.tt@ ai 

xohtt.n, dtded itself to the pEvailins 3itEtid bv k€rrE 

bbth.rhood anong diftereni n.tion buildi.q d.DadhentE dnc iF 

m$eE. TIE oiEtrict Mtrinistdtion in abdrin xohisian is €tteriva 

in pr.ciice. ah. toniskn$ rb hav. E hsbit or livins 

i.dep€idenily 6nd trulv. havc 

lar nor do ihev abi& 

by tule. and r€qu!.tid3 due io $!ch the .d.inistdiion i3 facifq 

orcblec in dnrcllinq th€ I6e &d order :iiustim i ter Fa6 

aqo, th. elite of 6n area subnii'ted a@licltion to the Govcrm' of 

th. North N€st Frcntier Provinc. to trarcr.' ffi of th6 hlqh scl@l 

headE5t46 a3 h. u. M €iden! a'rd .!d*nd'd a stric De 

ydnEn.n to rcpr.c€ nM. 

!i9i.ri€t-qq!n i! Ih€ oistrici c@rcil 6F uid€r FD" Erk vid€ 

Gov..nr.nt of NrFp Notifi.rtion No. so(!6)_r(v)/Iv_76 d'icd 26th 

Noverb.r, 1976. On 25th S€ptenb.r' !979 eleciion to thiE c4rcil r€ 

held ror th€ firei iiF si.u!t!@slv 'ith € €I6tid of l€I 

@uncil thrcughoui the.dntrv:nd th6. cistrict turcil xohistan 

beqan it3 {ork. li hN its orn accomodation 'nd sbfr- Hd'ver' its 

F.t iis exFrEitu€, r€rce, !h€ Go€r'*nt of [rFP 

€re$6 to it . Elbgtanlial amunt in s"nt_rn-:rd' 

!4k!|!..a!1{ urE:,f rhere 

sorkinq lnder d chdirMn 

ars Ehsil .nd I@.r 

is a olltrict ldk.i and rl5her co'nriee 

*ith oeputv cdrnis3ioncr a3 it. 6x-officio 

and th. chairMn dre diret€d. Jh.E 3re 

zakdt ,nd uskr co..itt€6 th6. nud€r

e@€ds 2OO. Ihiriy *ren lnio C@rcils.lso tsist th' lell 

.dtrintutruiid in nlinrai.ine l.r .na order. 

lh. csus which leld to Iitiqation in Mjo'itv of th' 

€es are land, *. a.d ice..3i.s of €ttle ihou9h th' oiEtrr't 

€E iito bdiq onlv 17 vsr .9o v.t 3uiticient d'wl@tnt Fd( n'3 

tr€re aE olfic.'/ ofti€ial @tdi'! ata Bioritv 

of the n.tid buildi.e deparin.nt! have their orn buldinqe th@gh 

there i6 no club or 3ports d.iiviti6 for the offictl3 fo' s4'drnq 

G9Lq Nqq\mcf 

Xohistan i3 a p.oul.r i'rh used bv qkittli* es€'i€Ilv 

for p.gul.rizing thei. b6il@ bv d'ilE 3ev"'I thic' For 

exa.ple, €.ins 

s

diEid sl lttD OorFff' - b dtt @ 'ltlErtr 

.- lrEt rEuls *i.rr it tn drtct ort'{ or P'ls{' n.d 

.urhd-!tr. dr ti. odi.r hrd' {.lu r.t ltid ib' 5'(.'OOO/_ t l.|cl 

-ry ,tth it cai4 to b. p'irl tht rrllnlrtg 'E tn 'tt" 

-EtuE tt v.lr .dt cli'r tl| dttott' ni:i t't Fd"l '!! 

Pdifri.l oo[frrdt hd br xttl-d' sr 'Ffi th{t '-rtt d 

F.rtonfig l||t' rg.lritrc (6 tFdttB h" hcr' oorcr! rr|9 

'nC ' 

rru pi.d cl t rd. lhtn ttl. r! {ndd $' oov'rnr'nt tts pdL' 

$idr .tt . .|!h .in$t' _ 

"t'ded ro b' iht edtrrt'l 

€o$rdn! tn 1t92 b, p.tnE br {rl t't bLltrt d b' 

"cdd

1A 

Ldll9u4pqs 

Ihe rGlri.tan oislrict is .ich id dial6tr. Ih€€ arc 

Hi:y., shina, Sh.r.n*i. B6!.ri, 6!jri drd P..hto lan94g4 sFxen 

rhi1. u.du. bei.E . iatidal l6mwqe, iE uid.Ft .d in the tEde 

circl6. rlrsil atd oi3iric! r€.dodrte€ ad villaqe .dj.e't to 

the (K8. ' aiya i. lpoken in tt€ area frcn 8a.ked to K.ndu li 

Riaelti 3€t. ,hi!. 'shin!' !e th. !a!E€E. ol Hazdr. (ohietan tr@ 

KoLi ro arb.n- In fact th. c4H mF ol E€ r.ng@!Fs s 

Kohi.t&i, Soth tlF llm6Ee ad {riiten lh.ir sc.ipit txeot rer 

Frdl lre like arsbic. In th€ vilrlF 8aier.' .ituated on ih' 'oder 

of Kohtstan-Arai, 3.ter Lala ia sDoken. ln G.lEr Kh€l atld chil4 

Kh€l. people spcak 2 diflerent lanqu.q6 rith ? diffeEnt dt'iets' 

rho pe.pl€ of Jang a.d shlnqi€t in oub3ir. i.!.v in 8ar p'l6t rh6r 

and r@thi in x.ndi. and Bda Kh.I vall.v r€.p&iiElv sdl Pasfto 

A.cordi.g ro th6 3!ro!u of st.tbtie Pl'nni'o and 

oev.lcpnen'! Oeparlmnt3. rGhistlnis Nho 

ioig€. :Jrd! and Englbh €re 1.r.!. l.9t dnd 0_r'{l dGtlverv 

thile tise ,h6 c4ld rrite r,hei. toth€. torq€. urdu id snglisn 

lerc ().?5g. ?,s6* nnd 0.r{* tn 1933. under rhe tanquage src@' 

rnd Kohistani coE und.r oard dia1e6' tFe€ 

rrnglnoe. .re cr@elv related in eereEl *v!. 

rhe n.fre .f Korisiani dre included 

Languce spok€n id th€ panjkora. sEt a.d lrd6 K€hist'n rh'vare 

3rr ':r6erv conEcted dur45. $Id erery 

Litrle :idn_uaLrcv pesessltJ ii3 oecurlar 'iilli { 

ln fnc!. in 

i: ne.ived frcm rili . 

. rurki. Ianq6q€ rili d6 l.nguqe, It 

A3 nd3hto hls qrelt influen.e on Kohista.i 

E'r':liba'liih 

rhe '*nio inflle.ce rudrc lili- ha3 b*n @ia'€d bv Pasnb

'Jib. . In c.i€Bon 3 oFinid. odrnak or P€ls.ja lang4g. i3 rcry 

ord- It is also Etrtidld by Her€dd6, sh.jEn rho did 

coQ.r.tiv.Iy rcre rcrk d it thdn all oth.6 of the pEsnt age 

says rh6t colleclie of i.to.Mlid req.rdilE rh. (ohistani 

lanqdq€ is a ch.ll.nging job. Nc $F th.t i€ origin is rct 

knoM. re do rct kM rho is rfE lrther, noilE., 31st€r lnd &ught€r 

of th6. lanquaqa. ln fa.t th... lanqlaq.. Eed 

$icn d.snds c,€dic.iiq. 0r. Luircr and Si(,dulph ar 

oi th6 (ohistdni I6ne@q€ and actElly, @r €search.F fol!&ed 

thei. p.th rhile doinq res.ar.h on this srlrj€ct. 

srEh..dull6h. in this .4Etid sy6. trEt p.l(isan'3 

no.th r4tern bor!.. l.nd is kmM as D6rdiEt.n. rhis trca etendE 

fd..5t to *.! @ve.inq cilqit, &3hnir, aba3in.nd s€i 

Koh!r!n, chitral afrt xatrttan. In sBk.ii, it i5 €u.€ o.radr o. 

Dara |hich is deriv.d lrd G@k $d oarad Rai, oeftki, o..tte ad 

adnoi 0.r. Here th. A.yaB €e .€ttl.d $o hrd .iqrat.d rd th€ir 

Isra.uddin says, th.r the P66sjo FE living tM 

Ka.akof.. to Hifrdlk6h add Hi..hy. before 0..d. Ihe arv.6 €i Er 

expell.d ttEe p€.pt. or abEorb.d tlE. in ttEEl6. In ttE 

earlidt b@ks, ih..e arydB arc r.dtided a. livinq in th. reqidE 

turcd rB o.rd or O.rd.. li i interesti.'q to noie that !h. RoE.3 

and G6k rriieB Eti€ tivins be1*. HittdlrEh 

dnd tndia aE oarli3tan:s. Ihis i5 the re..on thai fM N6r$tan 

(forD€.Iy kdf.istan) to cilgit and Aeto., th€ l.nguaqes berng spden 

f6.rlv: rh€ linquiE6 or th. pGt ircIudi'q LhGe 

of roceni p.riod iqrcr.d that €latioBhip 

xohistlnt conoretuly o. detin.d it !rcnglv for aI1 ov.r ih€ 

xohisud. r. faci $E i.habitante.re bilinqudl 6nd in Ejoritv ot 

€ees, ep€ak P..hto ltdqrith th.i. Fther 1onqE,

a0 

the Kohbtanis.re cr6ely mixcd up not only li.guiEii.atlv but .l!o 

clltlrally and rcIigio6ly. In ih. aba3in Kohistan, a@ortsing to th. 

.utho.'E.pinion. Isl.. c.r. abdi 300 veaB aso thror4h Pa.hid 

trE !€ft sld. ot thc p@nt Abasin Kohi6t.n 

rcsired undcr rh. strcI ot ihe sst ruleE, for *tie. Itt 

xohiet nis .nd tlE P@ht6c h6€ trade relatio6 5i@ ti- 

ioFmria}. seve.ar hisbridn cl.in xohtuEn to be 

lhich therc is siqnificdni it..|bl.n@ betreen P€hto .nd th' 

r(ohislani lanqu6qes. pdnicukrlv th66 spoken on ths left sid. ol 

Kohist.n oistrict, lle€ ihe l.nguaq* epo*€n in iF€ o*trict aE 

intrcdrc.d in sore d€rail, 

ir6-i$ i.iya i3 undereto.d .nd !o.*en bv € Eioriiv ae o€ ot r'h' 

Ianqug6 b€tEn th€.ic. Jh.lu. and the rire' sb! in E lb.' 

Eqio.. IhG is thc rang€g€ kndn.. (ohistlni arig o €' hngsq' 

BpdNeE uhile th€ speakere of this l!.g!aq€ aE called i!iv' lt i! 

the rcth.r roEue ot the i.habit nt! ..ttled betueen th. vtllov ol 

th. rive. K..dia dnd io th€ louih. the Paldsi d the Indu6 46 lik' 

orh.. plrts of Kohisidn- rhis are. iE bi}!.q!al a.d p 

d. i kird ot rinqE fra€. 'n iv. h.s 3everal diarects. aMq th' 

prircioal r.nqBq6 Ev b. Entiomd ttE hill olh€ri Jill, spok'n in 

rhc Kaddia valrev and.l$. .rch !o th. @th' in th€ o'bair v'll'v' 

nFt|E. is sFken d.6 Kol6i at6 P6I.! in Jalkot' 

Gob€E ..d chilas. It is prdctidllv th. dilr4t of th€ 161 tid' ot 

(ohistan h.re. IrE p.@re of (olai .dd Pdlas 3re abu Kher6 anoth" 

dnd ihe rei importlnt l6n€u.q€. iE thll ot seo Pattrn' Ktvll' 

Jijy.l and s!.ked area!. lt i. th. dialei of ihe e$i Eid' of 

rchGtan. Iht trqle !rc chioflv shah Khels A f4rth dtutt'l iE 

.aiya is c]@ly El.i.d to c.rri and lor*li ar'd e€n

a! 

ere ct@ly to the l.tqHqe d4.rib€d bv Sidduloh ui&. E B- or 

chilli3 on &.dnt ol ,hich it !! given u.d.. th€ h€ld of roruli-I 

Ih. touorinq q...Mtiel sket h ot H6iv. l. b3*d o tlE $.ci!.n 

lnd @ rh. tbt of .t id..d r.*!. 

,6uB: rh.E *r to b. !5 d4L6i6s. I. lrE fiF!' trE dn d€ 

not ch.ng€ llther lor c8. or lor nuir!€.. Th. pEp€itioB, denolt.g 

ca6e, bsing eilFlv.dded to Ih. MiEtiv.. Ih6: thi' al$ in the 

cbliqE c.a of teh li€luar. Ih6' in tft so€ciF6 € litd' td 

'mal' (prcp€rry) € qlt m.ul.n., (frc. the prcperiv) ftt6n (a 

c@ntrv), €ud" (or a .ditrv) skhh' (huq€r' b!rchh'di' (bv 

huEer). 'Dol', (a ri.Id) dola-Dlt, (in rh. tteld) 

s-tirq shiE i3 dE l.nq6se 3po*en in $E LFo€r p'd or K'hiri!' 

OiElrici, b..ides b.iiq de of th. D6in L'ngudg€s of Gilqit' Gurez 

valley ir l6eh.ir, a.bE valt€v' Yasin' Huna aid chil6' rhs 

I6nqEqe i. influerc.d to ! cr6oBbl€ 'dent bv tl€ lG3h'tri 

langGge.nd d it i3 b.i.s inltFnced bv LJ'd( tfdqh at a rortr 

..8. Shi@ h6 Giqiii Gurezi' N.tori 8rc*pa ot 0'a! a'd chiltBr 

di€lecte. In the (ohiltan otuirict, chilati dialect ir 3poken fiich 

6B6s cl@ l.*.bI.@s io the asrrci di6l4t shiro i3 6D'(en 

in 0areI, Sudar arld eri.nds dorn io langir 'nd sazine lt it soo(en 

6 a secdd lanqlage bv the inhlbitanie of rcrai and P!ra' 

Josali ln Kolai and pal$ v.ll.vs ro'Mli i3 Epdicn rorMri 

ertainlv b.Idrgs to the oardic f..ilv ad E 'ode of to'Elion ot 

th. fe.iniB and d. of $E v.rb.l for6, shd cr€rrlv th't lt r3 

.on.*ted rith Kdshtriri. It iE ho€ver, nu'n nix€d 

I! i3 ct €trrv .kid to ttE r.rEEq€ of tht I'dF vallev |hich i3

dl 

Itln-t l! 

{catirumtqx!-eL&ulldl-ulB& 

!eqr, lter. !r! ts (|.oLEtd ol.itri to (t) .nrrte.d (U) 

s&rDar eulal 

l€i..hlii, . gn. 

Gsr.Chhi€i, ot. tr did-Fz1. 

o.!.dnt-b. to . fln crrl_alaa...chht, 

d rd.n. chhtl. 

ibl.clit{, tr€. d ct'hl-F-- 

eac0ct6a 

@ {tD El ls lDl 

I. d r.-9. ri 

L f,h rl€€ i.n 

rioo i! dl t-q. t i i.l-E 

Y4 tdr io-s6 ba 

rf. lr.lr l.{'1 (,.-ke (b +x 

n t tydr tt In lt -t it{ iv.rF! 

H. tly.h tlsh te-ka 

(rFt ) 

Tlrt tlt h tira!.lr tlva_rn dv. ttvdt{_

d€..ib.d by aiddo&n undcr itE dF of Go{F. In orde. io lhd lrE 

cl6€ cdnection b.t*en th. trc 1.rEuq€ ! @lunn has b..n &ded 

io th. li3t ot st.rd.rd liordr .hdinq ttt @rep.rldinq rcrdt in 

corc..... a f6r lE@ aid p|gg6 are qi6n h.Erith .. .sar6 

ot rh. lansug.. Llle .u oth.r l.mEg6 ol tlE eubtdtiFft' 

(ohi.tani to h.d b..n sreailv inlluen.€d bv P.Eian, ar.bi. tnd 

ru.r(lc l,.r!oEs6r b.c.@ tlE4 -F the la.gl.F of th€ tuLF of 

donimtins ruling dyEti6. Il @ thor4ghlv .{ni6 !E 

count.rMrd3 of Kohiat.ni (rl!iv. in p€.iicul.r) 

ih.6 dld b€ llrilv tr o. thc. $ich d c@ld 5v sld rct b' 

fd pqEian, Ar.bi6 or rud

&!d , ---- 

l!bl. I.Il 

SI'6ULAR AIIO PLOMI IX KOIISTAXI 

siEut.r 

-_ 

-- 

q!u-!al. - 

ohi, a dlu€lt r ohi., d.ugm.6 

Dhi,a, d!!ght.r Dhia-.€l d.ughi.6 

ohinri,io . d.wht€. ohia-g.i-to d.uchi€E 

Dhi-G,lo . d.ught r Dni6-E'to t''ugh€B 

,rhala, a f.ih.. o. t.teh6ih!t6-.J. 

t th.r 6 of f!tll6' 

Oat. a1hal.-q.i, to . tlrthE o' to r'th'd' 

Abl. flhal€_n6, lM.l.th.r or fd t.th'6 

11611. . !6n, aD@r to b. deline silil.rlv 

Gho. a hoe, 9o . bullr q.En, t *{i_ 

Thc fouding ,pp..6 io be th€ delifld in tl. *F 

En..r puth, (a son) ohi (a/d.!c .r) Noukar (a s'rv'nt) ohoi (uit') 

i6ar (. doc) .?td x6ir (. bitn). IrE diMtiv' p!u'!l ot q6' $E 

q ie goi. se ruB .Ip4r io t l.' 

eith th. $N n.!.i.,g. 

rheE€ Frd.re id.nti4Uv c.d in H'z'E *li Hidko

t bl'.' t.ta 

coita8rsot 6 lt ta!i! Itl El6l,r3l|, iall!.Tfl!, 

p€tatat rI ri(Ic |.lEF 

f[rfiaL------Irbrrad- Prarfatr-Iclt&-fir.t{) 

aigi 

ort '!4,C.Fll|r.rr.iic 

Fr6i€ Pdnt r. 15

a6 

l.lL I.t! 

srnrun rciD€ oF loilttali, $rlr*tl(lr BArEAl, 

ptltlto. Urdl clD Exllrsx 

Lllo Ulo 

Erlldr 

MCn 

Eaa 

rlttr

.bl. l.L 

A FEt tlirPug 0F llolllataNt L lGrJ€E 

,ff.+t*t 

.,lV# 

Etr''4-tp2,-i 

*'4t'.tlt".bJttur 

,il,4i;rlwu ,. 

.#u6i-.rf,*-.r^*-.trr. " 

2. 

irt i. do rddrtat 

ra.. i. rlr. tr drt 

a(b.r fft io clty to 

Lr! L . ni||l 

!- i3 tb ldoFt 

viU€e ol ab..ln

pakistrn tu lrcky to ha€ areG srch 63 xohitt.n 

oiltrict. lt is a bcaltitut ritrdctiv. cdntrt h.ving a v.ried rung. 

of la.d6c.p€ ettendinq frc. cel gF.n rcuntatd v.t]ey! to v.!i 

d!..rts. It h6 sdtrll 6 toEi-d.r€d @eire, 3d€ ot d!.h 

.E ih. hiqlEt in tlE 6rld; l.riil. i..iqsted plaic, -d o. 1@ 

all kiid of aqricuttudl prodr, lo€t atd food ELri.I. rh. 

ItuE r'alley crvrlir.lid rt {qI i' achieveFn; to !€t ot trr 

Egyot oi tlE Phar&rB and to ih.t of f€lcpotatrid ,lEn 8.bvld @ .t 

!h. p€€k of itg glory. Ii ir e.id, e.peciellv afier . l6tl 

3h.pherne$ Hafu fend s gold n.cxl.c., that the pre$nt Koniltln 

Oisi.i.! renain€d a c.ntro ol civlliz.iim duriru the tim of 

lldrthins civilizatid 6 th€ 4rth. It lEs dI* op€nd d {v io. 

uEeful di$Fid lo. ih. httoriaE .nd archa6loqi33 rho c.. 

oro@ or dftprcve th€ hypodEi.. |ofii.t:n 6n Drcw io h. . 

3uitable valley fo. the fo.mr $.e ttEv rill find erc to r!. 

Ihe p€.ple of Kohi.t n oietrict spelk (ohi.t.nt' 

thlrdndki, Batt€ri and P..hto dnd hav€ l€.rnt to 

.ft.r Friition. It is ! r.iild ot lanqu€q€s ,hich hdE sD.ctdl 

int€E3t of linqlbtic roE4r.h.€ bda!4 tlE- IanqBs6 cdt.rn 

elenents rhich aE reiihef puEly lt6t.n rc. Iraniar dia r.9l,e4nt 

an ind@ndent brarch. th. 1d16rc. and its oriqin en siill b. 

fd.d. rtEre. th. lnd6 f1*; idc.iptic m 3tG €e f&id in 

3everal patu 3Eh a3 shity.ll: trE .bddo.€tt sh.hrui R..hu rec 

in the oistrict ad ndny attr.ctive ihinF are available tnd crn b. 

3tldied *iih th. a$iet.nc. of t@al n.tid buildirE d.9.rtn.ntE 

Nhich are very coooerativ. to th. 6..rch.€, irrespdctiv. of th. 

I6Dite of qredt v6lu. for ih€ hittoriant 

.rchaslcqists, linqubtle .nd seial €rN€6. rc €4rcn rcd E

a9 

$ f$ b-n codu.ted in ih. oi.trict on th. oriqi., hi.torv' 

reIiqid, t.ngus.E and dh.r ..p.cts or Xohi.t n. rlolE.Fd P.nFh 

sh.rEn i. F.rrE!6 tl€ 4lv @rciE. |no dld 4 6r* d i|r 

h$to.y ot oi.t.ict but dd to fin.rci.l c4.tEirts am 'EF 

.vailabillty ol th. requidd .nd *.ntial t!&!e.' hie ror{ i! 

y€t imo@I.i.- Ih€e are a t.r ruports of !!rv.r. cordrct€d bv tn' 

ori.ntalirts Iile c-A c.ie66, 6d.ge hds.6ti.d' tE|$' t!'t 

Jermr dnd otlE6 but us d.d furih€r tl4rch. ltE srr doe bv ' 

feo s€ol.qiEt. i3 thoqh a gocd gtlori but th'$ turv€v Eportt {lv 

flrfill th.ir ll.ited obj.6t!v... Ih€ ch.pia. b...d on the ret"rch 

cddrct d tor "$eq€ti€ (ioor.pri.t€) Tdhml' qv ro' tlE Ecdic 

Derel.p-.t or tohi.tan oi.irtcf i reith.r dtur 6r E ls! 

Frde of th. ldct3 bli ..rt.in!v it B:lI .p'n ' d6r fo' turtht' 

.!'rdy, lh. Eiudv of ihe hi.torv culiure' ltneu'g€ rcv'61 th't 

apprcpriit i*hmloqv i3 diroIv Bded fo' th' dtEIoPEnt ot tlt

A 

REEBB€46 

l. Eha!, A.E. E!r9r't-!9Ec4i:E-S!rgs-!b $.' 

Suldltted to S€ricos sld Genele] 

5. !lt!€!' G.l, 

6, rlid I P.24. 

Ad&i!1.!.ratioE !c'r.!loot! Go!!

6. 8blb3e!ilbaai-!, 0p. citi !.4?. 

9. r}j.dr ?.42. 

10. rbid, !P.42-4r, 

11. clteB.{lr c.l - I4@I_9!_@ 

Yol-v ( A.!dl4€.l ) Acctaat. 

. 

Priut€ls, 26 P4i3a lbba! ( r.v 

Ar.*etl ) !!hoF' '1t5, F47 

( h€r€al!.! clieil 0ri6Eou)l 

strv€, ). 

12.8iddu1!h, J - 84-g_ j!g_E!g!9_@!. 

I!d!s ltrblicrtrcd, 25 F.riil 

a r. !itDe!, D.rdlt€!'Op.Citi F€2. 

cbaeb€!€ | llduUah Ealod 

Bosd ' trarscbir'1917. *1n. 

14. 5b.he€o,lb!sb' Ot,.Citi !P.5142 - 

15. P.lsonat ht.rvl.t. 

a6. ahahee!, Ab3ri.!' og.cLt iPP.66-72 . 

1?. lbasrrobj.an.lr oD.citi !P.48-21' 

18. ah!h€e,lt.!i.E ' qP.CitiM4 

19. EoID$ | A.L.E - Gsette6r o! tb€ fiortb l.at 

F!o!ti6r F!o!r lalaur' apd tb. 

glrr-@-o!-!!e-er1 

FaLls d th€ Solrh.'rol-Xl. 

alinted at tb. Gov€!@eDt 

ce.tral lracb P!€ss' slrla 

Ildia, 188?' IL1OO7.

c 

?r.6bab€e!,lbainr 

2r. gb8.he€d/ lb.€iar 

24. ftldr F100 

25. Rlzvi, S.E.l 

26. VE!86, Op.citt P.45. 

27. uaJiitr Op.cili Far1. 

!l{E! tE@iaa. E r6tt€6!. 

ga.!a!a ligtrlct. Sspriot€d 

by llr€ctcat. ol rlchiros, 

Coet a! ltllr !tsbea!,199o, 

8 4r.44, ( h.nalte! cit€4 

o!.Citi P.94. 

- !g!9X9_e94_!3r9.1€.ga auotd 

!!o! sbah€€o abasi.!, P.42-47. 

Op.Ctti Hn 

- A Elatory ol Soiarcd ald 

4€cbnoloEY .ad Cult@€ b 

c@tra1 artqq ar.r sitity 

c€'ttr ( Cr )' 

"ri!ti!€ 

Coft)olati6 o! lloltier 

trtil. Id8trial rstat€' 

Poebaia., 1991 

cited &irvt, Eci.lc€ ). 

28. Eahi.ltheli,Geolosy' Op.Citi EP. ,-4, 

' H. ( b€!€att.r 

29. sbebeer, $asi-ar P.105. 

,o. G@t o! lit!!. - R6po.t d Eohi6t& Develo@€nt 

,1. covt oJ Pakirts - 

aoa:d, P & D! D.pa!t!e!t G@t 

o! !rl!P, r.3!ru.!, .S4,r_)?r 

IDlo!6ari6 l4L!1199 

!!dii€! Hoilra olasdzatt@,

,2. Iltabt' 3J Qool.d-tra BrD.. oC Edoo xo..!. 

qr.ctti P.rt. 

,r. cr.C...!@,guwT ' q.o1tt P.>?. 

,4. lL.!.6,rh..14, o!'.ottt lP.tr-66' 

tt. o!|lcrc,sErcr OD. c1li r.Fl| 

. fr , E. 2t25.

-t 

Fisu.o - 9 

TNE AIJTI.]OR BRIEFING APPROPRIAIE 

IO THE 

THEN VICE CNANCELLOR, 'ECI]NOLOGY FUNJAB UNIV€RSITY 

,Ll'.1 

1

Ch.Pt t II 

CPPF(FEI E TEfiAIEA 

rranslation: Th€n his nind nad6 th' killing 

ol h!s b.oth6r pl€a3ant to hin Eo ha killtd hin and 

b6c.s. ol th6 AIl.h sent a rav6n sc'atchins 

in !h€ 6a.th to sho! ho! h6 misht cov.r the corp36 ot his 

broth6.: said I an incaDabL€ ol b€ing 'v€n 

lik€ thiE ravon so ih.t I night cow€r the corp!' of nv 

broth..- A.d r6moEsfut F' 

Ih this vors€, th. eur.h describes the incid€nt 

of !he murdo. of llabcc! bv th. hand of his b'olh6' 

o3b€€I, both sone of ad.m, th6 firs! han on €a'lh' as 

thiE {.3 th€ first m!rd.r, in fact th€ f;'3t d'ath on 

€arlh, ths n!rd6ror did noi knor whai to do {ith th6 

core3o and stood puzzlad {h.. 

b€atrng hr3 

sDo!t uith the rand, i.6 .tpo.inq the mgthodologv ot 

cov€.ing tho 3oil. P6rhaps' eab€€l Has lh! 

fi.st human on earih kho usod th6 r€chhique ro"ov6rins 

a co.ps€, and the €valuttion of t€chnoloqv b€9" fron 

thi3 day. Oabeal ras nor onlv lh6 firsr murda'a' b!i ar36 

th. t!.st tcchnotosist. rt is also o6ntioned in th6 Horv 

Pa.adis.. God tord !h6n. 

th6 tiD. ot.xpslli^q Adam

a: ,,, 4,2 ./,-:,.n 

t aJ:lt t- .1-,. ()tt - 

.rii"Ll Jtet-ilJlr}tr 

,--,i,, ,-i,. ,, 

,t)3t 4))-rr nJia_ 

b rjlit 

and th.i the.6 shall ro. man nauqht .xc6pt what 

.nd thal his .nd€avour sh.lr 

lhere aft.r h6 sh.ll b. r€cohp€ns {ith th. tu1rest 

Adan:nd hiE child.en (rac€s) grsw in nlmb.r o. rh6 la^d 

!ith the or63.nt siructure ol bodv anonq b€.3rs and *tld 

enenies. nany ol rhich a.€ available now a davs- Life on 

earrh las vory tolsh and .iskv Th6 huma. b.inqs at rhai 

iihe had no rarm clothi^s, sh.Itar and h€allng svstem ro 

prot€cr thei. !ives trom cold !n ui^ter- Sinila'rv' lh6 

suhmer {as .!3o thoir ehenv 

sid6. i e hot 

season- i^.ects 6tc. Hos€vsr, aE population nultlDli6d at 

th.v lea.n6d !o improve th€i' sta'da'd of 

Iif€ by innovation and h.rd wo.k. 

graduarly can. Lo the s6rwic. of 9sopl6 :^d tribes D'€ 

to wild habi:E, behaviour and actions of th€ t'!b€s and 

non-€xisto.c€ of connunication links, !h6 tlchnolosv of 

lhe inv6ntor!. which las Iiiit.d to th6ir protactr'n 3nd 

hunting ot !nimaI5. Has confin€d to th6 itibas onrv' 

Hor€v€r Hith of tiF€ and sronih of 

aivir;zation. 

ol !h€ crart3n'n 

and more sophieticared dle ro rh€ Nransf6f ot the skille 

tn iha anciant Period' EYstehs of 

{rittnq did not 6xi5t. craai.nanship Ha3 confined to 

pariic!rar fan!Iies- as i. rhe case 

nodsrn !6.1d in najorirv of th€ c:3€s' i-6 farhEr

t.a.st..r.d his knorl€d96 to hi. childr€n by practic!! 

iraiîng. Th€ maEt€r also did !o ro his.pp.€ntic. but h. 

nu3! h.v6 kepi a 16! fin6 point. to htn36l,r in ord.. ro 

r€nain th. top nast€. o. .i l..Et suD.rior in th. 

o.ol€ssio^ of krcNl€d96 thm his pupil, A! lhi.9r.histo.ic 

.9€, tro t.tb63 on th6 basis ot 

.q!.Il!y and s€lf-respact ias not o6ssibl.. 

acco.ding to r6cords, t.chnotogv in son. 

.ldlh.ntary forn Bas availrbl. in .s ea.lv as 3ooo 3c 

o.vi65 in his r€port on An ovtlin. Historv of th€ l4orld 

d.ires 'r.sa.din9 th6 .l.v.nth Egyptian.Dvnaslv (about 

2160 3c), a canal conn6ci.d ih. no.th 6nd of th6 R.d 3.a 

ritn th6 n€a.est b.3ncn of th. NiI. in the Eas!6rn o.lt! 

qh.r. lhe .iv€r divic63 into nanv nouths. ThoE th. 

1'1.dti6.ran€an and th. R.d s6a €r€ conn€cted and th. 

s!62 canal had ov.r foqr thous.nd v63.s 

Elt probably th. mo3t st.ikins adv..c. of th. 

a9€ a.3 in lit€raturo, Ina.. u.r€ rol15 

va.!aty ot subjects, sci6nc., n.th6matics, n.dicin.' 

history, rhgolosy a.d cw.6 liction -. The land rt. not' 

lhan ths.equir€m6nts and h€nc., lr€. ot cosl.0s. ro 

acclmulation of w.alth {!s not pos3ib!' 

Th6 lenpsralure of th€ earth {.3 not so nlch in favour or 

i!3 .6Eid€nte as it i3 3inc! th€ last tou._tlv. 

ce^to.i€5. The way fo. rh6 ro.k ot acianc€ and t.chhologv 

Ha3 !.v6d by the G.€€k int6llectu.Is d!ring th€ir tir.t 

3cholarly ase rhich sDrdad ov.. tto hundred v..'3 f'ot 

ac to 4th c6.tu.v ac. ou.ins this as€' th.v

91 

courd nor d€v.lo9 earticuta. t€chnolosy as rh6i. uo.k r.s 

conftn€d to Lhinking onIy. Ouring this p..iod, c.66k 

philosoph6rE pr.s.n!ed s.v€r.l th.ori6s, ?o.nula6 and 

concepts 16r.r€d ro various fi6lds of tit. lhtch rer. 

Nidery acc.o!.d. rn rh€ s6v6nth c€ntu.y ac., rhal€ 

d6finitio^ ol lit. a3, all thlngs have 

wate. lt, rhen plato and A.i3-totle, rh! 

thilGoph€8, .dv.nc.d furrh6. h!n.n rhousht 

and produc.d rh. 3ci6nc6 ol cov€.nhcnr_ rh. s.cond age 

ot Gre6k int6tl.crlaIs rhich ..r.in6d t.on 2nd ro 3.d 

ceniu.y ao, rhoughr on 3ci.nc. and 

Ir is Forth d.scribl^s ihar lik. th. o..€k 

Schoois, innov.tions and d€v.toDn.nr of ner and inDrovad 

r€chioiogy !.r! in progr€ss in rh6 orh€. n.tions, thoush 

on individ!.1 basis. Soap !€chnolosy ka3 d.v.top€d in 

6aikai valI6y (p.I€stiê) in rh€ fi.sr c.ntq.y AO. rn 

Egypt, du.ing pharaohs rul6, son6 d€vatopr€nt in 

r.chno109;€s, oa.ticularly i. Hi6.ogtyphic i.. 9icru16 

!.itins and Hi€r.tic i.6 c!î€lo.m Iansuag6 tr.r. nade. 

They devgloped .tone and sort mar€.ial for {.1tins. 

Chinos. {.r€ mor..dv..c6d rhan 6r..ks ih a f6r 

E€chnordgi63. rh€y knew Iar of g.aviry b€fo.. tha G.eeks. 

silk sooo years :9o and €xporrgd it ro Ronc 

They r6co.d€d mov€m€nts ol all conets, 

€xcgpl r&o b€for€ !h€ comm€ncing ot cenrury sy.t€D. Th6y 

Hater driv.n 6ills rhich r... us.d by 

ihovsa^d y€aB l.ta.. IE ai Lun, inv6ntod 

usins Drintins t6chnology a.d

9un pohd€r rnich N.r! transt...€d to Arabs in !h.9th 

tloors orousht th. Drp.r manufacturi69 

t6chnology t6 €uror. in t.h. rzth c.ntu.y. lh. chin€s€ 

tnvent6d lithography. a technolosy of printing on Eolt 

ston€ abo!t 2ooo y...s 3c. Th€ chine!. also toraulatrd 

th. sci€nc. of m.dicin€s. 

h..baI and ac!puncr!.e a.e the conti.uation of th. 

c6nturi€s old chin6s€ adva^c€m€nt in th€ fi.ld ot 

6.dicin6. Th€ applic6!ion ol acuD!nct!.e sy3t€n to. 

h6alth tr€alhent h!3 remain.d i. us6 to. norc than 2000 

y€ars. Ih. Chin€s6 d.veIoo.d th€ir oln knorl€dqe ol 

3cience and L€ch.ology in isolation and kcpt a!1 

d6veloom€nr i. secracy.ut k6.€ .av€aL€d to oth6r nations 

alt€r a lonstine, Th€ hisio.y or Pe.lia is 

sooo y€ars, The p€r.ians dov€loped th. art and {rtltng on 

3!n d.i€d clay, ca.oet r.kins t€chnology a.d don. 

''In rh€ aso or Abb.sid6 (749-t?54 AD), Caliph 

rlanoon ur Rashid 6!t.b!ish€d aaitul Hilnah, th6 first 

.cad€nic Nlclels in 9th c6ni!.y aD- Ih! academic Nuc16u3 

*L 

h3d th€ follouinq thr€e sections-". 

Iranslarion ol original Porks into a.abic. 

ori9i..l ko.k t. th. fi€td or aft. 

Iii€.ato.6, sci6nco .^d t€chnoroqv. 

In the acad€nic Nocl.us ma.v6llols rorks {6.. 

don6. B€sid€3 tran3lati.g val!.brs books, rot ol {ork in 

h6dici.e. a!lronomy, grosraphv, aI9.b.a and s 

done. rn !h€ ricld kork, l€chnologv rts 9iv6n 3p€ctar

altcntion. G.od6sy. !.e sci..c. oi 

gainod parti.olar inportan... Fo. 

ob3..v6!ori6s in aaghdad and Damascu3 r€f€ 6st.b1i3hed. 

Abdul Hass.n invent.d. t€1€scop€ irod a tub6 and Ib.ahin 

Al-Fazari consrruct.d.n astrolabe. Th. Arab€ ap'rt fron 

d6v.loping n.asur€6.nt t€chôlosles' also conduct.d 

r6sear.h .nd d€v.Iopme.r in oth€r t€chnolosi6' 

apofopriat! to th6n at rhat 69€. eegarding India' ihsv 

did not .acord th€ir advanceno^t, 

o. sctenc€, !€chnolosv o. .€Liqion !n writt€n lo'm for 

a long tin€, only in ihe slh c€ntu.v ao' th€v conprl'd 

th.i. sci€ntific rorks in saddhantas tnd Karana The book 

on nedicin€s kas con9latad bv che'aka rn ast'o'oov and 

.unb€rs! ih6y made adva^ces. Ths :^dian3 did 'ot keeo' 

th. kno|Igdg€ s€cr6t. 1n Europ6' tlr€ ..rlv a9€ i3 callod 

'Tho as6 oi oarknoss' .nd no {orlhnentioning 

so ra. b€6n mad6 d!.inq this p..rod 

Alt€r roclssins soh€ lishi on the aarlv a9€' r! 

is approp.i.to to 6v.Iuate tha later 'ge rhich shifted 

troh Gr€€k o. Rttionalism' ch':5tianitv' Hunanrsn 

R.naissanco, secula.!3n' Elhoren, Hunan Ri9htE' 

D6nocracy, socialish, Na!ionalism and Isram' Ev€rv as' 

prodlced 3on6 adva.c.s in !6chnorosv and 

to rh6 succ.edins lge. In Eutop6 

dsvoropm€nt (R & o) ot t6chnoloev htd be'n cond!cr€o 

upio Iooo AD, th. age of 

d6v.lopm6nt of t.chnologv in a svst'matic {'v b€gan 

durins th€ tq€ of Rsnaiss.nc. (140o AD - r600 A0) in 

Hhich.eligion 

tron th6 3rata 'lfair3' 

A:

a n€w.ud.r form ol sociely took shap6 in th. t{est, Th.r. 

{a3 a 9reat pion...in9 ro.k in the cl6.r!^9 of fora3rs 

and lranps fo. !.ttl6nent a.d sohe crucial inv€ntio.s 

(hor.-colla., sii.rup. he.vy plo{ and lind lheers) {.f. 

.ither inv.nt6d 

o!.in9 ihis as€ of R..aissanc6, Eu.ope st.rt.d 

conr.crs rith ih. o!t3id€ {o.ld, pa.ticula.ly the Islanic 

ko.ld. It also a li!6.ate class rhich C.v. 

full a!t.ntion !o th€ dev€l.pn..t .f !.chnologi*. In 

r3rh c.ntury aD, p.ople kner about ce.tain t.chhol69i.. 

blt d!. to stave.y and rid€ .p.€ad ln-6nplovn€nt, th.rg 

!€16.o inc6ntiv€6 lo save hun.n labou., h.nce no s€rtou. 

aLLantio. ras 9iv.n to d€v6topn.nt 6l t6.hnologieE' ln 

r35O AO. ih€ black olagu. k!llld one-lhi.d of Europ.an 

pogulation and o.v.d way for labour s.vins technologv 

1ik€ !rt6..heels.tc. val!able eEs€n!i.1 tacts r.r€ 

r€v€ll.d durins thos6 days. {hich oe.n6d th. ti.ld to. 

the conins sene.ttions. In ih. lSth ceniurv, research on 

ne{ t6chnologi€! {as cxp.dit.d and !h. .tfici6ncv of 

oato.ial ras inc.6as€d €rl€ctiv.Iv- Knolledge i.3 

cr€at.d, accumulat6d and spr..d accordi.g 

dasir€, Intellectual environn€nt 4a3 cr.at.d for 

t€chhologists and 6v6rv possibl. taciliti6s P6'€ provid'd 

In tho lTth c€nrurv. also catt€d a centurv ol 

sclEftitic revolqtion, ths climat€ of lho .ar!h b.cam' 

sui!.bl.,mo.€ and no.€ betior ro. th6 phv.ic.I and brain 

attriblt.s of ln Europ.. €ducati6n6l 

inEtitutions !6r. op€nad from plac€ !o plac...d emphasl3

9A 

!.s shil!.d to th. obJocttv. knowl.dE. of socia] and 

natural 3ci€nc.3 rhtch i. 3ti1l contin!ins and 

d.v6loen.nts a.6 b.ins ftad€ d.y by d.y. In th€ s.n. €.a, 

r6s€arch on cooperativ€, nutu.t and individua! b..i3 s6.. 

.ncourag.d .nd tlic roNer ol t€chnology ,as adEirt.d.rh€ 

rnduslri.1 F.volution Hhich rook plac€ in 1760 in E.sland 

wrs lh€ r6volution ot tlcnnoIogY 

larg€ scal. in big a.cio.i.3 rith th€ h.lp of st..n por.. 

r!3 possibl.. sto.o pore. t.E the cat.lyst of Ind!6t.ia1 

R.volurio^ uhich n.d€ pos6ible for n€n ro in3tall 

industri€s wh.r€ ..x haiorial, labour o. na.k.t eero 

av.ilabl€.iho li..b f€atu16 ot the.cvolution, which ra3 

in fact th6 dev€Iopn€nt of technologv, 

d.v.lopn.ht, ind!!tri€s r€1.llng to cotton production 

i. Engl.hd but.ft€r int.oduction ot n6d 

!€chno1ogy in the li.ld, indu.t.i€s tu.n.d oot no.. cl6th 

lhan Engt.nd n6ed.d. In th. sam€ p.riod i.€ l760 A0 

Engla^d inpo.t6d about tou. nillio^ pounds cotton in 

lal5 abou! on€ hundr.d fit!..n nillio^ and 

la4o she impo.ted fiv€ hundr.d miltion poqnds ot cotton 

ror makins cloth rhich {a3 6xpo.t€d 

prod!ci_s ard oth.. couhtri.3 ". Ind.ed. it \.5 Lh. 

Epplicaiion of ned and ihprov.d t€chnologv rhich.n.bl€d 

€ngland !o oar^ biIIio. of poqnds t.on !€xiil. t.ade. 

Thls ua3 th€ ttm. 4h.n i.cnnologv oas divid.d inro 

ditf€rent kinds. i-.., 

Ia!.sL or sophi3tic.rod

99 

Th. low cost or l6ss capital 

int.rnediat. i€chnolosy. 

Th. prinitiv€ o. traditional t.chnology. 

Yh. Europ€an cdntr163! particut..ly Ensland, 

nod.rn technology, rhich is the rorld s most 

.strumenl for gov..nins oth€r naliohs. 

In th. n€rcantili3t e..iod (lsoo aD-l7so aD), 

Eu.op€ utiliz€d €ne.qi63 tn 3.€king ner mr.k.t3 lor the 

industriaL o!tput and inpo.t.d .ar mat€.ial at cheaper 

rat€s. Fqll attention was glv.n to the in3i.I!.tion and 

ext6nsion ol indlstrial unit3 which k.r. po3.ibl. aftar 

lhs inv€ntioh of r€quir6d .1loys. E!rop€ accunulated a 

lot or r..1th ..d concenL..i.d €ffo.t3 0n R & D of .e{ 

and b€tt6. n.thods of p.oduction. They 6st.bli!h!d th€ 

.equir.d br.nches of tgchnolo9i6s in th6i. .dlcation 

institution6 and €ncouraq€d t.chnologists in !h.ir R a D 

in one lay o. th€ oth€r. rh€i. n.jo. objectiv.. r€f€ noi 

ohly th. di3cov..y of her t6ch.olosiBs bui in rost c.3.3, 

fu.th€. d6v€lopnant of th€ axisii.g techôlo9i.3. Ihis is 

th€ aqe ot lechnolosy b.cau36 on on. sid6, it 

manufactq.6d ch6ap soods .nd on th6 othef, it c.6at€d a 

s€rious gap b.tFoen L6chnologically d€v€loD.d and 

technorogically poor counrri.s. 

lh. p.osress in t.chnolosy and Industr:.I 

R€vor!tton divid€d th€ nati.on3 

d6v€lop€d, th. s.mi-d€v6Iop6d and lh€ und.r-d.v.1oped. 

The iechnolosical sao aff€ct.d th€ d6vaIoo.d, sert- 

d6w€loD6d and u^der-d.v€loP.d 

direciion. Tha count.ies lik. Bansladesh, khos€ balahce

too 

ot olyn.nt was su.p1!i, though t..d€ !6s hot c:..i€d on 

rh6 san.:cal€, becan. n.gallv..nd tha.esou.c.s shit!.d 

ro rh. developed {orld !h!c inc.c.sing th6 t6chnologica} 

9.0. Th. c.us€s of rh. pov.fty ot th6 dev€lopin9 

cocntr!.., are hish g.owth .ate of pooul.tioa, 

t^.lrtcisnt lead6rship, backr.rdness in €.bcatio. lnd 

blck|..dh.ss in r€chôlogy. Th6 t€chnoIogy bifu.cat.s 

th.3. ..tions i.to indq3t.i.I and asricuttural h.tion., 

Th€ ind!st.iaIly devolop.d oo!nt.i6s inport raw n.t..1.1 

for th.i. industrios tron agrica!!urally bas€d count.i.. 

ai ch.ap.r rat€ and 6xport th6lr manufactur6d goods at 

tha .ales d€cid€d by th€s€ count.ies. In najority ol th€ 

cas.., th. deweloped countri.3 fix the p.ic6s ol inpo.t 

and .xoort goods at thei. di!c..tion. 

fi.!t half of ths cu.rsnt c.ntury and att.r lh. 

indusrrial .evolution, io.c o. t.ss all th6 pr€36ntrv 

ind.p€^dent nations 06ra coloni6s of nation3 lik. 

aritain,th. N.th€rlands, Fr.nc6 €tc. after 6sttbll3hinQ 

th€ir o{n sovereignity, th6 l..d.r5 ot the36 nationtr.r. 

igno.i69 dovelophent in iach.ologi.s.rn Pakistan, th. 

d.w.lopm6.tal plans d6.€ u5.d to b€ financ6d Hith th. 

fo.6iEn aid .ight f.om thq b.gtnni^q. rh€ 

.3e!r6d tho nation in th. !ixti.3 tha! 95i ol tht 

p.oj.ctsd prarc kould b. lin.nc.d nith th€ internrl 

rasolrcca by !945. As ke kno( in 1992, lhe 

F.kista. has not only fih.^c6d th. Phol. .nnu.l 

d€v€loonsnt pla^ lith Lh. to.6i9n 633istanc€ bui al3o a 

djor oo.rion of th€ Daynont o? 3ala.i€s ar6 b€ing n.d. 

6t!.. borroring fron th6 ror!i9h gov6rnn€nts. don..tic

tol 

b.nk3 and orh.r lina.cins inltit! 

SzJ biltion ha3 b66n bo..ow.d by 

dcv€loped narion and th.i. 

Pooutaiion in prki3ian inc..as6d tron 32 

n!1),ion ro !2o h!lrion du.ing rh. Iast 45 y.a.s and i3 

inc.easinq A 3.rt ann!ally i.6 durins th6 

alona 3.?2 nillion childron uill be born and this dill 

inc.ease th6 Dorulation ro 123.72 nillion in 1993. The 

ircreas€ is be r.el6r in rh. coning y6ars, 

2,2* of rh€ pop!tation which n!hb6r to 31,0o,ooo_ is 

al.eady !nenptoy€d, causing s.rious threat nor only !o 

Idi and o.d.r bu! increasingly cr€atins olh6. problems. 

ror€over, Hi!h Iess dv.ilability of €nployn€nt 

oepo.tuniti.s, th€ national tal.nt is b6i.9 !.3t6d, 

sim!I..!y, the .arional r6sourc.s rh6thB. 

s.arc€ or in shifti^s ro th. d6v.Iooed 

nations at fast€r rat6. Potirically, th. natioâl 

position b6can€ obvious wh6n it accgpied iho d.nand of 

th€ d6v€IoD€d narions in na!lon.1 and int€.national 

foruns r€1.!ing to forei9. and in som€ cas€. €v€n 

inter.al po1ici6s. ln the 197O., 

counrries .6al ised 

hodern/sophi3!icat€d techôlooy tor the d.v.Iopn€nt ot 

nati6n- tn 

rnr€.m€diat€ TEchnorosy o€v61opm€nt Group ( ITDG ) 

influenc6d th6 rhi.d world ^.tions- Par!icula.ry ,h€16 

popuration !3 increasins at an €xplosiv€ .at€3, for 

suited !o th.i. 1ocaI condiiio.s.:

\02 

In Pakist.n, r!.chu]a! (tbrylH aDd othe! e.it.rs.!e 

trotivatinr rhe peopl. pert6i.itr3 to att !6tkE of llf6., 

lik6 .ngln.e!3, ecoDooists, p6t lticiaD aad cove!@.nt to 

g1v. att.ntion to the conc.lr ol app.opriat. t.chnology 

{AT) in solvlng plobleo! r.latin! to thet! socio- 

.coDooics, political a.d .v.n d.fence aspects, 

IITAT IS 'NIEMEDIATE TECANOIOCY 

T..dc on scientitt. b.sis ?.8 3r.!t.d by rhe 

Eu.op6oa co{nt.i€s ?ith both Asi6 and Are!ica in rhe 

pe.iod, 1500 A,D, to 1?50 A,D, Durir4 tbis p.riod, th. 

Europeans nade thei! balance 6f psylent surplus by 

sta.tin4 lDport of .ar n.r..ial and exlor. of 

o..ulactured good5. They coorl€rely bdned th. .xporr of 

p.€cious D.t.la like gold sid silv.r and exrlact.d tot of 

{ealth ?rob other nation6. In th€ second halt of rh€ larh 

centuryr h.r.antilisn l.sr itE iEporrance and a p.fiod of 

indivldu6lisn beAan rhlc! r6n6in6d uptit the bctinninS 6f 

the 20th ce.tu.y. Du!lnR this leriod, Industrial 

eevolurlo! occulred riich po33ible p.oductton.! la.Ee 

scale ,1tb nachines .u! by sr€.a po'er.a Fo. disposin3 

ot nanufactu.6d goods aad irporrirE of .ar nar..i6l for 

keepin, th opelatios th6l! Eiant venruleg, th€t 

nonogolished their trade {ilh orhe. c.unt!ieE by 

controlllng thei. !a!kets .nd .v.a did not hesit!re in 

aDnexinE th. rhol€ count.y !ith rililary pos€r a3 ,!s t.he 

case o! East India CoDp.ny in India. 

86for€ th. b.rchenrslisr pe!iod, du. ro Ioss 

requirenents, the balan.e of payn.nt of a najo.i!y of the 

nor developint countrt.s Has in equilib.iu!. The

103 

aa!icultural produc. '.s .noulh to D..t tn. n.tional 

r.qui!€Eont3 tDd.rtl..a3 h.d.uf!ici.nt.kltt to pfodlc. 

toodr rl!h th. avrtl.bl. rndis.dou! t.ehroloai.r, but 

6fi.! th. lndu!t!i.l R.voIution, th. 3lturtiotr e.. 

r.v.r3.d. Du. to D.33 production by th. !.chin.. .t 

ch.6p.r rat.., th... .!tti.d. fall.d to rurwiv.. th. 

p.itritiv. t.cbholoay e.r not .bI. to cooD.t. rith th. 

Iat.8t on€. Tha!.io.., not only rh.s. .rtt.rn blr ^1.o 

Lh.ir counrri.s b.cu. poor.. lnd poor.r, 

A! chls occ.sion, th. .conoliEt8 and 

technolo!isrs.clated to both d.w.lopcd and d.v.loping 

cou.cli.sr ..co@.nd.d t.chnoloti€E shich suit to th... 

d.w.lorina countli.a socio-.conoaic condi!ron3, 

In d.w.Iopind countrl.., th. 

coaditioDs .r. ditt.!.nt tlor tho.. 1. th. d.v.loD.d oac! 

{hich .!. th. c.Dt!.. of knosl.da. and innov.lloD.. A. 

t.chnology ls r.l.t.d to tb.3i.a. ol .oclo-.conolic 

d.v.1op!.nt, h.nc., rith tb. d.welopr.trt ot . 3oc1.tv 

rron on. st6t. to rnoth.!' t.chnoloay e13o tr.n5lo.n.d 

Its.la rcc6rdtnt to th. !.qurr.d situailot. tithoul 

t..nslo.nailon of th. so.i.ty'3 soct.L econoric, 

cuttural aid .ducationrl 3ktlI3 and oth€. .€t.t.d 

facro.s, t.choology of oth.r n.tion. ofi.n aff€ct.d 

.dw..scly th..dopt.d n4tione .rploy!.nt aDd lnco!. tev.L 

and cr6at€s .vitr at s€v€ral frottE. It naJoritv of thg 

css€s, 3o!hi3tic.t.d t.chaology is unrult.bl. to th. 

d€w.1opinE n.tion!. It do.. not n..n th.t Eodern 

t.chioloaf t3 b.lha r.ac!.d rrthoul ....!v.ilon3 to !h. 

developlng countr i.. lorettn .id.d 1ar3. Ecale

104 

industlieE are capttal atrd Bkilf intensive, Deed le3E 

labour aDd c.e.t. in.qu.lltl6., not,otrIy oh iadivldual 

basis but also oo ..gton.I b.siE. Stcel i. coDsid€rad .3 

p.e-requite fo! indust!i.l d.v.16pr.nt. laki3ia4 ha3 

bullt up a st..l bill n..! Po.t Yuh.rlad ain Q.EiD 'ith 

biltion of rupee.! . mjo! p.!t of qhich con3isted ol 

foreitn exchgnae, At th. tiD6 ol its installation, th. 

trodeln technology Eupport.r. cI.iEed ne? v!stas for 

Pakistan in th. ft61d of indultrlal nachinery after the 

cooptetion of this dltI but aft.r th. conpletion of thiE 

nitls in l9az i! is c.1l.d A ohit. cl.ph.tt. It tave. 

loss of Rs:1.6 biuion to th. n.ilo!6r excheque! in 1988_ 

a9 ,hile th€ lotal buda.t of Balu€histan, the larae3t ol 

the four plovinceE of P6ki.tan, s.5 .lptoxioatetv RE: 6 

billion du.int thc s.!. yea!"'. 

Th. IT creates self-!.lisnc. ln tho countlv is loP co3t, 

uiiltzes only loc.l Est.ri.l And lcas capilal but Dore 

nen. Pate! Reid' head ol th. CoEnlttE€ of ITDC' t! 19?4' 

s6ys in his leport subiltt.d to the Coveln!€nt ot 

Paklsta!, 'The conc€pt of rnt.rFGdlate Technoto6v is 

sirglei it is a t€chnoloBt {hl.h lica betkeen priDltiw. 

.urat netbode and th€ 3ophl3tic6t.d ca!ital intenstv. 

techaologr der.loped and exPoltcd bv ihe highlv 

indust.lalized n.tion.. It involv.3 the a?!licarion of 

t,entieth centulv kn6*l,.dt. ttrd Eki11s to develo!, 

p.ocess and techbolocr c.prble ol opelation a.d 

sainlenance by unsLiII.d coMunitleE in dev€lo!ing 

cou.rries. This involves lh. eEttbli3htent of d..ign 

criterta and sultable t.chnical esuipnent

o5 

'bich b. produc.d .t . eo.t rlthln th. ..e. ot loc.t 

co@uDtti.!. It .upport. tb. rctirlti.s ol r.lion. .n

uda.t !..ch.d ror. rh.n i 600 rtllioa 4!nu.lly! rso 

huDd!.d p.opl. s.r. Fo.ttna th. rorl.l ow.! sith .o.. rh.D 

3a'O00.upport.!. h Bltt.tn.lo^.. ITDG h.! vork.d ir 

!or. rhan 60 counrli.. iA it. tt!!t qu.ri.r. 1lE c.oqp 

h.. ..v..!1'holtr-osr.rt s.bsidi.!1.6 lo. iu!s.!!n.trna 

Lnfor!.tlotr, .xt.ndlnA h.lp tn policy !6king .!d 

ilp.rtitra h.IniDa. Tn. obJ.crlv. ot rh. cloup ls, to 

d.v.lop.nd p!o!or. rnt.!!.dl.t. r.chnoloaie. .oD.-rb.!. 

b.te..D rh. !ic&t..!d rh. coobtn. harv..t.r, 

ITDC.lr.rs aqppo.t.d slatt, th.o!.ttc.lty .Dd 

pr.cticdlr !..!ibre p.oj.crs aid .!au€d aS.inst tb. 

to!.tt! .id.d hua. p!oJ.ci!. Thts organir.rlo. oat.n, 

rlthout involvtra tt!.1f, inv6lv. .nd en.ou!.g. rhe 

p.oplc, p..ttcul,.!ly of poo! !.Aton3, both th.or.ric.l,ly 

.nd ?..ctlcally lD ti.td 

'ork. 

to.t ol tha Atl1c.n, 

,r31an .nd latln AD..!c.n counrli.. ar. b.n.tittlna !!o. 

tbi. orouptE actlvlti.. ln Inprovini rh.i! socio-.cotro.t. 

Etandard sith th. av.ll.bt. ..sou!c.. ot !.r .nd 

o.t.rial. It rork! qith th. .s.nci.. sortlna in 

.pprop.i.t./inr..!.dl.t. t..hnolo3r tn th. irt.rc.r ol 

poof co@unitier. Alrhouah rn. tTDc h.3 b..D sorklaE for 

qualte! ol a t.t it is tltrl. 

kôen.!onC th. poor co6ouDiit... It i. dis3eltn.rinA it3 

llt.!atu.. ln Enali.h lnd it5 .xp.!rst rho !!. usu.llt 

.ntin..!.! n.int.ln ..Iation. r!th only s.nio!/htth.! 

r.nk offi..!. dulina th.i! visi13 t6 th. d.v.lopint 

c6untri.3.tf ITDG could t!.r31.r. it5 .ont!tbutionr in 

th. n.tl.n.I or l.cal l.n8u.a.s in th. d.v.Iopina 

cocntli.sr li eould r.Eov. ..!y b.!!t.ra, Lo.at socist

10? 

.cleniisls ol th. paltn.r oltenizetlon in th6 P!oa!.@. 

car bc trainsd, qhich rould 9!oduc. ve.y us€ful .€Eult5, 

ADV^NTAGES OF INTERUEDTATE TECrNOLOCY 

The Int.!!.d i.i. l..hno Iotr eben practiced, b.a 

3.v.ra1 .dvdtage6 fo. th. !.33€3 of nr.l ard u!b.n 

..c.3, a les ol rhich p..t.l!lng to less dev.lop.d 

countries are bii.f.d a! unde!: 

1, Lo* cost Tachndl.rv !or. than 50* population l30X in 

car. ol Pakistan) of atEosi .ll d.v.lopint couDtli€E i3 

dilectly or indilec!1y .rtsa.d i. 4g.lcufture dnd ad.o- 

besed indust.ies. x.j6rlty o? th. ftlrers ..e poor aDd 

c.nnot affold to purcha3. or hi!6 high cost !od..n 

t.cbaologt fo! ilc..asina th.i. !.od!ces. sinil.rlv, 

ru..] c!.ftsren $d t.chnlcian3 h.ve bee! sev.f.It 

d.pressed by th€ Laadlord., polltici4Ds 4!d .eligioug 

l.aders fo! .ertu!i.8. Th.y need 1o, cost irPlerentt 

are appropriat. to ch.1r r€Eourc.s 

'hich 

SuiisbiritY to Locrl co.ditioas 

l..hnototy ib th€ d€v.1oplnd coun!!ica, Particufallv In 

tie .u.al areas, Ehould b. suited to the focal 

coadittols.For er.Dplei du. to lratlgntation of I.nd, 

4pplicati6r of sopiisticlt.d technolo4v is teith.. 

p.!.tic.ble nor d€3i!.bl., lt crn b.tter helt tbe osn..s 

ot s6all holdints fo. tuting. 

Sirple !o ope..t6 rnd x.intain: xaiolitv of 

poputatl6n of the d6v6]oping count!i.5 ls lIltierata, In 

PaklEtan. the corpound lats of lli..acv i3 26 i In th. 

rurat 6re.5' the 5itu.tlon of llt.rtct i3 ve.v h.p.lest.

108 

rh. c.jolitr ol !qr.l popul.tion..nnor op.!.t. .dd 

lalntrln sothl.tic.r.d t..hnoloay. Th.y ou3r d6 it tt 

tb.y ,.nt to ..i.. th.lr rt.nd.lrr ol l!!.. 

R.ducrF. cl^.. prlf.!.'...: La!t. .c.I. p.oduction 

cr..t.s c1... dilf.!.nc., Th. inco.. ol th. couulltt 

!o.! into a t., h.nd. h.vidr cont.ol ov.! th. p.oductlon 

t.chnoloay, Th. bil .ntrcpr.!.u., rp.cl.llt in rh. c.a. 

ol d.w.loping court!i.s, .xplolt tb. l.bou! c1... 

ruthlq..l,y. Ap..t a!o. c!..titra otb.r diaadvAntaa.., 

.opht!tl,c.t.d t.chnoloat 1. .lao conride..d on. ol th. 

daJor c.u..3 of in.qu.t dirt!ibutloD ol r..Ith in a 

5. C&.tj.!r lole hDtoreDt o'Dldtunrtr..: rntertr.dl.te 

t.chnotogy .r..t.. ror. .!ploro.at oDpoltuntti.. a. 

.n.!!t|.. q.. ,ocu...

9 

109 

soctar .viIE a.6 

olganiz.tlons rhele th. 3t!.narh of erproy... !s ted 

trore, ?orn.tioD of s labour union is 

pernitt.d, unfo.tu.arely, th.!. 1abou. uni.n,3 instead of 

Dakint f.i! ba.gainirg i! rh. tDr.lest of eaptoy.eE,!d 

.arErra outluti afe loerly l.volwed in und.sirabte 

actiwltl.s Itt. seDelot.t!i&c! .rd tbus c!ea!tn, r!, and 

10. Flu.tu.tion in suppr?: Duc to sudd€n b..akdo,n in 

tbe sulplt of lroductE .f l.rg. Ecate ood€rn indusrries, 

tne p!ic.3 ol the p.oduct. ao up and iI.l! shorrrge 

c.€ate3 unce.r.tnty .nd p.EEinisD. Today both the 

develop.d aod dew€lopint countli.s a.6 factrg e seve.e 

th.eat to lh.i. syster€ du. ro thc fact6r .f un€lpLoyn.at 

and eneray daficl.ncy. fh€ plaDn€rs of the3. countries, 

se4rch fo! solutioa.f ih. pr.bfees and ihu3 sublit 

p.oposals fo. creation ot Do.. jobs in ih€ public .Dd 

They.€co!o.rd r6re us€ of th. ci.ap 

facto. of productioD i,. I.bou. {hile l.ss us. of rhe 

like enerdy and .apital. ?hi. is done 

for tappinl .atural .es6!rc.s, s4wind envt!onr.nt frob 

neg.tiv. clf.ct and.!pba3i.in8 6n ledisr.ibutina of 

o€.rth. Th. pl.ces wher. .ophtsric.red r..hbology i3 

conside.ed re AT, it should b. accegred. AT iE nor 6nly 

IT it i6 also th€ technology {h1cb suits bEsr rhe toc.I 

codditionE l..espective ot p.tririve, inr6rnedl.Ne o! 

ood..n .ophisticeted tecbnoloay.

110 

sflIra FRot{ rxTtRtrnrrTE ffcExotocy to 

ATPIIOPRTA'E TECENOIOCY 

Techaolo{r i3 u!.d by oan Eince hl! c!.srion on 

ihis plaret ltr o!d.. to !ofv. probleE. bt usint 

approp.l.t. skills, lior.v.r, It ras E.F SchurAch.rff, who 

initi.i.d th. corcept of IT.ad populariz.d ti i! his 

clas3ic b66k sell is A.rury. gi3 b€1ie! !.g..dtrA lhig 

concept fo. solwlDg th€ ro!ld'! problele eae .rallr.ss, 

sidpltcity, crpital sarlng.rd non-wi6Ience, Il. supported 

tbe cono.rclalization ot tndidEnous techn.logy f6r 

resolviDg the nost se.ious probler of utr.lployE.nt.nd 

.etenerating prlde iD th. locrl cultu.el h.ritrg.. Be 

sats "Th. t.chnology ol o.ss p.oduction i! tnh.lcDtty 

.iote.i, .cologically danrdlnB! self d.l€.ttng in te.!s 

of non-!6n.{abte resoulces, end stultifytna fo! the hunan 

person, Th. t€chnoloAy ot ?.oduction 6y th. nasses iE 

conduciv. to de.ent.alizrtlo!, coopat.ible yith taw of 

ecologr, lGDtIe in itd u.. of .calcs r.rourc.s a.d 

ieEitn. to se.ve !]1e huran p.lEon inEtead ol lskint hir 

qrt 

Lne servrnt oe rhe oachln6 ", Rozak CotrEpn.r and chrlaD 

Kib.ya... !l,so the support€ls of this oonc.pt alth6ugh 

Eith soi. r.3..vations, 

Schulacher fu.th.. ..ys'I iawe n.!.d It IT! to 

signily th.. ir is superio! to the pliritiv€ t€chôloCy 

of bygone ates, but st th. .ane t1!e, nuch Eirple., 

cheap' and f.€e! rhdn th. Eupe. tecbnoloay of the 

.ichd. Thu. the IT is Iaboq. int€nsive, sDalI scale 

techrotoEy' 6 step apay aad b.s.d 6n G.ndhian philosophy

ttl 

of indiA.nous te.hrology. Aut th. te!! sr6ll scal. h.! 

b..n criticized by ..v.lal expefis tike Tbor.. d. 

G!.ao.i, g. denounc€s th. .orc.pt of I1 aad s.ys rhar 

sn.ll is not 4lrayE labour tntensive and crpit.l .avlrt 

te.hnolory. lle adds th.t rh. oost suit.bl€ o!.p?.op.!.t. 

i.chaoloty lo. Euiope l. ib. rriddle A4€s, and !o. orth 

AEericr in the Eighte.nth .nd nineteenth ce.t!rl.!, p.. 

a syDthEsi3 6f .1i.d i.chDolo3y ,ith indi8enous 

t.chn61ogy, schuEech6.'s ri.r3 rEtardind IT h.ve b..n 

crillclzed on th6 lround th4t he ?!efers a Eb.ll 

d.cenrrali.ed soci€ty sh.r. no city audn€nt half a 

mi11io.. Fis .p!ro.€h to,ards s!!ll does tot aDteal t. 

the educated people and i.3 consid.led a let..at f!o! 

oode.n science and t.chnology. 

,\fter consid.rina.nd rcighilg otitlclst ol th. 

3upporte.s of lodeu t.chn6loay oD ITr sor. extcrt. ot 

th. field recoMend th€ id.r atrd conc.pt of AT "hich 1. 

sone sort of synihesis of all.n technolody which truEt b. 

a.atied o. indige.ous t.chnoloty, I! 

m.y not be feasible: 5on. lorDE of inland t.anspo.tation, 

for .x6n!le. c.n only be op.laied in caPit6l_int.nalv. 

oanner. Fortunately o.ny d.v.loping coult!i.s .njot 

conpar!tive advanta4€. ir I.bou!-intenEiwe secto.s and 

h3v. thus been able to.xpand thelr erport of lebou! 

lntcnEive p.od!cts, such rs da!n..ts, leathei, l€.th.r 

products and rood furniture, This exPansion could hew. 

been eveh lr€ater, ii irpo!i b5.rie.s imp6sed bv 

d.v.lop.d count.ies h.d b..n r.Dowed 

.spidly;rt. In !.ny casc! lik. .i. crait !.nuractq!1nd,

!!2 

IT ha6 .o solutior .nd both th. d.veloped and devetoDlDs 

nati6ls have ro tollo! ood..n t6chno1o3ies. Bur in c!r. 

6l .lect.lcitr gen€ratlon, rh. €itu.tiotr is diff.r6nr. In 

d€velopiDt courrri.s, eith th. big .ese.vor.s gtanr 

hyd.oef.ctri. ?lrnts !r. con.r.ucr.d eith the fo..ign 

linrdctal and t.chDicd asriErsnce to! leetin8.v..y day 

!.....sin9 energy d.land. lh.!€ !ic!6 (plants randiad Ol0O 

Krl and trini (pt.nt. ..b8i.s 101-IOOO K{) 

hyd.oelectric planrs eith do!.Eric ..sources a.€ nsd. 

possibte, Therefo.e, u€tng b6th the r€.hno1ogi.s sr 

dakint th6 IAre! to fo.!e. coDple..nt.!y 

a.d traftint ol solhistlclted on tbe in.ttS.nous 

technolojy is consider.

ll3 

st.u4gles for proeidtnC uxiru! f.cillri€s !o rn€ votels 

snd to dewelop rhe ndion, in case rhey core ro por... 

Tb. colst{ctioD of .n un!.r.Iled .oad or dissinE of a 

p.!3iaD rell to. *at.. lo! drinkirg .nd i..igdrion 

nor enough. Ioday peoplc 

variety in ty!. .nd trulripl. in nrru.e. fne b4€ic 

p!io.ities have be.n chanred for e.ovrdrn, naxiDuD 

fa.iliries 16 the Inhsbltanis lnd ralsrn4 tnelr 5!and6.d 

of Iivi.! by providlni ehplorn€nt oppollunrties and 

supprylnt oecessiri.s of tif. a! cheape..ares etc. 

Th. weate.n con3ult,anrs sug!€sr applyirg ot 

node.n l,echnot!4y cnd th€ CorelnE€nts of dewelopind 

ir by not oniy .ncou!.ging tb. ilport ot 

rhis technoloty br p.ovidinR inceDtives blr.rso by 

involving in acquirint th. sale tt lar4e sca1e, Be3ideg 

. fes secto.s, such a! rranspo.r, c6rpure., d€rence, 

etc,, rbis lechnoloty c6uld not cobe u! ro 

the expectations of th. p..pIc 4nd the Covernnents in any 

establiEhne.rs, inst.Iled uirh rh. Ecare and ha.d ea.n€d 

fo.eiAn exchang. p.ov.d high disclpliaed and skilt 

iaL..sive, riniDu! lsbou. ded.ndiDr, based ofren on 

irp6rted ra' !.te!iat. Th6 eralt p!ivileAed class sa3 

c.eated as a .esulr. The d6v€Ioplng .ouDr!ies becare rore 

and bo.e dependent on rhe d€vetoped ones. 

chulaa Xib.ya, fortr.r h.ad of Appropriate 

Technololy Developnent Olganization (.or pakisra. Courcit 

or App.op.!ate Techn6toty) arrsng.d co.fe.ences of 

inretlectuals and !echnictans on rpp!6p.i.te Technology.

1l' 

H. q...ophasisind lroduciion bY 

productiontt. He..9e.t.d hi5 v.lsion tn upps! gs '.lt 

lo*.r lew€]s to. sbiltind th. conc.Pr of oanv Eouths to 

b. l.d to so mny hands to tolk 'ith 6nd so nuch ol b..ia 

poe.. to be uiilizGd ,ith p.o!e. fuaininc aod 

orgaDlzrtion. The indus!rlAl ..v6lutioDs' .n

1ls 

thouE.nd-d.lfa. techaolo8y n.y be 6o.e rft6rdabt., nor 

E!6levelt to needs and cap.citi.s 6ad Eore ?.oductiv.',d. 

The concept o. phllosophy of 11 ir ,1d., 

.orpr.hc.5ive a.d EiDple !o lotivate lhe peo?I. to e.Iv. 

th.i! soclo-econolic p.obl.!s by iawentint, innov.rin! 

.Dd inporting technoloty.uirrbt€ ard ferstbl€ :o th. 

Iocal cotrditions for p.oduction or s..yic.s. It 

en.ourag.s the t€chnology rhich i3 ad.pled ro th. Iocr] 

conditiois, Recognizing that thE Eoulce and ..nrr. ol 

torld pove.tr lies in th6 !u!al a..as, the p.incilal ho!6 

tnd objcctiwe is to aid !h. poo! to ro.k thenselves out 

ol pore.ty, by p.oyi.lint hDo{l.dge and iraining ai r 

lewEl that nay be easl1y ..si!ii.ated, loretb.r rirh tne 

ri:ht kiDd of equipr€nt in th. rigbt place at thc riSht 

price. This equipient nust be 3ilpl€ eDoulb to b. u!.d 

and r.inteined by unEkilI.d Iabour 4nd ope!.tiv. .nd 

c.pable of nakibd uE. of locel naterials, At the seD. 

tin€ it nust be ffexibl. enoudh to pe.trit expangion on 

th6 sc.le of ore.ation'r'. 

Ib fact, in ih. pa3t! uptil 1960s iechnotogt 

!a3 con3idered 3ophielication ol p.oduciion tethod. ehi.h 

incre.Ee lroduction and d.cr€.sc cost in a snort span ol 

tine.part f!o. ne' goods to incte4se satisflctl,on 

Horeve., after provina soEc of its chalacterrstic 

advers€ty, par!icuIarly to the inportina developing 

uorld' successful operation of the Chines vallrinl on THo 

letsr rheory in early 1970s End E.F.Schunach.! conc.pt ot 

IT brou4ht sore rational chang.5 in the concept ret.lditg 

t€chnololy !r€wiou€ty a..iril.t.d

116 

approached bt ditlerent w.vs bu! the c6n.ept .i a:aos. 

al1 the erterts of lho fi.Id ir th. sane. :n the;o.ds.i 

late:sif Ati sheikh, It !.3 dvnsoic and tier!be! 

concepr 'hich nu3! 5c ..spon3iv. to varvlnt co.dl:r.n :r 

ch..ging siiuations Ulti,Dal€Iv' A! aPploech shourd 

enhsrce qualiry of Iif., s.lf-!cl16nce 

furthe. developeont {, A! nations lik€ hulan b.i.4s, 

have diffe.elt p.obl€ns in soci.l rnd econoltc aspects' 

hence, thet ke.p thos. aEp.cts iD v:ies thcn aplloaching 

the technoloay. 

Ihe conc.Pt of Al i3 coniributlng to Eocio_'c6noDic 

aspects in r.l.tion both h@an and nstur'I, the 

environDe.i condition of appllc.tlon .Dd tLe leoPfe's desi'e 

lo'ards that p..ticu1a. techrologt. Th. AT lust have . dF ic 

corcepti fl.xibre in t-6G !r.v.Ilina sliuation, siiple iD 

lelation to the avsil.bt. skrll..nd t.€Ibnsiv. to the 

conditi6ns of progr..3 In dilt.t.bt countli€s. lt iE dif!icllt 

t6 poidt out a Ej,nglc t.chnologv .i allloPrtat€ ia ihe 

pdrticular need, h€nc€ aIl av.llabl. t.chnologles should be 

ca.efully exariled and n.o.!!6!v 3t€P€ .houfd b' takeD fot 

schievtnd the p.._detorria.d obJ.ctlv.!. Fo. e*e!le, a 

settleneDi ,her€ a natulAl f.ll ts tv.lfabl6 thlch bas a 

potential to neet its ele.irlfic.tioD lequt..!'nt3, if a po{€! 

ptani is installed th..., lt rlll b. ApProP.iate TechDolott 

considerint of a. otf runninB S.n.rating 36t i3 i'appro!'1ate 

and agaid3! the cotcept ot AT. Th. coic.pt ot a1 lusi fulfil 

developrent.I ..gui!€r.nt!, .!cou!... 3'Ii lelisce ot 

technoloty and Eeet th6 .conooic n..ds o! thc count'v'

tl7 

In fsct, th. .on..!t of ,rT '.. colD.d tor d.v.Iopiag 

{..td ,h.r. .du..tlon, sk!IIs, cr!!ta} l€v.I .nd €lployE.nt 

opportuniri.s a.. nor ad.qu.i. and coip.$ble to those 6! ih6 

d.we1op.d c.un*i... Ir .ro.. fror th€ lndlsc.itrinai. iopo.i 

ol t..hnoloty by !h. LDCB rhlc} 

"... 

.old by th. irdividurl 

a^d collectiw. pa!ti.. ol th. lo!!.!. A3 th.3€ tecbn.loaie. 

w.r. innovat.d .nd d.v.lop.d br Dca for D..tina th.i! nstioDal 

.ad irt.rlatioral Mrk.t obliSrtion! in !!.cIltc coodltton., 

h.nc., thes. pFoved a bqrd.n otr LDCE. Th. LDC. b.laDcG ot 

p.yr.nt b.c4. hishlr d.llctt rnd th€ buld.n ol d.ht !ount.d. 

In !h6s. circurst.hc.s, th. conc6pt o! At b...!. popqfr! Ald 

d.w.loplnt n.tions "o!. .rlvts..l to 3ofv. th€i! .conolic and 

technoloaic.l p!obl.!. sitb th. .v.il.bl. &.ou!c.. .n

lra 

adw.nt.g.. and disadwantlg.3 ov.r on. a.oth.r. som. of th6 

doiinitio€ .€lated to 3bov. n€.tion.d t€rns ar6 ..-o.oduced 

har€uirh in ord€r lho rubjact under discuasion:- 

1- App.opri.t.8..dTehnology: App.op.i3te Ha.d r€qhnologv 

.E1at6s ro .n9in6e.i.g techniqu.s, ohysicar structur.3 a.d 

machin6.y, that d.rin.d bv th€ vill.g. ahd 

utili:.d lh€ datsrial at hand o. rsadilv awailabl6. It c.t b€ 

built, op.rai.d and mainiained bv lh€ local p.opl. rilh v6rv 

limit.d outsid€ as.istanc6 €.9. bechnical, n.!.fia1 or 

financi.l, Ir is uslatly ..lat€d !o an acononrc go.r. 

2- Agpropr!.t. Soft l&hnology: atpropriat. solt lBchnologv 

dcals dith th.3ocial structu..., hun.n int€ractivo p.oc.t3.3' 

and notiv.tio^ t€chniqugs. It i! th. 3tructu.6 and p.oc.s3 to. 

s@i.I p.rticipation and aclion bv individuals an., 9.o!p3 1n 

analy3lng .ituations, naking choic.3 and en9a9ingr, in choic'inpl6n6nting 

b€haviours tha! brlng aoouE chang.'.t 

3. alt..Mt. T€chrclosv: It i3 th. t6.ms us€d to d.3crib€ 

n€F typls of equipm€n! or n.u o.g.nizational torn3 rhich 

r€pr6s6ni ! vi.ble art6rnaliv. to th. axisling 'main_.!'€:r" 

t6chnolo9i63 ot today - 

ex.hple!: s.rr-h€l f' hoq.ing schBncs in.t..d ot 

convontional u.ban d€v.lopment prosranfr€s, o''nall-3caI€ 

organic farning inst€ad of ]ar9€_scale, €n.rgv int"siv€ 

culiivation !.chniq!e5. 

4. App.op.irt. I6hrclogv (ar): approt.iaie I€chnologv i! nor 

.ecognizod as lhe sencric 

tid6 ..69' ot 

t€chnologi.. cha.a.i€riz.d 

or s.vc'!l of th€

following f6aturas: lor inv.srh.nr cost p€r rork-ptac., too 

c.oital inv8srn€nt p€. orsanizario..t 

!inplicity. hish adrDtabil!ry !o a oarricqla. social o. 

cullural €nvi.onho.r, s.a.ing u3. of na.ural r€s@rc€.r lor 

co.i ot final prodlct o. high 0o!6.ri.I fo. employoent. 

5. clpltal s.vins r€chrclosy (csr) o. 

Light-c.pital r.chnology (!sr): I! is a conc€pr pion6...d 

by congressnan Cla16nc€ 0.Lonq ot lh6 U.s Hous. of 

R6p.as6nta!ives and nor wid€Iy u3!d by rhe U.S. ag€ncy of 

Ihs..n6tional Dev€lopn€nt, i3 a t.chnolosy charact6.it.d 

prtmarily by its low cost in c.pi!!1 lnd the shatl si.€ ot th. 

inv6.tn.nt n€eded to crea!. a job. auirdins roads ri!h 

6llicl.nt labou.-int6nsiv€ n.th6ds €ftbodies 1ighi captrat 

!.chnolo9i.5; buildihg rh€n wirh bulldoz€rs and scrap€.3 do.. 

6. Co'Wnity l*h@logy (Cl): CT, . icrn wid.ly usad in th. 

An..ican counte.cultur€ and by such ,ri!.rs as KarI H€a6, it 

..m.ll-.cale tochnolosy dhich do€s.ot.6qui.€ a coipl.x 

!nrrastraclq.e, khich ie 3p.c!tic.lly tai16.€d !o th. n..d. 

.nd c.p.bilili€s of 36alI urb.n o. ru.al codhuniii.s, and 

rhich 3.6k3 to fost€r cmnunity p..ticipation in !h€ d€ci.ion 

Eranpl€s: Siall-scal€ cooo..ativ. industrial activitie! 

or d.c.ntraliz€d kaa6. .urply .nd {.3t6 disposa} syst6ns. 

7. Envi.o.o6^t.lly Sound and App.op.i.i. lEchnology ( ESAI ) : 

Envi.onn6nraIIy so!nd and Approp.ia16 T€chnorogy (ESAT). t 

co.cepl devslopcd by th6 uni!.d N.tlons E^wironnont Prog.aftm. 

and anulya K. R€ddy of Indiai is !n aprropriat€ T€chnology 

ahich i5 particutarly !6ll adarr.d !o tha Iocal social and

econonic €nvironnent and {hich u... ren6{.ble rath.r lhan non_ 

Exaneles: ESAT s in th. enetqv ri6!d: bio-gas plant3 o. bio_ 

a- Intlddl.t. l.chrcIogv (IT): rnt€.m.diat. r.chnolosv i3 

a technoloqy Nhich st.nds half {av be!N..n t'adi!ion6l and 

mod.rn technoloEy- Int6.m6diat6 i3 a r€1.!iv5 notion: in Bltck 

afric!, th6 ox-dr3rn plough i3 an Int.r6.diaa' l'chtolo9v 

(mor. sophistica!€d th.n th6 t.tdi rional ho6' b!t l'35 compr'! 

than tha tracto.) blt ln solth-East Asia, it can b' consid6r'd 

as a t.aditional t€chnoloqv. Th. conc.pt of Inbrfredrtt' 

t€chnolosy tr.! d€ve1op.d bv E.F. Schumach'f, autho' of th' 

bes!-56rtins book 'Sh.1l is a.autiful ' 

e. L4_cost rdhôlogv (LcT): Lor cost I'chnoroqv (Lcr) i3 t 

tochnology {ho.€ main l€atlr€ i! the 1or cost of fin'l grodu't 

o. s6rwic6, o. th6 loN cost ot tha ihw'

12. J.qui6r sy3 ihat. AT as ..pres€nts rhat one might call 

the 3octal and cult!..1 dio.nrion of innow.tion. Th. idla h€r€ 

valc. of a n€r i.chnology li.. noa only in irs 

econohto viability and irs t.chnical sound.€ss, but tn it3 

ths Iocal and c!ltu.al enviro.ne.t. Ass.ssing 

of a rachôlogy.€c€3ary inDti$ som6 

sort of value judg.n.nr both o. th€ part ot rhoss trho d.v61op 

it and lhos€ dho rill play, rs th.y olt6n do; app.op.iat.nese 

is at b.st a fluct!.ttng conc.ot. * 

!3. G.n..at o€fi,nttton: p.ol.33o. HAuric. L, Atb€rr.on, in 

hi3 lanous contribution Hydraulic €ngtn66rin9, d€fin€. AT th!s 

''A''.orrtai€ lechnology is th. .ppropriat. us. of knotlodge, 

skills, orgrnisalion and hachln.ry tor !h. production of goods 

and e.rvic€s rhich.r. p.ovid.d in a Nay th.r !s conp.tibl. 

4i!h natlr€ and €nvironnent, u36s onty r.n.Habte r.3ou.cas 

including .ne.gy r.sourc€s, b6n6iits peopl..qually .nd to rh€ 

naxtmun €xt6nt pos3lble, and iE bas€d on .^ €cononlc .y3r6n 

xherE rh6 se.vics motiv€ is conbin€d €cq.lly {irh !h. pfofir 

these d.tinitions..0..3ont 3p.cific part6 ol ihe 

not b6 !reatod a3 compreh.nsiv€ d6finilions ot 

AI. th6 trsnd of rrit..s in d.finins AT r.r. ob3arv6d tokrrds 

ke€ping th€ co.c6pt ot a paril.ula. and 3p.cific situarion and 

env!ronn€nt ,hile d.?ining ir tfctrth h.nzoo. Ahm6d sh6ikh, ihe 

then s€cretary, t1lo SciBnc6 and T€chnology in f6rp!fd or 

appropri.t. rochnology and o.v.IorDcnr d.lin€3 aT a.: Tha 

adjeclivo approprist€ Hh.n apptied to knoun t6chnoLogy

tha! qualitaliw€!y Ln. tachnology in ouestion- 

!h.!h6., adaptod or developed indlg.nously, is b.sr suir6d ro 

th6 pr€vaiting 6cononic and social conditions or ihe a..a 

rh6ra ir is b€ ohployed ro .cconplish a give^ 

eureshi in th. dgscrib€d a7 

i. rh. sar6 s€ns. dith rh. rordins rh. rachôlosy nix 

cont.iburing nosr lo ecohomic, social .nd .nvi.onm€nt.l 

obj€ciive5, in rElation to ro.oqrc6 €ndopn.nr :nd condirion3 

L, 

ot toplication i.6.ch count.y."lt App.op.i.t. T.chnolosy hav. 

b..n detined by App.ot.ch Asi. in €l6van pa.ag..ohs uhich i3 

fron pCAI aull6rin J.nuary:Jun., r99r. 

2. 

3. 

''A.e lo{ in capiral co3ts. 

us€ Iocal oaterials Bh.n.v€r possibl.. 

cr€at€ Job3, onployin€ local skills .nd l.bour. 

Ar€ snall 6n@qh in scel. to bo affo.dabl6. 

can b. understood, cont.olled .nd nainrain€d by 

virrag.E rh€n€v€. po..ibl€, withoui a high I6v.I 

of 1,'r€3tern-sryI6 €duc.tion. 

can b€ prodlced out of a small n.tal-{o.king shop 

if nor in a villagg i!s6lf. 

peopl. can and uill rorl Loqeth€. lo 

conm!ni!i€s, r€cogn!zing rhat in no.r ol the ho.ld 

imp6.tant decisio^s oroups r:th.. th,n 

by individuals, 

Involv. d€c€nt.ali:€d .€n€dabl€ .n..9y 

a3 dl^d pok6r,

ga3, .ninal pow6r and p6dal-podar, (!uch a3 in that 

hi9hly 6llicient n.chin., th€ bicycl.). 

iak6 t.chnoloqy und.Grandabla to th. p6oole xho 

a.€ q3i,ng it and thus sugg€st id!.3 that c4ld b€ 

us.d turrher innovatioh3, 

Aro tl.xibl€ so lhat lh.y can conli,ns. to b6 us.d 

o. ad.pt.d to fit ch.ngint circunst.nc.e 

Do ôt involve pal6nt3, .oyatlias, consql?.nt te.3. 

inoort dutias, shiDotne ch.1963 o. fihancial 

{izard.. Practic.l pl:ns can b€ obt.inad lr€€ o. at 

Lot cost and no furrh.r paynent is involv.d. ' 

s!484e88 lE_rUeEepSI6IE l!eu! ,gey 

charact€ri3tica. Ir is th6 t€chnolo€y lhich ie .d.pt.d in the 

pr€vailing condliions r€lated !o social, econonic, oa9it.t, 

!h9loyhent, physical inf rastrlcr!r.1, envi.onn.nt.I, .ducaiion 

rnd .clisio!s conditions. n.jo. cha..ct.ri.ttcs of AT fo. 

d.vElopins countrie. a.6 known a3 3m.ll scal6, sihpl., capital 

..ving and l.bou. int€nsiva in th. p.evailing .iployn.nt .nd 

€corogicar e!!u.tions. harf of th6 p.opr6 of th€ 

d€v61opin9 count.l.s a.o poo. in tha s6n* thlt th€y liv6 

b6lo{ tho sublisr€nco lev.l, livi^9 in .ur.l a.6.s in 

lnh€althy conditio^3, therotor., th6 best 3@rc./p.oj€cts ot 

incom€ r.cooh.nd.d to. th.n i. the sh:ll. 1... caeital 

d.nandins !.chnologi63 lhioh ,b.orb maxinun I.bour torc.. 

th€s6 a.e 6asy to handlo a.d do hor ha.h th. loc.l 6cology.

!24 

faci, th€ d.v.IoDing colnt.iss hav. .xc€ss 

populalion in .slation to Eca.c. natural end cloittl 

natio.s €xDort. .ar mat..ials 

availabili!y of 3kills and capitll. If lh€s6 nation applv Al 

on e:tensive basis. their probl6ms !itl be reduc€d p.rlaininq 

ro ^€sariv. bal:nc€ or rayn6n!. Ficha.d s.Eck.u!, sav3 

''imp.ov€fr.ni of rhs qualiry ol lif. has 

€nohasiz€d, in g€naral i6rns, ... major consid€.ation for 

technological choic6, P.opo.€nt! of this crit€.ion prsf.. 

quaIiri63 .5!o.!abed rirh viLl.€. or .ural lif., 3n.ll_.q.1€ 

activiry, ..lt-!!rficiency, nininun .cologicaL sff.cts and 

incoru dis..ibu!ion. ih€ d€sirability of th6s€ 

particula. qu.tities..d the .rt€nt to rhich oth6r obj.ctiv.s 

should b. s.c.ili€d to achi.v. rh.i i3 cl€arlv. n.tt.. of 

rlo.aov€.. Litll. .tt.ntion has v.t b6.n p.id to 

the trad6-oll3 among th€36 q!.tity ol lif€ 9o.I3 lh.h..lv€s 

:nd oth€r d6v6loon€nL obiec!i!.3. F 

AT h.. lr€:ib16 conc€oLs. Ii has th. char.ct6. of 

b€ins acc.o!.d 5y th€ nass€s, {h.ih.r th€v.r. Iiving in a 

s€ttlcr6nt o. u.ban ar6a. tt do.3 nor incr.as€ cl.3h.3 anohg 

dift6r€nl cI.!E€s based o. 30cio_Econohic condtlions. In 

3hort. AT h.. th€ charact!ristic! of IoB coet. cr€atins 

Raxinum afrployn6nt opportuni0i.., particula.lv fo. un.ki1l.d 

rabour. 3inDIs. leasibl€ i. ad6quatc i.stitqiional 

inarastruc!ur. to r€duc. c1.33 dirf..6nces arisid9 dla lo 

inedual dist.ibution of w€a!rh: inp.ov€ th6 qualitv ol life 

of und.r-pr!vileged clase; coGln6 L€ss €norgv; Eui.! th6 

€cotoqy and do€E not inpac! n.c.tiv. oh envi.ohm.nt. aT ts a

dyhamic concapt and no lonscr ..!trict.d to a r.rric!Iar typ. 

ol te.hôlogy, labo!r intensiv., snall scal€ or .ny oth.r fo.m 

b!l it m!st sui! io rh€ Ioc.I conditions rik€ .€sourc€ 

6hdosnents. a 16r aspects ot !h€ al pertai.ing to socio- 

€cononic condition3 he.e co.r6c3ly 6oDhasis6d bqr ir nust b. 

r6m€mb€.€d that alt sophisricat6d caPi t.l-int€nsiv. 

technolosies ars not i.app.opriat. to d6v€loping countrios, 

Thes€ t€chnologica a16 costly but hav€ no .!r..nativ€ a.d 

con3idered a D.rt of tii6 i^ th. p.e3en: age. For 6xanpl6, 

pgtro-chenical ind!3tri€ on la.s. scal. ar6 .pprop.iat€ and 

for !hB snall coun!ries ihporr iE r€connEndld instead of 

.!tab!i.hins th.ir ind!s!ries in tht3 ri;ld. r,rithout ai.crarr, 

no satisfi€d 1il. c.n be sD.nt in ih6 pr.s6nt a96, In th€ 

li.!d of lel.-codnlnicat;on soph!3ticat€d tachhology has no 

ali6.native. 0.t.nc6 r6aoonE i.. arns and aftnqnitions a.€ 

fEcommended to bs manutacturld o. sophisticat.d nod€rn planis 

wh.r€ apar! f.on modern leapon3, quality cont.ol i3 pro- 

For €a.nin9 fo.€i9n .xchange th.ough n!.ut.ctu.6d 

€oods, it is appropriat€ 16 !.!!a1 bi996r plants bas€d on 

sophisricated tlchnotosy rhich h.v. i,he charact6ft3ricff bulk 

p.oduction ot hish6r quality h6.cha.di3€ at ch6ap€r rates 

rhich can conp6t. in inte.narion.I n!3r hlwe rro 

inportant .haract€.i€tica of Llchnical advanc€ft€.t !n 6risl!n9 

h€lhods of p.od!ction and ba o.osr€sEiva in th€ t€mporal 

s.ns6. It louId 9o arons rilh the inc.6as€ l. Eoci€!y s 

knorredge. aT should be abl. to ftaat th6 capital, hunan and 

phy3ical conditions ot rh€ nation3.

oa aPpeoPRratE tEo{fioLQGY 

ass.s3nEn! of App.oDriat€ Tgchnology (aaT) :s a 

difficult and t.dious job, 43, a i€chnology thich is 

3p9ropriat€ at on. place i3 in.r9.oo.iate fo. .hoth.. plac€. 

SiniIarIy, rh.n the choica con.!. r€chnoloqist, .conomi3is a.d 

other disciptln6d p€rsonnol .€.€.v6 lheir oun cofrh.nts, ofl.n 

blanins on. anoth.. lo. the wrong ..sessm€nt of t.chnology- In 

Japan, {hich i. . sanplo ot r.chnolosic.l d6w6lopr6nt, 

technorogy a33.33h.nt is cat.go.is€d in iwo H.ys lh€ first is 

s€€n frd ih. point ot vie{ or 3lpolie.s ol ..r products 

.t.9. of n.fk.t disrribution. A6s.€6ors of 

th€s€ a.€ conc.rn.d rith th6 p!btic s acclptability of a 

prototypo or finilhed p.oducr. P.oduct3 o. p.ototyp.. .ramin€d 

ahus aa. hav. b..n, rith no €xc.plion, luxurious, costly .nd 

ol th6 technolosy-push typ€, .xploitin9 f.onti6. t.chno1ogi6s. 

Typical ox.npl.E ar€ compu!.r-con!.oII€d p.rs6nal Lransit 

3ystems and int6..ctivc t.I.vision-tsle9hon. 3ysten. 

T€chnolosy a3!6e.m.nt3 ot thls kind a.6 ca..i.d olt by iho 

Mtni5try ot lnt.rnational I.ad€ and Indlstry (|1IrI) or privatg 

lirms- this typ6 oa technology a3..3sh€nt is clo.rly connect€d 

aiLh, o. rath.r of, tho d.v6loenental 

.w.l!.lion ot.p.citic resurrs 6t r.eaarch and 

d.weloone^t (A&D). lh€rafo.€ rh. conclusions ol 3uch TAs tsnd 

to .6conoend c..tain d€si.abl. inp.ov€n€nts i^ tn. produca o. 

3€.vico in q!.3!ion. 

ih€ s6cond cateqo.y of TA is on6 s€€n f.on rh€ poinl 

ot vier ot lschnolosy syst€n p!:nn€rs aL lh. co.po.ate or 

n.tional rev.t. X6r6 an ev.Iu.tor is conc..n.d rith th€

t27 

.ejection (th6 solection our') of possiblo als€rnative 

!6chro1o9ie3 or {ith a decision conc€rninq th.ir mir. this 

kind of TA i^cludes th€ .cvi.{ ot rxi3tins 

tochnolosy; id.ally, it co6o.rls 6xislinq Hith torthconing 

r€chnologi€3. Tyrlcat ex.mpl€s .r. agriculiu.al ch.iicals a^d 

highri.a apd.tn€nr b!iIding-acr!alty rhe ti.3l rA cas6s 

r€vi€{ed by th€ Pla.ninq Burgau ol th€ Scienc. .nd l.chnolosy 

Age.cy Hhich is altachod to th. Prih. niniste.'3 Otlic.."d 

In P.kistan, o.9.ni..tioE, 1ik€ paki.tan council of 

App.opriato t.ch.olosy and pali!ta. co!ncil ot Sci6ntific, 

Indu3rrial Res.rrch and as.icoltudl Re36a.ch Insrit!16, 

Ta.nab or6p.rc th6ir prosramh.3 i. !h€ AAT. Th.3. p.osrahn€s 

r.€ app.ov€d by th.ir h6.d3. 3.cr6ta.y of th. .ohc6rned 

nini3try/d.Darth€nts or c€ntr.l oo.kins d.woroeh.nt F.tyl 

p.owinciar {o.kins dgpartn.nt pr.ty {ho acccpt o. r.J.ct pla.s 

pe.tainins to AAT. u;iv6rsiti.. .nd oth€r t.ch.ical and 

acad€mic instiLut.s have no slgnili,c.nl rol€ in AAt. R69ardins 

p.ivat€ pa.ti6., nulti natio^.! conpani€s ar. po{.rlu}. lh6y 

do not only for th. .risting good! but have lh€ 

pot€nt,i61 ot cr.atinq th€ sah. lo. n€! goods. lhasa coroani€s 

us6 differBnt inst.um€nts fo. bringing equilibrium in d6nand 

and supply! thoush th6 tochnolosi.. us.d by lh.n 

sxtensiv€ basad on large sc.I. production- Loc.l .nt€rpris€s 

are playin9 inportant .ol€ in aa1. The3e €nt€rp.i3.s k6ep 

rheir cons;^t nark.! and day to day tluctuations. 

As !h656 €n!€rprls€s ar€ fr.. r.oh b!r€alcraLic ay3tef, 6a 

which .ed typisn is hanif.st, th.y aqhi€v€ rho d6.ir.d Eoals 

f,ilh coDparativ€ly liltt€ 6ffort.

F..Ur9RE -99p!q otltease8rars, J-Eclilg}q€Y 

lh6 population ol th. aorld has arre.dy r€co.d.d a 

ficu.€ of 5-5 billion with th6 t.3tor d€pl€tion ral€ of 

rs30urc.. lik€ f6rest3, oil .nd 0in€..1.. The €ri3lin9 

d6w.loo€d ro.rd's indu3trial/t€chnology 5tr.togy, as cr..t.d 

environn€nral probl€ns and.v.n ih. ozone 1ay6r has b..n 

.lf!c!.d. Th. technologic.l 9.p c...ted innun6.abl. socto- 

.conomic di.crintnation3. !n d.v.lopad n3tions, tho!qh soci.l 

3.c!.ity syst€m iE supporting th. ln.nploy6d y6t the i.cr..se 

!n !h€ .qnb€r of !h€ uh€mploy6d i. .la.nins. !n d.v6loring 

countri.., rh. concopt ol aT i3 ..c€iving its du. 

conlidgraLion- It i3 a tachnology phich i3 labou. int6n.iv., 

3n.11 sc.1e dec66trari:€d, stfpI. .nd aasy 

nlintain, roFcost, lass {aet.g. ol r.sources. 

don€.tic t6chnological cap.biliti!s rlrh s.1t-3u3iain€d s.owth 

and n..ts th. basic socio-.co.omic n..d3 of th€ connunity, 

pa.!icutarly of th6.urat ar.a3- 

Pakistan, a d€v€loping co!nt.y i^ sooth a.ia, 

cohprts.s n.in1y .ural are6s rh... .boqt eo* of th. population 

liv.3, Th6 pop!Iation in th. rur.I ...as ie inc.o.sins.!. 

lastgr.a!€- rher€, !h. lir.racy .rt. i3 only 17.3*. Ms 

63tinatad rhat 5r-95* and as.sri ol th. total .€v.d. in th. 

tlnanci.l yea. pald in d.bl ss.vicing and d.tsnc. 

s.cto. r.3p.c!iv6ly- Pakistrn i3 .ot in a position to attord 

Iib.raI ifrpor! of technology, parti.ularly p.oducrion 

iechnology, hhlch do€s not suir th6 countfy'. .€quiren.nt. It 

m6v b. n€nrion6d rhar Rs, 2,5 biltion is €stimated to b6 p.id 

:s lic.ns6 f66s, royalty p.tcni

d€velop€d n.tions and th€i. as6nci€3. 

It i. thu3 exp6ct6d lh.t trom nor on al tould be 

inpo.t€d, dev€loo€d and diss€ninat6d bv lha Gov6rm.nl whor.as 

inportation of largs scal6 labour sAving technology {ould not 

b€ slppo.t6d {a3 don. in the p.3t, a r...o..bla 

nunb€r of policy nakers p.oDos€ a kind ot tsch.ology rhich 

fuIti13 socio-economic objoctivEs i^ the o.6vaiIin9 

condit;ons. Al lhich u.s u^knorn in Pa*istan only iro d.c.des 

9ain6d r€cosnilion ground and is aop..ci.t.d by 

va.ious clr...r ol public and priv.ta s6cior3 p.rt.intng to 

indu3rry, a0rtculture, hin6.aI, €n€rgy, 

as aY for €ach country i3 diffe.ent in a 9iv6n tihe 

and no pa.ticul,ar lechnology i3 consido.ed app.op.i!L.lor all 

devaropi.g coun..i63, hohc6, ..cdnsnd.tion of a o..iicula. 

technology lo. th6 national rsqutr6n€nt, irr.3p.ciiv. ot 

cottag. t6v!l fo. a particular ..eion o. nation.l, l.v.l, 6ust 

be e:anin€d choroughly by th. instltutions b€for€ applytn9 it. 

For rhis purposEs, in Pakist.n, !h. insiitu!io.s 3hould be 

srrenqrh€n6d f.om borton to th. wory natio.al l.v.t. th6 

ractorr invorv.d in the 6xantn!tio. of th.s. t.chnologi6s, 

like si:a ol !h€ mark€t, lh€ raw n.t6.ial availabll,iiy, .cale 

ot p.oduc!ionr capital requi.€n€ni lo. th€ acqui.ing ol the 

tecbôlogy, an6r9y r€qli.€n€nt3, skills availablli!y .nd itg 

inpact on .6ligion and socio-6conomic condition! in the 

Dra.nine 3t.aL.sy nust b. 3crutiniz€d. noreower, i.chnological 

choico is not io b6 confined to th. production toehntqu.!, but 

it also inclld6g and oth.r a.p.c!3 of 

i.dustrial operations, sinpl. tochnologies, to th. oxieni

hat th.y !6nd6d to s6rv. sD.cilic obje.tiv.3, n!9ht b. 

utili.ed p.ovid€d, hor€v€., th.t thci. application ras 

co^duciv€ lo t.chno-€cononic growth and did not r.3!1t in a 

srasnation in !ndqsirial ski!13 and incone of uo.k€.3. N.ithe. 

should th6 !36 ot such l.chnologi€s hava th. .ff6ct ot 

contin!ing or dors€nins !h€ L€chnolosic!l backrard.... ot th€. 

dev6toring counrri6s lt. 

Ih th6 fuiu.6, in alI d€velooing count.i.. like 

Pakistan, lor cost tabour-int€n.iv. tschnolosy stlt co.stttut. 

ftajo. proj€cts r^d due to th. d.oocratic tr.nd:nd l6ss 

opportlniti.. ol enploymen! tn public a€ctor, th. Gov.rnn6nts 

rirr p.oj€ct i!3.triciehcy .nd.chi.wlnants for th. hajority 

class Bhich is poor. nocds lducalion, 3kil1 and Euoport ol tha 

rich. lhB fuiu.. ot th€ t€chnology hill d€pe.d an i^t..link3g€ 

anons l.19.i n€diun and cott.g€ l€v€1 indu3tri.s lnd 

lr€f€r€nc. rould b€ qiv6n to applying !o{ cost limple 

!€chniq!.s in li9ht of rh6 ..conm6nd.tion 

pe.patual hioh6. .ata of int€.63t not only in th. d.v.lopins 

rorld but.1.o in th6 dovelop.d on. indecas €ntr.pr.n.urs to. 

addptins lo{ cogt !€chnolo9i63. son..xp.rts crain th.t la.s€ 

scal€ sophisric.!€d !6chhology i3 b6ing brock.d by th6 

increaeing int€r€st rat€, gartioul.rly in priva!. !.ctor. In 

sev€ral d.v€Loplns nations. th6 int€r€st rat6 ra.g.d lrcm a to 

lAt pe. a^!m d!.ins 20-25 y€a.3 of tinc. 

Ih€ low€. of nan kind not onry fron th. Drrts ih.r. 

living but also r.or th6 d€weloped rorld 3tronsrv 

support th. lgchnology tor providins lh6d ...p€clabl€ 

Bnployn.nt opoortunities Hhich clh only b€ m.t by AT. aT can

l5I 

also helo th. dsv€loping countr!.s in ..isins th€ standt'd of 

liwing oa th6 na3sas and r6duc. lh. dift€renc€s 

class€3 bv incr€a3ing lh€tr Dlr c.oit. in'on6' 

The d€v€lopinq countri.3 ..e nor feelin9 lh6 

nBcosEiry ot adaoting tBchnoIogi.s rhich are app.oo.ial. in 

ih6 a.eas Hh..c p€ople ar6 scalt..ed and dhich ..n b€ 

org6nizad in th6ir willag.s ror...ning in 

rh6y {il! not f€61 the nead to 9o io th6 citi€s in 3...ch ot 

€nDloyn..t- Th6y t.e also art.. ol th. fact that sophi3iic.t.d 

t.chnologi€. ar6 not und.r.tood bv th€i. p€oplo and .r. not 

!h. sol!tion of Lho p.obr6n. 

AT i3 not cont.ary to hod€.n t.ch.ologv. It is 

conrl€m6ntary to th€ latt.r, s!6.dv and sustainable- In th. 

dewelopins cou^t.i€s, th6 futqr. ol aT is we.v brighi. Thg 

inhabitants ot th.se c@ntri.3 r.. tnv.€sins th6ir .kitl. bv 

acquiring .d!c.tion. r'1o.. t6chnical institutlons 4.6 b6ing 

open€d on priori,!y basis and kno{!eds6 dise€ninat.d a! a 

fasr6. ..t.. Thc hold of th. rgLigiolE leadeE lnd Flldar 

la6dlo.d3 is ueak6.in9 4ith rh. passase of ttfr. and 

acconulatio. ol P6st6.n knoHl€dg. tnd th€ technical Ekills aro 

nou con.id..6d .aep€ctabl6. Thi3 positiv6 attitud6 ot th' 

comnuniry ln d.v€Ioping count.ica to|arde t€chnologv NilI 

aftect th. .cop€ of AT in lu!u.€. R.J. cogdon in his 

introduction to app.op.iat6 l.chnolosv ohich h.d b66n 

publi3h€d in 1977 says, until ..c6ntlv ihe cost ot .n.'gv in 

nahufacturing l^dus:ry .tI 

insisnitlc.nt in proporiio. ot ih. total cost. aor .^ .v€'as' 

nanufaclurlng industry in arit6in it ras about 4i NoF of

insisnitic.nt nor ar€ th. 

a3 a r€3ul. th.t all sorts of 

id6as about lars.-scal€ indu.tfy and abo!t agricult!16 a16 

90in9 to c.ange /6ry r.pioly-r', R6E.rci69 inc...sinq prjces 

of energy and it5 inp.ct on sophisricrt6d !6chnology, h6 

f!.th€r 3ay3 "tha day3 ol !h6 larq.3cal6 lnirs ara p.ob.bly 

conins Lo ar 

qf 6.6r9ylL.a.sDor! cosL Jl, H. r: 

mor6 optinistic abolt rh€ fqlur. ol At and add€d that, N€ may 

be hook€d on 6^€.sy-lnt.nsiv. t.ch.ologias but ai r€gt 

developing count.i€s h.v. .n option. Th..6 i3 no nc.d for theh 

!o folto{ procis€Iy !h. !.h€ p.th, and ia th..6 i. nothrns 

6lse H. can b. saying You may 9o in our di..ction; y@ nay 

iant to do as ra hav6 do.., blr a! l6.s! 

choic6,. . ,. .R€cBntIy, horav€., p..ticul.rly Hiih ih6 .dvent of 

a National c€nt16 f6r appropri.t. T6chnolo9y ir anerica, th6.€ 

is ararshess th.i high indu3lri.l cornuniti6s night k€ll n..d 

sobe alt€.naliv€ t€chnologie3, lh.t €v.n An.ricans otght be 

!,^ 

lookinE o.-Lh€ ^ aI L6rraLrv.s ro FtEh-!.chnol6sy"_- rn€ peopI6 

of d€valoping nations sholld b. .Ha.€ ot ih. tact ihat th.y 

cannot conp€te in d.nu?aclur.d good3 in th5 int.rd!tional 

nark€t 6iche. du6 ro lack ot l.t.5t production and nark€t 

tech.iqles, machin€ry, capi!al, bankin9 and tran.poit syslem 

or powe. and politic.I lnttu.nc.3, They Eho!1d shift to 

enphasis 6n p.odlction ol ihpoft 3ub3t1lqt€. rnd inc.€as€ 

!h€i. products ro 3aIl th. !u.plu. 6ursida th.i. national 

boundaries. They a.. r.quir€d to d.v61op all th6 s.ctor3 in 

tha ligh! of th6ir pr.v!iIin9 socio-€co.omic co.ditions 

instsad of adopting a hay rhich har no d€3linati6n-

In th. d!v.lo9i.g coun!.i.., inloit. 

gov..nn.ntr .nployn.n! iî,ti.tiv.3 not d.w.Iop 

du. lo lh. l:ck ot .^!..0..n.oi.1 .i.r. ot n..aci.e 

Eophisricat.d t.chnoIogl.3 ot productionr b.ck-up o? .o.ll 

n..kats olt.n ann.x.d by rultinltton.I co.p.ni.. lnd 

und.v.to9!d o. uhd..d.v.loprd rhysic.l inf 3lr!ctq.!. 

Ent..D..n6u.3 do nor lir. b t.k..l3k ..

9ood3, For th. succ€ss of aT, 9ov6.no.nLs in all th6 1... 

d.v.lop.d countrigs should con€ .nd mu3i plav th6i' rors bv 

€x16ndin9 inc6ntiv€s- 

AP,eAQeildIE l€l!!!q!@Y- adp-!{B!Er, IA(LL€E. 

p.od!c!d n.nurltv 3omatin6 d.g'.d. th' 

rroduction of la.s6 6cata indu3t.i.. i^.ur.I as {6lI as u'b'n 

ma.k.!. sr.ad, shoas and h.ndicr.fts .'€ 6xanpl6s of such 

!yp€3 ot p.6du.tion. If producld {ilh p€rt.ct skill' th'v ar' 

p.€flrred to Lhe products ol larg! sc.I6 indust'ies- Ho{ov"' 

the mdnuallv prodqc€d good. in compari36n with tho'6 rton 

1.rg.-scal6 induetries, mo.!Iv lail to m6€t standard3 of 

quality cont.ol. adv€rtis.h.nt .nd p.opasanda ar€ oth'r 

f.cior3 by uhich largo-scal6 indlstrigs c'€at6 den'nd ro' 

In tact "Tho p.oductivitv of ih€ tr'dition'l F€cto' 

i3 3o lo{ that it has b.6n d€scribgd.3 3ubsiet'nc6 indutDrv' 

tha! 13 to sav it utiliz6s n.arlv.Mh' 

hardly any surplus r.nairc tor ctpit'1 fornarion nanv 

gov€.nhents an!ious to pr€56rve a.d promots ih€ tradiiiontl 

dir€ctlv or indi.octlv subsidi'ins ir so thal 

insL..o o' conL.ibu!ine to th. .cbnonv lhe t;adiLional 

i,ndu3L.y i3 drai.inq otr capitil produc'd in oth€r 3!cto's' 

I.spit6 ot subsidizing 

are findins ii ditficulr 

to.ustain rhis sector a.3uch and ar6 bgsinnins to think ol 

upersdins o. moderni;ins it to i^cr6as€ irs Drodlctivitv and 

lsafuln€s3 to as ! rhol' "' 

as fa. sophisticat€d tgch'ologv it {as inpo't€d in 

!h€ d6volopi.s couniri€3 in ha3!6 to soon aft€' gainin9

35 

ind6pendonce to sp..d up indlstrialization Th€ majot ain or 

rhis rct 6as to c..ate jobs for th€ un€tplov'd. to n!r!€ 

€ducat6d paopL€ in the qainful Jobs and to pfoduc€ lnpo'E 

sub3ti!ut€s- contr!rv !o b.n6tittins fron 3!ch p'oduction 

r€ch.oIogies, Lh. d6v€loping qountrie3 facld high capilal 

cost, high productio^ caDacitv {ith linited d"k'i and lor 

6dployt6nt potgntlal due ro autonttion and oomol'litv of th' 

plln!3, rhe r.equ.nt brsak dokn't. high dear_tnd-l'ar chErgtt 

ifrporE ot parts and rar nat6.ial tor k'6pin9 th'36 plaots ln 

op6r.!ion, apart rron thei. in.!'llati 

which.ot onlv Ext€nded th. n6t'ropolita^ linits but also 

rais€d the cos! to thc cohnodiii€s for th' fural ntsst3 

b6cau3e ot transpor!.tion ch.rE'3' lnad€quat6 lnt'63truct!r' 

c.e.i.d p.oblen3 ol distribution' 

Th€ d.v.lopins .o!ntritt, aft6r h'vin9 surf€"c 

Io3s6r in shag€ ol r€sou'c€E 'nd hu96 ind'5i"'s ara nos 

app.oachins tschnotogies 3o6€Nh"6 b€t{e'n th' !ick1€ and th' 

conbin€ harv€st6tS in o'der to control pricts rhich "' 

€rt..n€Iv u^slabl6 causing po!itieat distu'banc'3 and lah and 

slultgqs 9! lePFOPRrar€ rEcroloLocl' 

Technologv can b6 obtlinod troh s'v6'al source3 fo' 

solvi.s a pa.ticular problen' Dq6 io th6 d'vGlopn6^t ot 

€Ie.tronic and p..s. n.dia av'il3bilitv of 3o'6dv s@rc€ or 

i.r.v.llins, countri.. bil.t€rat 16lations io and t'anslat of 

knor!.dg€ agr6.h.n!3 and ini"n'tional aggncit3 oftorE'' 

appllcation of Al has 56v€'al options A t'! khown soq'c6s ol

t€chnology a.e 

L. 9..rrl-op!!Lol--I!qimloqv bt.]B!P A'6nci'!' 

ExpBr!s of AT a16 in!isti's qpto d€v!loping 

indiganou3 !€ch6oLosi65 to' tha !'rvlc€ ot th't' nttions For 

tbis eurpose, th. d.v6roping n'tions :" incurri^g ' 

r€aso..bto portion ol thei. budg6i bv runnin9 R&D a9'ncr63' 

like pcsIR, €n€.sv R.sourcs c6ll and Paki3ttn council of 

a9p.op.!at€ T€chnologv. Univsrsiii'3 a'6 tund'd and lh'1r 

stat' .16 6ncou.a9. fo"es6a'ch Nork on iht d'v€lopi'nt or 

nao t€chnolosie.. R€e..rch hork o' individual ltv€l is al3o 

conductld a.d proj6cts of pa'tic!lt' lachnologits a" assrgn'o 

innovation and d€valopnont' Th' gov€tntont ot 

devsLopins countri€r al{lvs b'ing lhts€ n'F t'chnolosv !o th' 

fi6ld in ch€ inr€rc.t of public s'rvi'e Fo' ex'mpr'' tsai'r 

lifting punp. d€v€Iop.d bv PcslR Laboratotig6 P"ha{ar c5n b' 

ue€ in rh€ areas {hich 3ro non_'l'ctriri6d c'pital d6fici€nt 

and l.bo!r-oore. sq.prus' 

2. r-oEollio-d ol ileslmroe frd D'v6looin'-lsqd!Lr!9' 

!^ 6ev€.al cas€s' a kind ot t€chnologv tuii6d to on€ 

count.t is also f.asible and !!ited t6 tnothtr counrrv' 

t€cnnorogv 

Ho!6v.., ir denands ca.eful €:amlnation of ih6 

"id 

by th. conc€.ned instiruttons ll found aDp'op'i't€r ii is th' 

€asiast aav df solwing a pa'ticurar prob]€h ot th' t6chnoro9v' 

axahpl. of such tochôlosieE t" the iioort 

t€chnoIogv f.om lndi.. Lat€' on, it3 supportin9 5v3t€n rd! 

modifi.d bv .6pl.cin9 it rirh GI Pipas a^d 3tt't rinqs lo'

€a3y upp..-10{6. nov.nents' 

3- Acsap-tj'llr-ol Iltqhlql-ciLef 

gtlr.l--Lt

3a 

s. 8sy19!L-o-l th. ol-d r€chrcloqv-9!-llr.qPr-lts4t _qe-vslo'rg 

coont.i.!: Th. pr€s6n! dev6lop€d n'tioas follou'd !3 

qradual {av of d€v€lopmBnt' in 3ev'ra1 ti6lds thev u"d 

intern€diato technologi€s or tha tradition'l t€chnolosv rn 

renaissance, particula.lv af.or th€ attack ot rhc black dtrth 

which kiI!6d on6_third of th€ ac.opean population and th' l'tl 

of !h€ Rohan Enpiro, the Europ"ns :6viw'd th€ir tachnologv 

system and adapt6d i! to th. p'evailin9 conditio's 'nd 

requirgnehts lt is opined tha! mo3t ot thei' old t€chnologies 

are appropriate to th! condition! ot th6 pr"'nt dev'lopins 

nations, Micro-hvdroporor 9L.nts rhich !"6 in thousa'dt !n 

lhe Iat€ 6!9h!€€nth and ni'6t!'nth c6nt!'i'3 in Europv "o 

Am€rica and now :bondonod hav. b€'n '6viv'd in nost or th6 

devgtoping countri.3 nor a d'vs' ninislrv of sci6nct 'nd 

Ieohnology of th. Gov.rnn6nt ot P!ki3tan h:3 r'c'ntlv approv'd 

fourlh phas6 ol RE.5.St nilLio' project fdr th€ tnstallatto's 

of 3uch 3o hvd€l pt.nis ih di'ff'r€nt part3 ot ih6 colntrv' 

apart lroh i!. mor. tn.n Joo applications r€cohm6nd6d bv ih6 

public reprcsentativ.. like r4NA! and tlpAs a16 p€ndinE fo' 

6. ad9*9,io!t-el9,ophi.:!i9S!9! J-aEhno-Ie!D/: 

Ecientilic mod€rn t6chnolosv 3!irtd ro th' d6v'loDinq natlons 

though its 3cope i3 limited, it v't 'econn'nd'd in th6 tt'tu3 

quo. air !.avelling.nd h€avv d'ltncs eqliDfr'nt ar6 ncc€6"rv 

in oq. ddvs nor onlv lor Lh6 d€v€lopad c'uniri'3 but also lor 

the d€v.lopinq coo^rrt€s. sophi!ticated t'chnoloqv i3 vi'br'' 

Th6 najo.3surce ot this t€chnologv is iha {tst lhich do63 not

!39 

like a g€n€ro!3 Eransle. ol thi3 l.chnologv !o the d.veloplng 

counari€3,6v6n 

7, Ijrp-Lo-v,ire !!Llrtci!rornl,,a-!!-eli4i!i\r.,I!'glt4olqev: o.€ or 

rhg gr€ai option ol aT is th€ ino.oving ot th6 !r.di!io.a1 and 

p.imitivo tech.ology 

As thi. tgchnolosv had 

b.6n d.v6lop6d in tha b.cksrou.d of !h6 pr.ticular socio_ 

eco.omic condition!, henca it3 lhF.ovenon! 

srructu16 brings f.uits quicklv.nd irs in9act in r€lation to 

Lh€ 6nLl16 3e1o_6coôDrc srLua!ion rs posltiv.. rb' 3ou'co ot 

tradii:ional and p.!fritiv6 tochnologv a16 local cralisn'n' 

tenants, carp6nt€r3 .nd hanv o!h6. i..6p€ctiv. ot rh6i' ruttr 

and u.bsn backgrounds. an €tampl€ ol such t6ch'olo9ie3 rhich 

havG b6.n ihp.ov€d bv elpgrts i. c..pet naking nachin€s' 

OIS'RUSI II{ APPROPRTATE TECHNOLOGY 

appropri.t. r€chnoloev (AI) i3 a nod€rat6 tt'n 

appli€d to technologv. It con3i3ts of !h. n'rits ol tne 

sophi!tlca!€d t.chnolosv ol dev6Lop€d nations .nd t'aditionrl 

rechnologi6s of LDcs. It is . .onbina!ion 

int€rmsdiat6 and prinitiv6 tech.ologies uh€' i! i3 corpl'ttrv 

unde.slood bv ths.tit€ {ho happitv adopt it' t^ fact' it i! 

the w6.kn€ss of rh. local AY oxp€.tE dho neqlect !h' 

ea.ticip.tion 

for this technologv 

thoi.3.miârc in fo..ign lansu.g.s on public in riv' 

'xp6ns6 

stars and aipensiv. hotcls, onlv ro..ran96 t 9€t-tog'th'r 

party tor thei. tri€nds who canno! spaf6 anv ti6' tor 

€nligniins th€ m.33€s of rural bsn'fit troh it'

!40 

Ag.in sons non h.v. l6vsll€d son. all.s.tio.s 

a9!in3t al and hav€ shown mir!r!Et rhich i5 .ec6s3a.y to 

1. s!o]lri9.:!y_9f_!.ar9!:9eelr$.'ed-q9_!Lo[: Indu3tri.s 5a..d 

on ood€rn l€chnolosy, natu..lly p.odlcs goods on lars.-sc.l. 

!hi.h c..ates deoand lo. irs goods i^ the ma.k6t rhil6 aT 

b€ing lor coEt in dewelopi^9 count.i.3 c€n not conp.t€ in rh. 

nark.!. This objeclion of !h€ .!ppo.t€rs of node.n r6chnolo9y 

can not b€ isnor€d totally, Big ind!stri:l €stabIishn.nts 

c.6at€ lot ol o.oblens fo. aT. Th. concep! of aI das d€v6lop.d 

only a feN d6cad€s ag6- Etp..!. lron both th€ d.v.lop.d .nd 

dovoloping countri63 ar. raking p.actical stops to c16.r !hi. 

obj€ction. rhe transport.nd.n..ey costs na.roHed thi3 s.e .3 

production bas6d on aI in n.jority ot cas€s is d.c.ntr.ll:.d. 

Shiltin9 ol p.odlcts l.on th. pl.c. n.nuirctqrB ova. . long 

dt3t!nc. costs a roasonabl..xo.nditur€ and thus the co.l ot 

ih6 comnodity is inc.eas€d sllllci.ntly. Local !€chnoloay is 

conp€ting kith dodern t€chnology v.ry ,e11 in rh6 ma.klr in 

i..u6..!bl. cases, For 6x.rD1.. th.r. ar. thousands of $4v..3 

al6o3r in .ll dowelopins count.i.. rho.. 3a1e3 a.€ r€a3on!61.. 

2- q!*Lr|en:t- sm.11nass i3 .or .lr.ys b€autiful. I^ s.v.r.I 

ca3€3, smatl is also usly. a3 i. th6 eaa, big rish..t 3n.lr 

lish, !ioil.rLy indlsbri.s !.tab1l3h€d on la.s. sc.le 

tochnology do not r6t En.lI 3cal€ Ent6rp.is.e to 3urviv. 

.a!ily in th€ pr6s€nt €cononic .yst.n. this all€qalion a96i^.t 

aT ic not app€.Iins- Though in s€v.r.l cas6s, due to divilion

4l, 

of labolr, et!6rn!I .nd int6rn.1 .cononi€s and 

sood3 p.oduced bv targe scal6 indusLri6s a" popula'!v 

3cc€pCed and cr..t€ ma'k6!6 lo' itsalf_ 

€nl..9r.neu.5 usin9 snall scal€ t.chnologv for productlon hav€ 

deflatad the for6.f, For 6xanpl.' in Lhe r97or b"td baked bv 

sna!! bakers (Yand6.) Ero p"t"rsd bv th6 o'otle to rhat 

med. by Lhe Ia.qB scale indu3t'i'3 (Roti 'lant) bas€d on 

ihportad tech.ologv. lh. hachin'rv ol !h'36 Roti P!3nts i3 

still lyins id16 inspita or th' lttorts df th€ Gov"nn6nE ot 

Pak!sian .nd th. priv.ti:ation cofiission !o 

J. IDGrior-l-llqhrEflosvr rt i3 stid th:t ar i3 inftrio' or 

3.cond to mods.n t€chnologv' rh' oxaDpla of hvdro€lect'1c 

plants construct.d ov€r giant d'ne '16 3uo€rior {ith s€vetar 

thoq3.nd tin6s dor. g€h"atlon capaciiv to thai or 

nicrohydro€l6ctrici!v plants (r'lHP) inst:rl€d !ith local toa 

cost t€chnolosv. In this conn€ction' it i3 ooint'd out thtr 

rtrP i3 not an ini.rio. tschnologv' It has Drov€d 

b6.! iachnotogv {h6ro suittblt 3!t66 fo' such praîs a" 

av.!Lab!e n€arbv lhe 3ettl6n€ntE wh"e '1€ct'ilicatlon 

dilticurr r'on national srid' Yh'se ar' ootr'tabl6 and 

hainLainabla bv local less skitl'd and train'd o"sons rs 

d.c6ntrali2ed i3 p..pared Rith loc'l a'd couni'v dsd' nat6rial 

and fulfilI3 th6 sam€ r€quir'n'nts as !he E'inl plants and 

pos.. no environngnial thrBat' Yh' oth6r narilE tr' th€ di'€ct 

involv€o€nt of loc.l popul'tion in this d'v6lotn'nl p'oc'3'' 

r! is .l5o saf. f'on dcfenc. poi't of vi'i 

iE

42 

5imiIa.ly Lh6 efiiciancv of 5to_gas :: o!.r!ioned 

rnen c.mpi..d Lo na!ur3I q43. Il is co..ect aha. oio qas 

pl ao! : efticiencv it .onoarativelv less chan thai of ât!r3l 

sa3 b! r na!ura1 qas i^ th6 d6v€looin9 co!ntries wh€re i !5 

deposi:s a.e avatl:bro ie suDpli€d Lo a tr.ctional p"' 

'f rhe 

pop!Liiion. ln Pak!3ian, {h€.€ Llris tls !.6 fo!nd :l 3ui in 

1952, inspiLs 

th6 faci lity 

Eo !!t of Lh€ populalion upro 1992 in 5d. u'ban ar6a5' It is 

.ot justifiod in anv lav to dep.iv€ tha nass ot the oopuladon 

ol olh€r 5ou.c6. of 6n€rgv if lhc b€st is not availabl'' 

9. undu. cFitici30Lel\-llrgg rtcrlt-jl9-!o9las': son' dsll 

knorn i.L€ll.ctlals .rp.ct such high p6rfornanc' tron Loca( 

t€chnology th.t rhev d.ôunc6 nod.rn technolosv and r'pr63'nr 

AT a5 alte.n.lc On6 ol th. mi3conc€ptto'3 is that lor_cosi 

t€chnolosy. .nd no.€ wld€lv !h. whol€ rang' 6f aP9rop'1at€ 

tlchnorogi€., shdld s.rvs as . substiiutt fo' tht nod€'n 

t6chnologi€3 ol our indqst.iar lvstgn 14od"n induetrl6s bith 

rh.ir 1a.98 scal6 groductioon proc635t!' sophi'licate

145 

Govefnn€nE aas .eplacinq soohiEticat€d techôIogy by at or 

Labour int6n.iv. cottag6 induslry i. o.d.r to eas. rh€ 

count.y's chrohic p.oblen of rhe na.tist 

p163id€nt of th€ Labour union connent6d If this is lh. 

solution Lo soLw. rha unenploynonl probl€n {h.n 

aiay rith th€ tr.in in fawou. ot bullock carts. cinena to. 

folk theata., irrisation ensin.! lo. manlal p!fips e. 

according !o analvsis, lh€ Gov..nn.nt of lndta dtd 

not ain at disco!.agins sopai.ticated technologi.s. sh6 {.3 

only tsrinq such .3t6p in th€ lnt.rsst of public servic' anc 

ro 3av6 its peopLo rroh the d.ng.rous attack of lars. rc.t€ 

oqlti-nation.! induslri6s hhich, il continu.d' {ould cr..te 

un6np!6ynant and 3tradv sta.v.tion of rilLion3 ot p.opl. In 

tha ood€r^ sorld, adln snith's policv of 1ai3s.: tai.€ cannot 

conf iîF l,Lt!!a!.!ieElj!adei on. 

allasatiohs asain.t aI is that it d6..nd! t€chnoloqv 

dovglopnen! if :3olation i.6., o. local or r69ional basis, 'nc 

di5cou.ases rhe fr€3h vi6rs ol othe.s. It confin€s tr'd' 

b€tr.6n .esion3 .nd isnore3 co6paratiw6 

in16.national t..d.. This a1I€E.tion astin6l aT is tot!llv 

b...t63s. aT €ncou..9€ acquisilion of !€chnolosv rrom 6v"v 

rh.r. subiect to t..3ibility and acccplabil!tv 

und.. local conditions- aT r€cogni3es th6 prodlction faclor3 

nobility lnons .69ion. and count.i€s but n€v6..p9'€ciatos ils 

di3turbance ror sh€ sak€ ol larqe BcaI6 industri€3 anc 

sxploitation of !h. poor n.tion s kealth. The etp€rts ot AT

aIFays p.€achinq good bilai€..1 and !nit.t€raI 16latio.. 

betre€n ind60endent ro.ld a6d denounc€e aars b 

fought fo. sgeking n.fk€ts, aT discoo.aq€s thG ann€xation ot 

na.k6t5 oi innocgnt d€v€ropino countrie3 bv the dev€lop.d 

nations 3ft€r applicarion 6t sophisticated t€chnologv 

ln facL, IT is th€ i.chnologv sderh'r6 b6lr"n 

nodarn soohisticatcd and prihitiv. on€s xhil€ AT is a conc'pt 

acceplabL6 to th€ mass€3 and i5 r6q!i.€d at sp€citic llm63 al 

pa.ticul.f p!ac€. lih.. lhe ra.n aT i3 !s€d, it means ih' 

lechnolosy dhich h.tch.s Hith th6 capital hlnan, natu"l 

endo{n.n! and n..k6t aspect3 irresp€ciiv' ot nod"n 

3ophis!!catsd, int6rn€diat€ or !raditional p'init!v' 

technol09t€E. 

fB4!98E8--af-Eg!!!4CSJ 

T€ohnologv ls d€vslop.d kith hug' exp€nditu" 'nd 

6xp€.in.nt3 ovc. a 3ultici6ntlv long p6riod A"€'rch rhich i3 

nece3sa.y for th. 3urwival of !v.n th6 d6v6lop€d nation3 i3 

consid.rgd lux!ry lor d€voloplng nations lt !' t3timat€d that 

90* of ch6 tot!I r.3..rch is b.i^9 conduct6d in d'velop'd 

nations Nhilo in d.v6lopins n.!ions th€ ptioriti6s t" 

diff€.6nt. ln Pakist.n onlv Qr41 of th€ iotar budg't {a3 sp'nt 

in th. F & o s6cto. duri.g 1992-93. rn thet€ crrclnsra'c's' 

developing âtions look loHard! d.w.loped on'3 lo' transt6' of 

r6chmtosy. rlost ol th€ potitic.l l€adcE ot tht d€v61opin9 

count.i.s demand Ln. import ot t€chnologv 'aiher tntn 

maûfacllf.d and linish6d soods. th6v ot€nlv d'nand i' th'l' 

pubtic n6€tinss th.! lh€v uilI abolish d'oendenc6 up6'

devalop€d nations; 6cononicallv d.vslop the nation and nak' ir 

rh.v, p..h3ot. 6ith6r do noi kno! ih€ oeanins of th' 

claim3 or th6v dec.iv. th€ innoc.nt p€oplo ol th€ir n'llon3' 

As th6.€ options, {hich Mjo.itv of the poLlticians propo" 

ar€ in conalict Pith on6 anoth€.. In th6 mod'rn world n6ith" 

a counirv c.n d6v.lop it36lt lolelv ô' it can r€n'tn 

ihd€p.nd€n! in th6 .€G6 lhich i. o.€ached bv lh€ politic!"! 

of th€ d.vgloping n.tio.s. Th€ whott korld j3 lntgrdelandtnt' 

ono ray o. th6 oth.r. 1l tha €xDott of Er nat!'i'ls lo J'ptn 

is hold uP the impo.t ot iis ch'nicals 51'ctrohtc t'd 

automobil. soods {ilt n.turallv b' 'topped ahd !hi3 wiII ca!t' 

unc€ri.iniy not onlv in the fo.n.r bu! in th' 1't" also' For 

the d€v.Iopnent and pro3p6ritv of t nation' !h"6 

p.€-r€qui5itss lik.: 

F6. th€ inport of un.lbodied tachnoloqv {hich i3 

inforn.tion, lite.atur., draHinss' trai'it9' kôc- 

hou, conlult.ncv, nachin.rv, licantins and Dattnt 

.ights, rh.v nust provid. phv3ic'l infrasr'!c!!r' 

and train lh€ir p.opl. io produc' th6 soods rith 

inport€d t.chn6lo9v. th.v 3h@ld tvaluat' natk'r3 

'for th6 producis of inport€d t€chnologv and aDov' 

3tr socialtY accsp! dllf'r€nt 

&welop.d Ho.ld lika econonv. '€ligion and cultur' 

Rosa.ding th€ 6nbod!.d tochnolosv' {hich a16 th' 

nanufactq..d and rini.h.d goods no sqch '3D'ct! 

a.6 con3id..€d aE n.n!i6n'd

this proc€33 of inpor!, th6 count.v xould ..n.in 

inport€. of th€ said goods 

n.t€rial and th! droan ot d6v€Iopn€nt xill n'v6' 

Fo. Lh. impo.t of t6chnolo0v, ih€ cou't'v rill have 

l€ acqui16 t.chnologv ditn lic€rcing' 

put rignts. ln casB ol lic€nsins, a sDscific rnount 

in 3hap€ ol rcvaltv {il} h.v! to b' p'id 

p.riodicallv rf th. pat€nt fishts dr th6 

t€chnology i3 acqui.€d, th.n a lunp3un ahounl *ill 

dr.in oq! of the count.v rhich tor the d€w'loprng 

nations is not r€comn€nd.d in th. !'nse thai il th6 

p.oduct ot rh.t i€chnololv could nol conp6t' ih lh6 

n3.k.!, 6n!..prises {ilI hav. to t'c6 : Lot ot 

lo36ca. Mor.ov.r, anv lhp.owenBnt in th6 tgchnorosv 

by tha sel,I.r ri1l not b.n€fit th6 p!rch:3'r' 

A! n.jo.ity of indu3irt.l p'ocss3'3 trs d'v'roped 

in th6 advanc.d coqntri.3' a "ltonable pt't of 

th.n ar6.old io rh€ Loca in r€tu'n to' r"! or 

royalLi€s. Fld of pat.n! and t'ad'_narks foro lh' 

l.!!6. !o Ln. lo.me. i. lihit€d o' 6v€n negligibl€ 

du. to non_.vailabilitv or R & 0 facilitie3' 

s..rcitv ot c.pital, political unttabllitv and poo' 

6duc.tion svst6m. Th€ !€chnologv {hich is d'vtloted 

by LOCS i3 ninor, Enall tnd low co6t' 

an €nt6.pri.. can acquire tech'ologv on llctns!'s 

or patent .ights! can adapt it to th' Ioc'1' 

r€9ional o. national l6ve1 bat thi' ig rh' nosi

dtfticurt job. tor this p!.oosB, .ta.t iron risk or 

th. t!iIur€ of technotogv. tbo na.kot f3cror i3 

also kePt in nind. 

SeIf s!ffici.ncy in t6rd of p.oduci^g €v€'v thing 

riihin th€ countrv is n€itlr.. pos3ibrt 'or 

de3i.abt6, Econonists 6v6rv Fhe'e in !h€ {orld navc 

b€.n consid.rins codParative 

producLion for Lheir natio^s sinc6 !h€ s6v'^tt'hth 

conturv ll a countrv p'od!c€s a oonmodi!v rhich 

cos|3 oore and bans !h. iftport ot thal comnoollv 

fron anotho. countrv {hich costs htr l€ss' sht Hllr 

?ac€ 1oss65. Eve.v countrv should prod!c€ cne 

thin€ ohich cos! less 'nd impo't goods t'on lhos€ 

{ho eell at 

In !hor!, acqu!sition of t€chnologv b'rn93 rovErar 

optio^s ro th. d.w€lopin9 count'i63 Tha slpplv sid6 of th' 

!.chno1ogy h!3 othe. a.p€cts and Ln6 €xpo'i'Fi int6r€3l3 are 

difle.€nt from lrros€ of the inpor!er, t fsd of rh'n a16 

a. Ihe naiions tachôlogv' int€nc to 

anount it had 5p6ni on '6s'afch as 

esrlv as polsibl6 in vit{ of rapid bachnolooical 

Th6.€fo.. th€v d€nand p'i€' ol their 

tochhology a3 thdy daEir6 

b. lhe d6vetop6d nations conduct th'i' regearch {ork 

on conne.ci.l basis. thtv tix prices ol rh€ir 

good., partic!tarlv !n.frbodied t'ch'oroqv v€rv nlsn 

in vi€D of P.ofit ea..ing notrv''

oov.loped n.tions intand to control dorld r.rk6ts, 

bo 6xpo.t nanlfactured goods a6d impo.t ch..p ra! 

n.t..iars for th€ir industrl... rf v.rtical 

t.a.sf€r to t.chôlogy i. conducL.dr th6 d.v.lo9ing 

ntltons, in s€v€ral cas€., {ould bo .bl6 !o 

political P..tr€s 

nations !ntend !o 

6.nufactur€ not only inpor! eub.litutss b!t also 

ann.x a po.lion oa ,orld ma.k.t rhich ii nol 

acc.pt.b16 to th€ d.v.loped nalio.s. c..tain 

168!rlctioB a16 intos€d o. traGl.. of t€chnologv. 

Tochnolosy .tporling count.i6r tn najoritv oi 

0.365, s€11 out-dat€d t6chnolo9v. A3 d.v.lo9hs6t 

in rhi3 field is rapid, th6 d€v.lopine co!ntf1€s 

up hith th. pac6 a.d thus fac6 

D6v6Loped n.tions kith th6 t.ansl.. ot t.chnologv 

d€.irs soi6 political obj€ctiv6. apart fron hus€ 

nohetary b.h.fits, In s.veral cr36s, du. to the 

int6.6sts o? d€v€loeing nation3 and pr.e.!" or 

Th... ate thr.. 

tEchnologicaL lsse|3. 

rh.sc obj.ctiv€s tr. noL 

tlon of t.chnorosy ,.con€s 

iyp€s of couht.i6. pe.iainih9

. Th6 s€ni_advlnc€d !ik. th€ -iq6.s or Asia lTaida^' 

singapore, south Kor€a 6uc) 

c, Th6 backr..d count.i€3 hawing t.aditionar and 

p.initiv€ r€chnoLogv fo. production rh€e€ incr!d€ 

s:nglad6sh, alghani5tan. somali.'ic' 

flc{. lron uop6r to lox" l'vet' 

sinila.Ly, llchnoto€v i. transfu.r.d trod th' i'd!slriali:€d 

co!ntri€s !o th6 count.ies having as'icuttu'al 

'cononv' 

€xanptE ol technoloqv fron th€ d'v'looi^g 

counrfie6 !o !h€ dov6loped countrios ar€ n6gligibf in th€ 

3en.6 thaL it anv 6nir.preneu.s .stabrish an indu3lrv !n lh' 

forn.r o. 1at.3t sophisticated !.chtologv h' rill h€3it't6 io 

D facitities. lros! of tht inv'ntiorc and 

d.v.lopm6n!. ar. mad€ in tho.. countri€ and €v" it a 

a d€v€lopins co!ntrv dcw'1ops a foriula fo' 

b6tter production, :t is of!6. pa!6'i€d in th6 d'v6lop€d 

a luftici6nt huob6' of industritl €sttbli'hhents 

hav. b66n d.v.lop€d 6n!ir€lv in th6 dev6loping 

th. technologies rhich lhev h.d import'd:t 

.io.6 ind!3!ri6s of !h. dev€lopins countriG have 

. conside.abt€ heasura of Lochnoloeical proerees in recent 

y6a.6 a^d hav. dod dow.lopod th6 capabilitv 

t.ansfe. a *id€ ran96 of indu3trial L€chnoloqi6s thts has 

impo.rant implicario.s fo' potici€3 i' r€3p6ct of 

!echnoroqic.l

.ountri€s. 1t:leo ha. najot inoricaLionc 

rh€o.i€5 abo!t .he rol€ of dev€Io'inq count'ie3 tn Lha 

inLe.naLiorul .livision oi innovaLivo eiforts and industrial 

:.i.t! r-o :o .oorL rhFi' Lone-rdrtr corp:-:Lrv€ 

'ov"t'o' 

Lrada and oroductioh S sEverat d6veloDing countri63 hav6 

d€v€lopsd thei. pot€n!i.r in 3p€cific p'oducLion technoloqv 

!ith Bxpo.ti.9 lt to oth6. daveloptns countri'5 For €tanple' 

i^ th. turnkey p.oj€ci. Pakist!^ can gxport con9l'tt susa' 

plant. road roll..3. rig.rs of th' Agia haw' d€voloDsd and a'€ 

€xporiing Iabour i^tensiv. p.odlctt rath€r lhan caoital goods 

d€signad don.3tical1v. Ihe36 colntri€s hlvo coiparativ6 

advaniag€ in t.chnologv ov€r oth€' count'i"' 

cons!ltancv !e consid6red pr'-r€quisil' for 

t€chnological d.v€lopd.nt' !i i' tor d"ignin9 

'€qui'6d 

impl.n.ntation, nonitoring and lvrlaation of a 

'6a3onab1' 

numb.. ol proj€cts to b. up on iod€'n lin€s' Apt't tron 

"t 

availing of the s€rvicas of loctl consult'nt' th€ dcv'loping 

count.ies ihport o. af' comp€I1'd to inport s6rvic65 ol 

consultants t.ofr dew€lop€d countri's fo' th63€ D'oj'cts +or 

dhich loans 4.. b6in9 9r.n!6d 

lhis Lh' €xp"tg 

of d.v€lopin€ couhtri€3 in najoritv of ca3€s intt6ad of 

establlshing th€ir oun firhs, join s€rvic'3 in th' lirms of 

develop€d oo!n!rios. Tochnologv 9'aGfer 

oth€. bv trainins co!"'s i3 a1{'vs tr"l6d us€fvt bv th' 

t€ch.olosists- av this atv 4ell v'rs€d p'Bonn€l a'6 3€n' ro 

rh€ dsveropod countrie6 instiiut!on5 ih€r€ apar! f'on class 

ro.k p.aciical training is iopart6d ro lh€ pa'tlcipanis' 

Int6.narional o.9ani35tion such 's UNIcEF' ITDG ntvs also 

:n

5l 

arranged iraininq cour.€3 io dev€1o9in9 counrries in rh6r' own 

csnt.€s/:nsiirurio^s or rirh th€ collabo"rion 

couniries i..!itution. dorking in lh6 tieLd Th€ d'v6roorh9 

countri€s also eBt.blish t.chnical c'nt'€s kilih rhe agsrsianc' 

of :h6 develop6d countri.3 !o providg traininE 5kilt3 to tha 

relevan! iersonn.r, 

Technologv tr.hster is a ohe !.y traffic in th€ 

d€v€lopins count'i's axp6'i that technorosv 

tshich h.s minor or initial techno!o9ica1 'cttvitv' L'rl savs 

' th. initiat input ol !6ch'ologv has had to com€ tron th€ 

indu!t.ializ€d countri6.-'or to'Bign-o|nod or controll6d 

€nt€.orises! this had g.nerallv com6 i' th6 lo'n of di'6ct 

lransf.rs ot d€€is., catital goodt, pat'nts tnd kô{ hoN t'om 

ih€i. pa.ant conpani63. Fo' locallv oNn'd o' conlroll€d 

€nt€.D.ises (incl!dins jotnt v6nt!rBs {ith lqu'L participatlon 

by to..isn and locar 6nt.'e'isa3) ih€ inout has 

forn of ric.nsing ({ith ihe t'chhotogv s!ppIie' 'ctiverv 

a53isti.q in rh€ i.i!i.I traGr6r) or imirarion ({ith rh€ 

loca! €n!erp.i3e soing i! alon') This 3ociioh i3 onlv 

conc..ncd diLh locallv cont.ort6d 'nt€rp'it€s: h6ro th6 'o1' 

ot lic€nsi^9 and fo.6i9n lschnoroEv !'ansi'r has ai l"3l till 

no{, ba€n mlch no.e signiiicant th'n that 6t initation' o'c' 

the iniiial transf6. ol lic'ns€d i€chnologv 

of cou.se. !h€ 6nt€rp'i6'3 hav6 had to d'voi€ con'id€'abl' 

€ffo.L to ae.inilat6' adtpt and '6produc6 it at hon6 and' 

1aL€r, ab.oad. lh!5 proctss, ahd !h' limit! on tho contl6xirv' 

nov6ltv and n!rk6i ori.nt.!io' 6f ih6 technologv axpo't'dr a'€ 

consid6red in mo.€ d.t!il at !his p6i^t it nav onrv D€

52 

susgesL6d that !!o f.cior5 3.€m €cuallv crucial i^ building up 

Lechnoloqy 6xDo.ts: th6 initial Lr'nsf€r f'on abrold (!3!'Irv 

oe Licsn3ine or joint vsnturG) a'd th' sub"qu€nt 

assinilation and ad.ptions. Givon tha'e, th6 conoatiLiv' ods6 

of the ent€r0.i5€s in d€v€lopinE cou'trv lies in Lh' huch 

lo(e. cosi ot !h!i. skilLed itnpow6' rh:ch can ttt6ct 

.€chnologv L.ansfe. !o th€ third {o'1d counl'ie' Hoh€v"' rhe 

of inporiins t€chnologv' rithout th6 

!€chnological base !o as3inilat6 it' dill not l'ad to local 

r.chnoloqic!I davaloFnent;'nd local tschnological elto't' 

or'or.i9n inpu! nsv o€ !a3'e'LI a'd 

!ESaL-4!Ojr4T!I9a!l9PEgI9 OF TEcl{l{oLoeY iRA[aFEE 

Ihe t.ansfsr of technologv fron davcloped to th6 

d6w€loping coun!ri63 is j!'tifi'd' d€sir'd and 

the !atte. d.si.€s continuous lto{ ot t€chnolosv ltke a 

p€r€nntal 3t.6am b!t it lon€ iin6 trickl€s doBn or 6v'n 

disapDe..e fo. sew6'at reasoos among {hich the n'dium ot l69al 

,nd 3latutorv l.an6 {ofk is rcrth oenti'ntna' lt is th' task 

io scqui" dew6lop and d'olov t'chnoloev ih 

achioving n.!ioâl objectivss and d'v€Iop th6 coontrv o' lound 

fooiifgs. t! is a13o tho job ot th' sow'rnn6nt to allo{ th' 

ind!6!riaL conc6rnE as {6ll a5 r!ral t€chnoloaists ro "'!is€ 

their qoars and concentr'tio^ ot 60"r and assossinq of 

.€spon.ibiliti€s in th€ int'r€tr ot public a€rvic€- H€" Eno 

issus of legal 

disclBsed in sone d€lail':_ 

aspscis of !'chnoloEv t'anrf" rs

I- Laq.l. p.corisigll-eL t9c!nclo!Da-.9rt119le!:i 

.oviei.n of iachnoroqv !.ansf6' is 

"9ur'Leo 

nsiruf,onts dhich aro diEcussed h.r€: 

.. a,rch.ic Ingtlu4?n-qt: lh..s a'a s6verar r'gt'ictton' 

o. ljhe i.an6fer of lechnolosv in Pakista' lhich i! 

9..€ra11y d.trin€ntai 

over rh€ licensing aqr6.m€nls Th' Monotoli'3 and 

Resr.icrivo irad€ practic6. (control and 

or.i.anc€ r97o emph.siz€s ths p'€v€ntion ot mono@listic 

und€.lakins. hhich d65crib.d tha! nore ih'n on€-t1rto 

shich is R3.50 nillion o' mor' 

b6 .Nned bv Public compani6s' 

b. Ex!s!L',rg 3!d--qrEr!nll.lgi 

rules and r6qulations .69a.dln9 

son€ of th.se ar€ da.crib€

154 

T..!ff3 ..93tiv. lists .tc dhich .estfict ihoo'ts 

indis€no{s t.chnorogy' 

c) O.I€Eion xnich targ't i3 off€n 

!n.ealistic and afl€cls th' contuft€rs tdv'r56lv' 

rh. abov. n6niion6d '6st'uctioG a'6 th€ djo' 

ca!36E in !.ansfe. ol t€chnoloqv' parricularlv in th€ rat€st 

sophis!icatBd onE. 

x -llgml l*hmlod Polid 6l Pakt't'4 

Paki.tan 3 policv !or5'ds t6ohnologv !s nol so 

appr.clabl. as tho3€ of Indi' and Kor6a' Th6 najor cauras or 

w6ak po!icv ars th€ un.table politi':1 3ituttion' btd 

..Ittions {i!h n€ighbours a'd littl' int6fE t ot tht paoel' tn 

thi. phenoh.non. Rggarding the gov'r'n€n!' inst€ad ol op'nrns 

ner tnstitltions lo. dew€Iopins 

and acquirinl of 

i6chnology r.on out3id€' it ha3 b"n princiDatlv d'cid6d to 

{ind up sit o.9a.!3atioB ol th' f4inittrv of sci'nc6 tnd 

lochnology including nation'l c6nt16 of l'chnologv tra"tt' 

s!a!v tprY,l!o!qc,-!lQ! !9-llctrpr99vlr:aolatr 

Fo. inc..asin9 output a'd c"'iing €molovntni 

iiss, th. eov€.nn€ht is p'o!'ctins ii3 €conoorc 

n Lh. follodlng {.Y3:ro 

encoura@ rn envi 

invesin6nt bY ac.Ptrv€ 

To sxcrud. contliclins !.ws 

3.vi^9 .nd 

r.ihod3 and Protect !t bY

F...don ol trans.ciion, innunitv against 6nqui'v 

fron ih€ lncomg T.x Oepartne't' s€c'6cv in rsro€ct 

ol !.ansaciion, .x.nption of d'po3ii r'on iax ano 

non..3t.iction 

P.o!€c!!on of indcatriar/prdductiw€ in!talm'nts in 

flvour ol ornars' 

.) L€9.I 9.olision u'd'r folloding h€no'and!ft5: 

i sRo rl2s3 (l)/eo dat'd 13 r2_19eo 

ii sRo rl2s4 (r)/eo d't6d 15-12 r99O 

ii !. R6st.ictiv6 or6ctict lad' 

ap.rt, a t!'m 

its r'oulation' and build 

!p goodrill bv .€gi'tetrng ih€ ffads nar' to htvt 

'ncro3ur' 

right3 !o ils 

th€ in!€I1€ctual grop€rtv right 

is ful] prol.ct.d' 

Reg.rding dispui€ over cechnoloEv t6nsf'r tn th' 

lisld ol i.du.t.i6' ln!6ll€ctual 'ights '^d t"d' o' t'rwrc' 

mark ,hich plav important rol€' l.|r'Amj'd xrnat autt' ' known 

advoc.t6 siv.s ths tollo{ins vi'r3_ 

.). Dralti-!s-l9cb4l9c4ae!!r'4!!J no conir'ci i6 to'th 

Ln€ pte.r ii is !ri!t6n o' unr633 i! hts built-in- 

safesua.ds agtin3! va'ious disp!tss :^d co^flic!3_ 

u.fo.tunai€Iv ev6n the no3t n'ticul6ustv pr'pa'6d 

i.r6.na!ional Lransf 6r 

ths aPPlicabI. lar' 

avoidancg 0f ditoutgs' 

di3Pui€s in an 

conir.ct r.I.to to 

, tor ih.ir orn

oariic!!a. fealons. roqld tik€ to hav6 th6i. orn narion.l 

lads or the la, of a 

int.rp.otat!o. und€. 

BisconceptionE. It i. ih6.6to.€, {i3. to include and 

aDpLicabr6 ra{ c1aus. i^ !h6 cont'act 'i9h! ai it' 

c). Li!i9s!lao: rh€ nost comnon m'thod for disDul€ 

r€solutioh in Paki3tan i. li.igation {a havs t' 

ind€pond€nt and fair j!dic!al svst€n but it !'kes too 

lons ahd is quite 6b.^5iv€. AII individuals' coBpani'! 

or 1.9a1 6ntiile3 h.v6 6asv ace€ss to th'

a. !€ll 3E enforc.b!a ano !naloa.I.bLe' lhts is an 

€xp€dious. cheao, e.ivats, non_:echîcaI jucici6us and 

cons.nsual m.thod, 

r). conrci.l4':bl!rqt!on in F,!!!st.n Daspit6 che 9'6't 

utility of the arbit..tio. procsss ir is an alt'rnaliv6 

rhich is onlv .just catching o. :^ Paklslan N' oe1n9 a 

highly litigious soci6tv t.nd lo opr ututllv tor 

!itiqation.. a.oth.r posslbl6 

b€ th. lack ot .uitabia 

arbitration, It 8.3 onlv to{ard3 rh€.nd ot l99l bhat rh' 

Arbitration a.sociation of P.ki3tan "5 3etup' 3tsciallv 

to ott€. tor th6 connerciaL oispu!" A3 iC aai" 

cr.dibility, mor. and oor. busin'3soen a" turnin9 

to{r.d3 it ro. !h. !€ttl36.ht oi !h.ir comnt'cial anc 

indu.trial disput€E added ifrp.tu3 h" be€n giv'n bv th' 

incr.6s€d irqst ropo!.d bv fo..ign inv'3to'< lho ar' k"n 

to utilis€ lhe sBrvic.6 0f th. Arbitr.tion association of 

pakl3tan to eEttIe th.ir pr.36nt o' tutu'€ dispui63 in 

o.dsr io avoid lho cost ot Iitigatio^ Thev nor p'or'r 

paktsran in.r€ad of th6 v..io!s arbitr:tton for!nt 

av.ilable tb.o.d such as !h. IÊ'n'tiontl ch'nb€r or 

comm6rc6, p:.is and rh€ London chanb6' of conh"co' riLh 

rrom th. F€dr.tio' ol Ptkistah Chttib€r of 

conn..c€ and lnd!3trv, th€ Arbtt'ation As3ociation ot 

Fakistan is !€lt on i!. Gv on the ro'd towards prowiding 

.$.nditiou3 and .laicie.t disput' rt'olution s€rvic!3 

tor aIt typ.. of indlElrial and 'onn'rcial di3p!tss 'q

Rest.iction o^ tha..ansf.r ot t.chnology {€alhe. it 

is 1€9aL or financi.l i. one ot th€ oain 

dev6lop6.nt of the thi.d world, Th€ flor oJ toch.ologv f.on 

Lhe dsw.loped coqntri€s shooid 

and Pol..tial b...i6rs, 

ePeBCleErdtE AearEl[v861--rE94rQlaSY 

agricultural p!.ys inpo.tant 1016 in !h.6cononi.3 

of th6 d.velooing countri.3. :i i3 a 3drc. 

n.terial! for t..ding doh.stic ind!3t.i6r.nd 6xporling fo' 

.arning toreign exchang. chich i. r.qui.€d lo. ne€rins iitori 

payhgnt., provid.3 €nplovh.ni opportuniilcs to tne 'ur!I 

n.3se3, contriblting th. Iarsgst !h.r6 Lo 6NP and &Oplving 

th. lrban ar..3 to inj.ct fr6.h bl@d .nd d€f'nc! 

3€.vic.! tor n6tional s.curitv p!.po3B. ThiE i3 th6 

'e'3on 

th.t.g.icultur.l is siw.. d.€.ha.€ i^ tvorv pl'n *hetht' 

.hort !.rn, 1on9 t.rn o. prosp€ctive and devaloon"t or this 

socio. i. consid.r€d a3 inc.ea3s in p€' capita incont or a 

larg€ portion ol th€ population. Th6 intortanc€ of tgricultur€ 

i3 .€vs1ed bv the folloei.g fis!r.! whicn 'hok it' 

contribution !o GNp of P.ki3tan, includ€! najo' crops minor 

c.ops, Iiv€ stock, fishin9 and fo.6slorv:-

conlribuiins ot aqricultu.€ lo coP ot s.l€ct'c Y€ar 

f.on , r2€E:64-Iq 1?al-9".--]!t 

r9a2-43 

PcrcqDl. cren! ripu!id.ir 

26.22 

25.63 

c-o-lscaot l'aclor' 

Though .grioul!ur€ r'c'1v'3 !u?tlci6nt do36 t^d 

d.vclop.d r€t1 aft.r p.'tltion vtt its prooottio' In 6{P to 

oth.r E6c!6rs dsclih€d. Th' cau3" ol ihi' d'clin' in th€ GNP 

i3 tho l:3t€r d.v€lopncnt of oth€r 36ctor3' 9t'ti4l"lv 

fr.nufacturing. In P.kis!.n, out ot tot'l r'port'd "'a oi 79 6 

nttlion h.ctar€s, 5.a6 nillion h€ct"63 it cowa"d bv fo"!t3' 

24.4 nillion is not avail.bl6 for c!ltiv'ti6n and 9'26 millio^ 

.cras i3 culturabl6 ua3t' Hhile 42 'a nillion it culriv'!'c 

rh6 f..nlns sv'!'ms in ih€ dewslopins counitio' "' 

v.ry in.tfici€nt. apa.t lron "v'ral oth" con'trtins !n' 

.quipm€nt uscd i. prinitiv€ and l€'s €rtici€nt' tha ,@d"

plolEh ariven bv cattl€ for plouqhins used in najo.itv of rha 

d€v6Iooin9 coonlries h!.dIv scratch€s the .6.th. th. basrc 

ca!s.. oi usins prahitiw€ instrln.nts tor cu!rivat:on ara rh€ 

e, rha aopropri.t. nachin..Y and 

available easllv or th6v.re 

poN6. of !h! poor t€nants. 

Hith sn.ll hoiding! ar' 

hesita!ins bo adopt thi! technologv- ih'v ihink 

agricul,!ur€ i. a plav ot Iuck. Th6v ar' stiLl 

unau..€ of th. n..iis of the inprov'd in'tt!n'nt3 

and nachin6rv. 

c. Th.y h.w. no kno{I.dg., hoF ro op"att and 

dainati,on th.i, i.6- th. r.ch1n€rv. 

ou€ !o t€ss tnc..tiv€s' .ohl.al ftcilitiot lnd 3r'11 

!.€nd losards R&o, th. d.v.lopi.g countti'! took !o th6 

dcvelop.d colntries fo. ths mech.nis.d €qoipnant thich i3 

prifrarily d€v€loped for advanc.d countri's' ltrg' farfr 

holdi.gs and c.pital int€nslv6 o. fo' th' d'v'loped counl'l€s' 

snall farn holdinq3 4i!h capiial i't'n5iv' lo' hish r'tu'n' 

Ih.3. tschnologi.s do not.uit io th6 d.v6roping natioB asroecononic 

condiLions, cao!. sld ftrn rechani"tion a'd litit€d 

oft6n !o larg. ta.m hordings coh3titltins I so'll propotdon 

of rh. cultivabl6 1and. rhis tf.nd of m'chanisation has 

s6we.al drawb.cks for tha d.v.loping couht'i'! i_6 

accum!Iabion ot w€a1th l. a f.4 h.nds' r'duce enp!ovh'Ê 

inc.e:3' dao€nd'nct on th6 

opporruniti€3, 

dov61op6d nalion3 fo. nachin.rv and sptr€ part3 Ih6

dev€lopi.9 count.!es kith 3!fftci€nE land can ngchanise th6ir 

agric!1r!r6 by prod!cins lhair orn nachin€rv and 'o!ipm€nt 

suired to th.i. lhoush thi3 is tlr6 nost difticult Job v€t ih€ 

follorinq oPtion3 a.€ availabl6 

a. such co!ntries ca. d6v.1op .6chno109i" rhrough 

th.i. own R&D aesnoi... 

They nay rmpo.i slch 

counr.i6s 3uit6d ro 

ag.icult!r€ condirion3. 

on. of th. acc€ptgc n.v. 

.d.plation of nod6rn 

t6chnoIogi63 lron oin€r 

h.r socio-.cononrc and 

in ihis conh.clion is th€ 

!€chnology lo th€ local 

d. lh.y c.n .€viv6 th. old lachnorogv ot tha nd 

d.w.top.d coun!.i6. in 3ta!u3 qso rh' old 

!.ch.ologies ol !h.!' countrit3 

6. 

.pproprialo in s€v...l 3'sn6n!s ot agricultq16' 

s.v.ral sophistic.i.d t'chnolosi's 

to th. ag.icultu.e o' tv'n the d6v'topin9 n'lioB' 

f- T.adltion.l and p.initiwt t6ch'ologi63' il inprow'd 

di!h tha 2oth cantu'Y k'o{l€dg' 

.ppfop.tat€ ih th€ fl'Id of agricLrturt' 

th. afor€said oprion3 of s6arch ro' 

'pp'opf1aE6 

a0ricultv.€ !.ch.ologias ar. op.n nostlv tor dtv€lopin9 

countri€s h:vins .65sonab1. I.'d, populatio' and caPital' 

snall countri6s !ik€ r4aldiv. can inDo'i aT tof t9'iculiu16 

fron iis n6ighbours having Eihirar soc!aI' roli9io'r 6co'onlc' 

o€os.aphic, .nvironment and .cologv

162 

iost of th6 3.v.top!n9 co!.trtes fac. s€.ioq. 

3no.ta9€ oi for€!9n €xchans. qhile rapid t€chnologicaI 

d.v.loon€nt in :h6 fi6ld of ag.icultu.€ makE it very ditlicult 

Lo inpor. rat€sE nachin€.y for r.Dl.cinq th€ old. io..ow.., 

rachin..y or Lhc dcvelop.d nore enerqv consuning 

a^d is soLd aa 2-4 cines hi,9n6. .a!e to thB d€vslopi.g 

count.ies. sophisticat6d !€chnoIo9i6s of the r{e!te.n bLock 

...d physical i.t.aetrucr!r€ qhich :s d.fici6nt in !h. 

d.v6lopin9 counrri€s. a tr.clor c.n .oi b€ driv.n tron on. 

li€ld ro ano!her ir .o.c i,3 not availabl6 and lhe land t3 

un.v.n. A3 this technoloqy i6 u6ed bv a snall nunb.r ot land 

ho1d..s (o.ry 0.5i having culilvatgd land 

.nd abov€ in case .f Pakietan), th.rofo.€, operatron and 

n.int.nance of such sophistictt€d n.chin€rv i5 dillicult in 

.bs.nc.6J extsnsiv€ s6rvic..nd ..D.irins svst€o- a sch.i. ot 

.!nni.s high po!€r bulldo:.r. !. l9a.( bv th. Dlstrict council! 

in tlo.lh l|les! F.ontiBr Provinc. faild ohlv a tou r€ek€ att.r 

!h6 introductio. on th6 sans groqnd. Si[ilarlv high po{.r 

!..ctors ar6 nor sa€n in th. fi.ld6 b€caus6 thev ar6 us.d.! 

.ho.t distance ca.ri6rs. 

For€isn exchrng. i. r€qui..d !o n66t tho inpo.t!tio^ 

ol 1u61, oil, sDare pa.E and con3ultancv a^d t€chnical 

r3:ist..c6 ot this €qlipn.nt.nd naching.v rhich should not b. 

nsnut.ctu.ed at nalional l.v.l in th€ d6w6lopin9 countri.!. 

o!. io lack of 6:ien!iv. narkot facilitias and 

inrpprop.iateness, 3ophi.tic.l.d lgchnoloqi€s a16'or 

r€conm.nd.d fo. !h6 a9r!c!ltu..! 3€cior ol !h. d6valopln9 

co!nt.i63. InEtaad a t6chnologv !hi.h i3 .dopt€d att6r lhroqgh

153 

Etudy by €3t.5lish.d iretitultoE in th. int€r6.t ot th... 

cou.!.i63 {ill b6 aDoroDriats.B 

q|u3!F-.Sf-919r--!!EiAnjr!i9n -cf- !9r19t1l-iil*-ai!c--BF4ac:e! 

4L 

In the devalooine countr!.3-6 ih. 6ffo.t3 0f thti' 

gov.rnD6nt. .nd !h. NoGs, .tt€nsio. or 

d.dias s iht...st ..d .ising i..^d of p'ic€s, 'g'icultur' 

o.oduc6 incr..3€d E.v..sr tin.. no.e in ih. cut"nl canturvr 

..o.ciallv alt.. llo.ld fra.-Ir' T.bl6 II.l 3hods iht growth ol 

..€d cotton. wh.at, rlc.' maiz.' !us.rc'n'' pulstt 'nd pot'to 

ot 15 counlri.. on .v..age a..is. Hod.v.t. it it codonrv 

b.!!€v€d th.t nor. p.oares3 !n th. fi€ld ('s pot'ibl' it il 

rolld hav. b.€n m.ch.ni3.d t3 p.r .Eq!!"fr"ts' th49h th"' 

.r. s6v€..1 oth6r r...o.s also llk€' poof tt6d3i - l'3' ust ot 

t.rtilia€.s .nd n.nnur€, non-.vairabili!v ol ('t6r lo'

Tabl. _ l1.r 

caq!-Yr-E!9tol-DEqE8$r -q[!!Errg 4!0-,equ&rE9 

l!':Ee-i.s4r€- !ev,i-o{ai!4!cs l'23-!:qq 

production !.ar 300k r'aa ol f2'

65 

Ihe aqricult!re s€c!o.. aimoEt in 311 :eveioolnq 

40u.tries h.3 been r€chanis€d ou. in6 ;!c::itv i3 .ven 

th€ l i rtl€ sesnonts 

bas€d i.dustr!es, For rhis o!roo.e. Lh€ iocial 3.o naaral 

scientists reconDehd i!s m€chaniz:rion !n liqi: of tha 

d€velopins co!nrri6s orn soclo-econonic 

majoriLy of iha fari..s oi th. d€veropi.9 .atio.3 t.€ ooor' 

henc€ th€ n6chanizaLio 

b. ch.ao6r anc f€asrbl' 

lo. their smatL holdi^9s (20* b.lor I hecta.es in ta(iEtan tn 

reel) fron se€d so{ins to di3oosal !n th6 rocal 6a'k€tE' 

acco.dihq to amin ud oin (han sball and nediun 3:2ed :ard 

holdinss upto ro h€c!ar.s con.ti!ute a l..q€ s€ghc^t of the 

a.able land in the t.opics. FarnBrs dirh slch holdinca fi'd it 

dilficul! to op.ra!6 .cononicallv Hith ahinal drta^ :colE' but 

!h. Ia.q€r crtctore ov6r 3o hp.r. too large fo' th':' 

'eecs' 

rronically, this lar9. sroup ot farn613 o' tho o'v6looin9 

hardlv .nv acc€ss io .pp'op'tat€ farh €oulpment' 

to b€ s!c.653f!I, agricuti!raI m€cha'isation nusi b6 

introduced on the snalle. farh3 !n the !rooical 'egions and 

m!3t be coiEidered !n this parlic!Iar f'an3 oi ret"€nce g 

As th6 conc6pt ot ag.icultu'al engin€'rinq anc 

d.velopnenti lika s€v.ral o!h.. conc€9t3 

uhich is Etill rho l6ader of kôul6dq' i^ 

diesemination, rh6.sricultur. 

Ho.k but in 

hav€ btnefil!€d 

of lechnologv 

rcceptable, leasibr€ rnd iithl^ the purchasins 

r.rme.s. popqlalion or more ot r!3s all th' d€v€Ioti^s siat€' 

are increa3ins at a ta3te.

39ric!Itu.6 o^ th6 r.3te.n tin.3 lill di.plac€ a !a'96 nunbtr 

df Labou. forc. which will cr6!t. a rot of sociat and la! 3nd 

ord.. probl.n3, perhaos desiablis€ th. Bhole 3v3t'n' a' 

aq.icultu.al m.chanisaiion st.a!.gv tas6d on th. indiqono!6 

oroduc!ion ot 3maIl individsallv- oknad ta'm €qulpnan! {il} 

f.ovide:dditioâl eoptovnont in the p.o@ction- n"k6ii^q rnd 

s€rvici.q runcrion. t 

Balnrei, qev-!Io!d6.rr!, t[q,.olttlo!'latieLoI_'Jsriic!f,llrr1 

!4chioe-rLa!'qj-o,qr-e' 

tnsDiL€ of lacr of linanci.I rBsou.c.s th. 

ol les. asric!rtural ptod!cinE counlrl6s nav' 

€stab).ished different o.sani:.tio'e in the pubtic secbr Eo 

condlct R&o {ork o. dirt6.6nt .sp6cts ol 'q'icultur' 3acror 

for incre..ing vi6!d. The p'ivate 36cto'' for tntt6 

obj.ctiv€s, !3 aIso .ncouras.d bv sivins inc'ntiv€E in rlx 

co.c€3sion and som6 !in6s €v.n suEidizin9 th'i' produc'' 

fiow6v.r conr.arv to p.ivat€ s€ctor' th6 public s'clor co€E n6E 

s.en to b€ achieving th6 assign€d qoals' ln th6 "€veloping 

.o!ntries, p!blic socto. organi:'tions olt'n cond!ct R&D {o'k 

dith r.spect ro pubric êads. Phvsical and Natural tci€nti'!3 

and ensineers 

po3itioG in !he36 in3tilutions 

and gene.altv dokn grade th€ sociar sci'ntists t6chnrclans' 

nechanica €tc. Ihes€ R&o ors'nizaEi6ns havc no coordinaiio' 

uith othe. o.ganizatio6s Norkinq in :gricsltu16 

ft€ldE dle to rhich lh€v can not dt3s€ninat! lhtir uo'k and 

innovations. Funds f.ofr governn.nts Eid'' for !h' 

5asic '63€a'ch uork lh'3e 

sci6ntis!s and 6nsin..15 usu.!lv b€1ong to citi63 and en'

167 

o.ofessio. rith whom th6v r€lat6d hav6.o unde'!tanding ro 

ih€n. They th..efo16, hithou. mixins {ith the ignanrs ta'n 

laoourers and small holding .6ncrs and goins into d'tail in 

rh.i. p.obl.ne and .equi.emen!3 do no! s!cc'6d in !ht!' ba'ic 

r.sDonsibility Bhich is ih. p.ovision ot aoo'op'iate 

aer!c!LturaL techô1ogv- 

Elahplss of ! lot .l ntchinB'v tnd too!3 d'vdrop'c 

by lhese orsani:ations exist rhich a" lving idl' Hhil' 

LEcnnoloqies innova!.o bv rh6 dcv'Lop€d 

codm€rciaL!:cd motiv. occupv th' market3 of tha d'vtlopin9 

cocntri6s, .holsh 

inapptopriat' io th' f"m€r' 

It is the responsibilitv ot !h6se R&O organiz'tions to 

in!.od!c6 ihoi. {o.! in th€ n"k6t Th' R&D orqanization 

3hou!d focu. on hard!." dawelopo'nt {ith '6nD€rcialilttion or 

t.chnolosl.! lik€ th. r'1.3t and conduct '€"arch for kno4l€ds'' 

P..-project.varuation and narkot studi's nust b' co'sid'r6d 

. parE of th.ir t€chnologv d€v!1opm€'t activili€ r'Ialing to 

Lh. Eociar objectiv€.. 

RriD_ rNSrrlulI(li! 

Acco.ding to cEcD 275 O'sanitttion ar' working in 

!h6 field or R&O activities ln agricultu'€' A3 tt is 'ot 

polsibte Lo dEscrib. actlvitias of aI1 ol th636 o'Etnization3 

only a t.r a.€ n6.tion€d {iih brl6f lntroduction and !h'lf

n!.rB tienal .Bic. &.radccL-Iorli.lJl!* !trlr ipDl-a.-! 

rntGrâtion.l Ric€ R€3€arch Institut. {rRRr) ras 

established in Los 3anos, th. Phitippin.s i. 1960 in ord.' to 

in ..laEion to .ics ..oductio^ d€v€lognant 

of rice sr.3in3 an..ic. fa.ning nethod.. lt hts d!v']op6d 

kno{n va.i€ti.3 in .i.€ Lik€ IRa and s€ni_d{.rf ohich ar' 

commonlv grodn In rropic.r regions IRRI has a conp€r€hr E€4f, 

of 6ci6n!isis and rcrk.rs to d.valop and 6valutt' lmprov6d 

.ic6 tachnologv for alI ric. s'o'in9 a'€as' Asricullu"l 

Ensin66ring o.partm..t of lntern3tional Rict R€a'a'ch 

rnsritu16 !niriat.d a ,ide ra^q€ ot P.ogrannes i^ tha 

phiripp!nes in r96t lo. d.v.loping 3in9I6 lnd ro'_c63t 

machin.ry fo. rh€ d€v.looinE countri.. thc p'oq'ari' ha6 

eositiv. asp€ct3 oi o.oviding free t'chnical '3sistanc' 'nd 

€nEin...inq dr:rin93 to th€ m.n!factu"e or th' machin'rvt 

p.opo3€d and ..cohm6nd.d fo. th. fa'm6r' Th' lolloding 

machin.3 and tools h.v6 beon glv€n at 6xanpl6 

sinpl€ and app.opriat. nachin.rv for most 6r th6 d6v'looin9 

Tt I16. of 5 

alial F10u th.€sh6.. 

t.actor L!9 Hh6.rs. 

alpropriale . a9 ri'.cs Lq'r irl- f€st!r!9rcc!-!dr* cao!rt4!q! 

a.o.ooriat. Asricultoral T€chnologv c'l t (aATc) {as 

Bstablished as a celI bv Sanqladesh agriculiu'31 R'r'!'ch

wirh sh. objectiv6. to d.v.Iop .nd 

pronot. labour-int.n3iv€, croiial-3.vi^g n.chin6rv, tool. d.d 

imol6n.nts suitsd to tho loc.l .onditions i^ aq.icullur€ 

secto., It is 6n9.9€d in rhe Rlo of t€chnologle3 1ik€ drving, 

proc€E3ins, nilling and sro.age taciliti6s so utiliz€ maxihuh 

local .6sources, both ohysical aô natural, rith lhe nininln 

inw.ltn€nt. rho c6ll collects .nd diss€iinaE.! i.fornatioh on 

app.opriat6 t€chnoIogles io ih. ru.aI has3.3 .nd conducts R&o 

hork by 6rtandinq Erants io ih. !niv€.3iti.3 and r.!!!rch 

in.titutions- s.6i.s inportanc€, . r€r asricuttur'L bor3 'ro 

r. E&rbL€-trqLrlti-r-bree-el9n9!: It i5 a tool for di99in9' 

ie€ding. coll6cting r.6ds, 9..p.rin9 ptot. for cuLiiv'tion 

€tc. rhis h@ i3 19 cn (7.s inchG) hieh and 6 cn (2-s inch's) 

rid5 .I6ncrith ss cn (22 inch€s) lons lood.n handla' It ha' 

thr6. p.ones o.ch 6 cn (2.s inch..) thick6..3. {Fiqu'a - ro)' 

2- !a!!!!L!!!:: Lavsll6. is u3€d for prop.'ine 

nurs6ri.3 and sn.II orcha.d. ro. l€v.llins b'd! lo' 

ves€t.bIes. Th€ Lev€Iler shokn in fi9!r€ rr i3 25 c6 (ro 

inch.!() hiqh wilh 56 cn {2? s inches) rong Eood€n handl' 

3- F-!r-.lo!!f: As sho{n in 'ligur. 12, it i3 u3.d for ridgta rnd 

f!rrow! fo. snall 3€.d3 a^d ro. preparing !€.dli^ss' soring of 

v€9€tabl6 3€6ds can b. done 6h !h. .idse3 and wat6rin9 ln th€ 

furro{3 in o.de. ro k.€p lh.3oi} opon€d. 

height {idth and Hood€n handt€ l.ngth ar' rtx€d as lo cr (4 

inch66), s cm (3 indh*) and 56 cn \22.9 inch'!) r€p€ct1v'lv 

Th6 an9l6 of lho blad. {i!h ih. handle ag 

risu.6 i3 koet a! eo'.

Fi4r. - to 

DAUqtt -EOE-r:lL lHiEq .eno()9

t7t 

LEGII'8 

}- ,fi

112 

F\--!

73 

rua39!. o?F!!EB

174 

a. luflql op..rsl: Fur'o( op6n'r shorn in fisu'6 r3' r3 

's 

lscd ior op€6i.9 

so{lns s€€dt tls xidth h'rght 

rnd handlo lBnqth i5 d.sisn€d 4 cm fI E inch€s) lo cn r4 

inch6s) and 56 ch (22.5 i.ch€s) .€soec!iw'Iv- Its angl€ is 

APPIT9PR t Al E qq|!-srag9lrlq- -r-Eeujo!9s! 

Ir i3 said lhat nanr a13o i' 3'v6'al parls êa' 

I3laf,abad lodav, da3 dE€Iling in c've3 l'6fo'6 civili'!tion' 

rhis typs or acconmod.tion ra3 contid€rod b'!t ror hin b€caus€ 

ol 6€cu.itv, nod€.tt. anbi6nt 

b'3t hvsranlc 

conditions and l6se .x'rtion lo' n'int6n:nc' Hor'v'r' Bith 

p.s3ase of lih€, m.n 3hitt6d to plain ag'icult!ral 

cave facililils der. not avail'blo rh€r'' 't ihat lin6 th€v 

d.v€Loped !h.i. ned t6chniqu'3 or ds'1linq fo' 

'6cu'r'9 

rhshs€lv€3 trom Boarh'r, dild aninals and 'n€mi€ Prinitiv6 

huts and th6 scottish black hou3€ Ehich is arlitlci'lrv 

ho]lo{ hou6d ol aa'th a'd rocks a^d lhick roof_ 

covering wj.th naio..! veg€tation ars th' 6xanpL' of such 

accomnod.tion- dith rh' €n'rg€nct of farmino ccononv' p'op!6 

tnd th'v b69an const'uction o? d*tllinss 

rirh ih€ 6atu.aI s'd €'silv o' tbundantlv availablt n'teriar 

around th.i. su"o!'dings' lh'v d6re ebl' to dr'll in th€ 

e.ni-des6.t, grasslandt forest! add in ihc h@s6' built on 

stilts in th€ rai€r. lhough th' age of darkn'ss has gone rong 

ago yat th€ .a.li6r dE ltins Bv3ttns in som' 'udim6nta'v Ehap€

!75 

B,vil.ltic9erE!l]rs!ig!-.1!!!!.ia! 

r,liLh !h6 d.vslooh6nt of civilization inc'!!s' in 

tha xsa!th and 3ki1l3, hlnan i6t€rest incrsas€d !n th' 

d{61lin9 syst6f, b.in9 one of th6 necas3itv of tif6' His 

.tt€ntion rhich d6s pr€vio!slv concantrat'd on !h€ coll'ction 

of food, atso comp.ll.d hin ro qiv6 attant-ion to dt6llinc! 

'nc 

clothes. H. {as no.6 k.6n 

a b.rr6r h@3. lo' hin 

ehi.h porhaos h€ 1...nt fron {ild and oc'anic anin'1r lik' 

mannals, birds and t!3h, Bis 6xp'rin6nt' and €xp!ri6nc' in 

const.vction natgrial psss€d throogh va'iou3 st'963 rith th€ 

.at!ral and phvsic.l chans€s ol man hin"lt' 

..olosy and .€v6.al oth€. facto.B having inp'ct !pon dtn 'part 

froo accumul.iion ol r..lth In th€ iords of John P Pt'rv ln 

diffgront p..is ot th. Ho.Id, aIL kinds ol oa!'rials hav' bt'n 

u36d ror blilding 

idp6rnan'nt' 

Plopl. 1ivin9 in initiallv built rlth 

'!r'l 'r6a3 

natu.al n.to.ials !!ch as nud b'nboo' lo9! 3tickt' tt'e 

'nd 

bark, rocks, l€av63, grass' re6d3' coral' tt!3he113 an

q 'i 

iHE rulHm SIJPERVISIXG l'loRt( Ox A LOx @Sl aUILDIxc

|!inc-g! llrtlr.lrt 

Blildihe con.t.qction 6't'rial ctn bs divid'd into 

psro.n.nt and iop€rnln.nt mt€ri'l and batic:- 

!- oh Dur.billtv G.ouno: 

i. P.ro.n.nt n.t..ial 1ik' Erick! r'on 

lnp..nan.nt h.ta.ial luch as nldi rica 

i.. 6.3ic Et..i.l 

iro., 4ood t!c' 

3ucn 

's 

ii. Buitding litting 

'nd 

It can l.ca adv.r.€ 

!3 h.avv rain,,rno 

firiure lik' 

i.ch.'ica1' tl€ciric'l a^d plui|btrin0 

m.t.ria1 and 'quipntnt 

lh. pr€

l7a 

p6.man.nt hou3€3, 

o.!r9.i ts or.-ealq3(Eog,SgilCualg'rl-t'-usiion 

Pernan.^t hou.4 a.e costlv 

constructins such hous€s' 

th€ir ..haining liw€s in dcbt_s€'wrcr'9' 

Ihe inpur r€qui..d i' ntt'ria1 lik' brick 

kilning to. ih. con3tr!'tio' 

ho!s63 ar. flo.6 fu6l cohsudtr:ve' 

It n6.ds spsclal skillc froh b'so t6 

'equi" 00'6 rdr 

"'rgv 

cooling a.d h..ting svsr'ns' 

as i€chnoloqv u..d in th6 p'rnan'^t hou6's ar' 

inpo.t.d on€ and u36d rilhou! 

c.eat!3 several 3ocio-Bco'odic probr'm3 

apslop!:rialF llq i ldi.d lolllllr-clletl L'gi9oturg 

Th€r€ iE .o univoreaL d6ti9n {hich coqld b€ 

r.command.d to. al1 th. n.tio'3' Not onlv av'rv count'v or 

dirf€r€nt .€si6ns rithin th6 

hava difttreni 

requir€ncnts in thiB connsctions ln I'lu'r" th€ slop' is 

'6of 

..quired !o preveni a.cunulation of s'o| !hir6 i' oth'r pari3 

ot rh€ Funj.b ih th. stn€ pr6vinc6 of ptkieta^ fltt roof iE 

con3trlct€d b€cau36 th'r6 is no enou fall Th' flat roofing is 

co.sidered b63r sit6 for 3l..ping at h€iEht during sunnor

ni9ht3 and storing agriculiura! produc6 In 

buildins fo. dr6ll ins is 

to k6€o out ina uind 

!hile in c.rtain pLac.3 lik€ n'ntionod Lat€r' rho p'actrce 

adooted ih rhis .onn.ction is quite difr'r'n! bv l'ttins il 

in. clin.i6 also olavs a verv ifrporrant '016 in iho dEsrgnrhq' 

ln sons culiures wirhin lhs 5am€ co!ntrv the16 i' joinl 

tarily syst.n aid th6 Eholc villag€ conotising of 30-40 

p6rs6ns lho rive in on. ho!e' rhil' 

i. small !ni! of lho gan6'ation Iivinq in on' nous€' 

sinilarlv, d€signing i3 also diffe'6nt 

population grouEh is fastet D'sisning 'tso dettncs !pon 

avaiLabilitv of buirdins/co'3i'uciion nat"iaL 3u..oundinos, Jinancial an" prof6ssion'I 

ln thg 

ouoll€.3 .no 

lhings as E6lI ' 

bassd d'3ignins ot buildint tholgh 

i^soir€d th6 dealthv classes' i3 ott€n c'iticis'd bv th€ 

.xp6rts fo. ihe sinp!€ '€ason thtt th€ lnoqt i3 mor6 fuet 

c6.s!mptiv6, takes a lons-t!h€ and !h6 Rcc 'oot a^d b'icr 

..rls a.€ srandard concrola box tvpas Nhi6h '16 inappropdaE€ 

climaticallv, g€osraphicallv, cultu'allv tnd financ!a!1v- lt 

is arso inaDp.oD.iate in vi6r of lhe '6s6urc6 'ndoth'hts and 

.€qui.€nen!3 needs ot ths pa'!icuLar '69ion_ Th€ ttchnical 

edlcatio^ Bos.d' Gowlrnm6nt of th€ Punjlb Pakistan building 

c6.5t.!ct.d in a1lafra lqbal loin' Lahor' iE cart'inlv on€ ol 

th€ most b€autiful and attrac!iv' buildtne of rh' Punjab ll 

{i!h nil}ions ot bu! th6 gmtlov€es ol 

'!p€€r 

rh6 Soard wo.king in th6 buildins consid'r'd it not l'sE than 

h6rr during 5umno. bgcals€ i!t design in bas6d o' resi6rn

Iao 

i€chnoiogv ahlch 9iv6s impo.lanc€ to kaap ths buildi'gs hoi 

tnile Lahor! has a sufJiciEnt high l€nperat!16 

yea.s, Simitarly manv hovsing Ech.nes and qv€n i'dividuar 

nouse3, in {6ich !r.s!er. t6cnôlo9v is tnDosad tnd no car€ i3 

given io A'1, a.a crearins: !ot of conplicalion' nor onrv 

du.ins th.3unn.. but aiso in olh.r s6aso'sth. 

dovolopins count.i€g 5h@1d r'dlct th' nousrns 

probleos ot thoi. citizens in both urban rnd ru"t 'r€as' Thav 

shoulc t6.ch appropri.te t€chniqu€ and th'i' inDortance' 

pract!calty .nd theor€ticallv both !o tho p€'sonn'I r€lat'd in 

lod€s! to hiEh'st ranks lh'v should also 

enco!.aga evolqtion of !h6 indig.nous lechnologv 'nd r6plac6 

rerpora.y !n3alisfactorv m.!..ial Nith ioprov' ptrnangnt 

satisracto.y n.terial a..€ptrbl. to tha n:3s€5 on conD€rci'r 

4pp.oo.iat.cd of th6 rq:h!o-l'9dv ro' DdtloDina cou^tri'g 

acc.ttanco of !J€st.rn 3up" !'chnologv unqu'stio"d 

ror cci.t.uclton purposgs c.€a!'d 36'ious orobltns to' th€ir 

inhabi:ants. It is shaking socio-political 'v'tth ol rh€sc 

count.ies. Th€ probl€ns need tho'oqgh discu3sion tnd '€n'dv ov 

rechnoLogy exp..t6, ensin..13, conlractof s 

on !h€i' !'v'lt Il th€ so1!tio' te soushi 

invorvins appro9riate tochnologv in const'!ction of the 

.e5id€ntial .nd connerciar bujldings bv adap:in9 

th€ rcllo|ing 

! hop'ful encouraging r'surr rs

Adaptation of !n. ,63tern 

local 3ocio-.cononic and political condition' 

:. a day io gei r.timut ban€fit fron il. sinc6 

i973, th6 l,lest.rn block h.3 b€.n tacing 

economy and .n6r9v c.is6s. Th€y are no! 

c.nducting Backing R€s6arch P.o9r.nn6s. rhe 

u.ited siat63 0r Arorica 

.e.osniz€d Lh6 u36 of adob6 (.un_D"k6d 

b.icks) and .anh.d earth i6chniqu.s into 

-€9io_dt ano r.!ion.I sLa^6s'd3 and is 

sDondine ni\Iione ot dolla.s on ih6 projEct' 

i. th€ durabilitY and q!'liLY ol 

!5e IocaI const.!.iion mat€rial Suildthq 

nesearch stalion xa.achi and pakist'n council 

of sci€niiric tnd Indost.ial 

korking in !h. I l6ld 

R6h.biLitaiion to ov6rv pos6ibla th' 

'xt'nl 

traditional hou3ing t€chnolosv bv urin9 ih' 

3vaitabla n.t6fial. It ui11 dimini3h th6 

inport, .€duc. !h. !raGportation co3t' 

lnc.eas6 enplovn.h! a^d 6ncour!9t rL"I 

industrializ!tion. 

adoptation of a middlo dav i e, int'r6'di't6' 

b6rwesn th6 p..m.nen! and inp€rmananl 6uildinq 

nate.ial wh€.. lo$ burnt brickE, c€n6nE' 

3r€6! and tinb6. i3 requir€d- pcat Hou3ing 

Projeci ha3 alr..dv id€ntiti6d 36v6t'r ottldns 

in this conh.ction.

t. 

the d.siq.i^g of th. housgs should be 3uch 

rhat it n€€ds l€33 6n€.sv lo. coolins !.c 

h6ati.9 purDos.., is hvsisnic, '.quiros 16" 

n.int.nanc€ 6xp.nd!!ure' can tac6 n'tu':l 

c.laiitics and tulfils th. dr.ll'r! 

Th.gove..mant.nd peopl. b6longin9 ro €v'rv 

{alk of i:f€, n!3t promot6.pp.opriat6 lo{colt 

housins 3y3i.os. Th. tux!'v hous6s' 'ith 

1..9. cow€rod 

bt tax'd :hd 

Fo. the const.uc!ion of appropri.tt b!ildings' 

th. naso.s a.6 .6quit6d to b' !rai^'d 

It i. .ncou.asihg that RGsearch h" b"n sta'ted rn 

G.rnsny, srit:!rLrnd and Salgiud' Franc€' tht16 r58 ol th' 

pop!latioh liv!3 i^ traditiohal mud ho!$3 buiIt 72 

.tp.ri,n6ntal hon6s in l9a3la5 (vi1lag6 t"r' d' l'131' 

d'Ab.au) and ih. U.iv6.sitv of G.€nobl€ p'opo3'd a tuo v"' 

po.t-graduat6 cour.e in mud const'uction teachin9 tor 

.rchi!6cts .nd .^sins6rs .nv coopaniot troduca sp6citic 

.ouipnent and th6 Iiteratu'€ availableq, on thi3 subj'ct 

lhrolqhout th. oortd exce€ds 5OOO titt€s 5 

i9!rr:!s-!sl3t 4rerio! 

ln dcv.Iopins countr!'3! th"6 

houses, earticutarlv for "3id'ntial 

.v!ilabLe for this pu.pos6 lack baslc 

is lcut€ 3ho.tag. ot 

pu.9o... The ho!..3 

am€nlti.s lik. b.ih

oone, lararin.!, kitch€ns, clec:.ica1 

r€asonabl€ op.. spac.. i6jorily ot !h6 hou3.! h€v€ b€€n 

construct6d rithout planning.nd in 5lun conditio.s {ith rouEh 

n.r6ria1, inp.op.. ratio ot c€n.ni nixing .i!h sand and 

agg.egara €tc. ou. ro lack of .65ou.ce5 and f:3t6r q.@th 

rat€ of poo!Iation in rh. d6v6loping counlri6s, th. 

construction p.c6 is slo{ and rro to fou. tim. nor€ ae.EonE 

ar6 drelling in . hou3€. 

P-sliglaoi qra-.af --!g!ri DE 

accordinc to th€ ufio ..po.ts, fron l97o to r9ao' 

'd.rand for !h. hou3€3 ha3 b.6n inc.6a5ed to 44 lin€s Hhtl6 

only in ihe urb.n..es, fou. !o live million mo.. houseB ar€ 

raquir.d additionllly. 

billion .t€ livihg in 

the holsine rith tack ot ba.ic aoonit:6s{€. 

Lik. oth6r devaloping co!nlries, Pakl3t.n also taces 

th6 probl6n ot shortage ol ho!3€s th.oughoul th' countrv' 

Th6.o is short.E6 of 2-5 niltion houses r6cofd.d uoto r9a5 

uhila incr..!. in the 3ho.tas. is e5tinat6d co b. r'oo'ooo 

hous€3 annlally b€causs of con3t.uctins onlv 5o,ooo hou36s a 

y€a. in3t€ad ot tsoooo. 

Intaci, lhe con3!r!ction t.chnologv tdopt.d fo' this 

purpose is inc..asins th. 3ho.tag€ of hor"! i'3tead of 

solvihg th. p.obler. In this conhecrion' l'd"tl and 

orovinciaL gov€.hm.ni are ac!iv. in reducing !h6 probl€m bv 

.srabrishing.ev.ral aqenci.. lo. p.6paring and t'llin9 sn'II 

size prot3, conductins re....ch in buildin9 6't"iar and 

sranting lo.n3 to lhe hou..! contractoi/conptnit! at ro{€r

l8' 

irt.!.st r.t. than !rcv.lllr3 in tbe ralket. 

rl6sever, it t. a.tonl.hi.g io ..v.al th.t th€3€ 

.t.nci.t corv€!t theG.lv.s tnlo plofit raLinl ort.ntta!tola 

rh6r s.II plots et th€ .4t. "hich is abowe thc pu..hlsins 

por.r o! 6n o.dlDarr r.n. A tlv. ll.!I4s {1360 sq ft) Plot lE 

sold fo! x5. 50,000 (1992 r.t.) br he re3h5'.r D.v.Iop!.nt 

]{utboritr in H.y.t.bsd ro*r, r f.! alunB and not .cc...lbte 

ioen o! P€3h.ra!. rh. sd. plot 6.. sold dt t'o to thlcc tit.3 

hith.r rqte in the open n.ik.t. rhc coDst.uction r.t. of the 

sov€lDtr.ri ot pdkistan lE abour l{.. 3€0/= p.. sq lt, ln th.s. 

c1!curEtances, for an ordinart house of 10ri0 Eq ft cotcred 

a!.a co.t. about liE. 6,03,800/: 

T b6 eflici€ncy ol HouE. tsuildint rinaDc. ootto!.trotr 

5l.o ne€d. ioplow.D.nt bt !i!Plilv:ng th.i. Ploccdu.e, 

Er.att.a ol huge douDt ao! inw..t!ent. eu.t4ilint .DPlov.e6 

unionrs 4ctivities to . Iioit atd 6P9oint1n8 Etrrct 

adninlstratorE. rhe agencI.. 6ng4led in H&D actlvitl.s 61 

buildtng t€chnology llk. P.kl.tan ooulci1 6l APp..priate 

L€chnol6gy, P.kistan c6un.1l ol scieltiflc tnd Itdu.t!i61 

It.3..!ch lnd couDcil fo. ,ork! & Housi.E !.r..rch (orllt) 

though hrwe achicv.d sote sltniricaat 

du6 to tlck o! non-.vlllrbilitv oJ fierd .t.fa' th€Ee 

innovattons a!. y.i io b. d!.3.!inat.d p.!ticul.rtv in th. 

rursl !..a6 {h€!e th. d.!.nd exts!s. a few r&D ag€Dcres 

schi.v.rentE of b,ildin6 dte!laI are d€sc!!b.d just to 

iDt.odu.. the! 4t a p.lticultt l.v.r.

GUNBAq IECHNOLE. ! 

In J.nuary, 1947, Don..!ic Energy savi^9 r.ojecr 

(DESP) rhich is financod by GYz, introducod . holsinq 

p.oo.amh. i. order to .educa rh. lse of timbe. i^ th€ local 

tradirional flir roofings and lo h6rp th€ Afgh.. ..tugeas 

living i.n NrFP canDinq ar6as, rh6 !€chôloqy {hich i3 l.ni),ia. 

in Alshanl3ten a.d Pakisian 3 rood poor a.eas ra3 .c:u.lly, 

Lh€ rsvalu.lio^ of the !.aditio^.I technoloqy in light ct the 

9.o{ing p.ices of buildins d.t€.i.1 and 

exploitalion of forests for co.3trlction p!rpos6. R.9.rdi^9 

Lh€ rgchnolosy, it is th. v.uI!6d root o. done, 

baked brick3, using no fo.nEo.k. It las d€v€lop€d In .6ci€^! 

Persia.nd .prgad in tho North, E.3t and South afgh.nici.n.nd 

son€ parts ol pakistan having sc..c€ fo.est resou.c.!. 

c4rerruc.tlcrr-.c.Ls!!b€c 

Yh. {a1Is a.€ bailt wtth na* clav o. 3!n-bak6d 

bricks {hich i3 a connon p.actic. in !h6 .ural ar.as cl the 

resion- 'Ih6..fo.6, for construction of {all in r.v6rs 

att6ntion i3 locss€d on €xt6ri€.c. Hhire co.si.uclio. of 

a.ch6s and dom.s ne6ds training..d 6xp.ri.nce both. Fo. ihis 

purpos6, 3oi1 is pr6pared !lk€ nas3 clav pr6pa.ation blt in 

rhie cas€ Lh.30i1 is mix€d and hoiet€nod so as io obt.in a 

nall6abl6 plaslic pasLo. Arch.s and dom6 Lika b!ilding: do not 

requi...ny f.anelork, 's hc.tion.d p.6viouslv. It i3 w.rv 

sinol. to co^3L.uct for a !..in.d na3o.- ihough it could bo 

suppo.t.d by .riffer6nt typ63 ol plt^s, such 

squa.6, toly90î'al a.d rectangular v6t fou._sid€d aorr. tre

!dour3.. Lsrcg-dinen3i o.oblens can oe .r43teo rn 

:;!::: bn.6 :o :he r3clanqular !.e. r3 f=cohm€nd.d of dhl.^ 

aijrn i3 .rnic€d {ich }angth axce€ding uolo !o 

donelruction begins on EiEh6r si

ls7 

ale8aear4LE--+lEaeY_-IEe!!g!qsJ 

€n.rsy i3 the noth.r ot lhousands of inv.ntione. It 

is on€ of tho mo3t inportant insr.dionts of dsv6loor.nt like 

r!nnin9 of indusirial machln€s and wat6. Iiltin9 to. 

irrigaiion and d.inkinq purpos63. Iis ineortanc. can h.rdlv b6 

ovsr empha3izsd {hlch i3 a b.sic input rsc!i.€d ror rh6 

econonic q.orlh and basic ah€niti63 and rocognized as on€ of 

ot o.oduc!ion. It i3 0.6 of th€ p..afl.t.'s ot 

€conomic d€v.lo9fe^t and indic!!.! lutura pot.ntial of th€ 

country i. diff.ront asp€ct3 of d.v.lopn€nt' In lh. d.v.lopins 

counr.t6s, !h616 is acot€ sho.tag. of:rfrost all forns of 

energy rhich could m€€t th€ 6nti16 populalio''3 d'mahd I^ 

majoriiy of th6s€ countri.sr €ncrgv requir6ndnt. "6 m€t 

th.oush i^.ttici6nt s@rcos lik. cor-duis cai6s' sood fu€r' 

ag.icllturll 

luckv countrieg hav' d'posits of 

cofrmercial 6n€r9v sucn as co3l, oil and natural 9" 'nd also 

have potEntial of hydl€ pow6r ohich, if prop€rlv u!'d' can 

m66i rhair .nri.. denands. 

Accordi.q to conwentional 3@rc€s of 

ns âtural sa3 and oil would b6 oihau3t€d b'lo'6 

the fi.E! quartar of ths tN.ntv lirst centu'v Th' cost 6r tho 

ot en€rsv kou!d incroas€ unbo!rablv ahd !he 

co!ntrias dap€ndins on th€ impo.lation ot and 

""9v 

exrloiting sh6i,. 3!ch as for"r3 rilr b€ 

difficult ro €ven survive in ih6 !h6n nod6'n Horld' The lne'qv 

cri3is of r97o3 saw€ a 3.riou3 

oll inpo'tins 

d€velopins counrries. end€d a. .., of ch6ap fo53i! tusrs a'd 

comp6II6d tho economist3, 3cisniists and 6nsin"rt to !'oR

6a 

into n.r alt..n.t6 

!t i3 a natt6r of son. 3alistactlon lhtt 

and .€n.{rb!. !n€.sv technologi.s ar' '1'a5dv baing qt'd ov 

th6 d6v.lopin9 co!ntrio. eocc...fullv- Horov€r' tht p'c' of 

R&O in ih.3.ctor no€ds f!r!h.r acc.I6ration' Kg€ping in vi'w 

rh€ cr.v6loping countr;63' €cononic st'at6gi€s' populttion 

srosth and th.i. d.n.nd fo. inc...3ing th'v for 

'ntniti6s' "' 

th.i. v.ry !ni6r6st requi.6d to i^cr's3€ sea'ch tnd r"'arch 

for alt..n!t., .3peciallv r6n.ttbl€ 3ou'cts of at 

"'rgv 

don6gtic :3 k.lI as i6t€.n.tion'! lev'l' both tith ih€ 

as3istanc. ot national and int"n'tional tg€nci'! rhich tg 

avail.51. and 6xt€nd.d to ih.n tt th6 t6'n€" r'qu"t'' a3 

p.€vi@sly 6.ntion.d. s€arch and t6' n'r sou'c" ot 

"3"rch 

en€rsy and d.v.lopn..t on conn.rcitl basis on lht p"ttnt 

.€n.s.bl..ourc6s i3 in lur! particularlv in th' 

'{insr 

d€v6lop6d count.ies bot it di11 tak' long tin€_ ior'ov€'r 1r 

must br bo... in mind thet th. alt'r'ate so!r"5 0l tn€rgv 

dilI not conpl6t€Iv .6pllca th6 conv'ntio'al fu'13 but it ril l 

I6sso^ bu.d.n on han bv inc"'3ing th' avajl'billtv of 

addition.l sou.c.s and halp hift in 6ooti^g hi3 d'n'nd in th6 

En.rqv can b€ produc'd bv sovsral conv'nliontl 'nd 

non-conv.ntlon!L neihods !!ch " hvd€1' tidal' lh'rmal' 

nucl6..r Nind, solar, bio_9t3, rood and bio-m3s3 tnd saolh€.nal. 

Oirr€..nt sou.c€s of 'n"gv a'6 bri6f'd rith th6 

rema.ks th.t nod6.n 3ophislica!€d 3ourc6 of €n€rgv g€n"aiing 

by hyd.o6ltctric plants i'stt!Itd 

't big rt3€rwoirt 'nd 

.ucl6ar p!:n!s art aI30 appfopfiat€ to th6 d'v6Ioprns

!49 

countri€! having t..sibI6 and.uitablo conditions fo. such 

a. qlint Plrntg: Hydro.I.crricity i. considor€d a3 th6 

ch..p and no3t d..i.abt. lo.i of 6n6rgy, Hydro6l.ct.tcity 

*.., in fact, invgnred in th€ hin.!..nth c€ntu.y (tu6 to 

uhich Lhis c..tu.y ras caII6d !he cent!.y ot eIBc!rici!y. 

It ras a Frsnch E.9in€6. 36hoit fo!rnyron dho inv.ntsd 

th. turbin. in !aa2 tor rh. s.n.r.ti,on of €Iac!.tciiv' 

Gao.s. t{€stinghouse at iagra FaIl i. I9o1, n.de th€ 

i...snission po3iibls fo. a lo.9 dist.nc€ 

colt. lhough no.t visibl. inv6ntiohs of 6lectficitv N... 

nad. in th. nih€i€6.ih cantu.v, ths u3. of 

hyd.o.Iectricity b€can6 po.3ibt6 for hgna. e€.vic. 1. !h6 

clrf€nt contury. tith th. pas5.0. of t1h. and 

L.chnolosical advancgn.nt, th. construclion ot 

c.ht.aliz€d pl.n!3 ,ith big d.ms and diihout ..s.rvoi. 

can. inlo b.ing and a n6!!o.k of !ransmission and 

disr.ibution uo to supprv 6l.ct.icitv to 

b. rEdiur .dd-g!q!all. si:. Hvd.o.l.9t.ic Pllnt!,. th€ 

hydro.IecL.ic planLs rangins rrM IoO-rOoo. ( tooxH_lis) 

tooo'roooo, ( lrtr- IoiN\ a-o roooo' Iooooo Kk { lorh_ Looil'{) 

!.6 callad nini. ehell and m6diun 6it€ hvdro.l.ct.ic 

pl.ntc .esp..!iv.Iy. Lik. !a.s. siz€ gants, iechôlogv ot 

th.s. olants i! iBDort€d fron the d.v6rop€d couîr1.!.

h€s€ !yp. ot oran!3 !f6 norE d.sir6d than the La.q€ size 

6.vi.onient dot..ioration. 

c. rlic'ehydaq.lac!-rie. -l-9qhn9.loev : fri c.ohvd 106lectric 

Lechnolosy i3 !h6 sihplE, eaEv .nd chsap and 

hydrosleclric pLan!s bds.d on !hi! t.chnologv can oa 

in€tall€d pithin a l.e r€6k3 

knorl€ds6- This 

b6 install.d rith indi9€nous 

countri€3 growid€d th. Fai.r 

having soh6 

2, rld.l l€ch@logy: Ourins ! ...so^!bl6 p'rt' saa hts high 

and lo{ tid€s by th6 att.action of noo^ Il a rttsonablt siz's 

of .esarvoir3 ar€ constrlct€d on Eh. 3hor" ot !h' s€'s and 

xat€r i5 3tor6d th€i. dqrins high tid.3. it3 gradiantr a3 13 

practic€d by s6v6.!I co!ntri.s, can 9€ntret6 tl6c!'icitv' 

onlv thos. countri€3 co!!d be b'n'fitlsd bv this 

!€chnorogy havins ..!3onabl. oc.anic ar"3 and t6chnical 

exp€rties in !h6 fi6ld This !.chnologv i5 b'ing d'veLop'd in 

th6 d€v€Iop€d {o.ld. 

!. I!gr:!l.l. _?-o!!LP l.nt+: 

rhroush rh6.nal po{.. plant3. Th6.nal Foo€r 

.an9in9 !ithin l_loo KN, can 

r.chnology by th6 d€v€Iooinq 

l.l}!... avtil,abl6 n€a. lhe 

ElEc!.ici sy c.n b. sen6rat6d 

cons!ruct in comparativ.Iv 3ho.t lin€ bui 

deno.i|3 al5o. lL incr..3.3 poll!tion and vt'v adv€'E€rv 

3ffeot3 €nvironnent. roduc.s na!u.al d6po3ii3 of coal sas' 

oil and !ood. cost ol th€.m.I po*6f in thos6 count'i's trhich

I 

.- N!!1.!. Po€l:,tel:nLe: El.c!.iciiy seherarine by nucl6ar 

..actors .lt ova. lhe dBv€loo€d Norld is ro.th m€^tionins. tn 

An..rca tt2 nucl6sr .eacto.E a.. tulfilling 66? €n..sy 

countries dhich hav. disputes &rrh 

oth€r co!^rries, parricqlarly neighbours, ar. advis.d 16 

acq!r16 nuclear rou6r plants alt.r r c6reful srudy ot th€ 

is€u€3 and to instrl !h€ 3am. on th. ..fest sire. Ih€ paople 

.n9a96d in ..search .nd davetopn€nt ot nlclaar 6n.r9y say that 

gcononic r.asons ar€ ho.. inport.nt thah oth€6 lik6 

3cientitic ones. An if,porrant hindranc6 in havt^s nucle.. 

€nsrsy is th€ acquisilion of reactor3 fron the 

^vcl... 

d.v€roped countrie!. 

191 

import coal, oit or gas i3 v.ry hish 

5- !!4EdeM: Gln€.atio. ol et.ctticitv dith rind pos.r 

n..ds tin., monoy, r,ll.d €xploitltion lo. 

st6ctriciLy i5 5ttrr !n it. intancy .v6n in Lh. devgtoa€d 

HorId- Fo!r hundr6d fifty l,{ capacity pl!nls had b... 

iGlarl€d in Eu.op6 by lh6 end of l99o {hich htd been o!..^€d 

for !44o ir,i ihiiially- the.€ ar. foasibl. sire. i. najo. p..ts 

ot €urope but th. g.ne.ation capacitv of 6n.rgv bv r!.d 

v6locity 13 not appr.ci.bl6. G€rmanv, .h€r€ b6sid€s suitabL€ 

3ites, very fawoo.abla ainosph.r. eri3ts fo. this 

in6xhaustibl6 cle.n €êrgy, is p.oducins a n616 60 n!{ 

.!€clriciry. only o6.na.k haE .chi€v€d .on€ b6n.fits in th€ 

ai6ld by h.wing 290 lt|,J caaacitv plants dhich produce onlv 2* 

of the cL€ctricity n6.d3 ot rhis 5[all countrv. Il dev6Lopld

ilt in e..rgy consumprio^-llpply saD i^ !A. 

a.eas ard l.!s€n 

at re€si 2. Km o€r hour sp..d ro.,.6d!ction 

6, S_olaa,tgotlly: rL is 6srin.t€d rhat rha 6..th ints.cepts 

eola. 6n€.gy rhlch is ohty o.4a pa.r in a billion Fhich i. 

r3,Ooo Lin€s mors !han ihar ol th€ roral .n..gy corcufl€d 

dlr\ns 1945, lhough p.r Kr co3! of Eol.r an.r9y conv.rsion ie 

hish y.t its .nvironmenrat aso.c! ol utrri.ation i3 saf€ .nd 

c.€ates nininun pollution. R & o No.k in s€v€..r d.v€rop6d ahd 

davoropi^g colntries slch 3s J.p.n, rndta a.d p.kisran is in 

p.o9r6s3. Ex9lo!tacio. of 3olar €n€.gy is ih its inirial 

3taq6; 3o1:r r.t.. hea!ins, 30!.. cooking, .ot.r v.sa!.b163 

.nd f.uits d.hyd.ation, 301.. ur.r 

h.atins and conv€.sion of sol.r .n..gy inlo .l.ctricily ar6 

ased to a linir6d desi?.4. l{. n€€d fu.rh.. R&o rork and 

conm6rciali!.rio^. 1""a"", tn cn. d6v6Lopins coun!-ies, hag 

oad6 aporociabl. pros.ess :n ihi. r!.1d. shq i. hlrh.ssinq rh. 

pox€.tur dosart .r tihi!6d t€w€l. r! i,s sai., thar 

Jordan solar and uind projac!s co!ld bo a hod.I fo. rh6 

d.v€lopins coqntries. Son€ sci.n!i6is of soLa. .n.rgy say rhar 

the t.chnoloEy has been suffi.iE.tly d€v.lop.d tor nankind 

adhir, ar a high.. .osr a3 conp.r.d Lo orh€. 

t€chnolosios. rh€ saoe necds co3t r.duclion ro r r.i. 1€v.1. 

In€ €xanpl. ot which is solar pok.r hea!€r in!.oduc.d by th6 

Jo.dan's Royrl sci€nrific soci.ty in 19sos. thi: i3 ls€d by 

20* of rhe houE€hotd3 in rhat counrry a.d i3 3old.! s 5oo p€r

93 

uniL, {hich linits. it3 narkrt, 

d6v6l6Dins co!ntri63Y6. 

7. aj'g:q{. -IllchOeferu: In tht lato sav'nliar '^d 6arrv 

€iEhti.s, nost ot lh. dcvoloping colnt'i€s rikt Ptkistan qav' 

.p6cial alt66tion to th€ R&O of bio-sas t'chnorosv bv 

6xr6ndins f16€ technical a5.i3t.ncB, loan a'd subsidv- 

r63uIt3 d€sir6d cou!d not I'a achi'v€d dv6 to 

t€chnical o.obl6i3, lack of ini.r6st' difric!ll n6thod ot 

niri.g cow-dung rith {at€r a.d d.ficiencv ol 'a{ n'to'ial- !! 

h.3 Lhe fotlohing tEo majo. adv.ntaq'E on !h€ g'olnds or dhich 

il i5.econm6.d€d:a. 

It torfis sas .nd cr'at6s l6ss poLlution than 

th. bu.îng oi co'-dung cak'E' 

b' It Providgs nan!"' 6nrich'd 

Bio_ga. is us€d for cooking and 1i9htin9 Flrpo3€E 

Rlnning or sasolin. and di.3.l 

'ngine bv this qaE n"as 

lu.th6. R&o. Ito..ov.r' during dint€r !h€ n'th'n6 tornin9 

brct6.ia ar6 d6c...ssd' .€sulting in l6ss and Ios 

whil€ this i3 th. p.ak p€riod ol domand rdr r!t! cattra tn 

h6.ds a.e not av.llabl€ thus limiling the scoo' of tschhologv 

P.of63!0r s.I.B Shth of rlrFP U'ive'sitv of 

E.cin66.i.s and T€chnorosv ahd .n 6xp6r! ot bio-sas technologv 

t6chnoloov is "'I1 proven 'con6nicatrv and 

t€chnicallv. chin. had install'd t'v€n nilLion bio-qas pranr3 

in r9s5, r.ra a.6 Lingsring ft' b€hindi..!arl€d 

in 

"6 not workins dus !o ninor

6chnical probl.ns. Di33.nin.tion of !hts q!€chnology on ih€ 

Chin€E6 pat!€rn shouId b€ t.k€n in hand"n. t^ facr th. 

tcchnoloqy n€6d! R&O by rhe .liional r6s6arch .g.nci.s and 

Drop€r t.aining 6f rh. sal€ctod m.npo(6.. pr63e.tly, rh6 

s.racr.d otficars are lrain6d/atrendinsr t.ainine couE.s and 

3enin.r: in for6i9n coqnr.i.. rilh w€I1 d€v€1op.d iechnolosy 

a^d rhich hav€ no inr..€3t in .9orop.iar. t€chnology. 

3. qr9d-a443ie!E!e: r,'rood and bio-mass is used in a1@3t all 

co!nt.i!3 for cooking, h.ating bu! Fith ditt6f6ni 

.alio3 (3!* in cas€ ol paki!tan)- In th€ ar6a3, {h5.a 

electricity is 3ti11 to b6 provid6d an6 oir i3 not awail.ble, 

,ood i5 !3€d for lighting pu.po3€ also. 

9, Enqrsy-E !:!rius: rha ro.6Et ar.a co6.ists only of 3.7N and 

ih6 popul.tion i3 incrorlinq at 3.rt and th. fu.l rood cutting 

rat€ has su.pass€d the gro{th rat6. Fu.l wood prod!.tio. i. 

this country ha3 24.7 mitlioh clt in rhich shar€ ot fi.. rodd 

.nd rinb6r R.. rs.7 nilrion cfr and 13.o dil!ion cfr 

.cspectiv.ly in 1947-sA. The s.t b€tN... 

consumplion of fir. N6od and oth.. fotns ot ,@d {as fill.d in 

by oth€f so!rc.! of en..gy slch $ agro .6eid!.., ahi6.I d!^g 

a^d inpo.t f.on oth€r countrior rhich r... Rs.Ia9.43 rillion 

d!rins rh6 financial y.!r r99o-91, It ie the.etor€, .equirsd 

io naka aftor€slation ot tast g.oring 3prci6s a. an alt.r^.te 

€ourc6 0f en6.sy and concentIt€ on cons€fvation a3 k6lr 

b.cau3. to.a3t. also p.owid6 us tinb6. uhich m€.t our 

household, conh.rcial And industrial r.quir€n.nts, Fo.6sts

195 

a!3o 5r!.9 pl€a3ant chang€s in climatic condiiionr and provid6 

h€althy arnosohor€ as H.Il .3 .tabilizing cand dunt and 

p.evenr 5oiled .ro5ron. 

oisserination ot rr€.. thich.re fa.t qrori.ng and 

prowid6 other b.n€fi!. r ik6 rodd€. ar. inpo.lant. a fao 

3P€cie. anons 

En€rgy tarmin9 

l- Jqi-a9a: th. s€.ds ol this plant uas !npo'i'd trom usa bv 

Pcer a.d Pakistan For6.t lnstirut' (PFr) pash't!'' Th' plant 

is tas! sroeing, inc.eaE.3 avai!!bilitv of bio_h'ss ;n d'3'r! 

and s6ni a.id ..sas and improv€s sand du66 sttbilj:ation lt 

has econonic valu. fo. t..Eili..r and oil 3nd cln survtv' i^ 

.van 6-7 c6 raintlll and c.using v'getation it ih€ 3'ni_d's'rt 

It is r€po.t.d that thi3 pla't d'welop v'rv rong ttp 

.ooi sy3ten a.2.5' Iong in !€n weeks lt lt thor€to'€' 

.€coBm€nd.d th.t thas6 tlants n'v b6 cutiivat'd in tht "€as 

wh.16 suffici.nt noistq16 i3 availabl6 ao'rl tr6n freo 

p6ne!.atlon of .ooi3 b6fo16 

2. qalroc[Lq!ares3-(sehu-.qu!): rhis pltnt 6a3 d'v6lop6d and 

diss€ninaLed at a raasonable 1'v'I in thailand and s€v"al 

otha. coqntri6E. PcaT inpo't6d its s66d froh th'iland This 

rlant has th6 poss'ssinq oil h'vins 

characr..i3iic6 of di6E.1 apar! l'oD groFing t'3t Jatropha 

curca5 oil is r6gorted to h.v6 oil vi6ld in foli'q6 rhrch mav 

b€ us.d i. I.c ongin6s r'placing di€361 oil upto a

3.!isfactory D6rcent.9. 

lh. ior€st Oepar:f,€ht of sindn has 

t.t€nsiv6ry !ork€d o. this plant. Accordins to th€i' 

infornation. out ot 1600 gl.nts. sao plan* 1616 

rh6 saline o.tch€s a.d.Isc th.t inct€as' in tr€q!'ncv and 

d.pth of ir.igation 

soil. rh€ h.ight 

.urvlval p"ctntaqB i6 !'lin€ 

r.corded at dtrf6r6nt Ini"vals 

by the Fo.cat Depa.tn.nir sindh i3 giw€n $ und6r:_ 

3- !s&€9!r.:!!lJsaS€ehat!--Lrsev!Eia!v): Pakt3tan har iopo't'd 

i!3 seeds l.on Philigpinos L€uct'na Leqco'lpha1a it ' fasi 

9ro{ins tr€.. It ha3 inpo't.'! v'lu' in tlrfrs ot booc' 

inp.owins soil coalitv and folilg' vield' An 4ta9' plaî 

prodlces limb€r 

lotiaso lpto 

as clbic not6r and provid' gr€€n 

Pl:nt attain t' early 

n.tu.ation i. 6_? v6ar€. The €xp'rin6nts conduct'd bv PcaT 

wirh rh6 coltabo.ario 

o6partd'nt ' 

sindh on 16 .cres ot land w6'€ €ncdrasing in th' e'n36 that 

!h. plante avorasa h.isht {as ttcorded 

y€ar. Re3.a.ch on rh6 -€ocaeâ_L€ucoccthala wa3 'l5o conductod 

by ih6 Pakistan For€Et rn3tit!!e P"hahtr and pcslR

Io- qea:Jh!d!r!l_q!1.4r: a u36fur but sc.rc.ry avlitabl. 

!s s6o-rh6rnrl 

fron 9€y3.r3 ca^ b. di.€ctty or ind!.€ctry u.ili.6d !6 opsrat. 

steao turbin€s for senerating al.clricity. Th. o.oblaE Hith 

hot !ate. g.ys.r !3 that i. rany locatirio. i! contains a 

g.eat ahount ot solublE sal!s, oispoE.r of th6s. creat€s srBar 

p.obl€n and i3.3o!.c€ of €nvi.onmshral poll!tion. 

Elo.sr !!!cqcy!!ic4 

En.rgy consgrvation is in s.v6ral p.y. conrid€.€d ag 

..6kins aIt6rnar. lourc€ ot €n6rgy. ri i€ 

obse.ved lhat a r6.sonable propo.llon of ihe .n.rgy is b6in9 

wasted du.ing ditfe.enr srag€., tron €xploitation !o 6.d us!. 

En6rsy cons€rv.tlo^ is a sal. .nd c.rsrul us€ ot rh€ p.e36nt 

.€3o(rcos; €tl€.dtns the aciurt lif6 of th. availabl. 

d.posi!s; ii .6duc€s rh€ €nvironnenral pollurion and 

conpa.aliv€ly ehortel r€nedy ol 6n6.sy na€d!. th€ carbon 

di,oxide (co?) lay.r rhich siv.s . p.ot.ciion ro th. 6!rrh in 

ri.st instanc€ p..6rrat€ its l.y.r and 96tri.q 6nrflpping. Its 

shading erf.cts k..p th€ er.!h r.dp.r.rur€ b61o{ ahd €.trapp€d 

caqses ove.h..rin9 df !h€ earth, 

En€.gy conscrvarion i3 give^ 6sp.cial .rr.hrio^ in 

c@ntri€s a3 H€1l as in rh. d.v.Iopihg 

countrlas. I^ th! formar, indu3tri.l nachings, .!tonobiI. and 

all oth6r €n6r9y co.suhing appa.:tus ar6 b€i^g conv.r!.d inr6 

rase and 1€EE en€.9y cons!min9 d.3i9n3. In !h. d.v.topins 

c.unlrl€€, 3uch .s F.kistan, ap.rt a.om oth6. 3.ctors, 6fforts 

..a tocused on .n.rgy co.s6.v.rioh in th€ follori.g fi.lds:-

96 

., ier..lEld lry.I, llk. coorir€.td.: coiErructlon 

ot *ch b

$:" 

I 

!i4u.e - 15 

srNGL! CUXVL rlUD C0(JK Slovf,s

200 

Ecslroric-!90l9!4vE 

In th6 dovslopins coun!rie3' n!jo'itv or th' 

popul.tlon liv.3 in rur.I areas {htr€ fu€l dood and bio-iass 

ar6 uE.d fo. n6.!ins ih.ir cooking, baking' heating' tnd i^ 

3om6....3 Lighting .6q!i"e€nts' Du' to ltttl6 6ducalron 

'no 

nininuh a|ar€n..s of tht topulstion in th! fi'1d' th'3' 

30!rc.! oi €n.rsv a.€ b.ing us'd tn"fici'ntlv thu3 causing 

.apid d.fo163ta.ion. Th. tol1owin9 st€o! i' paki3i'n' !n 

conn.ciion rith .ook stov's 

Ths rural popul'tion' 'xc'pt in ' f€r ca$s ln tn' 

d6v6lopins countries' !r facing incr€lsinc difticulti's 1n 

obtainins f!.I ror dodg3tic porpos€ rhich ha3 lod€"(t 

srand.r€d oi 1ivin9, 

a. PCAT rith tht collabo'atio' ol Gl! ha' 

6stab1i.h.d a P'oj'ct nan'Iv Fuel Errici'nt 

cookins T€chnolosv (FECT) in 6rdc' ro 

contribut. to tht soci'!'I "l'w'nc6 or 

r6s6a.ch; ihp'ovtn'nt of ht'lih ot rh6 ru'ar 

tron6n through 3nok"tduction in iht krtchon 

dlvic.s; to di3!'nin'!s ths inp'6w'd f!'! 

laving .ookins d'vi3as through a 6onn6'c!tl 

diss€hin.tion 3tratogv' FECI lhich {tr 

ca.rving out th' di3s€nin'lion ot b'k€n€s' 

has nor .b..don.d this pro9rann6' 

b. an inprov.d mud cook stov' hss b'sn d€eiqn6d 

by sev€r.I p€'son' Ilk' arbtb abdul !'kt'r and 

trof6330.s.I.H. shai15 rho hav' conduct6d 

h'v' cat€iullv studitd cook

srov6s ot diff€ren! .€9ion3 and co!ntri6s 

o6lail of ;tov6 !3 givan in chapt€.-Iv. 

A?-eRqPBIAr-€ -IEq!!qLQ9! !o! S14-!9,Y!!EtLIlll!-Jt!SE!LE--GE!!n8iL!Cr 

C.eation ol .nDtovn.nt oppo'tunities tot ih6 

inhabiran!3 of anv countrv wh6ch€r dev€lop.d ot dev6lopinq is 

tr6aled as rh€ .esoonstbilitv of th€ sov6rnment. In lh€ 

d€w€lopinq co!ntri63, th€ rat6 ot popuraDioh g.slh !3 30 hish 

Lhat .o! co speak of 6mDlovnant, ih6 gov..nm6nts courd ôt 

oven o.ovid. basic adenili6r lik6 h.a1lh covera96 and 

€dlcation to Lhe mass€s. a rc.soâbl€ n!hb.. ot 

!!lr r9t03 thousht ii !43 a paradox in moc€rn sothi.!icatsd 

!6chnoloqy alonssid6 control on €xplo5iv. rate of popqlation 

lh6 conc.pt of small is b€autilul dur!ng r9703 

b.inss inlo !h6 mi^d3 of soci.! and phv!ic!! sci€ntt.ts that 

^€ither hoda.n sothisticat€d t€chnologv could diBinish 

un€nproyn6n! and incr€asB inco6.3 no. !h. d.v6loping countri63 

have th6 k.odLedg. a.d skill !o op6rat€ and maintain rh€ 

loroer satisfactorilv. In 199o, rhsn . R.iliavs flini3t€r ol 

Pakistan p.id a s!.pri3e vi3it to th6 Rail{!vs carriage 

factory Raw.lpindi, h. found nor€ than 7oi Enplov6€t abs"t 

tron rh6i. jobs/s6a!3. H€ ord6.€d an €nquiry and at th' trm' 

rh€ replay of !h€ pf€3id6nt or !h€ Emplov€€. Union ras v6'v 

ihteres!in9. ne said !hat his facto.v h.d .€c€ivod no orde' 

fo. work fo. ssw€ral y.ar3, and thaL Lh€.6 

in Lhe facto.y ih Lhs hoL season 

61€ct.icitv

sh6 concept ot providing €nptovn6nt bv 

inc.€a!in9 income ol she ma536c.nd slo.ing misratton fron 

rlral io lrban .Eticlltural ..cto. has.Ir.adv 

b€€h r.le.t€d. rh6 p.ool€n ha3 b.€n cdplicat6d bv th. I.rge 

scale ind!3t.i6E iB! ll6d on hod.rn eophistical6d r€chnorogv. 

rn dev.Iooins count.i€5, the adoptins of !hi3 Policv' rith !h€ 

huge :^v€stneht, snployrent sas D.ovid6d botr€€n 

ro-2ca of rh€ toral labour rorc6. lf th€ d6v6loFinq counlries, 

such 35 Pakistan. !h6.4 sav 2ol labour forc6 ls emplov.d and 

th6 enoloyment incr..s.s e rl p...nn!r, d€.i.€ to a53o.b its 

6n!i.. I.bou. fo.c6 in manut.cturins E€ctor' the.€,ill be 

provid.d Ehproym€nt Lo I5? labour fo.c€ p.r annum !hich i. 

bsyona lh6.eso!.c€3. 

Fo. solvin9 rh. ihinkint is 

subs.antially shill.d !o*a.d3 th6.ural s.cLo.i uh€r€ surpru3 

agri.ull!raL and nost of non-farn !ab;ur to.ce is on.n.tin9. 

For Lri3 ourpos€, .gro-based a^d non_fa.n activitigs in 3m.ll 

scarg satf_enployneni sch.n.3 ar€ p.otoe€d apari fron 

5afe9!ardi rq Lhes6 activiiie! fron 14.9. .cal€ nod6r^ 

ind!s'".!aI estaDlishhent rhich 

sen6ratine acLivili€s. €co.omis!5 involv6d 

prans suoh a5 D.. rl.hboob ur H.q h.v6 36t out this 

goal .y r.yinq rr. utLtrdLs €.d of dIl d.v.lopnent strtc.gies 

n.st 5. D.oole 3nd lhair w6lt.r.. €conoric s.orth is onlv a 

m6an., Incon€ s€n€rlling is .€c.s3a.v but it is not lh.sun 

total of honan lito. o6w6roDm.ht m!st 6nI.196 the ran9. of 

choiccs ,! the dispo3al of th. 9.ople. Th... choic€s include 

not only tncoma and €nployo.nt but also h..tth, 6ducation

ohysi.al €nvironnen., h!f,an diqnity 

In d€v€loDing .6untr:€s. rhe rarq6 sca!6 tnd!strr63 

have no ooi€nLial available :nd rlst 6nd ever 

inc.easin€ laoour i..c€- in ttkisian Ihe labour abso.ptive 

;ap.ciry ol rh€ ma.!facturi^s 3eclor declin€d 

o,3e? las proj.cted for sixih Five Y€ar pla.) !o o.13 du.inq 

maior dec:ins wa. notic€d in Ia196 scale 

nanlfacturing cotal .nplovn€nt 3ha'Dlv f€Il do*n 

.e.w€€n ]975-73 IL {ould be se€n th.L Hhil6 ihis 

secro. accouni€d fo.71.3t of outo!t in nanufactu.inE; its 

u 

5hare in onployhent was.nLy 19,l* in I9a0-41"". 

Pakistan is the 24th on th. lisl ot poo. countn6s 

in d€scendi^g o.d€r. Its :.ta1 oopulation is app.otin.t6lv r2o 

miltion uhich is qroring n J.IN o.. .^num i..,, .n inc..as. of 

3.72 nillion only !n lhis y.ar i. abeolut€ nufrb.r3. Ap..t frd 

orobl6m of top!laiion grorth, increas€ in d6l.nce 

expendit!.€ a^d dob! s€r'ic€, 6.timatg to b€ R3. a2 biLlion 

a.d Rs. 9J billion .gso€cltv€Iy in th€ not total .oc.iptE of 

Rs- r79 bi!!lon of pakistan in 1992-93 financial 

oconohic c.ndition. rhs pric€3 of alhost all 

.onnoditia3 ar€ inc.easi.q !l i lastar rar€ and 50 i3 !h6 

inflarion, Peopl6's purc.asing por6. de.lin6d e.v€.aI times 

durinq lh6 past nDrmal broad which ra3 sold ror 

qs. 2-2s in 1946, is now 36!Iin9 at R5. 5.OO i.., , ho.€ ihan 

I. p.kistan, no. only €nelovmeht oaportuîti€s are 

ve.y liniL€d b!i. teavins a.id€ a feH ercoptionar cases' 

oarticula.ty of nulti nariona! conpani6s p.oduct5, Ine supprv 

tJs

oi qood! is far less than th. d.mand in3pita of tha fact that 

ralure h53 btesEed thi€ .ountrv in i.hv wavs No! Lh6 q!6st!on 

a.i..s, lny 5!ch a count.v htvins lot or 

ab!nd.nt naiu.al resourcos i3 un.bl6 Lo s€'t its poouratioi 

d.olnds. Af16r ihorouqh siudv of !.€ issu€' it is considor€d 

Ehat Lh. countrv has r€I6ct6d "o'9 

t€chnologv and r3 

d.{ici6nt in available atproD.t.tE '6chnolosv rhe soodt, {hich 

cou!d b€ prodlcBd uiih sinple t.ch.ologv i^ lh' householdE 'nc 

at viIIag€ 1svaL, are b€ing imDort6d Tht r€ligious loac'13' 

poliLicians and land]ords..e p..achi^g lor a high populalior 

growth and do not b.1eiv€ In rh6 pr€3tise and statu' of 

!.bou.. lhi3 3or! of lhinki.g f,.v atl€ct adv'€61v 

Th6 household .nd cottag' industri€s hhich H"' 'nd 

stitl ar! a por.rfll instrun€nt ot lncon' g€64'aiio' i^ rurtl 

a.... h.v. b€€n aflectcd bv son. poli licians and Dolicv m'k'r3 

{ho h.ve .ncou.aged the intLu.'c' ot education of d'!61op'd 

countries in the nam6 of hod.rnization Th€v inported mod'rn 

!€hc.olo9i6s bv spending countrvis p'6c!6us lor€iqf €xchang' 

ohi.h on!y h.lpsd thei. fanilv r.tativ€' and svmoathis!r! an6 

p.ovid.d jobs to th€ir child'€' onlv ulti narion'l 

conpanies, which a.€ almost 65 i. pakistan are atso pr'vlng 

ih.3an.9am6. rh6ss conlDani€s inc'6a!€ lh€ir 

.69!aIrly and are .esoonsbit' for intl:tton and incr€43"t 

pov6ly i. th6 poo. count'€i5 !n dsvolopina cou'lrie3' !h"6 

hish L6ch.ologv hold€. n!lti ^stional comeani€s danag' 

ho!5oh6ld industries. Th€v :ain slFpori of cor'lpt oific!'l' 

and Doliiiciahs {hire discou'396 !or-c6st labour int€nsrv'

l€chnolosy {ith thei. mode.n sophi.t!cated technoloqv:n iheir 

pI.Dt3 uhich costs I€s3 D6. unii ot o.oductron, 

It i5 an adniti€d fact lhaE h.hdi-craits alon. hava 

no bis narket uhich can tulti! lh6 inpott_exoo.i gao bu. ri 

can increase forBign €xcha.96 {ithi^ a rg.sonabl€ linit aea.t 

lorn tultilling dom6st!c r.oui.sr.^!s- It giv€s pr€5tige to 

shs hational recognition o!isid6 i13 bounda.ies and it thes6 

h.ndi-crafrs prove .eouLabls, !t No!!d unhanc€ d€nand for 

oth.r p.oducts, Hoh€v€r! it D!!t 5e rehomb€.6d that f106 

inc6m€ qen6.ating 6nDLvm€nt t.chnotog!€s, it do€s noi m€an 

only crafts, Ih6 t€rn t^t.fDr!ts hou

206 

tndia, 3hortage of dailv n..d'd conmoditi€s and ion_ 

3vai,labilitv of emplovm.nt opport!hities ln inas€ 

ci.cudstanc6s, expart3 frod n!id' and o!tside laki'itn 

o.oD€e; iodustrializaiion ro' inc'Easj ne 

6nployr.nt. The policv which b'gan ioreion aid hts 

'ith 

r.nain€d i.conplete sinc€ long !in6 No{ it is dcaclos'd Lh't 

!hi5 patLBrh of Lechnolosict! d'v'lopnsnt tetds to d€o'iv' th€ 

na.sas, particula.rv of ru"l arcas 6f th€ b€n€fits of 

mode.nizatlot, t6chnologic!I d'v'lopn6nt and so'io-econohic 

.€coBtruciio.. the d€vloptnt strrtBgv ot tollodinq rh6 path 

of d€v6loped narion3 i. indu3trializing th€ countrv bv 

!o9h!!ticaiod technologv and fo'6iE' cohsultancv c'aal'd 

s6.iou3 p.obI6ms, lik6 cr'sLing and incr€asinE qulr ot 

d.v6lopn6tn b6tdeen th6 then E s! p!k!3tan and llcat P'kisran' 

1h.3. d€v!Iopnonts increas'd !ht in6cual distribution of 

{e.!th bctr6e^ ru.a1 and u'bth 

r€trisinr ih' 

probLofi !h6 qov6rnment took 't'ps to nininiz6 the dilf6r'^c63 

by enoouraginq small scal€ ind!3rf1€! For this ourpose sh'l1 

lnd!stri.3 oevelopm€nt Boa'd3/corpora?tons 

ind!st.iaI 6stat€s N6r. 6sttbIish'd aut :rt6' a sho't p6rrod' 

it !43 lound ihat thi3 ettor! ot tht Governna't increased !h' 

Bxodus fron ru.al to th6 urban "'as at taste' rat6 as 36'lI 

i.dustridl estates He'6 op6n'd in tha vic;îtv ot u'ban 

Afi€r thoroushlY axthining this 

!h6 Gov6.nment of pakistan d'cld'd !o introduc€ smaII sc!r6 

L6chnotogios appropriat€ to th' rlsourc6s endowment ln Iight 

or this objectiv6, th. ini'trv ot Fiânc6'

201 

o€v€Lorment, Gov6rnm€nt of pnki3tan 6xtand6d 

ITDG. London to as3i3t he. in eolvins th6 p'obl'ft In Iate 

1973. ;,2 Schlnacnar visitsd Pakistan to studv th' potontra! 

and oossibilitY of AT for sp6'ding 

€3p€ciarrv i6 rural a.eas. ile rgcord€nd€d establithntnt of an 

auronomo!5 organizalion to lnt'oduc€ aI conc€p! on th€ 

folloking sro!nd3:_ 

.- IEchnologicies applic.ble on sdalI 3c.l€ a.. 

dillicufto 96t hold ot and ln nany ca$ non- 

6xist.ni_h6ncE denand organlz'o 

orsanizalion for 

dis3.fr i.lion is !ndavclo9ed' 

rh€ir 

!!d6spr€ad 

c. No ag.ncv €xists lor training of p'ool' lor 4orkrng 

sp6cilic t.chnologi€3' 

Th.r. i3 no asencv ?o. tx'rciso 6f t€chîctl choice 

fo. .6L.ction of such technologi€3 und" vt'io!3 

conditon! in difter6n! parts of th' counr'vj 

including siie-s9scitic oh's' 

Ih6r. is need to. local point to 'stabrish 

coop6.ation, cotlabor.tion and rialon' !ithin and 

Hark.t m€chanisfr ig not p'on6 

d€v.lopi€t and i^t.oduction ot such t'chnoloqi€3 's 

shal! produce.s .re h.sitan* to exp€rii'nt {rth as 

technologr!' 

a foLlorup visii of tnoth6' comnitl6€ ot rToG headcd 

P€t6r R6id was nad. in lrav r9t4' This 'ommr'Er€o 

out l,6chno-€conoric studv of nini-pIant based on

2aa 

aDp.op.iate intornediat6 Lechnology tnd subnmttted a w€.v 

tavou.able .6por! Hhich H.s a.c.d€d to bv iho Governn€nt or 

p.kistan and sanctioêd initiallv an anount ot Rs. o.5 iillio. 

fo. inoleneîation of th6 .ch.n.., .inins at agric!ltural, 

sn!11 indlst.ies and oth6r faciliti.! fo. rr.al popolation fo. 

cres!ing €nploynent. lh€ said..a {a3 v€rv p.oductiv€ for aT 

i.. Ghutan Xib.ya (Ex-he.d PcAl) p.€.chad AT concept ai aIl 

I6vs15 and brousht t6cholo9i.. t.om rh. liles 

labo.ato.ies ro rural ar6t3. H€ endow.d hte lite for thi' 

3acr6d cals€ and lork€d dav.nd night to' indtntificalion' 

dev.lormenr and dissamination ot AT. 

D.. r'1ohannad abdullah5t Lik6 Ghulao Kibrvaa visit'd 

far flung a.e3s ot th. coun!.v i^ ord.r io ass'ss th' 

pot€ntial of micro_hvd.o€l6ctricitv and i^duslrial unit3 to b€ 

.un rith hydroporo.. tli3 !tru99l. {hich is still continuing 

sav€ u.efuL r€sult3 at v..v €..1v 3!a9€_ t'dtessor I'H_shan 

achiewed succBss in tho grsction ot hudcook-stovc €tc It is 

uorrh nenLioning tha! Paki3tan ha! cross.d el€m€nta'v stag' of 

rech.oloqy by going into i.t6rn€diat€ st3g€ a.d is capabr€ to 

ant€r i. !o th6 advance cta96 of technologv lea'nins lh€ 

hajor hindrances in this conn6ciioh a.i h!96 gxpenditur' on 

dofanc6, €!pLosive pop!lation 9ro!th and bureaucratic attitud6 

of rh€ instiruttonal s€t uP

209 

e6xIs!4lLSqlloL_AL€f-aReEUATE rEcs{llgetl 

8li.t r'rtrro.w 

P.Llst.^ council ot app.opri.r. r.chnorosy (pcAr) 

wilh th. âi. of Ag9r@fi.t. T€chnology o.g.ntzarion ca@ inb 

€xist.6c. on Ist JuIy 197.. ar a c.l1 ot pcslR l.bo..to.i., 

und.. rh. Hlnisrfy or sci.hc. and r.chelogy. rr.. chql.n 

(ib.y.r l.!d.. ol ar oow.han! in p.kirra^ ds.ppoin!.d a! i!. 

h€.d. In ap.it 1975. it r.3 !r.Bt.rr€d io pl.nnins .nd 

D6v.lo9n.nr Dlvlsio^ ot rh. r.tiî.!ry ol Fin.nc€ u.

Firnclieo-.nd lqqr. -ot JCAI 

Tho flnctio.s a.d Do...s ot PCAT aE p6. r€solulron 

ro orsanize, coordinat. and o.o6ot6 res...ch and 

d6w6ropnent in ih6 va.ious fi€lds Hirhin Lh' 

coiceot of app.ooriaL6 i6chnolosv. 

Io coLlect, dissohinats and arraig€ utilization ol 

into.mation and .+€a.ch 

loc.Lly and int6rnationalrY; 

Io publish repo.t3 ahd p..lodicals relaling to ih€ 

activitiss of th€ Cocncil; 

Io acccpi fa€s, don.iions, €ndodn€nts and sifi. fo' 

turth€rios the objcctiv. ot !h€ councir; 

di3B€nination. t.ainins ..d €rton3ion for tid' 

adoption of approD.iat. i€chnolosissi 6spscitllv 

for socio-Economic uptit! of !h6 'ural pop!Lation; 

To 6stablish tiai3on {ith osh€' rolated naiional 

and int6.national ors.îzaLione and p'onot' 

coop€.atio. in rh6..tat.d t€chnical fierds; 

lo data.nine Eh6 acononic and tochnical faasibililv 

ot tschnologi€E id.n!ili.d to b€ pronrsrng on 

laborato.y 5cale by a..ansitg or undertakins pilo! 

plant invesLisltion. and fi6ld trai13! 

To 65labrish t6chnical advi30rv s€'vico c6Lls tor 

aIl lypas ot app.opri.ie r.chnolosi6s;

sea.4 

2tr 

Io p.ofrot€ activi ti.! ..d €nt.ro.ie.. aimad.t 

i.alton of vi.b1. .ppropri.to 

\ars. .c.ta utir 

To und.rtak€ any 

9..6.aIIy tho .in3 

f!.th€. activitl.. to o.onot6 

a.d obj€ctiw63 ol Lh. council; 

rh. council is bound to tollok lh. inrr'uctions 'hd 

ol tn. t.d6.al Gov.rnn€.t of P.kittan and !3 

tb. lolloihq functions th.@gh ao"d Extcutiv' 

Technic.l Advisorv Cooniit66 and lh' Chti'm6n {htch 

th6 ov...l,l cont.ol, dif.clion 

ot th..l?airs of th. coqncil ar' v'3t€d in a Bo'rd 

lhich .x..ci36s aII pof,..s pe'forn3 function' 

'll 

and do.. .ll act3 ..d thinse {hich ar€ 

'xe'ci3'd' 

p..to.f.d or don6 bv !h. council' 

In prrticur.a. and uithoqt p'6judic' t6 ih' 

gen.r.titv ot the po{.r3 conf€"'d bv tha abov' 

n.ntion.d pa.a, Lh. duti€s of a@rd at' to:_ 

ii 

App.ovB ov.r.II 9l!.3, polici6s and 

prosramn.. ot !h€ council in rolatron to 

t;o app.ov.d sci6^c! and r€chnologv 

Policy ot F.d€ral 

€xamin. a.d aDtrove th. tiv€ v6ars tnd

antual r...!.ch 

iii. Exaoin6 .nd .pprovt thB annu'l r'po't tnd 

6valu.!ion r.9o't of the cou'ciI ?o' 

EubhisFion !o th' F'derar 

iv. Exanin..nd .9p'ove the proitct3 p'ooot'd 

bv th€ t.chnlcal connittt' 

'dvisorv 

v. app.ov63 th. .nnu'l develoodo'i a'd rcn- 

d6v€lopn'nt budg't ol !h' c@ncil' 

cgnpe! i lion.,g'L-!he-Egard 

rh. Pr€sidlo!, s.c'ei'rv 

'nd th6 iEnb'r! ol th' 

6oard..6 noninat.d bv th€ F.d."l Gowo'nnent bv d"ig"llon' 

Th€ 60ard coh.l.ts ol: - 

Tho tdnist6. or Advisor lnch"g' to th' 

rinistry ot sci.^c. .nd T€chnoloov b'inc 

Pr€sid.ni ol tha Boa.c. 

s.cr6t..y, rllo 9cl€nc€ and r€chnologv' 

tho ch.i.ma. ot th. Coqncil_ 

on€ noniE. e.ch l.d th. folloding iinitt't's 

not b.lor th. r.nk of Joint sacr'ia'v (3P3- 

20)i. 

sci€nce a.d Technology_ 

j, i. Planning lnd o€v.IoPdent' 

iii, local cov€r.n.nt .nd Ru"l o'vsloprtnt' 

iv- l|at6r and Por... 

vi. ons public .€pr.36ntativ€ t'on tlch

p.ovinc. to b. noni.atod bv ih. lll0 

Sci.ncs .nd T.chnologY- 

€. 0^6 nonim. Prowicial 6ov..nn..t3 

and !h6 Gov..nm6nt ol a:ad Jarr! ..d (.3hni' 

not b€lo{ th. ..nk ot s6cr6t.rv ro lhe 

Provinciat Gov..nmrnt. 

t. autoô6ou3 or9..i:!ito.s: 

i- chai.ran, rJniv..sitv G.ant3 codi"lo^_ 

ii. chai.nan, Plki.tan sci€nc. Found'tio'' 

ili- ch.i.n.n, P.kist.n council ot scitntlric 

E$cutlJa. comtttag 

lh.r€ i3 ao Exooutiv' Conhitt€B rhich con6lttg ot 

th€ rollodtng n.dbers: _ 

and I.du3tf 1.1 R..earch. 

iv. Chairnan, P.ti3t.n Council of R!"'rch rn 

l{at6r R.30urc.3. 

v. ch.ifnan, P.kl.tan c@Eil for l|oFk3 "d 

H@sing R....rch. 

vl. oir.cto. c.n.rrl, N.tion'l ctntrt tor 

T€chnologv lr.n!t6.. 

rh. S€cr6ta.v ot ih. PCAI 3h.11 aci a' S'c"trrv of 

a. lho Chairn.n PCAT. 

b. fh.6€ nsrboE ot Lh. Bo.rd to b' nonin'id bv 

c. on. ômin€€ ol th. ll/o sci6nc. and Tlchnolosv' 

not bel,od th. .tnk oa Joint sact't'rv'

214 

d. Ihe s6cr6!a.v ot rh. councll who i3 'o'kinq t' 

s€cr6ta.v of th. €x.cqtiv. commiltc6 

rha Ex6cutiv6 coinit!.. is lh. adninistrativ' bodv 

oa co!.ci-- rhich tollqing 

'6spod3ibiliti'3:- 

.nd adninistratio^ of all 

affaiB of :h. c@ncil and co'tfol ot it3 

funds Hiihin !h. ov.r.ll policv an

Pre.a.a and 6valuat6 its r6s6t.ch p.o9rahmos 

in accordanc€ dirh th. sci€nce and r6chnolosv 

policy ot th. F6d6r!I covgr.nenti 

ProDosd iiv. y€a.s and annual dewelobnant 

prosranmes of th€ coo.cil i 

F.oo6E6 3 goaI o.i€nled 3ho.t 

orog.anho fo. th€ council: 

Rende. advic€ 

qle3rion.€fErr6d to iN bY !h€ 

The chairn.h ie !h€ chi.t Ex.cutiv. ot th6 council 

and i5 appointed by !h. F6d..61 Gov6rnn.dt for 

y€ars rhich ca^ b€ ert6nd.d to. a rurth.. eeriod not e,ca€ding 

by the Fede.ar 

a tifl. on.!ch !..ns and conditiohs d€ta'nint

2\6 

lim€s in a cal€nd.. v6.. and pr€.id.d chalrman of 

!h€ Council. Th. m.6tins of tha lechnicaL 6dvisorv confritt6€ 

i. held at !h. disc.€tion of th. ch'irnan cdu'c1!' 

Fsndlng,of tha goungi! 

The fir.t Pc-I 4nich was.porov€d to' ih' v'ar !974- 

75, the pcal (lh. !h€. aToc) {!3 decltred r' a d'v'ropne't 

sch€ne Nith an allocation of a3 a 5 mirlion fo' rht fl"t 

y.anith Lh6 its tuto'6 conrinua^c€ {ill dap€nd 

upon result ol .xe..i€nce gaintd du'ins this o6riod' lt {ill 

lhsn 5€ exr6nd.d lor flrther fo'tv eight ndnrh' o"v6n nad6 

countinouE 

Rs"5 rilrion !e'6 r'le:3€d in th6 

s.id :inancial v6ar and r:ot.! o' R5- 9 e r'3 made 

'illion 

.vailaol. in tn. lst phase upto Jun' t9€O_ Ou€ to ih6 hcad's 

initiativas, n.tionari.ed banks ts3ist€d ecaT in :undinq and 

6nabled it to 3tart its dsv€lopo€nt functions' 

ln fi.v 19s2, thg 3.cond pha56 df pca1 !t3 tpproved 

by the Planning connission of Paki3tln and

9a2-93 

T.bt. ILz 

DEV€LOPIIEIIIAL FI'{OS TO PCAI FROfi l97ir-75 TO

Teeh4o_l oq1e9 

PcAr is not an R&o iRgsearcn and DsveloDn€nt) 

Counci!. Me€p3 it3 liaison di!h olhe' R&O a9€nci6s l:k' 

pakistan co!nciI of sci6ntific :nd I.dustriar R's'arch (PcsIR) 

lnd Buitdi.s R€3earch c€ftr€ IBRC) !ho:'a 4o'kin9 3dapriv' 

r.d {&O activities a.d GTz, rrNlC€F Slciai llelflr€ 

:ocal GowernmenL and Rurar D.v.Iotd€ 

diss6nina!ioh and iotivaiion activiti€s 

tacilitaio.. a sharl 3caIo finance' rnd 

ert€nsioh arm of R&o agenci€. {ilhin socitl p"an€r6rs' 

Nishorto, !hi5 council'5 p€rtornance in L€chnoloqi€3 

exrensioh. Und6. R&O/Fi6ld I6sts 

a- I6chno-IesY-i! Extc! r.9-E 

Feetl_4!d, ao r icu r !u r-e 

a- o.hyd.ation of l.uits and v€96tabl'e 

b- undo. soil Irrig.tion svst€n_ 

c, S!9.r cane c.!sh.r. 

F.!l ! Prod!cl o6v6ropnenE 

Eqclcl ing-oj oEsariq,!l{r-!. 

3. F€rlili:6r and Fu.l f 

b. LJtiliraiion of Pre6. 

o!dIj,LY oaLes 

c- Anina! F6ed- 

smrl..scql! IlLdGtri€g 

r- satoEv Hatch€s. 

b. corLase L6v€I Chalk anuiacLu'ins 

c. cott39€ Level candt6 tsanlt3cluri'9 

|oor sPinnins wh66l 

e. Inproved carpot iaking Fachin6' 

f. hiî pap€r and Ca'd-Board l1itl3' 

i.6., Jam, JarlY and 

i!relov6r Rite 3nd -o{

a, Ere 

a. fi1.ro-Hyd.o.l.crrlcF.oj.oi. 

b. lrDrov.d Cook 6rov.. 

c. Conv.rcion ol An .t! p€tro!/Dt.3.l Enqin. ro 

K..oqi E/e tor... 

d- alo-c.e Tchmtogy. 

s. ttrLlbiDrl-tcDllatlr! 

a. Lor Cet Autldtng con3!ruciton. 

b- Cott tp Lrv.! So.p h.ldna. 

c- colt t L.v.I o.t .rEnr n klng. 

d. t e.oDrt.t. Rur.l r.!.r Fu.illcrtlon 

l..hnolosl,.. . 

€. airrropri.t. Ltarlr- Sy.t-. 

AlLr dl.drsir|l hlrtory.n

gags, 

1. DerJ@!8di I A.t't - C@'@tetr @ Su!!t Havda. 

!gLL-@I=EE,!"bli"h"d 

bt Da!EI IBhaa!, Udu Barar 

Eate.hl, 199. !P.424- 

?. Ibid, co@.pt.!lf @ sulat Ir! leJast 

vol-Ilr tliil !.?5. 

,. Devi€Er E.A. - !n 0utu!6 Et.tolY o! Ehe 

!9IS Eottt uliv.Eity 

F€65, Ids, ItE, 19r?. 

( he!€alt6. cited !arj.6s;{ot1.d) 

4. Eirei,Science, Qp.cltiPP.'1F14. 

,. rnia P, ,??-&, 

6. r!id, !.1F2e. 

?. gur.3bl! u.r'r - Apt.opli.i€ r.cbcoloEv a.il 

D€eeloDredt A1DO ( rd PCAI ), 

s6tiE. Pacie8.' 8-C Dad€ 

8. !avi€3,{o!ldr op.cili P.469. 

Road' labot€' 19a' ' P.4 

( be!.e!!€! ci!€d OEi6bi, 

AlploPtjate ). 

9. ear, 0.1. raLk ritb !.t s!.r, Pdlistea ti!€8 t 

aedallilili r Jb6 r4tb, 1 99. 

10. GuL,E. St€ecb doLj.veled i! le5batat to Eoo€ 

!.o!@i. coll.€s6 stdeDts 6 2.r.199. 

1a. !i!qd, C, S!.ecb ai llisllt ooD!€leDce' {r|!Dr 

-{uaitori@ | !dho!€' D€c€lber r97.

14. E6idt P 

I 

- EcoEoDic D€Y€toD!.lt fo! H.A 

Ec@oqlc. stdsrt. F,coE@lc! 

lubl:cariod, IAo!., Isu l{tl, 

- 99e9jj@_!g!gls!! 

I'b€ Daik 

l{a€brj.q, Pc6havr! d! l!.t zad, 

19'2. 

- !40-Bc!ser49-E!sk-rg-49 

4!c-!ered--@-i!e-&E9E1sE 

d Irt€nediat€ l.cbolo*r. 

8€!o!t subnitt€d to covt o! 

PekiEte, 19?4, r.49, 

EJ-Es:lllg-!s@4r' 

a€ 1t l60Dl€ uatt€led. 8arD.! 

.Dd Bor, llsr ro*, 191, ".,1* 

( b€!€a!t.! clt.d schu!&b€9 

soaLr ). 

16. r!id, ?.1t4 

I.J - Act1vlt1€a ot P.!!oti6 ol 

4ErgE!3ig-!99:!ssl9q'lNDo' 

W' r€v !ort, 4n9. P.?t. 

18. Scluacb€!, S!aU, Op.cili P.1t. 

19. Qu!€shL, Apr'4opriat€ | op. cj.ti P.5o, 

20. sbei..I!. a.r - ADDrolfiat. TecbloloRr.Heani-ac. 

aod ejidt u.E 

Eigrg:ggggtr Alro ( NoY Pcl! )l 

A Pap.! R.ait !r la\jsta! dcadeiqr 

tor 8ut!l D4eloloolt '!€ahaYl! r 

1 t, P.t.

c 

a. Al!.llsoD. 

!.!{ 

22. JaquL6!, r.& G.. 

Zt. Jaqul'€!, n. 

Evd.aq]l'c EoFi.lee.ile 

Pleatic. EsU, IDc, Ilrgl.rocal 

cliJfe, tu, 1so, 

P.229(b.eart.. ciied 

tlb€rts@ EIglleerirg ). 

!89-!rEic--91-i4rerEg!9 

llglgglgE,r'coEc,!erj3, 

a*t I EE.1O-11. 

IDDFDliat6 llcblolos. 

PlobL€E8 ald FoEi.603 

DcoIIr Palis, a9a4, !.+ 

24. l-lb€ris@/ Enalnee!1lB'Ol,.Ciii P.229 

2t. Q!te3bi,&P!oP!iat€ r op.Citi gP. v-8. 

?. G@t d Pa!l5te, Pcar - !9,@I!3!i9r FcaI' 

Islaeebsd, 199.!!.1-e. 

llbloriat€ IochEoloFt ror 

28. Eclalr, R.S 

29, co!sdo!, R.J 

,o. Qur!6bi, ApFolriat. | @.clti !.r"' 

Dovetolila coul|t ?ie3. 

latioDAl .dc8dely ol sclen- 

c€6, vlEbi!€t! 'r 97,!C, 

sljgng.llco-!9-34:eEle!-E 

!99!rrf gs-!datd:- g -E lq]g 

!gi!-gts!g: 8CD^LE rress 

E@au!, P.A'tl6l. 1t?,I'P. 

2r?-2r9( he!6att.! ci!€d

,'1 . oolsitd/ styl€ ' o!.clti F15. 

,2. lbid, !.45. 

,r. cb6bb1. v.E - !eSg,9e!--9!-3!r53IIl:.!.9 

Iecblo1ote. CcoceDtioBl efft 

PolicY F a!€r.orl !o! l!!!oD!tglg-IrdErIlC*llSglgEt 

orDo,lEtfia, 1q79. 7-417 ' 

( b€..arie! cited 6tbbi, 

s!as@s!t ). 

t4. cogtloo,sttl€ i ol'.Ciii !.55. 

,t, QuleBhi)lPproFiat6,o!.Citi P.?9' 

,6. Cb.bbi, t't.nlA€s€d r @.oiti Fr6' 

,7. !.11' S.leaeloPils Col$tri6s €.3 EtPol't6' o! tld!€tfial 

lecblolo6r, troo€. lcot.3. 

,a. Butt' I.Er !oga1 4i Statutoll 'lsp€ct ctr ll'ablolosr 

Its!s!.!, A PA!€! I"!e.6Died i! Ilt€tlatiolaL Seld_loar 

lsbor€'199. P.4. 

,9. Gd, Er Jed€€il l4aebi!€rt ra Llidal Au zeItl Tardqqrr 

ln Altlcle ?ubliEbed i! tb6 lailv !'ttsbtiq'P'abatall 

w 9rh, .99r. 

- Mecbaaitatioa I€ch4olott !o! 

qcopical !t!icu1t!r.. .trticl' 

Plb1i3hed ir lpPlolriate !.cb!e 

logtr ?loblels zod 9!oD:5€s ! 

41. Ibid , 9.220 

lcoECD' !?arc6 r 1FA.!PP.2'|5 

( be!€art€! call€d f,be/lelicu-

45. Sba.hr I.E 

E 

ald S. 0lrlv6!. 

a5. Gul, E. 

4?, Sbab, I.s 

1-!t6!bedlet€ lecbioloq{. !!1lit1!r. 

Irtlcle Pl,Dljrh€d i! htrlducti@ to 

!.!., EollIiE !r.s8, &ee!a, tur IEA 

.r7?. t-*' 

lyaluati.rr o! tbe Eolsilr l+oc!a@e. 

Dolestic EaslAt Seting Ploject t CrZl 

!€sbaeu' 1ts4, P.4r. 

Sh6hr.i lllaqq l{si Ba!aiF!L'r!!t!ts!!! 

Aur ûEki set!al4lua!lDggl1!!!!!! 

6€bat. A! l.fticl. Publisb€d in the 

laily J6bd leEbel,a!, teb 2otb at6. 

- b€tr.r. supportiY€ !€cb.oloRv. stat€ 

ot th6 l!t. }! IlttclE Publtubed tn 

Bulat D6v€totEed ald ailciEiEt 6!aric!' 

vo1-fcr I{o. 2r sp!i!a' !.6beea' 

1991 W.',12'7-451. 

- {(o C@v.dti@!l S@e6 ol &.tw 

ad &€tt? C oseleatioE. A!'tic I€ 

Pobllh€d i! tle Disilici Edal 

Dl€lsr ?laEinE o! PakiEtaE' PIID' 

Pesha@lr JFa. !F.81-9. 

Pca!, I6lada!6d 

- ElgtE-glEla 

1

,o. 

91. 

t 

Gu]', E. - 4llEE& r!l'..r. Prnu.h.tt t! 

[h. IN,S ixldilatrt .hs.!rt.D 2oth' 

193. 

crlr E, - &!!g-EE*l !rt1o16 hDr1.b.4 L! 

tt !.}1rtdl Grtllrit' r.rfa!.lllE 

lrloiaalld D.t ttidtt L!b&s!t 

19t. rP.19€t. 

5.6r-.!.4. LU otLclti P7.

SOCIO.ECONOI,iIC D€V'LOPIIENT OF KOITIS'AX DISTRICT 

In !his chap16r, d€f!nir!o.s ot sociology, socioecononic 

and ecohonic c.v€lopn.nr ar€ siv€n. a bri€t 

inrornaricn on th6 {.1=a.e .^.t ecohonic dov€Iopoeni at30 knorn 

aE €conomlc srolrh is prgs.nled. th. pr6s6ht 3raqe o? xohislan 

oistrict dith rel€.€^c. ro.cononic d.v6lopn.nr, pa.ticularty 

pop!lation, €ducation, agric!Irure, foreEt, oininq, s6rvic€E, 

i^dust.i6. xhich exist .nd thos. lhich ..e n.€d.d, i3 

FinalIy, :i6 €xact Dos!tion of Kohistan ois!.icr 

ril.l be oresent€d in -eration to d6v.lopnEnt asp€ci of th6 

$a9,IprqqY 

socidlogy i5 consider.d one oi rhe iioortant 

soci.l science dlring th€ rasr 

c6nt!ry. I! das inrroc!c€o in s€v.ral Eu.op6an €dlcational 

instilutulons in:h. beginning century, often 

r.ised ro th€ elecriv€ or majo. subj€.t at'tor 

ro.la Ua.-I- the d.in rbjoct oi sociology is to !nd.rstand 

3ociety, to be arar€ .f ihe str!cture or the society and 

3ociaL ph€.onena a.d to in...ase 3oclal skilL3. lt is dstin€d 

i^ Lhe tnt6râtio.al €n.vctcoaedia B.itannica as tn€ Sludy of 

in sociar r€Ialions amo.s p.rson3 and ;n 

coon!nicatioh and intcractton anong pe.sons and 9.oups- !t 

i^l!Ides rh. srudv of cusroms. struc!ur€s 

o ...iv,c-J l s of oa.Licip.r

22! 

sociology. iis m.thods of €nqur.Y, 

sc!enrific ataius and ihe fo.c.3 Itk€lv 

2- soc !o- €calQlr lc.-_q E,vl!aP!E!I 

By socio-6conohic davolopn.nt, 

rhe dov.Iophent ol 

irs prolo33!onar and 

!o intlu6nc. it in !h. 

deveroDm€n! rolated to hunan b.ing in a partic!lar Eocietv. In 

the Ho.d! of J,L n.san, soctal 6conohica, abbrivi.terv r

222 

Lesis d€fined .cononic d€velophenr in hi3 knodn 

collections lcononic d.volopronr pirh untimited 

3upply of }abolr 'as ih€ grouth of outpul p€r h6ad 

ljeier and Balcuin d.fin€d econooic d.v.10pi6nt as 

'no singte d€fi.ibion of €€ononic d.v.topm6nr is 

e^tirely satisractory_ The.e is a r..d..cy ro !s€ 

tho t€rms €cononic d€v€lopn€hr. ccononic g.oPth and 

s€c!lar chang€ in!€.changabty 8,' Atr.rF..cs En€y 

dtfined the trh€.eby an Econony,s 

r6al natio.al i^coh. incr€as€s ov6. a Io.9 p6.iod 

Ad6lnan derir.d €cononic dew6IopDenL as !ne 

orocess by lhich an €conomy is r.ansf..r!d rron on6 

capita i.3h.II or 

.egarrv€ ro on. in trhich a signilicanr s€If 

slstai.ed rat€ of i.c.€as€ of p€. capila incone is 

tonq.un roauure. t" 

Econonic develoDn€nt is a st€ady a^d 3!bstanriar 

o.oce3s whe.eby infrasrruct!.6 is created, 

is provid.d, 6ducarion is scn.rali:ed, ctass 

dirrere.c€s are aboLish.d. opporrunity fo. ohploymanr is 

o.ovidcd and self and.auional security ie odoqlai.. 

!ELFARE ANQ ECOIOJ'I I C .OEYE LOPIEN T 

Th6 t€rm econonic N.ltar.. for tne ii.sr rire {as 

1.- 

.rofesso. A c piqo!,',rh€n the author d.fin€ werfare 

srudy and applic.rion

of differenr econonic th.cri6s in .elation to re.tEh, {elt 

beinq pr6soerity ot the inhaoit.nt3 of the oa.iicula. socie!y, 

district or co!ntry. In 9€n€.aI t6rhs, Hiih the econohic 

deveLopmenr, relfar. i.crc.3.d but in sBvaral cas€s..is€ i. 

ôi .oncid€ !ith rBlfar. srowth. In nany 

cas€s, instead of increasi.g tr.11..€, it d€t.iorat€d val!es 

and peoole wdre r6nindod of oa3! vaL!6s. ourins the indust.ial 

revoIuti.., ha.d!c.af! i.custri€s H€.e hit s€rio!slv and 

the.eby iirlio.s oi craftsmen Gr. un€mploy€d. SinilarLy, rh€ 

agriculturaL oui.!r i.c.ea3€d f,any tih€s aft6. the French 

Revolution b!t at :h6.ar. i:6e. ir €xhibited n€gative effecis 

on ,elf:.e of .ne tarn€.s .y crrliing classes, int.oducrns 

uhenoloynen!. inc.e.si.l 3ci.nl €viIs and also created lad and 

order si'!!ation in several :ountrt6. 

son€ noc6.n.coôniets- oarticurarlv anthroporosisrs 

are openry saying !ha! :re ratid econonic deveropm€nt 

specially ,hen it is n:og 

disservic6 ro Lh. unde.d€veloped soci6ties. 

observations. d!rins the 3urvey 

developed a.aas. ti a.s r6v6al€d !ha! rh6 d€volopne.t dld not 

.oncide ri!h our valu€:, 

condi !id^s i.sread ot .3isi.q Iiving stand 

it deorived i:rr€ naiority r.od th€ ava!labt6 faciltties. mental 

.eace and in some cases sh.lr€r. !! mad. life more diificurt 

a.d survival .ecam€ a probt.n. Ir,a5 IearnL lha. severa! 

c.unr.ies- !nough not Ec.nohicallv 

peaceful life io thai. ci.iz6.3. rh€ crin€ rates in these 

couniries rere Lhe loE€Ei. teooLe .ould 3ia€o at nisn! {irhout 

ha!e f.i:ndlv

224 

contr..y !o that, mosr of ih6 €cononically d6v€loped 

cov^!n!s 0ft6n cr€ata3 0.obl6frs oor only fo. rh.hs.lv€s but 

othe.5 .s N.ll. They ue6 th.i. funds nainly d.rivgd r.on 

indi.ect t.x.. and sats of rgaoons to rhe dev.lopins colnr.ies 

for !nd€3i.abIo ac:iviil!3 and for inr€rf..€nc6 in rhe 

f.ie.n.I .ltairs of orh€r n:rions. sinilarly, if ecoônic 

d6v€lopn€nl is atta!n6d th.ough greater and r.diols {ork 

harmtul for h€alth, .h.n ih. ..r caeiEa incon. {iIl inc.eas€ 

at tha cost or economic {elfa.6. Inhabitants of villa9€ Iso.i 

Fayan, hostly rorkin9 i^ a loo.cco facto.y situated nearby, 

s6t hi9h {69€s; hotrever rh. ro.klng wirh robacoo du3t causes 

s€v6ra] dis.as6 to.ie !ork6.3. Ihie is uhy in th€ ar€as and 

industriaE Nh€.6 !o.kine concit!o^3 

compa.ativ.ly hiqher :h.n rhe conditions a.€ safe 

3nd c1€an. Th€ Abasi^d Korri3i!îs r€1far€ d€pgnds upon th€ir 

joys and int!rests Birh€r aE individuals 

comnu.ity, Th6 oeLf316 can not b6 segrega!€d tron on6 and 

othe.. Econooic develooosn! c...ot ba counl€d lik6 non€y, as 

ii is a clrllativ6 it is .6co9nis€d that 

belfar. fo. .n indiw:dlal his 3tatuE aoa.t from 

p!r.hasin9 porcr. 

Eco.onic reLfare ii clo!6ly roLated to in.om6. Ir is 

a oart of lhe .otal !elfa...nd !r can fall .3 th€ ro.fr€. !n 

t6rn of incon. i.creasss. As 6cononic {erfa.€ is inneasurable 

and it is doscribed :ubj€ctiv.Iy, 3.y3 rlchough 

no on€ ha5 succeeded in devising. neasurinq-.od to 6nabl6 the 

rever of w6lfar€ !o b€ calcllrl€d or conpa.€d, it is usually 

co.sidErBd ro b€ f€asib16 ro 'se rhe level of incon€ ot aLt 

iyoes a3 rn indicator of ro l.v€l ot econonic tr€lfa.€. Io do

hrs, a simple assunprioh is mad€, .ame1y, rha! gcononic 

,6!far6 is .6lar6d to incon. in such a ray lnar 

tnc.Bas€s. econonic {€ttrr.3Iso i.cr€a3es, ri !his si601€ 

fo.n. rhe :ssuhorion is on6 rhat aosr 

valid. borh ror rh6 individua! 

{ith increas. in inco,. of rhe individ!al. th6 

conounrry {elfa.e incrlas.3 b!r s6ldon ki!n !n€ o.oporrio^ ol 

increase i^ incone. Son€!in6,i!h ]orer increase !n incoh6, 

hisn6r ecoônrc -€lfa.. i3,c.ieved a.o ,ic6 \:-sa. It also 

d.p6nds uoon .Jisrriburion of tncom€. The,otar !6rra.! is 

incr€ls€d ir incon€ ii redi3lriblr€d from.lcn .c 

b€l6tv6 thar (ith hi9h6. incona, i.divid!ar 

-Fe socio-6coônrc oh.nor6non, iike !h€ 3i:6 ol 

oooulatio^. or6a3ure, exrra cu..ic!!.r 

activiries, social sr.uct!... sra9e3 or aducation and ,hy3ic.I 

olalirbs of rhe i.dividlat arr.c! eco.omic Glfare !! d€p€.ds 

!pon rh6 p.oDorrron or popqlarton €nsas€d in:n€ econonic 

ac!ivilies. rerarionship or .npiral per h€ao and skrtrs_ In . 

th€ po.o]arion d.sirad ro €nqase 

ac!iviLies ras lhe oppo.runity !o.aise Lnerr 

i^c..!sE {elrare. aoc io aconoric 

N.lfare and 

'€cononi. !eiia.e. in orhe. rords. is noL only 

income. ir i3 a quesrion or incone !n relario. L. p.ica.. Il 

i3 th€ sum roral of at1 rh6sE inftuenc6s rhrcn !r!rna!Ely 

.r3nd.rd of rivr.€. '

STAGES OF ECONOI'I!C qEYELOPiENT 

iore or ]€ss aI1 ih! 9.€at eco.omi. nislorians agr.. 

lnar rhor€ a.e 3ta9€€ of .coônic d€vaLophont 3nd a .ocictv 

e.Grs irom a loNar st.Ec lo a hiqhgr 

lii€ {n.n t.ope. €conoric arorlh is aciieved. Acan snith 'he 

fath.r oi th€ mode.n acononistE usod tna sequence or iu'16:ne 

oa3toral, asriclrtural anc nanuisc:urin-o * ra'x 

i.udal:sm to historical s.ou€nc€ b.on.apiralisn 3^d iocta:tsn 

4 

to connu.ion hnorn to us6. Hor6ve., lhe co'c€ot of the 

econonic siag€s has be€n inbroduc€d bv:he G€rna' Nislo'ical 

sc.oot on sci€ntific gro!nds. rhe nenbe.s or thi6 3c'oot 

ceiineq slaqes or acononic d.v6loorent :s diffe'e^t iroi 'n€ 

,ioih6r !^.unbers and 56h€e. Fo.6xamo!6' Lisr 'ctin6d :: rn 

1g.4 rs s6vaq€ry,oastorai lif€: tsricurtu'€: ano ituftc:u'6; 

,d Errd6-'. Buche. confi..3 hinself 

ec.nonic d€velopm€nt to t.€ crit.ria or ect'oni: irln3ac:ion 

i.6.. i.detendent domestic aconomv. econohv and r'oIe 

'own 

q:1. .rLlonar 6conomv!: 

w.G Hoffman ne3su.€s ihe 3taqes rr eco'cnle 

develo.nent 

of indlstriali:atio' 

net value of 

:i€ consLie' :coos ino 

:j:.i c: capital qoo.rs. rne valuc 4f :onsumar 

ii s t:-nes lhe varue ot caoiLal 

e3'rv 3'3q€ of 

i:rusrr'.3ri:atio.: n!r1.s ind!sifiar:r3tion tie o!rp!: of 

caor lal qoods ri3e5 nuch rrsiBr 

:- -io-./ oi!_'noet .^6u3:_ia- .d'!'es 

!ooo! r.e 3op.otinateLv €oual 3nd in 3om€ cases lfie ourpui of

5, 

227 

a16 c€rtain oth€r 6co.onis!3 (ho rrav€ 

.oncepts of sta96s of econohtc dev6lopnBni !ut 

-egd.dins 3tag€s of economic d6v.Iopnen ic 

rosL r56ruI and inDorLanL. 

.hin one ol the cateqo.ies mgntionod betcE:- 

Th€ t.adtrional .oci6ty. 

Ihe Pre-condiiions oi lake orf 

;he drrve Lo raturitv. 

rh6 aq€ of hish 

staqes of economic a'oklh nced 6r!6i 

:>.-c.a.ior i- riF i _!€-6st 

r. Th! Truditional s4i€tti In this societv' 13nd l6'ds are 

the ,Jominat:ng ea facto.- PeoDI. bel€ive in tr.d!o's an' lne 

srrlc!u.6 i5 dgv€IoDed fo. a linit.d p.oduclion function 'ased 

on ..6 sci..c€ 3.d technologv l^ rhis staq€ !h€ najori!v or 

i. 3sric!Iiur. 3nd the Produce 

Nir: th6 eloans;on i. 3creag6 Rostod savs' tha! in 'he -aid 

so.:.ty. !h€re is oossibitiiisv ol ineroven€nt i' agricurr!'a 

rrace and industrv bv adoori.s 3ci€ntific n'rhods aiere 

ceiitns erists on the aitaiâole p6. h6ad production 

2- rh6 Pre-co.dition3 0l Y.k€ oll: Rosto! cal!3 rhis s:39e 

3e ::€ lransitive staq€- In ihis 3taqe the pr6-co'dilirn' i'r 

.he :ocietv fron .h6 i.alionar 

3nc ihe ti6s of !racitiontlish a16 breakins ot'r' Ihe oecole 

ihini( thlt the economic 6nvi.onnenE prevailins in 

can be improved in systemaric dav a.d a.tion b€caus€ noEhinq 

ionrror ot ma. rhe .ise in i'vBsrnenr and 

or r.f.'sLruc.rre io'

devslcchent a^d iiorowam.nt in asric!lt!re 

neccas!.y i.r rhis 3ragc. In rhis stag€, radical ch.ns.3 in 

rh6 so,cir- 50liticar and .c6nomic 

1r !ak!. a :onq o€r:od oi rin€, or hor!. Roslod 

sav! ::6t i. E!rooe lr€-conditlons of lake off de.. d6v6lop€d 

:. ih6 las. oasr oi th€ rTth and earlier y€ars ol th. lath 

.i usins eci€nc. for the benetit ot n.hkinc in 

tne field o. agricuiiu.e and industries. 

Th. T.ke ofl glaq.i Th. Lake otf ie d6fi..d. as 

i.o!5tr:al -evolurio. .elat.d !o radical chang.. in !h. 

n6rhods of..oducri.n by r.chnology d€veLoon6nl in a snort 

This is rn inte.val pe.iod in rhich !he -Bat 

ta rises. -6chnolo9y dgvelooes and p..p.!!aL€s 

rh6 3.v:.9 L.€nds in 36r :atita co63id..s :nis 

..a9€ !s lhe rost if,co.tanL. rl i3 a short oroc€ss !n {htcn an 

i:saLf ihrough driv. to natu.i!v. H6 l.eats 

:Fu roi:ok!.q th.66 ciar.cr..!stica impo.tant ror this !s.ge:- 

PoliticaL sociat.nd 

whi.h rffecr 9.otrrh of 

subsLantial nanuf aciurln9 s6cro. 

Ih€ q.oNth of ths secto. (s) sust 

institurional rrad.,o.k 

onqolnq charact6r must

.inary seclo. rh..€ possibiliiies of 

innovation a^d high grokth aro availabl€ by 

S!Dgl.r6h!a.y 9.o{th 

:€v€Ioon.nt 

soctor wh€r6 raptd 

.equirement of Drin.ry 

)e.ived e.orti secro( I^ this secto. advanc.s 

:cc!r in tair:y ss!.dy ray in r€Iation ro !h€ 

.roducario. :tc. Food in relai;on !o 

.op!IaEio^, hou.i.9 in r6lation !o ran!ly 

=.roalion a.6:Iassic dorived relatioh to this 

.. the D.iv6 to llaturiry: our;n9 rhis srage, rBchnology 

is "s€o in.ldosr rll grocosses or oroducrion. 

oe.cen: ot ih. national incoma is inv€st6d. It 

susrained 9rorth :nd naR ind!st.ia1 instaran6nts 

.use o.oo!ction, Inport s!bstit!tion produc€d ar 

ci n.! coomodi:iEs a.e mad6. This staq€ begine 

oi th€ tak. olr strg6. The oco.ony develops i^ 

reai 3ense 3u rlnq thiE.ragc. 

5. The Aq€ of Higlr !r.!.- cooslnptio^: This is th6 Last phas. 

oi Econohic 6routh. O!.inq this staq5, pe. 

ot th6 naio.i.y of the sociery reach€s that 

revel kner€ it :an easiiy arrora ..ccssities of lifa. Th€ 

!n€ Horktns fron unskirl€d to 

srilled i..ce i1 r.cioriE€, nod€.n t6.hnolosy becooE in 

fas-:on r.d livilq s!.nrJard ris6s ro oprtnur rever. ou.abr€

230 

a.e o.oduced in .b!nd.nc!. 

resrern EuroD. lnd An..ica ehtgred into lhi. .rag. 

rhey allocated a -lr&nrbI6 parN of rhr!r b!de.r ro 

lh6 staqgs of :co.onic G.orth d€fin.d by Ro3iou 

.!zz!6 a studehr 6i econoF:ca or ih. rhi.d uo.ld. In th. rhole 

qisc!33i06, ie behavcs .. a.oliticiah and h€ 9iw€3 no.e 

:noor!.nc€ ro oolitica 3.d hi,Etory :.an ecomnlc.. H. i3 

unde. d.!r!op.o co-ntri€s and !h. tf.nti.th 

c.ntlry siag€s of gro{lh A.d hirE6}f acceDts thai. 

'1. rhe :taqca :: Eco.onic Growlh, I did not d..ply 

bv dhich .ario^s fr.d. th. b.oad 

collect:w€ nEcis:on6 ihich dere.nined 

of :hi6r naEio..: li'r aL .aci s.ag€ ot grortn. n 

colin cla.k {.3 rl !h. opinion rhai .3 . c4ntry 

d6veLops. r. p:rpor!ion of i!s ro.king eop!1.!ion 

€nqaqed in p:ida.y production (.9ric!ltur., 

fi3nlng) d€clines, ths proDortion in 

te.ria.y oroduc::on (comn€rc€, tran3po.t, ...vices ) 

increases. and :.. p.oDo.tion ensag€d in !.condary 

production \h.6Liactu.ins, ninins, bsitdi.9) .i56s 

to a naxlnun r^d :han besins ta!l!n9-th€raby 

indicating !h.r 6acF n.tion 

maxinum induEtr:aliza!io. beyond {hich ind!srry 

be!ins to o.:li^. r€lari v€]y

PRE9€!L!I4Gq _qF_!ryE!Q8!e!I 

lGhistan i3 oistrict in tho lllFP ..d 

Frkisran- xajority ot it3 !.habirants spend th€ir !ive3 b€lot 

rn6 subsi3tence r6v6l- rhis oist.ic: is spread ov6r 95oao5 

.c.€as and 93t ot rhich !3 cow...d by nountai.st.i13 

io .aach th6 a.oa du. to its lonq distanca f.oo th. 

rorLd oceans and plai.3, rhi3 is lhv 9lt oi culliva.€d a..a i6 

l..ig.tad by 4atBr chanhels. Its clina!€ is ve.v cold and th. 

so63 dodn b€!o{ ninu. du.ing rint€r, not onrv on 

the h€ights but also on ih. d.p..3cion of ihe molnrain-root3. 

snod fall takes ptac6 6lnoei in th. k.ol€ Disi.ict in {int.r' 

It3 !6athar i^ s!nn.. du€ 

deficiBncy of shady tr.... Ih... i3 no nuncipl€ a.o t*n 

.( 

conmi Lt€€ rn Lhe DiEtricr. 

ar6 t{o l.h3i13 (sub-divisic.s) !.4 Patla^ anc 

Oasu wiih union councils ûnb.rins 37. According 

R!ral settl€ngnts ol !9a4, !h..6 ta16 405 settl.n6nls in 

Kohistan oistrict out ot ,hich onlv 37o aro ôtiii6d in tha 

.€v€nu6 reco.ds. Th6 populalion ol th€ oist.ict according to 

!h6 c.nsus of r9aa trae 594925 0l dhich 333lsa 

261757 temal6- ih. lopulaiion d6n.irv ras 155 p€rso.s o€f kn 

. The zsl of pooulation tiv.d in zoa 5ett1€n.nts havrng 

popllation in 5or_ro0o' {hi1e 57* 

s6ttl6nents hawi.g population tigur6s abov6 Iooo._ 

!o Dr.5. i Akhta. 

6cono6ic d€v6ropn.nt r.qui.€s natu.al .6so!rc6s. cagital, 

t€chnoloqy, favo!rabl. i.sti!utions and man_pouer. Natu.ar 

d.v.lop.d, caoitat sood3 n€.d to b.

produc€d, tgchnologv to b..lolv€d and in3tiiutions h.v6 to b€ 

€.!.blish€d, *i,thout th. hufr.n facto. norhing c" b' 

acconplishad. Land. ctinat€, togog.aphv, nin.ra1s. planB a'd 

.nin.ls, tool,3 and equipngn! o. technical knorLcd€€ can 'ot b' 

put to !5. and lom€ of th6d b' c'6arEd wtlhout 

huian for6thousht, iniliativ. tnd En.'gv It i3 n'n thai i3 ot 

major 3iq.ific.nc. for thi3 9urpos€. al! n6^-ûnan "!ourc€s 

s6.v. hunan n..d. and d63ir.d lhough da''3 !illinsnc'r rhd 

capcity to 6x.rt hifrsl€f. It is in this stn3':h'l oopulttrron 

i. r69€rded a3 a dv.aric r.crc' :n scondic devslooo"i"6 

In Kohistan, !he oopulation srowth lt r'lr 

ah€ad ot s6v€raI di3t.icts of Pakista' rhich wa€ ro 2t per 

annun in 19S7. Th. high€r grotth 

lat dev€IoDntnr 

occlr and i.3.v.ral cas.3' du€ to inc"as' in hurb" ot 

children and c1d..3, d€p€ndlnt3 inc'€as6 at f35ie' 

' "t' 

no!.ishnont, ,hich i3 alr€tdv poor' is g'tti^g nt'gin'I rith 

!h6 i.c.ea36 i. po9ulation Ths o'oD'n3i!v Lo consun' i3 

inc.oasing Fh.r... savins. which a'€ roughlv catinatld 2-Jt 

a.6 .o! inproving inspit6 ol n.nv inc6'tiv'3 th€ p'op16 ano 

gov..nm6nt ar. dive.ting !h.if f'on incr"si'g 

'€sourc'! 

.conohic dlv6lopm6nt !o unt.oductiv' r6tources lnEpi!€ of 

gov€rnments utro3t efforts !o "is€ ih' st"dard of livlng of 

rh6 msss€3 of th€ Disr.ic!, th€ effic!.ncv 

inc.6as6d to tho d65ir€d l.v'I d!€ to in"6'3!ns popllation 

b.l.iv6 in PoPulalion Pr'hninq' 

tavourins bi.th controlline is consid6r€d a Kafir" children 

a.. cohsid.r.d th€ b6st sil! of cod' aE:nolh€' pt'is ot th! 

count.y, marri.9. i. a oniv.r.al conditidn a'd 

a9. for both th. 3€xss i3 conparativolv lor€r ihan rn lna 

ThE

d6v61opod districts. Th€rs i3 a population t'lltr' oflic€ in 

the oi3t.ict. lh. densilv ot poputation Pa3 incr6"'d t'on 6I 

Kn ln rgar to 155 p..sons pe' km i' r9aa 3 c6t ot 

toial population or Xohi5tan i3 riddl' group oi ro_r? 'earu' 

lhe t.bo!. forco is. 3mall 9ro!9 rn th6 10 2* poDulation 

grodth froh Fhich, il old nanr 3tud'nts disabl6d an' 'Ll 

ihos6 ..itho. workins no. lookins lor work 'ra excluded lh' 

labour lorc€ in !h6 Di3a.ic! dould r'nain 36all in 3i!6 Th' 

3€x .aiio i.€., th€ nunb.r ol na]€s rnd fan'l's '6' roo 1i lh' 

oi3t.ic! vari.: trm 3ettl.6'nt to 3'ttlem'nl and vallev lo 

varl€y, Accordinq ro th6 DiEt'ict c'n!!s R'Por! ot 19aB lh' 

3€x ratio uas 14:r1 i...' 56 6tl's io '4 temal's_ rh' Ii!"'cv 

.ate in tha oi.trict i3 rouqhLv 3* no3t ol th6 E !trem6't! 

ar6 acalt.r6d.nd co.n.cted bv 3m3lt hillv 

paths 4hich a.€ often d.ngo'ou3 

6vsn du'i^s !h' 

day tinc. lh. p6oplc livin9 on hi9h6' !Itiiud'3 oi th' 

mouniains !6mporarilv nisrat' to tht plainr oi rltiFt ano lhr 

Punjab d!e to 1.3s€. opport!nitv of €mDtovntÊ 

nigration nak' !h6i' riw63 nore ni"rasl'a63id63 

tenpor.rv nigratin to oth'r oart' of th' cou'trv' 

inte. Di3trict nigra!i6n iE nad6 in suf,itt and tint€r' In 

slnh€f, a si2.!b16 population ri!h lhti' c:ttl€ shilt' ro lh€ 

total nunb€r of 

toDs/p€lks in 3.arcn of fro'6h 

p6.son. {ho niqrated lrom tht oistiro! i3 47503 olt of (hich 

4426 

.1Jo7a nis.at.d 

to th6 

'nd 

forais. count.i€sr fo. car'ino liveLihood- rn paki!tan ho!t 

ot th6 disrani! a.6 busv in !h' 5ervict3 of lsndlo'd3 on dtilv 

{age basis, in as.icu).t!ro and buildinq con!!'uctton 36cior3'

qqlJglrlglli is 6xt.60.ly back{.rd 

s-, !e= 

2. 

of th€ oistrict th€ 

rev€al€d raga.drng 

!n:!i!!!ig4lse!ee glLlesc l!29 Enr6rn€'t 

nigh school3 

t!idd1. schoors (8oY!) 1 

3. tsiddlg schools (Gir!3) 

und..-constructl0n 

P.ima.y scho6rs (3oY.) 

€t.n.nta.Y Colleg€ 

T.chnicaI !nstrtutl0n 

a^y oih€r p.ofession.l/ 

acad€f,ic In.t1!on3 

a .€asonabl€ part of th! population thinks ihai 

.ducation i3 h6anin9l63s to. th€h ot th€v can ôt 3uDDo'! 

!h.i. child.€n to go to schools' 3itu't'd la' t'on thtr' 

3.!rl€h6.t!. €dqc.tio. D6partn6nt i3 a 3€ctor "hich provldes 

€nproym€nt opporilnities to tht e(tuclt'td 

ch€ illit€r.t6- acco.dins to lna oisErlct Education oftic!'s' 

I226 p6.3ons (inculdi^s r.n'Ie) !t' {o'kin9 rn int36 

iGtit!tion3 ui!h tho folloring dotailt 

l.!e- 

t- 

s-sn6-9.!src.(11-r9ee 

nels Fenal. Iellql 

4. Prima.v schoors 775 3OO lD? l 

lhc sta.d..d of .duc.tion in lh6 oiltrlct is btrou 

lhe l6v6l- Due to non-6stabli.hi6nt ol 

ts al.o _o '€d6ral gover^me_L scfoor' T" sLanoard of T€scring

in in. .choot. n.6d! lmpofv.hn.nt, th. d.trtt. of th. 

e

I 

5 

t2 

236 

Lbl. _ I II.l 

S'RSMIIH OF OFFICE OF OISTRICT EDUCAITOI] OFFICER (PRIIIARY)- 

Dirrrict Ed@tid oftidr 

o.guly oiltrict €dqtld otate. 

a.!it:0i!tt:6da1i6 olf : (dd) 

a..tt. oilit: Ed!€dtiq olt (accit) 

A$tr:oiltt: Ede.tio. of tl(Pro) 

oieirici Edrc.tid dtfic€ (PriBrr) boY!, rohi.tln 

; 

I 

2 

I 

2 

L 

! 

2

J. 

!. 

1, 

L 

T.bl. lll - 2 

ra6!E drdat||c sllJo€a{T E ioltEx€r{r3 tll tttoi 9q{mt3 

1116 !t tldr llt t lli tli $[ 

slr.l llaa rljr cl||t clu clrrr 

fii'rl 

* 

t u? 

aa 

s 

ltt 

t{ 

lt tl 

{{t 

i3t 

l! 

aa 

g 

rtl 

Lt!| 

r ai'l 

tt zta 

nt{ 

It It 

11 It. 

ot Nr,'rFP. Disrrict Educ.tl0. olltc. 

, bnl..t.n oiltrici, 199t2,

T.51. III-3 

DEIAIL OF EOUCTION FACILIIIES AVATLABLE IN KOHISTEN DISIRICT

t 6r.r *lor eL 

239

210 

r|bl.,lrl - 4 

ElROlE Ant Oi AOYS ;x Fetlt|tat gCHOOLS II KOIIISTA{ OIS'RICI 

TEHStLtt9E Oa 25-07-92 

Ttr:$l' rr!!{$,lollEe..!Ll-lLul-lt_ Ir!.1 

0-.u 9n9 t272 

rqi.l: lt52o 

'aa 

577 t79 239 112 !t2a 

s.!d: s{6 clvt to E r!.i1o.| ottle,r.tt F0.-! r.h. , (.it t n, 

Dttrttcr. a/\9t2-

2rl 

r.!L lll - 5 

tltrEFENT Srotltl€ !oY3 PRInMY'lA3qJa Allo rlaxrla 3cx@13 

d.l' 

iE h^ b ada. 

sourc.: 3ro Oivi.ion €.u..tlon Ollic., 

Kcntttrn. Dit!"ct, a/r992 ' 

'.tltn_O6t! 

l€tEil

212 

l.bl. tlt - 6 

TEtCtaEis/sruoE lls poSttlol{ oF tHE otstRtcT 

3.ro &- ot ror.: raactr. stBbE slrrm nErr 

s.tr6l vgEy frcd.d r-cnar l|! 

ot sit. (1t9r- -do .r.tt 

teE. 92) dLt 

rirct -lqmol 

1. 6.H.4 t5 ,1 12 a.! 5 

2- 3.r.1 !6 I 73 t:t I 

3 0.H.1 lot 2 tso 1t:l a 

4. 0.H.9 tl. - 2os !a!r 6 

5- S.ri.l lt I aaa to:1 5 

llJr.l 

6. e.i.! !t I !4a 23:t I 

7- O.N.l L2. 5 lat 16!l a 

3. 6.1r.9 tJr 5 t!3 lorr 1 

. rLd lbr.r P6t v.dd 

sood: eard-rft of rlfF, tl|trlci €drdrto.r otft- (3er5.r)r 

totilrrn Di5:.ict.

SEGT'III€ OF OEVELOEfi ETT 

!! ,as ch6 2ath -e7s ,h6. a great .a.thquske 

rre o{L5ide 

co.td.3.rore ihis hes.ofic 6v..:. it !.e Y.9nislan ano 'oi 

knorn ::e.nationaIIv -.e cor.ietion 

declar..ion rf oeinq ):3;.:.!._ rst oc!.:976 tositiv'Iv 

a+J6cr€c :he socio-ac..om:...ndi::.n ot th€ po.urailo6 Atto' 

rh6 €ar:hqlak6, lh. ;ove..mEni.j Paksit.n establ!sh6d rh6 

Korri3ta. oeveloon.n! 3ca.. (K:3) {iin !he a*i3tance' 

pa.ticu-rrlv r.on o!: s:co rakis::n :hs xOA c'nst'rcttd 462 

Km of 29 unnetatt.d .caos .€ve'il ouildi'9s ior schoors 

admini3:"ation. rr€.lin .!..o3€ t^c so on' rhi'tv iou' (34) 

!a.6. s!.olv .o3e.vot"s,e.. .omo::!eo a^d 7o7co iet'63 pro6s 

!€ro \a:d dokn in orler io p..vid€ po!.bIe 

ma33€3. Afo.€s!!tion las nad€ on 4!ooo acres bv l(oB' 

xDB ha.dec cver t'ese schtm€s 

buildinq d6pa.h.nts- Noq :h. gcvetnn€nt tu^ctio6t'i'3 a16 

enqaged:n p€rtorhi.s va.to!3 ct:i€s lo' uolifti'9 locro_ 

!f t^ 'cononisr or an 

6co.onic conditio. 

hisi.oirn .ewi.tis ihe :i3..ici afte' 20 v6a's h' {i1l 

develoomgni kc_< nade durins this perlod' 

Inc tiv:aq standard has'lsen 3everal tih€e infrastt!ctu'€ 

fo. €conomic d€v.lopnen! !s b':'s cr6at€d a'd oolilicar 

inEiiLutlons a.€ 6staolis€d aur ihsoit6 0l :h€'e oosrtrve 

.tunges. in th€ autho. s roini6o. rhe masstt are siill livins 

in a traditional societv as d.fl'ed bv R63tok i' nre knoBn 

book !h. poliLica c: Econonic oew€lopnan! r on 

the lolldkinq srounds: -

Th. p6. clrita:ncone ot th. Kohistani i! v..v 

lcu. hajority .f :n! eoou:.tion liv63 o.loi 

ih. subsist.nc. 1.v61. 

Tr. saving in lh€ DiEiri.! i,5 n€9I€9lbl.. 

rh.r. a.6 only 3 cohn€rci.l b.nls !iih no 

o!n.r iinanci.: :.sEitutien. l:ks n.!lon.! 

s.vlng c6nt.. .tc.

215 

.€arqf,ruag 

(ohi.t.n oist.lct .on.{.t. aIm.! ..!1r.ty oi .ulr!trd 

nountain.. !.v.r.l of lh.n !.!OO o.t6E tDov. ... lev.I *tth 

t.r!il6 .nd b..uilrlr aDln. v.ll.y conmcr.c !o rh6 .ut.ld. 

Frld by I f., |@9h t.*kr. _h. D.opl6 of lha .!gion, :nan$al 

ln lgricullu... cutllvat !.1r! 06 t!.r.c.. bltlt on di-lL@lt 

!!..p nounltln ricl€5 .n.r ..1s. !dt.. .n. theco. th. 

.gricurtu. in th. .rea i. b.s*l o printliv. tool. .d.r:GDi:. 

ot ttF .lto.t. ot th6 !rov..Fn.nt, th. l..r.r. ... lPs:t.tiie 

i6 th€ aDoucrtlon ot n* tacircloEy- Tha avartgf, r.r ^.ct... 

yi,.ld in ton... lnrpit at :*i!l.!ion trc:ltttG .nd '..!11. 

t.nd. i3 th. la.r onB in lha orovtnca aa aofip.f.d rttn oth.r 

d.lgrbouring dl.t.icte a cho.n l. t bl. :II.7.

216 

rabl. llt _ 7 

F'A XECTAiE YIELO II'I FIV! OIATRICTS OF 

NlaP (r990-tr r loNflEs) 

4rst onr,i;'-irar- nrd ||,r! Pdrd tro 

L?jI 2.04 

r.ao 2.lo 

1.51, 

LN 

t.t6 

r.3! 10.4 

r.sa t.5 

2.@ 

4rlcultur.l st tiii- ot t||fP 

tt tLti€ dtrg, tqrlcr8t!.-(Er!) 

ll.9 

to.9 

tl.l 

tbr ltto-tl. iCrioltue 

o-..i-d, l{aFP, t-n s.,

217 

Th.r. t.. onlv nin. tracto.63 in th. khol€ Disti.c;. 

... mainlv u3.d for ca.rving buildins "d 'oad 

ma!6.ial torh one plac6 !o a.oth.r' Ih€s. t.actors h.v6 tittl6 

use:. :h6 fi€ld3 du6 to small ro.dl6ss t...ains ino.'d' The'e 

is no ha.v€sior and thr6sh6r in the dhol6 oistircl. I! !3 tn€ 

autho.'s cons!d€rsd opinion that onlv with rh€ ad'ption or 

aDo....iat6 technologv, as.ic!Itu.a1 grorth could 5' 'ars6d 

and :n€ desir€o soald can be achi€vgd bv th. farn'r: th6'6 is 

on€.tfic€ of s:t.a Assistani oirector ot Aericurt!" al Dasu 

6 .i6ld As3i3tants 0fftc.!, acricultu'ar ('!lrEro') 

D€Da.tm€nt, Gove.nh6nt of NfFp and 2l l.ftiliz€r ano 3r€d saie 

deoo!5, traditionaL !o.kshops lo' '€9ai'ing asriculiurtl too;3 

a.e 3 i^ nunbe. r4ho.t' .icc and p6sticid'3 dgpols 3nd ctores 

are 33 and 55 .6sO€ctivatv. at r2 plac€3 acquititio^ rf 

aqrtc!It!raL input €xist in th6 0itt'ict' 

6 ar!ificial !n!€mination displav c'nt163_ 

Ii is inpo.rant to n.niion that onlv sa or th6 ar€' 

of rhc Dist.ict is b;in9 cuLtivat'd out of Hhich eIt has 

irriqaiion facil!!ie5, availabl€ nainlv'lron per€nn!al eir6am€ 

and roo.tains. rio.. than soi (776) s'tt1'nant cultlvltoc araa 

is :..:s.ted out ol aos 56!tleh€nt3' th'r' ar' o^lv 16s 

ser!tooents khos6 cuLtivabl€ land is j!!t ov6r loo tcrts lh6 

n!mb€r of finandial cooo6rativ6 50ci6tias for 

of 'arn66 for 6xi6nding sho't tsrn lo" is lo_ th' Oisi'ict 

s€asons in ih' !o{€' vtll€v along rh6 Indu3' 

F€o.1€ 9ro{ !h6.€vc. th€ Iand is avail'51'' Kha'it and Rabbi 

c.oos ar! i.ris6t.d in th€ conianded at"s of si'6'i3 ih'ough 

chann.Is const.uct€d bv th.n i'dividu!!Iv 

basie. In som€ propo.tion ot land is irri9at6d

214 

th.ough 3p.inqs, ln valleys {ith 

co!d, only on€ crop. i3 sro{n in 

Kt'!.!l cJeA: In ih. Io!€r vall€y, haize of razara |,!hit6, 

Hara.a Do!bI. and S..had and o€3i p6ddv a.d in f€F c!3.s, 

sw.ti kahod is cuI!lv.tod :o. don6stic us€, 36v6.a1 kind cf 

v6qetabts3 lik6 plnpkins, --ady'3 fi.q.., chin6.. okra. b.ingar 

3.e 9rcon. .t !h. upp.r altiiud€. na::. is 

or.fe.rs6 for cultivation ih!^ p!nDkin. 

2. 

high .ltitud., d!6 to ..v.r 

s!mn.., Th6/ Kha.if and R.bbi 

rheat, o.rs:an clove. and 6irl6G 

Rabbi. The !69et.b1e slch as raddish, sr..n ot 

, !urni., caul,i tLo!6., onion and ga'lic "€ 

r domestic lse. Tobacco ol inf..io. qualitv 13 

som€ ptaces.ut onlv to. r!6tin9 Local deh!'d' 

approximste av..asB vi6!d 

Th€.e ar6 o.lv a f6! bis Lafd-lo'ds in the Dirtrrc! 

6v€n rhos. .arnin93 rron ag.icutlural incon' alon' cannor 6'€E 

ihei. !iv.lihood and ooli.ica! e:p€.s€3- rh. 

holding is onlv r.3 hccrar€s pe.man. rab!6 rrr'a shous n!nD6'

249 

.rd.r.. ot farfr by.lr. ot r..r.' rh.'r.Jor d1..r.6 ot th. 

crop. ld.ntifi.d by !h. ao.i4ltura. o.o.rt*nt r..: 

n.it. = cut-{orfr. atnFbor.r .nd @b_bonr. 

tlnL-rorn, .t.. bor.r, arrv-dorn an.l graa. 

hopp.., !o€. 3N!. .et blnl' v.ll* 

: Stan-bo...r g.s-hopp.., l..t hoo9.r, 

!ad_buo. hi.pa; l..t blisttt 

'nd 't'aol- 

Yh€ !o!.1 r@.r.d !... ol Kohltttn olti'tct 1' 

75a1t6 lrct .€. 4t ol *hieh 367a9 !3 dltlvti'

clt|i{1.! 

r|!.. rM htrl n,dt roll n4{l 

t5t 

l!010t 

t : pe.c6nta9. !!33 than o'5 

x : ^6t aoplicaol. 

rh..€ 15 a v.r!.!io^ in oi!t:ic! cansus 

!9sa and agr!culturat 5tt!i'!rcs or 

NrllP, p€Eha{ar. 

21 

It2 

As.ic!Itu.al sttrr3lica of 

Aqric!l!ura (E^t) ).Dt':rent 

ru 

R6po.t ot s€ttl.6.nr 

N(FP, Asri. (Ext) 

NdFP tor r9a9_90, 

Gov.rnn.nt ol trrFP,

acco.dlng to th6 F.uiis and v€g€i:abI.3 3oa.d. 

,.3ha{a., xohietan Dist.!ct hls th. oot€nri.L o'f producin9 

/a.!€ty ol fin6 rruit. Nhich c6uld 56 €iLh.. 

rricd fo. €xport. rh6 h.jo. f.!its ot !h€ ar'!s a'e o'a'96 'nd 

:anEe.in€ at lot.r h.ights and apoI6s. aorico!!' cluns 

and pon.sranat.s a! heignis 'an9is betrttn 

JOOo :o 4ooo f.ct. pin.nlts, !.Inu!s oor3€nno^s and !poi€! at 

1€i9^rs rangins lrom 4ooo to 7000 f..t are avaiLaDlo :r Nas 

'o!.c th.t fruit3 a16 9.odn i. tha oist'ict on inscientitic 

iooljngs, scatt...d l.uir tr€63 a'€ 3€€n !irrr 

ind .omn6.cial 

l6ck ol mo:ivalion and t'opar 

:ducation, high 

:nfrastruciu.e and no.-olstribution of im'o'ved 

-ho.e ar.5€ve.al f.uir ais€.sBs Nhich mugr b€ 

J.gen. basis bgacus€ thls discourag'! the q'o{6rs a'd iEt'ad 

3f D..fit, Lh€v oflen iace lo3srs' lh6 'erBvant 

r..l:ng with plsnt dis.!s€s nusi give th'ir 

:on!r.I dis€a36s of p6ach' "Inut' appLe apricot' plun' 

;.aDes and oth6.3. Th€ c.mf,on diseasts of 'h'se frlits a" as 

'6aci: aohids, black aphids, Jassids' lear 

ratn!.: 3!6m bo.€r. aphids, lr!1t-bo'ar' 

.otdinq doth, 9!nnosi3' blighr 

tuccini apruni 

, Prlni G.aPes Pohd6.Y fiild€d 

i of 0.st Pakista6 

th. soci.lv ar 

shot and drvin9 up. 

and nu.3€.v. aprico!s 

seiioEar. Plun Fck6ts'

252 

In th.,p.oduclng ot fruit3, th. aver.9. !rod!c. and 

.6ct..9€ is Io{€., 6v.n .nd abbot!.bad bolh ihB 

districts of i.zar. division. lh€ T.bl III-!1 shro. th€ 

Droducg 0l total .nd Kharil fruii3 0? 5 

)ist.iq: A'6a in Halnd PIul! Yl6ld Av€'aq' 

iacre.e! l-onng ".:.e.1-!! 

- .5 305 505 4.4 

21 64 :34 9!19 

rbborrabad 36 rt l5r Baoa a s 

4A2 rO9 300 559ss 12 2 

- 3.ra r0 5 

sou.c.: a9.icaltu.tl Siaii3tics ol N|lFP tor r9a9-90' 

49.:culiurat stati3!i!cs ning Agricultu'al (Ext) 

o.t..tn€nl, NlrFP, P..hadar' 

Th. f.rtili...3 !5.d in l9a9-9o bv Kohis!"it in 

rel6tion iiih oth6. di3trict3." giv'n:s Lnd'r:- 

9rtlrdY-llers 

5o!.c.: Ag.icuILu.sL Sta!!3tica ot NrFP lo' !949_90 

asricultur.l statiltics l{ing' asricult!'al {€tt) 

06p.rtm6nl, NnFP, P..h.ra..

253 

accordin< to thc a6riclltulal st'tisilicE' 

t.rerhrent of NliFP. the iotal productlon of f!uits 6nd 

leret.!:es in r99O-91 ';as onlv 316 and l?l v ionn's 

resDec!:telt {hich s.. not sufficietrt to n'et th' requrtements 

ol rhe enri!. Dop{l.tion of !he DIst!ict Most of !11€ 

r€reta.,ps .r. inported :.or other districts' P'riicurarir-' 

trrl ,1:!1.ict ssaL. 

Th. folio(in< table rereals lnfornation nentiouec 

... .ble !o. ' nte' of Lables 

1!riqi:'d 6rea bv sourc€ !n 

i\TFP 

.\.€!, !'od{ctioh and Yield' 

oi 6 f.i {ruit and retetaore 

- 

trlea, :"dr'!ion snd Yield or 

lslconEet'ial croPs of 

\trFP.id l\ohistan Di Ei!r'! 

A:.s. I roduction Yi€jd ot 

P IE'< "nd 

'nd 

oll seedE 1n 

liohistan Dla!rtct' 

A:.. P:odr'tion ond Yl'rd of 

rddd.r in lohlstan Di't'i'L' 

Perc€t sh're 'f various 

of lioh ' stAn Dt st ricr ' 

P'rc'r' sha'€ or v!r16us 

ctoPE so*n it xohist'n 

!i3tlict tn totar Pr'd{ctlo' 

ol Nl'lP. 

r otal 'roppod alea

:9'Fo 

J12.$ 

:tal.|{ 

$r-|l 

!i!tt 

254 

?{.ll . a{.ll za.:t l.r 

rr.rl r 2a.la ta.:l 

?r,l| r lr,ll 2r,ll 

lr.t| . !1.! {,:, 

?..t I ll.lt 11.J 

& r L.ta 24.!l 

t l.n !n.,r fl.at ot.x L.it 

$r,I| Jlt.t ltl.g a|..il ll.lt 

BY ltorricE tx lllFt 

t t. L!.1 r- rrL Utt.t lll|t 

!a.tt 

$.t t.n 

sr.!i.!ics ol ufP tor rt9o-9r' 

stsrt.tic! {lner at l@rtur. (Ext) 

Nt{tP, F.rh.4., 199(F9l 

t'|

abl. III - to 

AREA. PROOUC]IOII AXD YIEID OF FRUIT 

i.ui Lslv€e.!.bre3 

(hrrif lruilc 

lsri-t lqq.llPleg 

iat Ltralrr!! 

!tgo:1 

r63 

ao.icul!u..1 sL.ti.lics ot {{FP lo. I99O_9r' 

;;;i;,i;J"; s;a;istics riê. ae.icurture (Exr) 

O.osrtm6n!. Nl{FP, P.tha{a.' L99o_91'

Lrrrdt 

ir4i 

aREA, PeOoUCll(l{ Ano 

cRops ol Nl|Fr 

iltIP 

!895 

tl6; 

YIEIO O' CAR€AB/CqN€RCIAL 

A{O KdIISTAI DISIRICT 

r99alr 

ul326a 

.ra9,26 

26,150 

2wi 

2!5tl 

Oao.rt..n!, nFFo' t.ah4!'' l99o-9r' 

lat5 

$52 

115? 

xNtP lor 199(F9!' 

Ae.icuttu.. ( atr) 

y,127 

!E221 

2alt 

ttat 

t?aE

Taol6 M - 12 

AREA, PROOUCTION WIELO OF SEEDS ANO FULSES IN 

'NO KOIiSIAN O!STRICI 'IL 

{!ar:.f 

|\ i: 

Nil 

Ni1 

aoricutLU.r- 5:a L:.Eics or 

a;ricrr!ut st.:isLlca 4rhE ae-icult--. 

D€Dart6ent. rllltr, P.3h.i.., !990-91. 

Iao:e !II _ rJ 

AREA, PRCCUCI:ON AND 'IELD OF FOOO€R 

;]! KONISTAN D:STR!C' 

!:!.0-?. 

'E-!) 

sratislics of NkFP ror r99o-9r, 

staEisticE {i^q, as.ic!Itu.a (Ert) 

rr{F., P.3hera., !990-9r.

I.bl. lll - 

P€RCENT $IARE OF VARIOI'3 CITOPS 

AR6' OP I(4IIgIAN 

rtto:9l 

Foml. lo. P.rc.rt sh.r.: 

!N flrE tolAL Cl(rPrE 

OTSYRICT 

.16r \ln h@!.r.sl 

20rb \-270 

o. oo3 

a.g--cl-elcc x roo: 

rot l c.op Ar- ( rFe) 

agrtcuttu.lt st tl.lica ol {tFP tor !t9o, 

Ag.ieultu'. st.lisilo. Nlln9, agrlcult!r. ! Exs) 

o.r.rtDnt. xLFP, Faaht.., l99O

vaRlous cRops sorN lN KorrslaN 

iOIAL PAOOUCTION OF I]IFP 

r?J9:?1. 

srarlslics ol NIFP io. r99o-91 

srarislica Hin9, agricurtL.€ ( art) 

,{IF?. P.3h.!4.. 1990_91

LMSTgCK 

Ths liv.stock in 

i,nsuitlcicî bqt uhat .v6' 

breed. Th. nun5..s ot a t6{ 

3ho,. th6 b.ckNardn€33 0t 

Distri,c! is no! onry 

that i3 rot .r sood 

given h..e{ir. rn!ch

Tabl. 

IIVESTOCK POFULATION III! OF KOHIS'AII DISIRICI 

r5.9 (+) 

3.6 (-) 

4.s {*) 

Aqric!ltu.ai stai'-stica ot r{FP fo. l9a9-90, 

Aq.icultur€ (irt) rapartn.ni. 

:i i. inoo.:!.. !o i.ntion that th. declining.ate 

1J.?: durinq :h. 9.rio.t 1976-Bo- R€mbollEt, 

Hissardale, co.rid.l. srud stud billie3 had 

be€n introdlced by th€ (ohisran o6v.lor.nt ao..d du.inq 1977- 

a3 but ihe sit!arion n€.d3 co€ci!I rrt.hiion by !h€ anioat 

susbandry oepartm6î by !^troducing b6st lanilies of lie€3tock 

as 4€lL as o.€nins of v6terlnrry diep€nEari.. apart f.om 

avaiLabiliry of apps.arus, medictn.s .nd 3iaff in rh€ forn.r. 

a.e only ij,v. euch disD.n3a.i€s which cannot 

n€€t lhe redui.en6n!3 or rh. NnoI6 o€strict, lf prop€. car6 ls 

qiv€. and th6 sir!ario. is.a^d!6d hon.6tly, then lhe16 is 

sufficienr potenrial ot caitl6 tait6ninq and farnins, 

particularly

!: r.- rrili'a;i i:i=i:: 

' 

:LevAr:cN (sEA -€\:r)

FISTIEAIES 

263 

Fish i3 conside.€d u..ful for th€ h€alth ol hunan 

b€ine. It contain. tnpo.tnt vit.niG, p.otlcn and.3r.ntia1 

fats !^d oth6r ch.hicals us.?!I for h..lth. (ohi3t.nis ar€ 

less fond ol rishino. Fi3hing i3 done onlv .t a f6{ p1.ca5 on 

!h€ tnd!.. Ih€r€ i3 not a singl. shop 3.tting ti3h in lll the 

Oistrict. ThB Indu. is iaoous to. tood filh like t'out carp 

and th. nighty n.h.3he€.. Th. Depa.tn.n! of at.h€ti€s' 

GovBrnn.nt of NI,JFP .3tablish€d . Fish H.tch..v at olbti' Gao 

in r9a7-aa, a! . c.pital co3t of Rt. 3 9 iillion' ih€ 

objoctiv. of ih€ 3ch€he is to ..lablish .v.ilabl' t"hnologv 

ro. prodqction ot qu.Iitv liEh 3€6d (o.25 ntrrion p'r vt'r)' 

stocking/planting ot trout 3..d. in {.i.r bodi€3 ot Dlet'ici 

Kohis!.n and th. r!i.r bodi63 l.lling on KKH rill ot do'€ to 

d€v€lop trtut ti3h c!I!ur.. Ih€ n.N kno!1€dq' {ill 

slbs€qs.ntly p.onoi. fish t.rning in 0.iv!tt saclor lntdgn 

di$6nln.tion ol innowativ. tlchnolosv '3 dono in sr'i al 

raday:n und.r Aculcuttu.6 proj.cr" - 'Th"olIoNtn9 uter 

bodi.s ar. b6in9 d.v.lopsd bv 3tocking of tro!t:-

s,!e. 

3. 

1. 

264 

tu- or sts./F:lw./ L.@ stakiF L.Flh t6f I@t ;t.n (,(.l 

nu ottE. st r b.di6 .uit bL td tdt r 

Th..6 i3 . F!3hc.v o.psrtn6nt'! colonv in o!bt!' Gao 

as d€Il as an olfics und.r th. a3sistant Di'€c'or in 

Pq9]'I!Y FAFiI G 

Kohlsta. Di.t.ict, Iike s.v.'al oth" s4tort is 

v.ry poor i6 th6.i.tc of ooulrry fr.nin9. cFicke^ 6-. .oa 

aviL.bl6 €.3ily in th. opcn n.rk€t a.d f,h'n€v€' 'vailabltr ihe 

p.ic$ a.. v..v high, .anoi.g f.om R'' roo io r25 €r bird' 

sinilar ie th. pric. tr€nd in th. ca3' ol '993 Th13 36cto' of 

food snd cqtture is quit6 itno..d in ttF oi'ttict' poultrv 

bi.d. aro .at3€d on non_sct.ntlic btti3 rh6 'uthor propose 

Lh. n€6d fo. .duc.tion in poullrv rarrlng btctuE inDar!in9 oi 

this so.! ol kôrl..tg. lould h.le ch.ng€ th. co€umptio^ oi 

rh6 chick6n n.at lhich could b. an ati..n:ttva to mutton.

AVAILA6LE IN KOIIISIAN

266 

takistan Poulrry Associatio. i3 int€rssr.d in L 

6nhancing Lh€ d.n.nd aspact ot 2ooo poultry l..ns in (a.achi.t' 

In xohistan oi3t.ict. th6 3itqltiod is ditl.r.nt and adv.r... 

Chick€n and €99s.re takon in illn.ss and on 3p.cial occ..lon3 

.3 lhis impo.tant l@d is .:9..siv. and b.yond th6 ...qh of 

lho o.dina.y nan. Th€ poult.y 3y3!€m mav b. run on conn..ci.l 

scale by establilhins sn.Il units in the hou3.. at c6ncunin9 

points. anc6, tht3 oractice i3 adopt€d acco.din9 !o !h6 locar 

€nvi.onnent, it till siv6 i6p.tus to Lh. poqltrv fa.6in9. 

a3 @il a3 e€n'r'iine 

choloynant oppo.tqîti€s- It i! inter6stins to m€ntio. th.t 

ro.r.e'n .€i9noou.e of tn6 DlsE.icL t.. aIEo oerici€r! !n 

pou!lry farming. E99s and poult.v bi.ds in th.3. districls a" 

iroorted rron abbottabad and i.^sahra disttic!.. 

t-QaE9-i-s 

ThE rainrall va.i.3 tror vallev !o v.l l€v and 'ang" 

rron 3o cm to 70 cm par v6ar. Ilost of th. pr.cipitaiio' i' t' 

ih. to.n of sno{ durins lhs {!nt.r. docs not plev 

important .61s in the oistrict'. {at6. .esourc63 due to bting 

f:. aeay rron to.ld oce..s tnd ..a3 and pl.iB. Kohistan 13 

' 

soarsery v€g€t.t.d 

plani. in the oistrtct 

!oto 2ooo n.t.rs 6l6vation ar. *aln!t' oak, prnu. ano 

ch.Ighoza, ju.ip.r and blue pi.€- Kohi3t.ni3' 

grod fr!i! pl,..t3 o. scienilfic aro!nd v6t th.ir ea'ning3 fron 

t..sh fruits !r. consid..abla. Kohistani3 a.. consido"d th' 

.n.nies ot lo...t trees. Th.v a.6 tar.i^9 no int€163t rn 

9.6(ins trca. but v€.y activ.lv r.nove th6usand ol worlhv 

!im?b6r tr6.3 .nnlally. Ev6n th. ire€s of ailsnthus d.akh._

267 

th. prot.ct€d i...s tn.t had b..n pltnt.d on th. sid.3 ot .o.d 

.r€ not usu3lly spa..d. Ouring th. .qtho.'! olftct.l duti.. 

lnd su.vly of ih ar..r fr..y (ohist.ni ask€d rh.!h.r he ra3 

inter€3t.d in t.oca.nd if so ih.v had lo..3t. for thl. 

Division.l Fo.€st ottic.r, Ranatr. ottic..s .nd 

Fo.cst o.Dartr.n!'s 3t.ll a.. dulv r.3p.ct€d in th. oist.ict. 

Llko r.3t, th.ir 9.€.t incd., €v.n todav i. t.@ tid.r .hd 

ho.6y dhich i3 produc.d bv th6 .ock b... and don.slic b66s' In 

.unner. th€ h€lt ol ih. sln 6ak€3 ston€! 30 hot th't it 

3co.tch.. Ehe t...3 righL a{.v. lh6 !ot.l .r.. of lo'6st tn 

Kohi3ta. District is 463,351 ac.€s accor.ling to th. ollic' ot 

th. Divi.ional Forgsi ottic. Kohis!.n at o..q Nood b'a'd 

industri.! such aE wood ca.v.d furnit!r€r turnitu'e {ooc 

3.vins .^d o.6...vaEion. doo.!/rind43 .nd Food scttr can b' 

..tabLi.h.d in !h€ Dllt.ict. at or6s.nt. it nu3t b' "m'nb"'d 

th.! th..! i. .o such ihdrst.v in th. Di3t'ict'

268 

T,bI6 III - T7 

NECESSARY INIORMATIOI R€GAROING FOREST' 

r. fl.n. of ror..t ...9r {h... 

pl.ntation 15 in P.9ress. 

?- Ar.. to b. covcr.d 

4- N.r. or th. .ang.3 rh€.€ 

plantation is e.oPo!.d 

5. Cov..€d .r.. p.ooo.6d for s'No: a 'bov€ 

6- For.st €xDtoitation du.i^9 l99o_91 

7. To.I for!.t ares 

a. sP.cY explotied 

e. co3! of ro..sts .tploited (1990-91) 

10. Sh!r. of .@N.itv !n th' afo'6strd 

rl- approxin.t! arcunt distrib!t'd 

12. Nan. of to..st .xololcatio' 

.9.ncvl3oci.tv 

OISTRTCT hOHISTAN 

sou.c.: otlico or th. oivitionar For.3t ollic€, (oht3la.'

269 

IAAI€4JIq! 

|{.t.rin9 of fi6Id3 bv artiflcial m.anE i3 call€d 

irrigation. Th.16 is p.ucitv of plain Itnd in (ohi3l.n 

oastirct. acco.dins to th€ oiltrict census R.po.t r9at' onlv 

5t of th€ to!.I ..6a is curtiv.t.d and irrig.tion of tho totll 

cultivated land i5 9r*. as !h€.€ is no d61t at all in th6 

whole Di3t.i,ct, h6nce, irfig.tion i3 cond!ct€d 

chann€Is. at 9r€s.nt I..igarion o€pa.tment Governn'nt of Nl'lFP 

is disginq : r.t6. chann€l ol 67700 iE long. 5 rt kide and 5 

Ir deep at ri.rba. at a co3t ot Rs. 60.3?9 nillio' acco'ding 

of the concern.d departne't, R3 1 743 million 

has so far b..; sPent in lho 

y..r \991-92 and ihe .6naini.9 {o.k is €3!in'ted to b' 

cohpl€t6d rith !h6 batancE. aft6. th€ const'lction ot thi' 

channel lhich !s the bigg€et i..9.iion sch.[.' 

i.risation sch6n., 30 cus€ca watsr triLl b' availabel tor 

irrisation purpos. in irs comn.nd a'6a' 

It n.y b..ememb6r.d that ih€r6 ars orh6' cht'n€rs' 

constructed on individu.l or connunitv ba3is and bith !h' 

finahcial as.istance of thB Gov..^n€nt are:13o lorktng f,hrch 

ca.ry uater lrom hall to !o cus.cs. a 91anc€ of ' f6u onlin'd 

channels d!9 by th€ conmunilv !3 given in Tabl€ IIl 20' Crop' 

ot Iand at. jr'iqat6d bv p'ivat6 chann€ts 

which a.B sinila. to th6 t.tditional canals txc'o! that th'r6 

chan.€Ls c.r.v less {at€.. oth.r eourc6! of lrrigation like 

!€rls, tub€ w.I13, kar6z .r€ .ot availabl6 in th€ oistrict'

Acco.dins io !h. oistfict council sourc'3i 7l i'ris'tion 

ch.nh.l3 oi v.riou3 3izo3 hav. b"^ dug riih th'!t assist"c' 

sinc. lst Julv, l9a6 {ith th. follo{ing d't'ilt: 

!!!b!!lt 

go 

cha.n€r3

2. 

3. 

21L 

T.bl. rlr - l8 

a FEl,,r uaTER cHANllElS OF (OHISTAI OISTRICT 

Paar!4 lElgll 

D.ra i.da l(h.I xha{.. 

ch., oara (h.r.. (chqr 

ch!{ o.ra xhlw.r ( xh.. r 

ch6{ 03.a xh!E.. (eoha. 

Ba.. chishn. Narra (6h'2i 

oug. Kha{.. (s€o Dogr, 

Dub.i. Nall.h (6anil 

oqblif N.r1.n (8e1. O!b.t') 

oub.lr Nalt.h (Kas. N.rrah) 

oqbli. Nal1.h (acho N.lr'h) 

x.lir aand. Nllrah (Katir 

oub.ir t{all.h (Dlbair oar) 

D!b.ir Na1r.h (oub.ir 

(tt) 

2L\20 

12.45

oagJilleL 

sG idl.h (3-+.cro) 

x.y.l x.ll.h (ftY.I) 

6.rti.n kh.r.. (l(q: 

272 

s.o xhrt.. (R.n9o 3.o) 

s.ri 5.r. ire.. (a.dliro) 

Toothl l{.llth (loothl ) 

s.o Nrlhh (s.o vlll.d.) 

aPtt€t. app|q 

r..gth (ft) lr.t . 

velocltY 

loo 

!ol4t 

i2410 

ltoo 

ElO 

lloo 

3-/t

H-Ith: At ih. ti6. oi 6nsrg.nct ol Kohistln '3 ' oisiric! l' 

1976, ihe.6 r..a onlv 2 h..lih '3tab1i3hn'nt'' The35 {"' 

.3!.bIi3h€d ov !h. €x_sH.! st'E authoritl"' acros3 lh' 

riv.r, the.6 k... no .uch tvp" ol h'alth l'cilitieE Alt'r 

ih...rihqqak.. th. Gov€rntu't ot P'ki3tan 'o'r'd ihB Kohi3l'd 

Dlv.lopi€nt Bo.rd. lh. a@'d knorn KOA h" const'uctsr 

' 

hand€d ov" 

r...onsbl. nu65.r ot i€alth 

'ltblisho€nis 'nd 

th... to iho Gov.r.6€nt cf Nl'lFP' tn faci' th€ en'rgtnc' 

'lt'r 

ot Kohistan a3 : Di3irict. th' 9r€s"l th€ lh'n 

'6d 

cov.rnr6nts gav. lull att'ntlo' to this *tor in o'd" to 

p.ovide n.dical cover !o th' n""t to 'v6rv p@3ib16 €xltnr' 

rnicn no* re€o3 .x!€Nr'on tnd 

rh6 p6iiion o+ 

h..lth .3tablisho.nis qualifl'd

9.-!c Hqallb-t|l4lLDrral 

2. Aur.l H..lth C.ni.. 

3. A..ic Hnlth lrdl! 

5. 

6. 

7. 

a- 

t i.rnltv nd 

qtr.lill.d Do.tor 

curlitl.d cs9ound.r 

t..in..l o.is 

9. Untrain d D.i. 

z7a 

rh. .to{..1d idlo.n.ttoi 

itlrx &rc t.B.il 

Pdt n t lo 

Nunb.r 

4a 

l. no. .hd.n t.httl{i..:- 

qr!! OrUtiil 

&dgo T 

ti.r. l. om rbul|n4 ln 

b.d l.cllttl.. tn !h. nflc/&€ 

D.s R.H. C.nlr. rhlch is @t 

!r5 Dl.t.ict .trd tm 

i3 !6 {lth ona x-..y 

ro.ktng st,|o. 1one.

STATEIIEI{T SHOIIING RURAL HEALTH CEIiTRES AND 

ur{tTs IN otsTRICt KotrlsTArl rEHslLl{Is€' 

s.No an. of RNC/6HU Aed. 

PATTA - {ORXING RHC/BHU 

l. 

2- 

3. 

5. BNU Jijyal 

10. Bflu Ku: P.ro 

tl- 6HU Sharial 

L2. aHU P€ch a.l. 

L4, BHU I'l.hdr.:. 

15- 6HU Ear trad.

s.No N!h. of R8C/ABU B€ds 

qasu . N0l!{MlHcl!!ll 

axu Jalkot. 

aBU Seo 

aHU Xa.ang 

aHU Gabral 

8HU Shaty.I 

BHU TOOthi 

3HU Jashoi 

BHU DOqA 

1o. Blll., tla.ban 

3!q 

-!Npl89A!9I8lJeu!l---a6g? 

6r.i Yar 

Goshali 

s.rsari 

Soyal oarr. 

Gojar B.nd. 

i.:i

277 

ELE ISICIY: Electricitv can b. gen€ratod in nanv davs like 

the.mal,. .ucIea., !ldat, uind and sota' but hvdroel'ct'ici!v 

po{€r i3 consicdr.d 

and mo3i desi'abl' to'm of 

ene.gy- In Kohistan, rha.€ is no the'mal

tl 

Fi9u.e - rB 

A VTEIT OF DASU iVDROPOL{ER PLANI 

t&a:.:) 

r'a>"4.: 

't ' 

:\;:;:.,-.4 

it 

fr, 

:1

HBr6, dilt.rent tv9. of hvd.oDor€. schsngs thlch aro 

f6asibl6 lo. th. oist.ict is highlight€d in ord.r t6 !nd€r 

pot€ntial, ihportanc€ and !€chnolosv of .h€ 

llcao !|Y-e8p-eo!EllrE9!!919q! 

Ih Pakict.n, th6 ricrohvdroeor.r PranB (fiHP) a.e 

i^sra116d {ith ih6 technical !^d mat..iat supporl ot ih€ 

Paki5ra. cou..i1 of Appropri.t. T6chnologv (PcaT). though aqha 

Khan Ru.a! suppor! Prosrann. (aKRsP) !n North6rn Ars.s has 

insta!I€d such pla^ts v.t th. nonb€. of ola^ts xas "gltsible' 

nostry th;€ a.6 in.tal]ed ro. the d€hvd..rion of f'!its and 

veq€tab].s. Ih€ I'rftP3 ar€ inst.tl.d in r€mole hiIIv 

a3 alr€.dy mentioh.d, national grid 

d!6 ro hiqh cost .nd non_fea3ibllitv. In !h'se crrcun3Eanc€s' 

Pcal l. playins j,E ro!€ bv constructing and handing ov" th€ 

plants !o the connunitv alt.r successlul opgratio^ dhich is 

also 3h..ed by th. coimunitv in sharing th. followtng inputs: 

4. Const.uction ot forebav' 

5. Con.t.uction 

6. acquisition and .r€ction of pol63' 

7. con3t.lciion ol chann€rs 

a. F.66 l.bou. s€rvic.s- 

9. op€.ation, maint...nce and .6pairinq ol lhs plant

2ao 

PcAT also asEi3ts !_. connJniLl€s i' 

franaecm6nt committees (ic) whici nor o'lv solv' dispui€6 

.EIared Lo rhe o1an15 bv having 3uttici€nt morat iiâ'cia! 

oo{€. it 'o! I'9al b!t 3re 

.E3Donsibl6 for th€ snooth fu^cticn oi nHP glanG )u€ !o |rc' 

:.6 orobl€ns iaced .v oth.' coiouni:ies rut 'i ou' bo'd're 

he^lioned by arer ar:€r i. NYORONa- as coiiec:ion :' oonlhlv 

c1:.ges f.on 

proliiaoLe ! itiization 

and reoair and oain.ena.ce a3 i'o naj'r obs!acle ro' 'on 

r.v€stment micro hvro projec! d are no! faced aui r' Kohietan 

cis!.ic!. !e a.€ tacing hore oroblm€s rh6'a is Iack of 

s

2AL 

oot€.rial and orh.r d€rail3 oi th. planr 

cofrhttt€6 (ic) i3 constitu!.d by rh. connuni!y. A {.!tt.n 

conclud.d b6tr.€. nan.gs€nr comnii!.. and Pcat 

and corh :h. pa.tie. .ta.r rh€ir Nork- 

Fo. th! install.!ion .nd n.n.g€n€nr of hHP., 

connqnitte3 consiitqte na..o.n.nt connit!!. (xc) by inct!din9 

5-10 inflr6rtial p..Eo6 ..o.cs6n!tn9 .v.ry .ecrion or !rr€ 

communiry. fh.s€ fica a.6 .€quired to o. reseons!bla lo: 

qene.atins lunds, 3!p.rvis. o.y to d.y work. fili^g ct cha.ges 

and i.nage th. follodins .orks b6fo.. lnd ette. cohhissioning 

l. Purchasin9 ot tand. 

2, Arranglng f.6. supply of tabolr.rs 

J. T..nsporrarion of 6quipn€n! 

4. obtainlnE rtght3 of w.t.r. 

ih. ics underrak. con.trlcr,io^ of :h6 tol10{tn9 

r. rater t.nk. 

2.ov€r Flor. 

J. Pore. House_ 

4. pof,s. Ch.nn6l. 

xca llso plfchas. rh. folloring i!.ns 3nd unde.tak. 

Lhe foLlo(in9 .espoBibi!iri.3:- 

!. Plfcha.ing and..ecrion of poI6E. 

2. Pu.ch.sing and t.yihg or distribution {iras 

J. P!rcha!ing and llrting of shackles, 

.- Nur, botrs 6rc. 

s. F.nstock pip6..

cAT €x:€nds 1t5 cooparation r'o lhe individ!.1 

.ece:.ieni in sh.o. 6f :€chnical assistanc. incllci^9 iniiitl 

3urvey. designing, suoe.visi06 of fabricatlo. and ::3iallaiioh 

aô ri=coL.a9!3 f"6e..ovision of plant. In agre6ntnt' in€ 

i.oi,1!ua- .e.tpient :ss!r.. pCAT that he wilI 

5!oo:' e!3ctr:c 

in :hat area PcaT ts 

r.ti:-5 a.d enco!_ages comnun!ties in:'sttlla!:oh of iHp 

.ia.:5. IFough pcar cacacitv cf installail.. of fsPs p€r v'a' 

:s r:-i4 îth Lho exis:lns 3taff and ..scr.c€s 

:oor: 3oo .6ndinq th€ corhu'itigs 'rr irHps !h 

!h. tca..ovid6 alactric c.6necti"s l'ae of 

n6.r-:y cFarses o. rhe qround lhat th€ co^sum€r wi:i help rh6m 

:_ re.ai.: is 

iCAr has ins:alled lO iHP plar:3 (ia.ie. rr:.20) 

roa.: i.cn td€n!irlcation or 25 foasibl.3its (:aor6 IIr-2I) 

fo. .iec!:ion. ln€ sajo. !ucc€ss of rn€ council t3 ihe 

:^vc-/eme.! o= t!.Iic/benoficiari€s in tn. p'o9r3nm6' 

HyoRopo{E8 Plr.tts 4! IH€ l(9!I9l4r IISICIeI 

sa.nad iydroelect.ic D.v€lopm€nt orsanisatin (sHYoo) 

5]onq with De!tsche Gesellschalt f!. T€ch.i3c 

, cr: nas .o6canr_arec a Io! of attent!o^ in assesErn9 the 

.ow€:.otent.ial 0i lhe )ist.ict since lone- afte' :oing i' rts 

atamentary slaqe 

wiit bc Lh€ 

inplemenrario. lhich is expectsd to be eta'uLed soon S'3ides 

: :a.qe ..ojects. sa.had Hvd'o€lect'ic oev€lopnent 

c.9a.izai:on h53 1d€nt:iied 2I nini' small 'nd n€d:!n f€asible 

siies as shorn i. Tables lll.2? and labtd III 23'

'l8c-E-OdtF. OGFOd: at e..tt.t! uAgoa hs do ro1' 16 th"ocio_ 

@noric d.v.lo.m6! of !h. ot.t'tctr o

late Olt 

Stage 

in !.4 (c.is:3n :i:trr'':' feasibl6 

:: Id.!! r-. a'arL3o!' :_ r'_rds'c' r-€ "iri 

sl:€s !r ih6 r.an :.s! nil! Mso 

:.rnoni..I t! :ni€.naE:t: siancard' 

Stag. 

06r 

rLAr_S:NSTALLED UPTO 31.12. !992 

(t.c:.if i.d. conot.!i'n 

.'o :'cnnLcat tesrsranc6 :n 

ii,li.ril=ii .r .-..t"."' 

i;'*:;;;.;.,;c c..-e6s D-o-iL/ro'5 ir Lr€ 

..soonsi.r li :/ 

otftca .f :ie l.purv oirector' dicrohvdroporer 

P.oj€ci, Pcai,':sh.*..

'la!lr III - 

O€TAIL3 OF SURVEY OF IIH' SliE tN otglircr KoHrslaN 

.rr, iljtstt Loi 0h.r 

12- 3.ei.qd oltf,ir 

(ft) (ft) 

51.6 

aa 

za 

17t 

23 

105 

10.53 

3.64 

39,50 

a.ll 

18. 05 

20.2.91 

t1.2.92 

8.2-12 

La.a.tr 

ta.2-92 

L7.2.92 

l2.t.r! 

l.i5-a, 

$.!.49 

14.5.3' 

lr.!-3t 

!t.5.3t 

ll|.5-4,

3!/vrrr'lq!., 

sou.c€. Ottlca of th. oapury oi..ctor, fltc.ohydropor.r 

Froj.ct, PcaT, P..hr{r.

247 

' tlgu.! - r9 

SNALL AIID IftCE gIZE HYDiOFOI€R PLA'ITS 

PLAINED IX KOHII"II DI9YRICT 

-: _--'t 

'-l 

.)".*, 

,- \j(i 

Ibrl!.ra Dlvl.loa 

!.&. 

2aa 

ra5l. 1I1 - 22 

F€ASIELE IIYDROPOIi€R SCHEIIES II,I (oNISTAN OISTRIC' 

sou.c6: sNYoo/GTz NApoa Ho!.. p.shada.. 

4SsREVIAJIqIS 

th€ C.nal or runn.l

t. 

r.bl. III - 23 

FEA3IaLE sIt€S Ot ataAtL. xEotun A{o laic€ 

XYDROPONER PROJEC'g !N KOIIISIAII Ott'FItCI 

567 

lo 

l€o 

2at 

t2 

Soir'.c.: SfiYDO/cIZ rhpoA H@.. Flr.h.x... 

l.llllion 

532 

5a 

631 l.oo 

1.OO

290 

T.bI. III - 24 

IATGE NYOROPJONER 3t'ES PLET EO AY TAPOA IIt 

KOHtstalt DrSlllcl 

S.No fr.. ol P.oj.ct C.t'.clty 

(n.tf,Ett!) 

35at (.soa) 

z7r2 (55oO) 

lt72 

So!rc!: oov.rm.nt or Ptkl.t.n, Pl|nnihc Otvi3ion, En€.!y 

ring, I.l.mo.d.

|lrlEa (9: 

Kohista. Disi.ica,s mou.iains ar. bless.d with 

consid€rabI€ ni^..aI w€.Irh. though d!€ ro fi.ancial 

cons:.ai^rs, pa!ciry or sk:lls. remot€n.ss and non_ 

avairabi!tty of .€ch..logy, etp!o.ation, d€ve1opm..r and 

6xploirarion of thes. 'in€..1s ,ill lrke a su{rici€ntly tong 

time ret ii is a. asse: ior rie f!E!.e s6n6..rio. il ,.op€. 

.nd ,op.oD.iat6 !€ch.ology :s aoolied in r;h€. sarhad 

O6ver'pn€n! aurro-rr- SOAr wnicn is €.tj.,sLEd che 

.eseo.sibility or ihe rine.al fron a f6! oih6. 

assiq.h€ntsj is Iac.cr:19 :16 j.tlokins mi^6ra1 explo.arion, 

deweicoh€.1 and sxDloi:a!:o. -c.ks in Kohi3r.n D:s!ric169:_ 

a, Kohista. I€a.-zi.c and .the. sulphid. nin.ral 

6xolo.rDion:-ojacr_ 

._ o€valoona.i and €roloiLari06 of chromi!e d.po3i13. 

.. Geologicat sLrv€y and invesrigarion of nin.rats in 

3€ctor is briefed he.6,i !h. 

rhe d€velopn.nt alro.dy nad. in th€ 

JijyeI c-hro4i!c: Hish 9.ad. d€oo3its of ch.onir€ conraininq 

40 ro 5C1 has been ex.lored in Jijyar by the 

SDA. to-gh Eloro-.!i. o. !re 1i-.-a- 's in o.osr.ss ye! 

inirially the depos!i:n jijy.i is esrrnai6d one huhderad 

SoA has atso dovBlop€d a min€ ar ranida.a fo. 

2o,oOO, lonnnos ch.omi!6 p€r y€rr a! a co!, or 

Rs: 7 hillion apart tron co^.t.uc.ing access .o.d 

ni1lio.. SoA has rited:n€ ni.e p.ic6 or Kohi.lan ch.onire e 

Rs. t.2ool- p6. tonn6s.

xqhi.lan 1.63c-_zilc !!Epg9itr: aboui soo,ooo io^n€3 ot lead a.d 

zinc or.3 containins loa conli€d.nd tead and .inc l€vels have 

b66n id6nt!tied at Ra.ang and Laho. Io.alttte3. Lat€. on 

conducri69 b.netication 3ludies, rhe ievet ol .o.h isad and 

zinc w6s t..r€ased to !h. r.cove.y of so* ..ch. Exploratory 

op€ration of such lype or nin.3 i5 5€i.q co.dlctod by th6 soa 

to. enhancin9 lhe reserve3, 

accord:ig ro 

jotnt cotlaooration 

with for€iqh par.ias d€alin9 i. ::e secto. i3 3ei.9 offered 

for .xplo.ation a.d d.v€Ioph.nt of iead, rinc and other 

s!lohid€ nin€.als i. Kohis!6. whici nay cosr b€!!.on R3: roo 

lo !50 mi11ion. Srhaleri16 a.d 9a1ana a.€ r66pectt!€ly ihe 

princieal ninsrals of Iead-zinc ore, nhich occu.s naa. villase 

Laho. on rhe.ighr bank ci lndus, .nd tazahg on :n€ left bank 

a.o!nd ai,sham. the frin€ralizalion near village r.zang along 

(16f! ba^k) {as traced by .xcavatins trenches ano .dl,!s ro. a 

lin€a. diEta.ce of ano ,ith a diD Bxtension of ?4o 

averase rhick..s3 of 4.5 met6.s. Henc€ th€ 

inferr€d r.s6rwes of this loca!!ty wer€ rouqhly .stimated to 

about o.4 hi:lion 

min..ali2atio. in th€ to.n of 3hoki.9s 

places ove. a li.ear balr of arl€ast 5 kh wh!ch .aqqired 

.onfirnaLion by addiiioâ! derailed exploralory ro.k F. 

Th€ a.alysis i.dicaL.d ave.aqe t€ad contenrs of 3.4* 

lirh a ra.q€ 6t rnd av€.ag€ zinc conL.nls ot 6.?a 

kith . ..nge betre6h ..6 io a,J*, Th. 

ni.e.alizltlon i. rh€ a.e. is:Iso simila.- 

6f neral in tr€nch€E dlq i. Lahor i.dicatad av€.as€ taad l€v€I 

of J.!* with a ranse or 0,3 to 5.58 and 3v€ra9€ zinc t6vst of

..2t (i!h. ..n96 oa o.7 !o al. ar.r..rl polnr!, th. @nt.nr 

ol Ai,!.roth l. high rhlch hr. .co6ic int ...t s cep.odrcr 

in rh. 1...1 .nd ziE r.cd..y tr4 or.. !'csta L.bo..to.i6 

L.E. conbct.d aDly3l! ot Ldor 4d P.:.ng 1..d .nd .inc 

$retE uncL. !h€ titl. :Albrtltstld ot irForr.Gt rrtn.r.ls .nd 

artn6F.t 8....1 P.od!cr. |t. th..rqdt.r indtclt.d th.t borh rh. 

p!:.ng .nd !.18. lr.4-alrc o..a 16.6 .*tty ..o..:r6.t .nd 

@nc.nt..t.r ot borh th. b.{ r.r.l3 @nt lnt6t ueto 9o* rlrd 

.nd 5ot ltrc c4ld b. produc.d elrh a .@@..y ol r7.76i .,|d 

56.a51 r..p.ctiEly. th..r co^c.ntr.t . I... .!bj.cr.d io 

o.nuf.ctu.. ot !.a.l .ncl rln. ch.htc.rs..d r.!r. .n

291 

r.bl. tll - 25 

5ERCEI{'AG€ PURITY OF LEEO fl|o 'I*C, GRAO€ END NECOVERY RATIO 

a.d :..d ( Pb3 o.) 

1. Ll!h..g. (Lsd 

noF-oxid.) 

2. Lard-Nlt.ar. Pb 

3. L..d-Oidide Pb2 

4. !a.c ac.t.t. 

zt-ac,loncl[!!!le5 

r. zlnc ,c..boni. zn 

(cos)' 

2. 

z^cL2 

92.95t 

!t rh.d o.v.loonnt Autho.ilY, 

||ln.rtl. a lLoo.t on soa ri@F.l! 

Printtns P|'!4, PaMi..,

h€ .rd.. to uti:iz. th. B.!h!n l..d-!inc o.. on 

..ni..ci!: 3c.1., ! .!!dy ..! arlrd.d to llls ru.k pat (Pvt) 

'-:ni:ed -.hol? ro uhd._t!r(e th. n..k.t .nd t.chno-.cononic 

sr!d:.3 :' th. i. i. h.nd. In th. 

.:^.i .c.orr. rh. c.nru!:..t3 ..0o.t.

296 

a.ari l.on .h. nin.r.ts b.ins d.w6lop€d and 

.xDloi.ed by ihe sa.hlc D!v.to96.ht authoritv, th€ lollocin9 

ni.crals deoosit3 a.a.l3o.v.il.o!€ i. th. oist.ic. rhich ... 

b€i.9 studigd by th. G.otogy o.orrtnont, univ.ri3tv ot 

p.sh.ear, S!.had oevaloon.nt Aurno.i,Ly and Geologv survsv ol 

.6d D.iv.t. .nts.prisas rilt b. in a 

ro3irion to d€veloo- and €tplolt ain..tl3 in the oist.ice onlv 

sh.n these nine.als h.v. b....v.lu.t.d in te.6 of d6poi3t.' 

qlaliries and .x.Ioilation {hich is 9o.3iblE 

rlrer rn6 con3!-,c!jo^ of physic.I 

availability of caplta! ..d .o.3!ltancv und€r . Eound 

oolitical systen. altho!Ch !h.:otal frin€.al !n.6lation !o 

k:nd. tyoe and daposi!. .tc av.!t.bl€ in tha Dist'ict is v't 

ro be esiima!€d i. d.i.il. th. u..s of a fc* ninsral' 

n€htioned abov6 ar! 91w€^ a. unot.: 

soEF. tpn€: lr3.d in Itlcan poud€., 

2- aarit : Th€ d.ill.. q3.. a!.it6 as a drilling nud 

rt is a 30u.c. ot 

!tdio9rapny, rhlt. 

and f.agil..! {.I1 

B..iun, us.d in PaPc., .!bb.., 

pi9n..t. aa.it€ i5 varY hcavy 

as h.v!.t cleavas€. It

is transluc.nr .e.rt fr.n o€ins 

rdanahtinc !o 9r..3y :-3te., aa.it. i3 llour.c6nt 

d€cr€pitat:.9 ^... it -:s hea!€d, -.!3 m!n€.al is 

v€ry sronly dissolved :r ni:.ic acic. aln.sr 26222 

tonnEs Ba.:i6 rad 36€n lxpl.r€d fron v.rioqs hin€s 

in Pakista. d!.4.9:he 'isca1 

3. Itag.Etit€: rag..ri:c i. r.rd i5.5-5.5) 

havin9 no.:eavage and :xhib::s octa..dr.l o.r.inS. 

In the f.acdoralc E..yc1.oedia :l Rocks and 

inc€raLs, :r i3 n.^ricêd i.a! magne!ireis opaq!e 

hith neta::ic i!si€.. aLack streak, st.ongly 

h.snetic {:rdes!o.e). :^flsibl€. )i3!olves v€ry 

slocly in co.c.^:..i.. hydrochlo.:c .cid. lay 

contain tl:rni!n o. c-.oniro in sclid solution. 

Richest ano nosi inpor:ant cre of :.on. vanadiun,- 

!r..t!e.gxt:acted l.oh th.3las 4. 

i.rble: ra.ble thich was Extrac:.d l.om ihe 

Pakistani n:n6. !6 l99o-9r ahouniing ?alsla tohn€s, 

is us€d as a .o!gh a.d oolish€d 3ton6 i. the 

buildinss, esoeciaily.'upper class. It i< us.d as 

raw mar€.iai i. sculri--e, and in 6ari^9 cillerent 

daterq€nrs, ch.mic.l! a.d Ithe. 

Flourit€: a \ro^. r1-.r.: Li oalisra^, .to!oired Lo ? 

a level or :37a :on...:-: Pakisran d!.!ng !990-91,E 

is availablB :n abqnoance and is us. rn Lne 

oroductio. ol hyd.of_-uoric acid. us.d as an 

inportant c.npon€nt of.otte.y, opttcal .nd plasric 

goods, and i€la!1u19ica! treatnent.t b.!xlt.. It

ie a v.ry c1... cry3t.l 

l.ns.3. sD.cto9.aphi. 

and is ur.. i^ rooch.ofuric 

p.t3n3 a_d f:!x in rh. 

n.r..i.t !ndusrri.3, i 

cr:.!lta: c.anir., known as b!:tdi.: .i.n. alco, is 

us.d in suirding a..oli3n.d.nd -hpo:ish.d ..ugh 

slabr. iE h.3 .lso :rp6.tanc6 :_ di'r€r6.riar.d 

facies as p.gnaritic tyo.s 5. :n :nos. t.c.s 

r.l.t.d :o th6 ragn.!:. o.oc.sB l.:€ 9.33e3. 

E._.ptrt!.: an inport..i oi..r.1, -s.d :. ind!3t.y 

tor rol..cto.i.3 rnd c!.oh.aos ri:r: righ rus:on 

Doint. Ir is u3.d in :h. i.nuaact-.i.9 ol 3.ve.al 

goods suci a3.l6ctrcc.s. dry lub'lca.:€. p€^c:ls 

INQqSIEIS9 

th6.. i3 io I!rE. or 3n.ll siz. lndu.rry :n Kohis:an 

.xc.o! a sfral,1 scal. F.tti alank.i c.ntre co.3truct60 by 

xohist.n D.v€lopm.nt 30.rd .t o:su rnicn is _ot -crki^9. :he 

€nb.oid.y rork carrl.d out by.'..ciional p.'t o: {on.n rolk 

in Kohistan i3 ol s6!II .carc, rhlch i3 prina.:ly Eiw.^ in :h. 

dohry to th6 brid.. Ih. no.k ..1!rin9 ro pr.o...tio. ot 

3hi.ts. pillow-ca!.3 .nd chadc..3. 

.eality and qlantity b.ro.. coinB.ci,aiizatio., Thc:o.k on :h. 

hat in rh. urp6. xohi.bn i..po..ciabl.. ih. .!anket3 nad. in 

a f.r placss ar. hor uorrhr.^!ioîn9. Th. ot.r.icr ne6ds reN 

tgchniqu.s and narklrs, if ir r.nl3 io survr'.. 

cofrireapr*--eEclat93 

Llk. oth.. ..cto.3. rn.0tst.icl iE b.ckdard 

r.ad., ihis i5 crr.:.d out

299 

neishbo!.in9 districts ot i.ns€hra, swat a.d Dianer. i-B o!r€r 

fo. thi3 o!.Do3c kith sdat 3nd

3oo 

g,t{c q€.sr.ipt-rlo sarrtl 

1. Hand loons Coh.l.t ot too!/had 

6p.r.!.d dool sDihi n9 

rh..l.. 

2. CIay porrEry Sn.tl pitch.r i.king 

J. Handic..tr Enbroid.y No.k on 

cloth.3 tor only 

coh.3tic u... 

4. Flour rilts A11 prtn.riv. B.rrr 

drlv.n E.indinq rills. 

5. Cotton Cotron ..-g!nning for 

quiIt.tc, 

5- others Patti n.kingt hat 

m.klnc lor locat us€ 

rhe abov€ r.ntion.d d.t.ils .eveal Ehe facls aboui 

rn€ starus of indusr.i.t units in rh. oistricr. the p.rc.nrag. 

o' above neniin€d i.du3tri.. to rh€ ,opuration is o..t. 

accorcing ro a .opo.t ot s.rh.d sn.li Industries o€valooi.nr 

Board on rndustriat pot..ti.l ot Kohistan Disi:rict Th... 1B 

not a single indu3trtrr qnit in Kohistan, n.irh€. is !nd.. 

implenentation-8.

30r 

Y.bl. ttt - 26 

nrcio - IID(E RraL UNITS { ri(lttstatr DIsrrIcT 1988 

!.No o..crirllon lo ol lo.t.n 

l. X.dd Loo.a 4 

2. CI.y tott ry tr57 

s. 8.n

302 

qo!|:pl-rsAIl! 

ietns of communication are consid"'d 

rost inoo.i6nt insredi€n= lor dav€Iopm€n! 

condition3 a.d necessi!t.3 fo. rhe nasses. wi.rl.s., post, 

r€l€E.aoh, rax, telepho.€, radio com6 und'r this h'ad ihes€ 

raciliii.3 are corr€lated so !h6 €conomic d€v'lopm€nt of a 

socigly and 

otl:c6 is one 6l th6 fede'ar 

the efi:cie'.v and honestv of {nich is '^ €xarple 

:o oth6. nation building d.p:r!6'nts ln xohiEtan' rt ieeps 

rhe san. tanpo. The.e ars o.tv 6 sub Post oilic'3 a'd three 

offi.€s !itr. ih€ oosral sEaft ih6 d€tti! ol Post 

offices, poslal staif aic popultlion is sivan '5 unqar: 

9.!c r,r-aJ!o oi ?-Q 

5. Sazi.e ar shatial 

qranch ?-9s! SJiices 

f-c-ol-!!st-9Y€qs 

2 

3 

The.6 is ontv o.€ t.Ieg'aph offic€ ln Komila' whlch 

m€€13 Lhe n6ad5 0i !h. oist'ic' H a 86{av!' this office 

.eceiv€s a^d 

o^ telephon' f'om sishan rhere 

is no fax oachin€ in :'. ot3trict Telepnon' is Ehe most 

!nroliable neans of comn!nicallon in Kohistan Th6r6 a'e three 

rBL.phon. axchans* in Lh. oi.rrict Nith 16r laltphone sets 

of rht.h a.casonable nuhb.r ls in lhe poqsesslon of nation

ui Ioine oepcrtne.ts. 

s!iIl non sTo a.d Nr{o. c.t.i} 

6re given a3 b€lok 

Electriciry suoolv 

v6ry .6ltable. rhere is ^. T-v 

305 

in th€ 0istrict is 

€xchahg6 and s.!3 

c.3 o€.l6ded fo. 13 .eB 

' rr r€ €t3 c.n be 

!s Linir€d in ar€a.nd i3 noi 

, bcoste. in :his hish-.ltrtuce 

nountainous areas. ih.-.lor6 

!.lecast wiihou! dish 3.t..as. tio such anienas hav€ b6€n 

ins.alted by 8llldins o€pa'hent (c&r{) rh6 ie' 

T.v sets awailabte in :_e rho16 oistrict are nainlv us'd fo' 

soe!.€ video prog.ann.3 ti!g. conngcting ki!h v c Rs/v c P3' 

These vcRs/vcPs a.e oft.. .!n ri!h po'table di€sel g€n€rutors 

Ther6 a.€ aboui saoo i.5.sise6r 36is. Ther€ a'6 no NewE Ptper' 

jo!riar3 or maqazine puo:i5had ltom Kohist:n and ci'culallon 

ol 3r n€*s papers p6. dav i. n€an 

J!Iy Lo zath JulY. 1992 

ROAos !!A ISalrsPqil 

Il f:ciIi rares ih€ 

Ino.oved and betier 

b€tH'6' 2ls' 

p1.y. v€.y inDortant.oL6 i. lhe 6co6omic 

E€cu.itY of an arealcounErY 

movem€n! of soods f.om supplv points to 

on€ plac€ lo anorha' 

irans.o.i 3yste6 c.6ates oppo.t!nitia6 ro'

30a 

th€ nixins and ningllng of th. p.ool€ ..3!ltins in exchang. ol 

thoushts, ioc.€asins of Ino(l.dge and .ncourasn.nt ot a 

fresh€. and p.o9r6s3iv6 o!tl@k, It rak63 n€dical r.li.t 

possible, p.onot.. !h..p...d ot.ctqc.tlon and €nrich.s in 

many oth€. layE th€ r.t!.r. cl i^t.tl.ct!.I and s@ial lif€- 

T.anspo.t also h.1p. ln h.in!.iî.g lt{ .nd ord€r eitut:tlon 

in th€ ar€a. Th.16 i3 no r.illry, w.te. and air t.ansport 

syst6os in Kohistan. Tho!9h !h. !ndus llo{5 about 145 kn in 

the Dist.ict y€i d!. to il3 i..t v.locilv and hus6 bouldors in 

th€ dater, boating or !hipoing !3 noi po33ib1€ in it. Non 

€xistence of suftici.nl pl.in !....nd p..v.i1i.q pov€.tv du. 

!o trhich th6 p6ool€ .annot atlofd.i. t!r€, th. Gove.nm€nt has 

no plan to int.odlcr thi. 3y3t.n .t l€ast i. the coning 50 

yea.s. only .aod ol.y3 i:s ro!€ in Kohistan. art6. th€ 

construction of KxH, th. D.opl. i....b1. to frako coniacts 

dirh the oltsid€ rc.ld. Loc.I lodl.3 and contunication a^d 

ro.ks D€9a.tnent, Gov..nh..t ol nlltFP r.. €nsased in th€ 

construction of .o.d3..d b.:dc.3:n on. ot th. most difficult 

a.€as of the rorld. nNA .^d irPAs ot the 

und€rtake road b!ildins i,n rh. lu.d..1locat€d to th6n frod 

rhe Tame€r-1-rJatt.n Pro9..mn. and conhunitv up!ift pros.ano€-

Tolal r.t.ll- io..L tncl|ntig ](l(H €c 206 kn on 5t.t 

D.adr.r 1992 riih rh. lou*ine d.r.l!..:- 

2. 

L..ctn or x(l| in tGlrl.nn 0t irlc,i 

qJb.ir BaEro'n i. vill.F F..d 

. ,|.lo-sharakril Ro.d 

t!!ll!-Gr) 

la! 

2,O 

2.0 

a.o 

2.0

306 

Ih. knoM .ural j@pabr. sdr .re: 

l, oubair aaza. - Olb.ir vill.s. Red 

2. Patt+Palas vrLt.y Fqd 

3. Paitan sh.r6kor. Red 

4, Patrsn zir..i Rod 

5. xeyal valley R€d 

5. Kolai-sh€.i.I ailla nul. lru.x 

7. KrH-Jatkol€ R@d 

3, (dild-S€o Red 

9. rGndia valley rdd 

lO. A.hori Nallah ilul€ r...k 

u. slmne. Nalldh r1ul. Ir.ck 

13, Sh.tial Nall.h rule T..ck 

la- KxH - Harban R4d 

15- B.sha tl!1e I...k. 

It is inportani i,o no!. th6t @t of rlE vehicle! b...inq 

Koh:rtu oistrict €eisteGtlon nlDbeF .re plyinq in other dir'!.lct.. All 

ryp6 of v€hlcle riav. b..n ..eietered rith the oistrict rlotor 

P€qlereration offi.e iraBehE - xohLt.n !r |1$sehra. JeepE are us.d only 

fo. :h. @..or shinqre .€ds $il. otrEr €nicl6 like suzuki, Ioyot .rd 

Nissan pick@ dErc pEt r to ply 6 KxH and Ft:lled @&. 

chicta ..eist.Edn in rh oisi.ict .ith tlt 

r00 5. rioto. c€F 

7. doror cyclee ls 3. I...b. rroLti6 J2

307 

Ionqa. .rd .nimal drlv.n vehicl6 .r. not reqttt.d. 0!. to 

high t.ro art L.!.h.@ of av.ild ity of tt 6@.i tor la.I J@r.ie, 

ErilcuLrty ol xxfl, p€.ple pref.. to visit fd G ptace to a6ih.. o 

f6i .nd car.y tlE !dd. on th.lr lh4ld€res. 

Ih€ tollorifs rudE .d reqlired d ur9.nt b€sis .!.v.v of 

,a 

|hlch rcE corldEid by the 0.0..t-rt of €tr, xohietan ottrLin: 

s,!9 tlere ei @clre-!e !e3!!c1ed-c!q! 

1. She.6kot€-3h.ryal Red (15 KX) R5. 15 00 hiliion 

2, pattaFKol.i-sh.t.1 6ali F.od Rs- I1 5 Hillion 

(r1KH) 

r. sat€r._H&t kh.I Ro.d (8Ki) Rs. 12 iltion 

., s.rc od.r. R4d (sl(x) 

5. ,..did-3.br.i sdid tul.n qdd 

6, Oo9€-3.4r.i R@d (loif) 

7. s€etdzio. Ro..t 

3. Pati.n-Ii.Ei R6d (?,1 (i) 

9, Par.s-S.te..-b!.i Red (35 KI) Rs 35 fi1li6 

q6d (rot r.t 

lr. spat v.lr.v R4d (62 xh) Rs- 65 hillid 

r?. fliH-o.g. {.ILh Rdd (rsr(n)

cl,Giiq!. on rh€ lrt6 

--.r. is srear diir-..eic. bte*een the rangu.s€E .d clrture of 

:.€

TIAIIGII\G SAIOGE CEI ECTING XIII I'TH KINOIA VAI.LEY

&!eGb 

tto 

Aa ttt ot lrlci @rl.l!r, oa hiur .req , ih. hd,. .n 

lottt rud.!rd D.cpL tl'n in .rl! sttLrnt, E'c€ l@Faor .r 

cdrrcid to. flE ffiml.€ ol th. oldris. a6.di.'c1t, ta 

ndt!.lrt ol v!.td t.ietn ad dttlh €{ b-n dttn ot d 3tr l.t 

Ju:,y, !9ta rlin th. loll.r.lrrg bdh!:- 

& 

ltlt-aa 

t!

0u&L-t! 

rh€ K.r.kon tdqhEv o.sd thrdsh xohistan olsttic: fd ihe 

south.rn end to ih6 North€rn end. Tourists lM Pakiettd 6e ihit easv 

land.ei. to visit ilo.tfEr. area3 6r'd chid- n @ver, tfe oisrti't 6 

s@nic beauty on boilEid.3 ol E K(H. I4'isn indlst'v rilr reed tihe to 

d€vel.p. P€entlv it tu l.ced rith ba.kr.rd int'ast'6i!€ l'ck of 

acdrcd.tia l.cilili€ and M

?a 

-: 

Fiqurc - 2r 

A Cot+io{ SCENERY 0F rcilsIAX 0rsrRlcr 

.'

a.9! 

' ....1i.. ; 

iW 

l'i.,q, 

w, 

's 

;d 

Figue - 22 

il 

'f1 

,)t 

7r+, 

r:,11i1

tt4 

uM_€IlEIrt 

ir .d .id @!!.tla ot tL lhldr cd|ctL |rt IAE tn 

.rEol. I. llr unld co|rttl. e th.r. ...!dr!.tta .n .l*t d d 

.dulr ?|Gtrt- .F t-n r, i+L-rt sh eh- rrdch brtlt di ot 

rlE @rLtid. rt t lldtdrt to itld th.t tL -id or ol i|g 

oa trr unld cdrct'.' ol tt oLtrkt l. dlv g.*rr_tHld. |hict 

!|er.lty eor .r!||id !@E oc'!.!.f ol -cl v-r' tlr l(,ff Dridiil_ 

oa rr. lGit t . lri.rdc!!. uriar ccei!. .n gi6 Itdltn t!-rd{.- 

|.t€r .rF!t &la|.. 

r.ri!.rtd chGlt 

i!r.r .lctrltlettd 

vtU€q. tF'q*tri. .clr 

rF q,.d .d rr, rFry ol p-ttcLh.-

,,JT 

it, 

llt 

KOIIISTANI BABY 

'YPICAL

ilLotut.ict cdftil 

!16 

Th. oisrricr c@rcil i. th. bisg..t eler.d iGtitslid ol 

Kohiet.n oiEt.ict, rhich ie partly fiEn€d by prcvirci61 rov.rnient by 

srunts-in-.id irc. aoP .id s€Eraiid of it3 qn revenE lpei.uy fd 

i.port. !d €)€orte of ,hich Ejor 3hare i3 to the €i(port ot ti*€r- rh€ 

oistrict Cdrci1 3 lund3, thdgh g.n.raiid fM o, 

in-aid.F ircresinq .teadily. Ii..rp..diruE $ !& th6n it. r@ipts. 

rhe c@rcil'3 eeipt! *re R3. 562531r/_ 8 coarr€d to the.xD..rditu€ 

ot Rs.531t575/- in r99r-92. roo p.ioritte of th. oitirci council are aE 

Irriqaiid ch6nEl5 

F@t p.th. 

Uo.d.n b.idge3 

R.pe irolli6 

ln Oisi.ict Cercil .v.ry oeDb€r i3 6lleeied hi. shae rilh 

tlE co@ni of the ch.irFn rho utilie it und.. t€ grevailing .ul6 a.d 

Le-c!-L.991-iB&EIIlXC-!!84!-!g!llApiE!!-,LE!!8U$r 

Ihe Dep.rt-nt of Lell Gowrnt.t .nd F!6I D.v.I.9Eln' 

cove.nnent of NIIFP h.. Bt€bli.rEd !n office in Kohi3tln oist.ict und€r 

the 3|Jpervi3id of .n A.si3i6.i oiEcto.. rhi3 otfi.e is regpdBible fo. 

the prcvisid of 6.s.r, edi.6 to eleted -aeE of unid cdrcib' 

Prcvincill 6nd ctiorul 8*nbli6, Ihe $6iet.nt oirector i. 6.3isted bv 

snall engln.rirc st!t?, tinieteri!! stsff and s.cretsri€ Dot.d to each

cl]t1ru{Icall('{ ato bRl3 oEpaRttEltt 

3!7 

cd.uniotid adr rorrs 0.partEnr (c!r o.parrx.t). 

riovernmnt of NtFp i3 Gpqlibl. ro. th€ 4trcti6 ot .ede .nd 

govemF.t blildin€s *ith rhe €x..ptls of th6. roadE. pri .y sch6l., 

.uEr lE lth buildin!. rhich :ro the r€fl@ibilitl, ot th€ Di3ti6t 

c4nicl. c e | o.p.ftFnr in Kohisran otutrict is Fr*ing und...n 

Exeuti€ €n€in€€r fio h€s trc slb oivisid.l orfic€re (8ps-u), ..ch 

lokilE att.r @&..d buildlm 5i

lsricu).1leE4eEiot' 

3la 

TlcE i. .n offi@ ol A€ri.uliure tut.n.is oepartmnl uftre. 

tlE chlrge ol Ert.. i.ritnt oiGto. of aoricllture rhich i..do to b€ 

r.dqtto o€.rtlrn 

offi€ oa lrrisatid De9artE n s! 6t!bti.h.d in tlP 

oiEtrict in !t3t-90 !id.r the sLp..vbion of Escutiv€ Ensin..ritt9. lhis 

d€p..t..nt has be€n..qaged in ttl o$trict's 1.rc6t Harb.. Ir'is'tron 

*I!* .i@ l99o-t),. 

FOREST OEPiRTIIEI{' 

rhere i! Fort Depar!4ri unde. oivbion Foct ofllc.' (0F0) 

vho sr.p€rvis trc to€t Rang€ office6, $rctidEd n!.b€r of Blek 

offic.F, FoEto@, FoBt Gu.d..nd office sr.pportins sl.lf' 

The lollodng Gtis boildins d.p.rtFnts have dot v€! Ben 

6i.bli3h.d in th. Di.trict:_ 

r. Agriculturc R€€.rch oeP.rtFnt' 

2. Soil CoFervdtion .nd Itt Bhld i.ndqetrent' 

J. iqrlcllture D€v.l.pFnt Authorltv 

4. AsricuttlEl ErEiErilE oe..l*nt- 

S. A.in.I Hcb6nd.Y .nd Liw3t@k 

6. P.ki!t.n Counicl ol Apprcprt.t t'chrc&€v' 

7- s.rnld Hvdeldtricitv DereLpFnt org"i!tti4' 

3. v€hicle nectut. r.ttd. 

e. rlt.r dnd Po*.r o.€loprent Authoriiv (raPoa)'

ltlcJttlelw 

Pe. c€pit. itlce is

!tul€_€{ur!!ut 

In tlE li$t of rtE pEe€dins di&Bion, th. ttguE .,n 

p€lldlr ob6en rid, ft i5 ctrlu.red :lrhdr h.sitari@ th.t roh&t nis 

are livinq in . rmditi*t .6i.ty, on. ol the .t 9c .rcns fiv., 

p@nt d by R€t4 in his b@t 'Tne st!g.! ot E odic o.€l.p@nt . rh. 

t.dltidl *i€ty'3 stftt!€ is dev.rcC.d in ! ririt d prodetio 

lurctld b66d d pritritivc t@la, pe.i.nc€ and t*hnol.sy. In thit 

kind ol e€ieit, th. pr.dEtion My irc@s. by iEre3iff .cEaqe but rct 

stddily d

2. 

I 

llENENCta 

1. EdcJrclopr.dh 3rit.@ic., bct E r.a E &ilgrry 

g€dtcd, cb..s-sor anr. t.46?9. 

6. 

10. 

12. 

Eese!, J.!r ,l ltctioE ti' d! Ecoudio€ &d c.i6.&., 

( Sirtb ltl1ti([ ), !!. lath !!€3s, Au(o IE, rF6.FNl 

Aa].€€ol' Eoo: o!.Ci.tt P.'1. 

ftid, P.,1- 

Ibiat, P.1. 

ftlil, !.5. 

Iliit, !.5. 

rbidr !,6. 

Md, !.7, 

Mdt!.€. 

&id,r.4€. 

I}i,'il,!.4€. 

ftld,P.4€. 

a5. ftidr !.54 

18. Govt o! NirtPl 

g9-@s-!q-Jglrc!rl4-!E!cc!srg 

i! c{€al E!i!l!q' l QEadittallvs 

sturtt EcoDolic El6toty a€vtee, 11, 

Iro.2, !E' 1919' P.169. 

- Poutlca sDd tb6 8!8.€ o! qq!!, 

c.oblids. OaiY€-.itt 9!€3s' 

1F1, !P.7-€. 

- @iiler-!g-&!g9gge-!!9E894' 

laaElrlar eld Co: ltd' lddd' 

1 4. P.Ar. 

C€olus o! Eulel s€ttleo.otr oP.CitiP.l-r.

19. r.t!!.r, s.I 

20, covt of IIEP 

2'1. f,!!|rr E.rr 

2t. a@t ot wtlE 

r!id, !.ro 

19€1. P.422, 

Cort o! trtl? 

DdoD@ic D.r€lo.r6Et ot Pakftt&. 

!{burb€!l sDlted !td. IaboFi 

3f'5, ".449. 

!9:Ir Dera.b!€Dt of tc€8ts ( !l.3b- 

6!i6! rirg ) F(Eotl6 o! qloql 

!1,9b.!i.a !r Eobistl! llatrict, 15( 

YP.t4. 

r@1!'3 !6t'i!r i! PaJdf tl6. 

!!tlcl. iribllLd j.! lrr Dai\t 

PEll3te tiD.6' A$alPindi' Da!& 

D.c@b.! atb' a99. 

- ggEgggL e!€!h.! 8lalt!a!!t st! 

'11 24, 8urt 6na6E c€!!!ry' 

llrlclr 199l r qP.1, 

4EDolt@gar!q4-D6!q1e 

rotlodtY, EE9ls1_!9!!91!$s! 

sDl Dit*torato of l4ia6!a!, 8a1t 

P!t!ti!s Pitss P€hasst' 19t.P,29, 

o! B@br lhe lq.doBla alil co: Io!d@ 

- E -Irresi!€rt stdi6€ tc srau 

TldEtd.es i! lftaFP. EcoDotc 

td65 ol Aollate! DiBt!'Ict. 

Saltad Sclt Irduslri.! D@elo!E.!! 

Bo.rn' C@€uLtaDt !uha! IDt.6a- 

!!o!aL (rd) !tr. 19a. P.26. 

-l

27. Govt 

at llstic.r 16.r Bool 

!!J!au o! stati.stic6 t 

DlvLsi@' 199r !'1991 

29. c,ovt o! lltrP - IEdE€tliaL Pot€utlsl o! lobl€t& 

ElgigL 6.I.D.B. r P63ba.3! 

1F8, ?.20. 

29. Covdls|€at ol nrAP' Eol!€ 6!a t6s!1o !'!'mrc!tr 

!f otuaii@ lfo ltlo!r rob1sta!-t|a!5'!!a"t/'1l99' 

,0. coeeElsa! ol !f!!' c & r D.I)a!t!€ni' rrt'*i'e t'ith 

E€cutiv€ e€iaeer D!E.s'oj 16/11/'W' 

,.. cur, E - !t9-IEP99!,-g-fEI9g9 

I.cblolos o! P.!B!e 

l'ib& a6!!6€€3 rttor lFl':Llt 

!!g94!!gr bt1cr. lubllsb.il i! 

!!. Joualal ol Aulat D.t.IoDosut 

.!it rdriligtelati@ ' Vol-trII! 

Ito. 4r lltdtm' !!8D' 1990' PP._ 

?eAo.

321 

ca PtlB_Iv 

TECENOI,OGICAI STI'DY OF f,O{ISTI.II 

DISTNIgI, 

In Iitht oi tne.o.lo-.co!6oic 

i+abitatrt5' .elialon !.d lolitlc.l €itu.tl6na .nd toPosraplt 

of the !!.., tho .tudy i5 co.centlat.d ulon rpp!op!i.t. 

technoloat. the inhabitant. lack in t6chnic.l 6klII3, 

.duc4tlon, h.3it.t. ln.cc€pllnd l.csh td..r' hav. d.llct.ncv 

ia c.pit.l and pl.in lod in .ddition to Ilttle i^t.!.3t in 

raiEins th.i! Etend.ld oI livtn,. The eatthqu.ke ol D.c.!b.r, 

19?4, 8av. th.D unforS.table P.ln as Y€ll as 4i th.5e!. tt!. 

.n itritl.tive to b.tln . dav.lop!..t.1 proc... shich l. 3till 

conainuinS. Leverthl.ss, th. !ost n€A.tiv6 ef!.ct ol the 

..!thquek. res th.l! lntention to look oth.!3 fo! liDeDci'r 

.Dd !of.l hclp rhlcbt in !o3t o! th. ca3.3' thsv o6t.ln'd rlor 

the gov.rn.ents ihfolah politlc.l P.oc.r!toE. slrll'!1t' 

tbele i5 no diEciPllne aa6ng Kohist.Dt6 Th'v a!6 not hard 

sorking .nd .!e s.!i.fi6d 'rtb th.r. .xr.!!'g co'dltion' 

In thi. ch.Pt.!, th. t.chnologt ldopted 'nd 'dtpted 

i3 dtscuB..d 'lth 

.n!b.3i. on itr!.ovibd ii und'! thg 

p!€v.iltna Eitulilon .Pa!t t!o. ploPo.ltrd other 

"v'!'l 

t.chnolosl.3 .!P!oPijs!e to tb. District. A ler t'chnoloties 

such a€ niclo and trInl hvd!o?o{.!' tredlttomt !I6u! !1rrs, 

*oot EDtnntdg ehe.L b€. k€oping 6tc .iiti tb.!6 shil' s'wet4l 

othels.u.h .3 l.rC. !iz. poeer hout€3' dlfi'lent tt'hnologieg 

fo! i!?lovirg ae.i.uttu!.' lor.3t and lnco!' g'!"' ng 

occupattonE ar. dlrcu.3ed ri!h P.oP.f '.tdht div'tr to Lh' 

t.cbnicrt ..d lield as!€ctE. lb. !.clt o1oai.s v6ic! txt't i! 

th. DiEtrlct ale i!t

322 

PRFS'NVATlON 

. Distllct rhcle tcchloloai's of food 

D!oc.3.int a!. P.lhePs th. lost prilitive tnd ilelficl'tri ln 

th. lhole oe P.kistan. Th€r.' 

l'r places' snlt'IE 

.!. not E1.utht.! !.gularlv' Th' Eai it to th' 

'w'il'b!' 

inh.bitants ln mio!1tv of c."t' i {hon'v'r e eir'] r'U3 

' 

dorn f.or th. h.lght Durtng tb6 Pelk "AEo'' IruIt"nd 

v.E.t.ble3 ar. sv.il4ble ln .bundsace bui !o't ot ih6 prodlc' 

is lloiled du. to bon 6v.11'bilitv 6f alv app!op!r'!' 

ploc€5sint i.chnologv abd t.ct of !d'qu!t' tlan'port'tlon 'trd 

cold srolag. lrcrlitieE. soon tfi'r th' Production t€"on of 

a lsrtrcula! rluit€ or v€g.t'bl€ th'v dIE'pp€ar fma th6 

'' 

Dlstrict Grk.ts. PosL h.!v.t! t!o!a!€ for long ti'e c'D b' 

.chi.ved by prop.! pre€€lvation ol lfutttt vet'tabl" dd 

oth.! lood Etulfs. foo

P!bEI,EI' O' F6D SAoITTGI 

323 

r.od ehethe! rrorn oD treer ln glound as plurs o! 

.. dir.lt.bov. ih€ ,!.utrd do n6t I..t !or.v.!. C€!..t., 

lruits rnd v.t.t.bleE b.gin to detoriorrt. once rh.y.r. 

h.r€.t.d. Prtor to h.fr.attnt, boih plet. &d mi..l. .E 

.ubj€ct to .tt.ct brp.srr .!d dlse!s6.. Pr.rh food. tatrl.uy 

have th6 htlh..t nutrltion.l v.tu. but $. lubj.cr to a !.pl.t 

d.c!€as. e. a le3ult ol r.tu!.l agidg. 'Frcs!1r h.ry.rt.d 

roods d.t.!ior.tc by s€v.61 dilf€!€dt ..c!.!isr sucn ... 

a. Rod.nts .nd tns.ot€ 

b. S.n.rc.ec 

c. Ml.&bi.r {.za!il. 

d. ch.llctl D€c.y 

€. EnryBtlc 

t. Non-.nryctic 

A. Lltht Induc€d 

h. Pht.lc.I D€c.y 

i lavlloMont 

J. R.dto Activitt 

Food. ce b6 rt.bl., usiabl. o! ss.i-stabl. to 

6Eoil.a. ch..a... Accoldtnt io ultied Nrtlon. €3tibt.., &!. 

rhan on€ qu.rtcr oa tn. rorld buv€.ted food i! lost du. to 

spoilate .v.rt yca.4nd 1o.... ale cl6E.. to 50t ir !anJ. 

tloDical coutrt!i€s"*.

321 

TE.s ot F.od Lo3..! 

1. Pr.-h..vest D.t.riolaiton: Prto! to h"te3t' fluits' 

ver.t.bl.E dd tttlina s!. subJ'ct to snv ?'!!3 6r btolo'ictr 

decay, oiclobi.l di3eescs' vld"s' 

'od'nts! lestt' bi ls' 

!!sect3 6nd pre-.I.uthter dit"t'3 in ani6I3' 

2. Post-h4.vest Plobl.r: Tbtst h"6!dc c'^ b' ct"tlli'd 

'Ieo 

inio .r.ts si.i1.r to thos' tb6t occrr in P!'-h'rv'B!l 

Dicrobiological dt6.46€ sld d'ctt aad p'3t cort'lin'tlon do 

consurption of ih. lood lt tddltioa' t&r' 4!6 bloch'llc'rt 

chedc.l tnd thv.tc.I dcc" p'oce35'3 ehtch l€'d to lood 

sExEscEIcE: llerv'st'd llantd c'n no lor'e! elt'cilvelt 

Birt.in thei! lrt.afltv b'c'!rc the!' t" !o nutri'ltt bcln' 

suppli.d bv the roots fror it it t'!t!'t'd at thts 

'hlcb 

siaao tlsEue3 b.8ln to d€t"lorete bv th' tcidrr 

"il 

slcohol. lolied a!o. tb€ in'o'Dl'te blctkdotn of carbohvdltt€ 

sio!€3. In ihis c"'' lood' t'n'!'llt d'!k'd beco& totte! 

ucRosIA! H zAxDa: This iE ' taior 'l'c'v E chatri6!' ehich 

destrovs f6ods. "Thels a!' aever'L dlt!€!'!t kl!d! ot 

Ei.!ob6!-org&iiDs rot u€utllv visible to th' na&ed "t vhich 

prev .n !6oils, Thtsa g'rtr3 flt tnto 3 criatoriosi b'ct'!i6r 

ye.3t snd DoId.' Th€ genc!'l tvPes ol orsatisi' no'Mllv 

pres.nt under giv'D condiltotr f6ods gros e'r 

'h€!' 're 

hsrdl€d Prinarv Eoutces o' to foodE 

'1cro_org6ni'rt '!': 

1. 

2, 

3. 

Pldts rnd Eld! P!6duci3 

ths

324 

5. Ilt.stin.l t!.ct ot ..! ud .!ti.I 

5. ^!iDI r..dg 

?. ADi..I hld.. 

8, Ai! .nd du.t 

L P!iD.!y.ource3 o! lood poiEonlna b.ct.tla to loods: 

i!lr!lil'9'.9!.$rs J' lrlreaeu.^ '!d clo3t'tdtr' 

stnc. our toods ... of Plet ud diDl oliatn' it 

t. ro.thrhile to.on3id€! tho.. ch..et.!!.tics of DL.nt.nd 

anlD.I tissues th.i .ffect th. aloelh ol Dlclob€. tlt.r.ln. 

I.tslEtc P.t4t.!r. Tho.. P.rdct.r. th.t .F i!lr.!.nt p'tt 

ol th. tl3.uet such 8:_ 

2. Xoistlr. cont.nt 

!. otidation_!.ductto! Dot.!ti.1 

4. utit.rt cont.nt 

5, arttrlctobial corrtltu.Etg 

6. aioloalc.l.tnctur.t 

Ertlh.Ic P.r!.t.!t: Ibo!. pro!.ftl.. ol th' ttoret€ 

€nvl!o...nt ihat tftcct both the food. 4nd tb.!! ilcro- 

l. f.rD€r.tuF .l rto..!.: Th6 lor..! t.tP.!.tu!' tt shich 

. !ic!o-.!gari3. h.. been r.Portcd to alor iE - 24 !C fhil' 

th. hlrh€€t i. !n .xc.ss o! gdc. 

Psrchlophll,.. : 20 oc _3dc 

ues.phll€s = 

3ooc -4or c 

th€rroDhil€s - 55'c -550c

2 

3 

326 

. Rel.tlon tiuiidltv of snvir.nleni 

, Pt...n.. ol t!s.. i! Envllod'nt 

1Or co! is c.It.d contlol]€d 

atio.lh.re o! 

c-. rto..g. 

Soth COt .nd OJ a!' !n retsrdln' 3utl'c' 

'f!'ctiv' 

.!6ilgg. ot b€ef atrd 6the. loodt' 

.. Bet.rlt: c.rt6in ttp'3 ot btct'rl' ctn tahs tto tor!3' 

' 

v.t.iaeiv. 4td dor!.nt o! .porE stat6 Thev prodqc€ 

"sr' 

products, ehich r.v b. a'id', tlcoh6ls c4usiDt oll odou! or 

lloductiotr ol slir. {sou!"i !llk' 3rtt' suri'c' o! &'l)' 

spoles a!. lesistrnt t. heei Thev cen b' d"!oblc' a€lobrc 

.Dd f.cul!.tiwe an..!ob€s ('!n glos o! tithou! 

'iih6! 'ith 

oxy:gen). There a!. useful b6cte!i' in vo'urtl 

'ucb '6 

sourc!..n, bulter-iilk' ch"!'' snd 3'u'fl!aut' 

b. Yc.st: Thev .r. lalt€r th'! !o6i bac!"ia 6nd ltproduc' bt 

budding; tb€v usu.llv glor und'! !o!' condltio4 ths 

'dv'r3' 

bact€ri!. Thsv c^n {lthstand e tos" cont'nt o! hlth 

"ter 

eugar .nd salt co!t.nt' Th€ t"Et a€ kill'd bt h'rt 

"silv 

dulirg P..teurizttiot' Thet c'n b€ u" tn @v u6'fu1 t'vt' 

i,e., 6PPl6 ctdar, vinegar' rtle' b€6r 3nd blead' 

c. toldr. Thev !.p'otluce bt glovitt !t'st i' s 6vc'li'l rti 

snd produce 3?o!..t gltich a!' liChlt cofostd Thev n"d 

oxy4€n fot t!o{th. t{.xina ov'r the !'D ol honer'd' JaDs lE 4 

rold a'orth' so" lofds ploduce toxlc 

3ub3tanc.3 rh....E other tr' ut€d lo! productna drusa! 

nuirient. 3nd ch€il.aIE ('nilblotic')' vitatins and oll!rc

321 

d, Vis..t: Tlt.t .r. not livlnA blt c'rrt a'neiic ut€lial in 

a capsul. Thev !.v occur in loodg gnd ctn le3ult ln rtis€'Eg 

c, csEtIcAL DBCAY: Tb€re '!' esv"'t tvpe o' cheric'l 

r€actlons, thi€h .!. r.sronElbl' lo! EPoiltge of loods' Th€v 

could b. !u!.Iv che.ical o! dedictt'd aad cttelvEgd l'v 

enzy!..t tlace !.tal3! titslt' 4!d liSht' 

Th.!€..e eev.ral enztr.tlc r'etionB' 5 f'r ol th" a!': 

t. Xe.Ping c4nq'3 th€ s"rch 

to be conv.rted to .ut.r t3 t !"ur! ol 'nttDiic 

..actio!3. 

2. Deeladailon of vtt!!in c' 

3. a.ornina ot appl., b'n'n! or lot4to th6n cur' 

ch€itcrl: cbertc.t d.g!td.ti.n of nullt'nt' 

'ad 'bilnutrisDts 

iD lood.. "lloo-.n.yratic brornin! is M'ction tnti oc'ula 

duling ltolage ol dri.d loodr' This lt the !"qLt ol 

' 

!e6.tton bctt.€n .o.. itp€. ot tugotE tnd llot€int o! uloo 

sclds and !ar('E 

acids r€.ultina iD ih. Ioss ot 

'3s'!ti'I 'rtro 

rh€ prot.in undid..ttbI. and ltt' nutrittous' E ncidltv 

'5uE'd 

by oxldotio. ol th. un6stu!'t'd tats cont'tn€d tn toodc is a 

dajo. Plobt€! tn !!ot.n anrt

32e 

dulint flozer st.t.. D.v llults $d w'8't'bt€ can gtin 

roistu!. in . hurld .t.oEphor. .!d be€otr. toft su'tdltt r'k€' 

E.lt o! !uga! ttlck tot€th.!. staling ol bte'd i3 '!oih'! 

e*{pl.! ,hich Mk.. it h.td.r atd tough'! ituliog tiorag' du€ 

t6 cry.tallizatlon oa 3ta!.h' this is 'n unusral rttction in 

th.t !t P.oc..ds 1..t6! at r.ttlg€'ai'd 

Food tpolf.6€ !u.t b' 'votd'd 

econolic losg€3 .! rGtI at h6alt! ?!obt'!t tuch '3 dttrtho€61 

siotrAoh ?ain, sto!.ch irt.ctton6 sd n'!"6 volitlDg 

"'D?'' 

dd €v.n 3o.. ii.. d66th. rh. t.jo! cau&t oi 3rbiltt' 

're th' 

Di.ro ortsnisi' ov.!!iP€!.lna ard chertc'l le'ctions 1t thc 

Prew.niton of Spotl.ra 

spoilta. o4n b. !!'v'nt'd 

1) Ret.rtlon o? o!l8ln'I quslitl'! ol foodt' 

2) Ra

x29 

or4si.r! .re uued. th. P'occa3 it cdled 

Psst.rllrstion 6nd the ploduct c'a onlt b' Etoied 

tor s Ilrlted ti!.. th' aciditv of ibe fo6d ts w"v 

tlportsi factor rlth he't si'liliz'tion Pr6d!c! 

v.rr llot high acld to tcsE 'cid 'nd sttrlli'atior 

.r th. fo!!€! i. th.r.for' qulok6! vicloolctnisds 

{!ot 1.6. casilv ln 'cid products' A Ftoduct'5 

sou!n..! i. indic.t.d bv its 4clditv' 

Pi, Th. note Eou! a product IE) the E"rt" tn€ 

aclditt 6d the lov'! th' Pll' Food can b' divid€d 

irlo thr.. alouPs b.s'd on th61! acid cont'!t' 

q80uE ,--p!- 

4. O - ,t.5 

PRO'UCfS: 

This d.thod is sl.o costlY 

xill, H..i lnd Fi3b' 

Ptn.sppt€.' tp!1e6. 

Th. thtrd !€tlbd of Pt65clv'tton i3 the sullreEsron 

ol th. .otiwitt of licrooraanl'r' Fo' lh13 Du4ro5' i 

th. f.II.ri.g !toc.tE it alpllsd' 

ProductB are k.pt in lot tedp€tttr" i! th€ 

reflit.lator fo. . lo!g€' p'!i6d' Bv tbtr rethod' 

dep.nd.nce upoD 6n.!Bv is t'ct$'rv' This iE 

"thod 

not l€t.lble at Pr€s6nt for Xohist'n Dtst!rct tE 

regul.r elect.icitv suPpfv ts not twail'bre' 

i3 th' 

Th€ 3.co.d trethod ol killina 'iclooIgstsr 

dohydlation ol lruits and v"eiables tD the opetr 

rh' sinDlest and moBt e'ononrcar

330 

r.thod sd c.n b. ProDoE€d lot th. Distrtct eh'!' 

t.utt orcnalds .r. Ec.tt.!ed' ao! this Pur!o!', 

r.v.!.l dehyd!.toft.!. d€wolop.d' A 3ol!! d!16! 

d.v.lop.d bv ih. food 6ci€!ti.t! at th' Nucl'a! 

In.tltuic fo. Food .ad aarlcultule' Pcab"'! i3 

r..orcrd€d. A dt.Arqati. P!..€!tttloD o' this 

d!i.! is shown tn thc fitu!. el. D'hvdlatlon co b' 

conduct€d 4t BdaU scal. t{th th' tol6! 

d.hydlrto.s. rhi. t.thods i€ th' !o3t 'PPro9rlato 

lo! Koblrtan Di.trict .s it it 'he'E' !od'!'t'Iv 

qutck .nd sirpr.. 

*b.n E.It is add.d to t66ds M' !€'ts! J3t'r tnd 

!!uit ..!di€s, !t pr.3e!v€5 th'r lor a "t3o!'bl' 

l6nl.! ti!.. thi! t.thod thlch i3 b"'d on th' 

or.oti. !r€ssu!.t tiltois€ th' Lo'5 of nutlttlot'l 

va1u6 ol th€ Pr.E.rv.it productE' th' !6th6d ir I€EE 

!€co@.nd€d !.. v.t.t.btes P'kt3tan hat ' Iot ol 

3.lt rl.po.itE, k..pi.g this lD visv th' "thod t3 

l...tbl. !6r E!.ci!!c fo6d3 onlY' 

Pr6.€lvatives i .. .ulfltas c'n also b' us'd fo! 

pres.lvation. tlo{6v€.' c.ie !u't b' tal'n i! thtE 

!.tr!d (b.c.us. ot lhe ch'ttc'I natut' ol th's' 

3ub6teD..E, !.co.p.nvtns dtt'cttob3 m't b' 

follo{.d accu..t.tY) 

fh. .bove sention'd !€thod3 ot P!tt'lv6iiotr ol l'ods 

a!. faillv tlpropriat€ !o! th' Distrlct'

t3t 

UE!!SDA!9SL-AL4aqDE_IE!$AIAII9! 

P!.3.satlotr ol ...t, fluit. .rd vea.t.bles bt 

he.tinC arst€! is th. plactlc. aPplied slnce ti!. l@.!orial. 

Fiuiis ,ttc. heailna car b. ch.Dged ttto Julc., j.d and i€r]v 

and .€.t ca! be p!.a.!ved fo! IoDg.. tl.6 in i..5 .nd tina. 

Foods c.n b. ?r.se!v.d by 3huttltg off th. .ir to th. lloduct 

4nd heatlng it in ordcr to kill licroo.s.nleo thus P!.vcntlna 

oicrobi.l 3!oll'ge. Dilterert to6d3 .r. hclted lot dttl...nt 

trD. t.!p.latuler d.p.nd:ng ulon (be quelitt. .rp.r€33, lh. 

.aaEon in rllch heatlng i3 conducted, inl.ction t.v.l, 6tc. 

Fiaur6 - 24 

DIACRIM O! SOIAR DEIIYDRATOi DEVEI'P'! BY 

NIFA, TARNAB PESAA|IAR. 

E

332 

"Sou! ptoduc€E slch.5 tlutts c6n b"t'litlzsd !n boillt' 

,.te! lrOO !c) ,hil. l€s sour productt .uch 

v.t.irbt.t lqst b. .t'!Itit'd bt h"tilt to a pr"!ur' coor'r 

o! 6t6!il1t.!, th.!. t.!pe!atu!t hith" th'n rodc !€€d'd' 

"' 

v.a.tsbl.. cd b€ 5to!€d Io!a" sh'! h"t'd ir a boUlna s'r'! 

b.th {cBoing, Dot st€rtli'ing)d soFov'!' p'cl'gln' 

!at.!I.I !. a13o .t.ttltzed so th't th' ntctoolc'nlt! pt'5'r! 

th.lein..t bc titl.d 

'!d tb' ?f'r'!v'd tood tutt b' co@u'c 

rithin 2a hourE t!t'! the oP'ning ot l'!r' ttF or botil"' 

Th€ ,&k.lltd dtt.!!'l rust b' ?€ltsct sd lillin! D'!io

It !u!t h..€r€.b.r.d tbat lo! c.olDl cf'o' 

h€.1thy unbfuis.d fluttE .Dd !!..b vcgstsbr'E be u6'd fl o!d'! 

to obt.in thc b.rt qu.llit lroductE A!t'! ssshinB lrults 'nd 

veB.t.bl.., !6tt.n .Dd u

334 

rdt. w'l 

UEATIIIO A'D MILTTC TIXE O! FEI' FBUITS 

aClodok 3 4grodr..' 

6?000 o r.a.rt!teD. tn.

DEgpE4lrc! 

DehYd.ttlotr ol f.qitB &d wct.ttbl'3 ls coro! in 

Kohistan Dl.trict slnc€ tit. id.norttl Tbc p'ople alEo 

d.hyd.ai. lcai thich ts svail6bl. ln .bunddce dut to l'!t' 

3ctle st.uthterint on !tdu1 Azh'' a ru'Ii! Iitt !c!'o!rtd 

annu.lly. In d.bvd!.tton, ooI.tu!e contsnt 6t lluitB tnd 

ve4€tabl€s is ..nov.d and .. . tesuli Ito{th of b'cteria 'nd 

aunti i3 contloll.d. It i3 irD;lt.nt to r'rtion th't he4tina 

kills niclooltsi!! tltilc drtina controls its glo*th lrhen th' 

dehydlat.d food .bsolbs r.t.! duira hddlins or stolss'' 

iic!oo.8.nl8i pr€..nt lu]tlplv. The!'!or'''Pp'oP!l't' t'thod 

iu.t b. rollor.d !n €w€lv .rp6ct dulln3 o! dlvrDt' 

'lt'r 

vcget.bl.. .nd truits conEi.t oeu6llv ol e'!'r' luch 

" " 

ao-gor bt e.itht. Dlvfle: lor.!3 tbis to tbout 10-l5t t'i'! 

siwing s consid.labte losE ol waidht tnd volu!' t!o3?o!t 

cost for drt€d Ploducts ts 1'!t sh$ thot' to! ih' -ft"h 

plodu.tr. Drving i! .!3iei th& ctlDtnt o! 

"Ilr' 

Jd or 

.hutnev. DoElii. th. adv.ntst' of drvtnt

336 

1.b1. tv.z 

PREPTMTIOXT Blrll{cgrllc ol vBoFraBt,as 

E!9r!r$f!! 

*let, cut,r$h.blacD 

s4htc!t, (tr thicr) 

.nd bluch ir*dirt.rt 

..-r. toD. ud Btritrl. 

u.. f!..h, vout @r. 

cleo, FFv€ toE. &.1 

reh, e..I &d rerov' 

eye!, ,..h, slic€ 2-3 

pcet,clt3rthicl 

rhs lrl.t.c Dod€rr' 

crt .tlc6. 3d thicr. 

rs!, dlp it boiltn! 

'at.r, D6l, dt it 

slic6. ?_10 r thicl. 

€rcr. !t.t md tlo!.. 

;etds. DG.I' sric.3d 

P.O. Bor: 41 6?000 5a 

rod'!'t'lY lons 

dired !.od!c!' 

t - 8 Ehorld mt bc 

e&L€d dlletrt ru 

tiE of b.t.. 

no. .tri.le.. .ter 

ce b. oord'lcd to 

4-6 $. a t tnick4" 

c& b. trould to 

cd b. aroud to 

rub Puallttr olr 

1.5 o! tt .&r! b 

D!.vcni lticliD! 

n.ed noi D"l 

3-6 r.linE 'b'r 

Do*dcf. 

aglodok 3 arloris'!

33? 

The fiDsl quatitv of tht d!i'd Ploduct3 i' 

dat.!!in.d bv a l.rg€ nurbe! ot factors as d€3c'ib'd belor:i. 

Thc qu.lltv ol thG Produci to be dri€d' 

2. The !.€ir..in€!t of th' P"duct' 

3. thc dryin! ..thod3 ut"l' t 

.l lhe lack.giDt and th€ 3tortg' condiitont''r' 

ll.3h n{ od sliclnr: Bcfoi' drvtna flult€ ald v'A't'bl'!! 

these ru.t b. rash.d rith cl'!n {at€r tholoueblv in 6rd€' to 

r€Dov€ soll snd oth.! fo.eign o6i6!:al th' r'tt'n and inJuf'd 

prrts ar. lsloted rith a knlf'i dd the s"dt' th'o th' 

'I'o 

!.te!i.l 1. cut to snatl EIlc'3 ot siz' !o that th' 

'qu^r 

proddct could b€ dri.d equaltv fsst ln l6v c""' llultg 

'!d 

$d vet.t.bles t!. p.€Ied b'!ot' onlv !iD' tNit3 dc 

'tshit' 

vcd€labl.. Ehould b. dehvd!'t'd Th' rip'leEt liacc rE e 

irportart ftcio! qr !r'3h1t Plct'd 

'ell' 

produc' Ehould b' 

dlyed.3 quicke! .! Possibl'' !ong'! tl" bete"n th' Piclttr' 

the qu'lttv of th' d'hvdEt'd 

and d.vlng .fr.ct..dv€!s'lv 

It Dust b. ..ne!b'!'d that dti'd ploductt 're loi to 

be stoted 6lone {tth are3h ot's aE th' dehvdfrt'd Productr 

.bEolb ,.t6. f.or th€ f'esh lloduce "'ifv' 

!ts--q:ill: so.e rhits ale dtpp€d lor ' short ti!' in n'allv 

botli!! Lvs (alklli solution) in ord'! to loo6'n the skin " 

seII .s EP..d up th€ drvine lrocess' Th' lv'd llutts oust b' 

dipled i! cold v'ter €o th't th' Ite-6ff'ct "v b'

334 

Bld.hin.: A sho.t haat t!.attent iE €4II€d bl'nchinA thlch 

in&iiw.teB e!rvr.. .e3!ontlbre for c'using undesilabl! 

changes. BlaDchint llto h61pt t6 P'!!1t tho dliad product io 

esgily .b!o!b sai.r .nd lct'ln colpar'tiv€lv b'tt€' 6h6P' 

r!te! boiling. Thi3 cd be don' rith scwt!'l !ethod!' Th' b'!t 

retbod i. Etedlna 'bile 

th. slnpl"t on€ i! to diP th' 

produ.. lo. short€r tiD. in bolli!8 

"t'! 

ve4ei.bl.3 llke oniotrs do noi n'ed blanching' !o' p!'venilll 

sew'r6l lruit3 sn

€hom tn TabI. tv.3. 

l'9 

aE D!.etou5lv tutrtt.n.d, d.hv.l!'ilor ol huits od 

v.8.t!bl. c4 b. cobducto

&tr 

@ur 

140 

Lbl. lv.3 

DnlI G @LDrtrotas K,B P*urts lro vrerreq.ts 

I 

6 

I 

!.! 

I 

5 

! 

llnl 

lr-tc 

ll-$ 

tcll 

5 

5 

t-t 

l.l 

5 

i 

tl 

|l 

II 

fl 

tl 

tl 

t5 

tl 

II 

!0-tt 

l0! fi {16l 

{5-il 

l!l 

tl 

o-tl 

-t, 

||-tl 

{.$ 

-91 

tl 

pres.rvltt66 ol Fd.d. .dlodot 3.g!o.ts., 

P,O. Borr 41 67000 ae wagentnl.n' tne 

lt-ll 

ta 

l0 

l5-tl 

t-t{ 

I-t 

!-lt 

11 

t.Il 

l-lI

S6tf p.hwdlatior Eouiphnt 

3at 

F6r 66la!

t) 

312 

th. p6lr.thr.n. rh..t p!.v.tt! du.t ..ta!ing inio 

th. d.hydlator ..d th. product! !.8itr hval..ic. 

Th. ploduct l. .l.o plot.ct.d t!o! !6In. 

th. rt!u.tu!. ts silpl6 ..d .tltcl.trt. 

c) Th. ?!oc.s! i. 6cono!lc.r. 

E..tlrr vith rtu.l: Fmlt! .n

{a G 

' !) rD. D.6laha rr !. d@ r! dl.r uvrErr.or. 

. ) Es!.U.t Fcl.att|. !; @idf,or.d .k8ha ht-* | 

D.lt cl tL. d.t . . 

d) lt D!..ho! rr D. oool.d .tt r llttrq .!d 

lxd!.t.lr Fdr.a;. 

.l P!..lu.i FGr-aba r.t !t l .Dorlt t '.r.! 'r!o!r 

.Iltttlt .!d t!..oi rE6t, 

!l P..l{ba ..d Ldlrra r.r b. dd u{.r hratotc 

..!rUtl.E. 

Pr.r.l.itd.rd abt|,a oo.dtttd ot v|ltdt rE .b.t. 

.E lt.t

3{l 

Fttu!. 25 

SOL$ DBIDnAION (PIXGPOTE IYPII

345 

Lbl. Iv.4 

PNAPANATIOX TI.IEOD Oi VEGTIAALAs 

.e&v. out.. re.v.. &d 3t !r.; .h,ed 

rBl; at olt ti!.; bhct 5 .trrte!; 

dt into .ho.r ,id.t 'tFle 

b.o. ce 

b. u..

346 

?.bt. Iv.5 

PAEP tATTOf, lltD Dirrlo @tDttlom loe rrflou8 n[ ltt 

Produci P!.r.rrriotr D.ttU Condltlon/l.kt! 

lpricot. rlhihllrc,EDv. !it. !D!e!d 4 .&L! d t.rc. 

rhlct 'ith th. @t .ido up 

p.ene6 rsh,h.lre,rercv. Dtt. !DF!d o! r&1. rtth rh6 

Plus 4rt br qu.litt dd Irge DtuB ghoutd b. 

rlr. l0 rt.ut€ lr. r!h.d occsto!.Ily. 

dlD, b.illlg 

Gralc3 m u!u.l !retr..t*rt, dlD ir bolli., r.t r b.lore 

&FtlBs . lr. dip r&tiDt. 

!tv. rah .!d .6rot. 

lltr (tht. sp.ed. 

diylnS but lose6 

Basa3 p..t sd crt iD b.l! i! - 

rdath or slic. 

tias D&tlr tE€-drt.d rlo 

APpl6 lqh, D.cI, qu.t.r &d 

pee. *uh,c!t ln halt, lprctd o! .&ls,tth th€ 

..ev. the coF ad at .ide rDr.li Xdilur 2 

th.F.lt€r Ehrd.. Sullltc 

tE.tElt .drl-!I. aitu 

.....4rrto. of roodr .,rcdot 3 !g&rle, 

P,0. Eox: 41 6?000 s ll|d.Dint4, rh.

JUICE. JTX AXD JEL',IES I|^'TXC 

3,(? 

KohI3td .nd .dlotDha dist-rlcts a!. v..v luour fo! 

flolt.. Th.!. is no food !&ce..lna Pl.nt 1r th. *hol. 

Di3trict rhicb nec..3it.t.s .PPlic.tiotr ol .PPloprlrt. 

iechroloai€s !n o.d.r to rot onlt pr.3.!v€ ths f.uits but .lEo 

incr..6. th. la!r.r3' incor. ,ho .r. al.e.dv liviDa ud.r 

subsigt€n€o l.w.l. P.oDl. o! thls Dittlict do not knor thri 

Jd. Julce aa.t Jel1i.s caD b. r.de f!o!.lDo.t afl fluits' 

Pe6pl,e are fond of ttkint fluits due to tb€i! b.tt.. t..t..nd 

nut!ttional vAlue. Mixtng 5pr1.o!E, !..ch.E' apPles tith SraPe 

fluit o! cttrus aiv.3 hiaL v6tu. iuic... Juic.a o! flult. a' 

.lr.y3 nixed b.iole lr.esrv.tlon, ds?.ndtng uPon the ta.tc oa 

an in

348 

T.chrt.u. llo, 1: In ttis t6.hniqu.' Juice ext!&tlon is do!. 

{i oqt botltnS, n.nc. th€ jutc. r.t.lns orldinat fluit sD.ll 

dd Dutlitional valu.. I! thls t€chnlqu., aluit ir p.e.3.d or 

nilt.d SiviDt cloudy juice rhich iE ltlt€.6d tlrou!! 3 crean 

,u€tin cloth o. eheo.. cloth q.ina alnal€ or rultiDl. l.t.ra. 

Fruit slic€E of lqual 3I.. a!. h..ted tn 

sdall quantity of s.t.! and sqflicteDt liquid i6 r.!ovsd. Th.r 

the na.. is tuln€d onto a wa.h.d cl€.n trusl,i, cloth. Th. irtc. 

extr.ct.d br thi3 s.r i5 cl€.D. th. aqueezina ..thod' It r...1, 

tives cloudy Jui.€, 

T!9!ni-q!s!ql. In th16 ic.hnlqu., !.uit ploceE ar. cut into 

posslble eqlal Eized pt.c.s ed then .t.{€d thich aiv.5 crc.t 

juice. Tn€ l.ult ls itored tn Jqtc. Etcu.!. APeli !rcr It' 

rater i3 boll.d ir. k.ttl. ed.t.u i! d6v6loP.d rhlch 

cx!.act5 juic6 tr6n tn. fluit thich lt..lf is dil.d tnto 6 pot 

usinB th. cloth. I! thiE proo.du!.' li tat.. 30 to 90 !inui.. 

to ext!.ct juice d.p€bdinB ulon trults. This !.thod t. 

coDp.rltlvely coDlllcAted and costlv to! th. f.rDe.s of 

Kohi3t.n Di3tr!ct, 

PreErrlie4-el-fs 

J.D can b6 ea3i1v !ad6 f!o! frults. For tltlE 

9rr!o3.! fluits are cut inlo possibl€ equd size Pi.ce3 and 

h€ated alte. nixind In 5!611 vster.until it b.coD€E .oft. Th.a 

the r.t6!i.l t3 !.shod and..duc.d io ?0* iD volue bt b.ilinS 

proce.! dd ?50 l!., !ut.! 1. lixed to a kiloS!.D,. iuice bt 

slorly sttdint. Aftcr ntxina suga.' the liquld is tcated !f

349 

,ouad htably se..t, a f.e d!oP! o! 16!0o Juice or cltlic .ctd 

ar. .ddsd. Th. liquid t! boll.d unttl a f.r

3t0 

vnrEo xlt 

vtn.SaB .r. coDDonIY us€d !n picll'' csus' €tc 

sinc6 lolt tt!.. vin.a.rs cd b' Ploduc'd iror s'v'ral loods 

br v6rious r.thod3. It i3 produced bt Alcohol Hhich i3 4 

re.ult 6f l.lr.ntation of c.!bohvd!4t'E 'nd iE follo{ed bv a 

second fe{.trtation lnduc€d bv 'cetic 'cid btc!"14' 'fhG 

sourc. oI calbohvd!.te. lav b€ ituit suttrr as us'd in '1n' or 

cid.r vineS.rs or ud!.d balt€v' aE used in br€sed dlt 

win€,8. xon-b!.red .otrdilett f,hic[ is pr€E r'd bt colourlnt 

.nd fl4vouritg 4 solution of 'c'iic 4'1d l'cks tn' additionar 

flawou! of vrDeSa! ehici i3 obtalred bv ler!'nt'tlon 

derth of colou! is tr6 indlcltion o! lhe rtlength of 

win€gtr..... lruit-tlavouted vln'g6rE '!' usutllv Bd' frot 

3oit fruits .uch q. blackb.!!t'3 o! !'spb'r!le3' rnit 

vtn€gals t.!. folleflv ruch used to 6at€ ao!6 thtoats 'no 

tod.y lale . liqudt sdditton to a Plsrn st'u'd !uddht' 

ir.dltionalfv boiled butte! To €6'h I lb riP' lruit tdd I 

ptnt b€st n6lt wiD.8a!' ptac' h a cbins bo'r' 'over sith a 

cloth aDd dl6s to stand lo! 3 to 5 d'vsr stirrllg 

o.c.sion.Ilv St!.i! oft th€ llqutd' add 1 lb rranul6e€d 3u"! 

ro 6.ch Piri! boit lo! ro oinutes snd bottle' It pret'!!'d 

sug.r oav b. otitted lFo' the f'cile and thc vin'a" Eeeet'n'd 

rh€n used ll 

"The b.Et vin6gt! should contdir 5t l6'si 5x 

ac.tlc acid. spic. wineta! can b' obttir'd 'h'n spices 're 

st€.?€d tn the unh.tted vi!6tar floi 40-t0 davs *lth 

occr3iodsl .hakina. lh€ flavour ':t!6ct€d in ihit *av iE tull 

Th'

@ 

351 

An .pp...tuE fo! t!.tr.plant1lg ...dltng c& ba u..d 

to lr..! . con.t.nt 5pac. b.tr..! th€ t!$.pl.nt.d plet3. It 

.ho.t.n. tb. tlr€ fo! tle.il.nt.tiotr ud ..v.. trbou!. Thl. 

.ppaEtus ,hlch is coltilbut.d by ua!.nllht Fuzit. ot 

Coch.bob.. Bortvt;6, c!.bl,.d t.dct to ..rl lhc a!e. fo! 

tlaDspl.ntlnt s..dlirts rltb .cculacv *h!.b 1. mt !o..lbl. 

o.nuelrv. Inlcrv.ls 6hos tD th6 ata 20 .. {0 ct 1. 

.pp!op!i.t. lo! c.!!ot .nd onion .dd .e b. .dju.ted lor 

tlalEplstint tL. 3e€dlirls ol v.Aet3bl.. d.P.adlnA o! tn i!

vrballElr SalDLrNG 

v)

FENCII{O t'oR RAI{GTI,II'D 

Antlll sr!.lta is not contlo]l'd Thev olten d'D'ge 

crops, lD o!d.. to redqc. th.s. da!.glAt ot c!oP5 dd oth'! 

I6ss.st tenctn, ot fleld! ls !!opo3ed. lor this lutPos'' ll!5! 

oi.tI, h6leE.!e oad€ rltb a drirl jn th' l-2 ! bard-*ood 

rhich are pos.d .t 40-50 c! .PArt' fhen the3e h"dvood po]" 

ale .rected at an int.lval ot ron and 3t"1 *i!'5 0f barb'd 

ri..s .r€ lass.d tiahttt ih.oulh ih. !ol.s solt*oo

354 

STIORACE OF PI.^N' SEED 

Tn.& .!. ..v.!.1 !.thod .dopted bt the pe.s.nt. lor 

storina s€€dr. In Aba.t! Kollia!.n' lnh..lthy !ot.tcn.d r..d is 

ofter Etored at unEultrble !lac. caustna a lot of s!otl.a...d 

rastat! due to th€ .tt.ck ol !tc!oo.g.!13! aod !ode!ts, It i3 

ther6!o.., !6co@end€d th6t dry se.d !.y b. k.pt in ! t.11 

dli€d rl.ca. Il ,ood.n.tick Ia ltred itr. Eh.!. a3 rhoo tn 

figur.23 and harg.d flor th. ceil!n8 of !oo!, lt *ilt 

certainly be ar.!p!oprl.te t6chnique ot Eto!in! 3e.d3! .host 

during rll s...or3, It Dy bo n6t.d that inlPit€ oa th€ 

availability o! rax !6t.rlal fo! houE€ conitruction, hetght 6f 

the .oo! cetllnt iE k lt DiaituDr sor.tl!. 9-10 ft. It such 

should b€ ltven to h.na th6.eedE et t.aEt 2 !.t.! 

Abou€ thc glound Iev.L 

Fiaq!. 2A 

t@DEtl slrcr Fon sEaD smBrxc

365 

cnoudD !Err8! 

Pl.'rlcrrox oP FttF ttdi FLrElt lrnt otEEn l||src+s 

ro! p..v.Dtl,!8 3poll.t. ol 

'.i.r 

..lo!s, elo!!, 

g!.!.., 4?!icotr .to l!o! t!. .tt.ck oa lly &rl oth.. ins.ct.. 

youna fN1t3 .r. c.v.!.d rltb potr€thr... b.a., I! iht. 

com.ctton, rctho

ynqtlda ('' 

lta 

Ittr!. t9 

tt[!!t ltoMEa lD I'lrB lftFSl 

ta 

I

J5? 

Plot€cting of wereilbl. 6.edllntE ftor 'nt injulY I5 

n.c.3sa!v lo! schicvlla .*l.ur !!.duc. tro' th' tl'ld' alt 13 

. !obu6t en.Dv 6l v.t.t.ble s..dlirBt ehlcb detilov s'edlint' 

u!i6 5ot or ro i! 4 trlght. In.!d6! to lld ol 'nt rttackr tnt 

€ic!€r€nts Accu.ulat.d i! fi.td. .!e collect€d tnd red etth 

th. sorl and DUlch€d .ft€! Pllnt-inc s"dlindE ol v€a'tabl" 

gy thls '.y, fiekl tE Protect.d flot tht h"rlul 

'nt invision' 

s!!il.!lv, th. .rt .rc.en nts used in th' lj'Id P'ovs " 

olt4nic f.ltillzer. lt rcv b' lcrcrb'!'d th'i dt 'xcret'trt! 

collecLed tro6 tb. n.trbt hiIl. or o.3t!' rootd b' 'ltr&tiv' 

for abt.. fh.!. fo!., .xc !€Detts aloD a!! hills o! 

coll€cted lror thos. plac€s *hich art locgt'd ln ftrth'! 

.r.a6. It lav also b. lot€d lhat o:c'ssivc uac ol el 

.xclcrents tnhlbit th. 3e!rln'tion whtch 'ould tft"t tr6stb 

6f the w€g.t.ble 5..d11n93. 

Th. technicu' ot Pltnti!8 !'rtdold ll'trt n€a! 3olt 

v.tetabl€ ts a!!li.d in $nv c'untftes lor plev€nllng 

tnf.station ot inE.cts. Th. poo! fa!to'6 'tth€! do not h've 

€nouth @n.v to pu!ch.36 ins.ctlcide3 or th' ch€'!c'I' '!' not 

evatlable €.Eilv, h.nc. th6..thod ot dloring !'!tlold at th' 

llnal !!.n.llantint ti!. to Pr'vent int'station ol ins€'tE bv 

3c€nrin! .f the Platt bt b. 'rc'u!'g'd This !'ti6d i3 n't 

knorn in tb. thol. Kohtstan Disirict and c" ba introduced bv 

i.achint th. inpoltsc. of aro{ina vecotAbles aDd dt'iributlnc 

raritoLd 5..d in orde. to r'du'e ilPo'taiion troi oth'! 

di.tricts. !nport ot veg.tables fror 6th€' aratt would be

354 

.osily and roqld c!u5e del.y. xot.ove! bt thl. eav vetet.bl.3 

lo.. t.es!rc... It i. i!t.!..titr! to r€ntion th.t seedlinSt of 

@ri8old a.d tt5 t!4nsPlantation ale Dad..t the E.ne ti!' aa 

thosc of dsJo.ity ol v.C.t.bl€3. M.riSold s..dltna fo! 

t!.nsplaniina should be in ....onable nulb.r to.!huc6 .c.nt 

and occu enc. ol lniulv bv it..cts !u3t b€ in.pected dtitt '3 

6.!iAo1d doee not p!€vent inl.3t6tion in . l.s cases' 

Fltur. . 30 

SOTING X RIGOLD AOi COI{TROILITC INAECTS

359 

!TIIX!Eq[I9U.3E-PI!DT.€EE 

Xult Endo' Techrlc.I Adviso!, AICA!, JaP& lug 

int.odu..d a..thod 16! dl,.ltrl€ctior ol p.ddt se.d3. li. 3.vg 

"Put p.ddy E€6dr tnto cloth b.ge sd ao.k theo ln cold t t6! 

fo! rbout 24 hou... then t!&. th.! out .nd soak th.a ln tub 

tttl.d rith r.E {45'c) v.t.r dd iredl.i.lv tat. i}.t ou!. 

R.p..t soaling 6n.t taking out urtil th. r.t.! dlpplnt l!o. 

b.ss b.cod.s w.!!. (At lt!!t, dlppinA,.t€. iE cold bui bv 

r.!.etint th! grtcttce, r.t.! b.cooet ta!! Bladuallt). Tlt.! 

lut ba4s into e.n.r {52qc) e.t.! in a.otb.r tub. A!!.r l0 .tn 

trk. the seed! out dd .ool th.! uith cotd r.te!"d. thlt i. 

on6 o! ihe 6tlpl.st nethod. of er.vcittDa dlsInf.ctlon of 

paddy Eeeds. th!3 P!.ctic. t.. .doPt€d ln J.P.n b.?or. tolld 

v.!-II $ p€sttcl,des and agricultulal .6chln 

th.!.in tho€. d.v.. Mo!€ov.!, initi.llv thts !.thod '.€ 

d.v.Ioled to pr.vont EDut 3nd bunt of b6!I.v.nd 'h.4t ?o! the 

.ontrol of H€frintho.p.liu! l.Aa spot o! !!.. in J.P.n. It is 

.lphast3.d lo! Plcvertirs tniuli.s to 8..d6 !h.t coollla 

p€ltod Dly not .xc€Ed 24 hou!. end te.p.r.tur. .nd dursilon ol 

b..oatloll.d bt Gina th...o.€t.!

360 

llailrF.30A 

so altao ot ?rDDY 3Gl 

t( 

t__-r

R.d p.pp.. is one of th. lrpoltsDt p..r of ou! dail,y 

dt.t. In Kohl.t!. District,, tt. ploducrion catr b. incr.as.d by 

tdoltlnE apD.oplitt6 D€thod.. 016 of tn.r r. 16 .ais. !.d 

P.p!.! seedlirar ia rh. tub.I cower€d b, .h..3. clorh. Fo. 

tnis !u!!os. f1.3t !.d pepp.! is seeded 1n 40"-4d" ,id. .nd 

50-60" lona plot. o? rand th.n rrch ot 2d'.-3oi hrgh tunn.l ig 

e.ected 6n th. .Drtre s€eded !r.. and t!,. tunn.t is cov.!.d 

*ith rhite.)t..s. clorh. Th.n.!t.! {5_60 dsr3, rh. sasdliDls 

r.. r.aDspl.nt.d in the ?i.ld. Thls lerhod t3 u!.tur i.. r., 

b..suEe it can p.ot.ct Eeedliig! tron h.avy !.tn an

362 

CONIEOL Oi PESTA AND DISMSE BY NATURAL AGEXIS 

I! tbis lcthod p.!t! lnd dts..s.s 4.. coni.oll.d by 

non-.h.rt.rl ageDis, i... n.tur.l su&talc.s r.. u..d .. 

!.t..i31. Itr decot.iioo l! ef!..tiv€ adairst soD. lur8.l 

dl!..ses. v€te!.blas .sDcclallr o.ions .re rid€lr tlosn Md 

consur.d in (ohlst& Dllirlct, fror tobrcco 

plant, lhich cont.ln .o!. .trtifurt.l plop€.ties, .!. u..d to 

.6nirol furgal dis..s.. Tobrcco axtlact 3nd 

also b. spreyed at.inst aphlds 6nd oth€! in3€cts, Eoep, both 

toj,l.t ard ra.lrlna, 'hich L. lot u.€d in tha Dist.ict du. to 

!ov.!ty. If used to th. r.qul!.d l6vel, on otr6 5id. l. 

hrtl.nic and on th€ oth.! c.D b. spray6d on w€4.t.b1.6, 

ro! culttv.tton .f tolrto! lu!!o' irllgAiton t! 

F!.!.r..d by th. p.or!.s.tv. l.t!.!3 to! obtlidina rdllu! 

output, In this conn.ction Yul(lo f,.r.8i3hi, .,'ICA.xp.rtfr o! 

v.d.t4ble ploduction t.chnoloSt csntr., P€ru s4ys th.t 2-3 

l.av63 3nould be lsft or th. pl.Dta ald then b€ llant.d tt ! 

Itx.d dist.nce on th. loe .i.1., {€ lecoM€nd. tqrlor 

ir.it.tion fo! tbis !ur9o3.. A. ihe rootint..iio ln not 

EuE ! ls to'r the..to.., tr. 3€.dlinca Ehould b. plut.d in 

a ror. voreove. tne se.dlint! irt€clsd rith viaa thould b. 

throrn.uay fron rhs to..io !i.Id.

!tl 

ttln - lr 

dtlEr tt t(Irlll Llalta

36.t 

IN'ER-CNOPPI O Bf,IT'EEX PITTOf,IX 

Pulllin tr culttvqt.d ltr th. hillr .!... du. to lt. 

robu.t .nd lonltlD. cultlv.tiotr. Th. Ioc.k cultiv.t. 

v.lct.bl.s in th. DulDtIn fl.ld. dl.!era!din8 3.l.nttttc 

!€tbod5. It i! !.co@.nd.d th.t il v.t.t.bl.s l1*. a?tD.ch.nd 

turnle shich tlor r.Di

36t 

CNOrIXG 'RUITS AI{D VEORIAELIS IJI'DET ?ML'IS OI PT$SIOX FRIIIT 

s66dlinaa ol r.v.r.I lruits .!

t66 

SIiALL SCA'.E IIIISIDI iARllIXG-coXTOUR CROIIPDIO OP VEGITAIIES. 

S.ijun rikuchl .l JICA, Pop.y.n Cauca, Yaau.nque!, 

Narino, Coloobl. d.Ec!1b..1 tro p!.ct1cGs ol E!.lt sc.lE 

hillside coniou! c.opDl!3 ol v.g.t.bl.., Th.3. p.s.tj,c6E 6re 

call.d porayan 3t!t.d .nd llDrov.d rr6t.!. U.d.! rh. fon . 

stsi.!, rida.E a.. iad. oa th. htllsid. st 1Oc to !50 4!d !n. 

fi€ldE a.. .6quir.d to b. .nclo..d "tth .ton. ol rh. .oif. h 

th. aecond st3i.! na!.ly j,!D!ov.d !y.i.d, contou. lin. i. !.d. 

on th. blll.td. .lt.! !...u!...nt, .long *blch lrotr.s fro! the 

soil .!€ pll.d up aad l.3u.lnou. f.11.6..!op. a!. pl.nt.d on 

ih..oniour lin.. Ito!.ov.!i shrubbr flult t..6. (t!...,__tot.to, 

rasDb...y .!c ar. plart.d on !h. !.!. contou! Iir.)in, Tbes. 

syster caD b. rc.ou.nd.d lo. (ohi3r^n Di.trtct on rh. alourd 

th.t sotl .ro.ion rhtcb !. on. ol tb. g!..t p!o6l€!3 ot rh6 

5.€. c.r b. pr.v.Dt.d to . g!..t .xt.D! by pop.yan 3rd 

ilprov€d srat.tr by r.inlorcina rn. coDrou! !i.18. ,tth .to!.3 

flor the !l.ld. Mh..!.. Is l.r!. B.y ro.. tlEn tvo.c!., 

a contour lin. c.n b. ad. .nd lhrubby hutts t3 pl.rt.d .lo!r 

th. lin. for .ppropri.t. u!. o! tb. 1.!d. Anlul till.s€ i3 

halalul 46. th. !yst.! en.l lt !u.t b. ho.d rith h.dl rlr.! t!. 

fteld i. .nclo5.d {tth .ton... 

Flru!. - 35 

EILLSIDE FI.nXIIIO-COUIITAR CNOPPING OA VEGBTABLES 

POPAYAI{ SYSTE}' IMIROVEI SYSTEI 

ffit

36? 

Por.lo aDd soib..tr 

chalactert3tlcs h ab3olpilon ot nut!l.nt.. Fo. g!or1!g tlei! 

eix cultu.e, soy.b.d 3..d8.r. !o{n at th. loot of th. .idge 

of potato ard both th. clops 4!. h.rv.3t.d rt th. ss!6 ti!e. 

It lust b€ renenbered ihat varl.ty of th€ Eoyabear shodld be 

such 'hich cotnctd.6 {tth th. htlv.Et ti6e of potato. Soyab.a! 

seeds Dust be llant.d uh.D potrto vln.s r.ach 2t-30 c! len3th. 

Appropriate l..ailon lor so{lng.oy.b.6n i3 the foot of th€ 

ridg€ of lotato e5 hi8h.. Ioc.tlon l. not olly dry but itg 

furror als6 ts d.o8ed br th. !.itr .egily, Mo!.ow.., !l.ctn4 

of 

't 

least iLlee 3..dlina !.r sturp ..c !.9u1..d. Ftr3t 

soyabe3D ale rip€ 5nd lull.d out tod then lotatoes ale dul. 

xith this praclic. ol rir cultu!. ol tto c!oP3, 3oi1 l.liilitt 

is incleased by sor.b..n-rodul.-b.ci.!i. .ylbio.is ud titi 

enl)atrced l.nd uiiliz.tion. Pot.to i3 th. st.Plc fo.d qhit€ 

soyab€an is a rich soulc. 6t protcin tblch i. tb€ P.e_ 

requisire of (6hi3tsi populatlon. 

FItu!. - 38 

YIXED SOTINO OF POTATO AND ECETABLES 

,

364 

tEEE PI-TXTAAIOX tX rrrrrr-q)Llxcfrx6 tEpa{cx 

Xoht.t.n Dtrrlict h.. p.ucity oa rlilfsll aD.rt ltor 

co@on p!4iic. oa lod lltdtDa ed soil .!o.loa, A etbod ot 

l6!!ln6 licro-b.sin !o! t!.. pt.nt.tlon !t .lop.s is plopos.d 

to prev..t Euch und€ri!.bl. pr.otic. ehich ir a s€n.!.I 

llactice in s.v6!s1 ?rat. of th. dry ar..s. Fo. this ?urpo.., 

riclo-basins of oo. d.t.!.a.h i!

g&P!E__!!!!0!S__0!_!6IIXS 

369 

c.ttl€ duDt dd 3tr.vr .!. b.i4 thron 

!pa.. io &bist& rblch .p!.q

3. 

370 

u.u.lly d.ttloy.d bt th. .tt..t ol t.!.I!., 

Kou.t.tr Di.tltct n.! .rourh lo!.!tr ed.rlortt 

tl.b.f to otf,.! p.!t! o! th. countlt .!t.r .uttlna 

iato DI.c.. c.llcd .1..?.r.. Ullllla ot tlrb.! 

produc.r lulaicl.nt qu.ntltt oa !.* du.t whtch h.! 

ol8slc v.lu.. If c.ttl. duDa or !lc. bro t. rl:.d 

1r th. t.l

Plaqr. - 3l 

ErlPtr c!/tss &tt!t Aa clirot sEDn 

F

a7z 

PO|lr]lELt sEat-lurorarrc irct {rrr.Frt 

Arblo.lo C. v.ld.r" h x.!cb, 1968, d..rrn.d . 

tD!t.bl. ..!i-rutoutl. rtc. tLr..h.! {blcl th!..1...tI Ltnd 

ot rtc. v.!i.tl.., TLt. achl.. ...hoh t'l !tar!.39 !! 

ch..p, 3irpl. to oD.r.t. .!d c.n b. Nn niq.Ut o! br .oto! 

ln !h. .$r. 11t. Xohl.t.tr. It. D.!t. .r. tldtvldu.Ilt 

!.plAc..bt..ad lt ht. . .cr., trD. o! at.tn coov.ro! snlch 

f..d. dora cl.s D..tdr rtc.. th. l&htn r.qut!.. ltttt. 

t!6tDj,D! aot oD.!.tto! .nrl r.lnt.!.nc.. 

t&rlav]rft)n IFEEL lton uPlnfi) clrl,"rv rrotl 

Johnnt V. ti! ot X.f.nd.t, v.1...u.1., Bul&er 

PhiltpDiDa h.r d..laD.d . !ot.v.tonh..1. to! h.rd uDlod 

.oil rhlch c.n b!..t uD .q

373 

Alaur. - 39 

rcNTAALE SAXI-AU?O||ATIC EICE TIIREATER 

-,{-,n 

7

al l. 

FIOURE . 'O 

notavalon tl88! loi t Ptato ct r/Trvatrof

3t5 

JEEP-IAIqCB 

Slnc. Konilta Dl.t.lct co.pri3€s bUlt 

'!"r' 

?r!rt4 l. cr!!l.d olt sith P!I!!tte. t@13 ,hich con.u.' no! 

6n]r 6uch tt!. blt vl€]d 1... lalic{ltur.I p!oduc..' !n !'c! 

th. $Joi !!ob]€r in cultlvttlon oi b.lduP lad! it !h' 

tilll.a .! t!&to!s a!. .Ith.! lot .vtil'61' or c'n not b' 

putch...d br it De! P.t.et. tho h.w. .xll hot

.^\''-;Fi:- --+: 

416 

JEIP TiACTOR 

,q::.-.fi ij''11: _r,,._ffi F.1-E .-.-'. ;a. :' 

- k..i l, 

1::i.;.t:i:r::;:.::.:'.-:g:-:.::::_-:Sf '**:i;8;.;?,#"F,8 +i;::r.-'l..: 

{'.*1:4,:i.,:. 

r,* i,,r ii:? ::;::r: {qljj j;i+if"i rifi:1"i.1',', I ),i ;: ii 

.r,-r. .:-: .'a-.

317 

rNCUILATOR.ETTCEEN-FIRELPSS BNOODER COSSIIIATION 

xohi3to Distllct !. th. logt backtald 4.6. ln 

,oultly producina. oo. oa th. o.jo! cluse3 ol tht. 

b.ct'.rrtn€33 is the l.cL of.ult.bl. .od !.1iarrt. h.tcltnt 

.quip!.nt..sultin! i! norin.l .lrDlt ol .hicls in tte..tt t 

E. cluz destgned 6D itrcub.to!-h.tch.r-li.ele53 brood.! 

coDbln.tion !es.!di!e thlch h. s.vi "Tiis .qu1?!€nt p.ovtd.. 

s n.y, .tfici€nt ald in.a?.n.tv. rqt o? lloductnt .hicks In 

I.!86 quenittles. ltE it.ub.tor-hrtch.!' tblouah th. u!. of 

ntchro!. {i!e h€atirg .t.r.nt, .tlt. av€nlv dlstlibut.d h..t 

.n

3?a 

Ftau. - 42 

SATCCER . BR@DER cotllN TroN 

'IRELEAS

3?0 

Ers a--800E 

Th.r. .!. qutt.. !..!onabl. nq.b.! o! !'Fut'l 

rt!.u. ln th. r@hl.t.! Dl.trlct .D.!t tlor th. Indut shlch 

c!o...r th. Dl.tlict !fo. th. xortb.Dd !o th. so!t!' Bui 

ll.hltrs I! b.itra dot. rt v.!t !.tr !olrt.. It t. n.c....!t lo 

.rllott tht. .ou!c. lor plovtdlna lico.. sd Dlot.tn rich lood 

t. th. poDut.tlon, s.tw.dor v. a!uf1n" ttr 197? d.rttn d ' 

ll.hiDa hoox tblcb l. .IrP!. to colltruct .t lrll cott li 

.ft.ctiv.lt hold. th. b.lt.Dd.i tb..!. ttr. s..h.! t!' 

?I.h th.t btt.5 tlt bltt. Tht. hook (!lau--43) tardd' 

.uto!.ticrllt ,h.n th. !t.b tut. th. l!tr.' It I! 

.DD!.Prl.t. hoot lof th. .EA. 

Igsilrlltraallt! 

lmoc.nt. I. x.rtstolt h.r.dd.d co!v'!tto!'l eood 

p!...!vttlv. forul. ol .e.to!., .tdlta Dotd'r"tttbtttc 

!.!In, c.lcln.d root lnd sodj6.tlic.t. tn ltaht ot th' hlah 

co6t.nd .hori.! ttl. tp.. ot th. D!.wlou. lo ula' ' {'h!tt$ 

Dl.tllct h.. .butdtnc. o! lor..it th. PF..tv'tlv' ttchlotoat 

c$ h.lp th. fo!.st cont!.ctor! ln th.t! 'lto!t! 

to lnc!"t' 

1l .p.tr ot th. rood. Ir ltsur. 44 {ood.l.'D'!t tlom 

'r' 

,htcn can b. t!..t.d,1!h th. o.v !or.ul. !o. th'tr loDa ttl'' 

'6

ur 

lrtA 

ttli - 't 

' ll@e ry

340 

Itau!. - 14 

IIOOD PEESERVATIVE COIIO6ITION (oooD sLEEElis)

3Al 

!6lDllaolq 

oliwio a. v..on." d.w.loo.d . po.t.bl., .tf,rl. .nd 

ch..o h.nd tr.ctor lof d.t.nd dFy l.nd3.nd h. p.trnt.d it in 

l97l in th. Phllippln.s. Th. lr.ctor, ih@gh c.n t 5. pro(tuc.d 

in Kohi3r.n Dl3trlc! y.t it c.^ b. trbrlc.t.d In th. ^4..3! 

i.d!.t.i.l ..t.t.s. th. t..cto. h.. th. ..li!.t f..tu..3 .nd 

nr.d. r l.{ hou.. tr.ini.g foF an op.r.tor .^d ruint.n.rc..nd 

c.n b. ..p.ir.d by..n o.din.ry t.chdlcl.n. Thi3 i. 3hor. ln 

lrdD_It&ua 

€+r-::ilr 

f;4:l:n' i,iid':i., 

it"i.4::.?i* ili-l?rlr+'-

3e2 

FCNESJ AIIO t{n)D IECr|NOLO€Y 

Kohistan hr3 abund.nc. ot fo.6sts, thdsh.xplolt.d 

.!thl..Ely by !h€ loc.l and non !oc!1, conrractors. Th. ti[b6r 

wood 13 6xoort.d to th6 ....3 .t ch.aD.r rat. {h.r. 1t is 

r.oqlr.d. Exrloitation ot tor.3try 0..6 tinll cutting doBn ol 

t...! ..d loqsing of iood .nd thinning out to tn9rov€ 

pl.n.!io^. oê of ths itrporlant progorty of fo.€st.v 13 that 

th6 6xoloit.tion nust b. crr.i.d out on sci6.tilic Iin.s 

k66pins ln. envi.onh€nt.l b.l..c. tn €quilibriuh and r.tllling 

th. 3o!c. ot r.nov6d tr..3. In Kohistan oistfict, for.3t 

6xplo1t.!ion is carri€d out h.chlnicalrv tnd oanu!lIv. The 

cont.actors s.n.rally .nploy.. th6 p6€o.3 for !h. oi3trict 

lor.sts rho hav€ gr€at cdr.g., phvsical ttr.ngth .nc 

adaD!.bility b€eusa tha.. ar. cohlid.r€d P.tl.!.n'3 oo3t 

dilli,cult tor.s!s. rh. contr.cto. not onlv p.vr !h.h 

r€a3on.5l. tss96s but also.6w.rd3 th.n in diif€.6nt r!v3 t.on 

lh. lo.est trhiqh acc.$ibl€ ar€ .xproit.d ti13l 

NhiI. th. ranot6 and far ftung tor.st3 ar6 frads acc.slbl. bv 

logging p.ths .nd linking th.o {iih shingle road3 lo r(.K.H. 

n.chin..y is b6inq ercqr.9.d tor the scigntitic €xrloit.tton 

ot th. oi3iric! to..st3 a.d p.opl. rotkins in thi3.lctor .r€ 

considlf.d a3 specialiEt. lhough lh.v do 6ot hav€ 9ropo. 

6dlc6tton in thB ti€ld. onlv For€sts 

3e.ciali..d peEonngl rho ar. .litablo to. thes€ for.3t3. In 

th. oilt.ict. b.i,m cuttins ddn v.rv .uthl.r3lv 

and only l.r p€rsons knd th. rorth of thasB tr..3. lor.si 

o6pr.t[.nt is fiotivating th. ft..5.3 bv €ducating th.o about 

ih.i. inDo.tance. Ho{ew.r. it ri11 taka a long tin., p.rh.ps

!h.n th€r€ {ill bo no fo.e3t. P.opIB do noi g.or ioresB and 

dh.t is.v.iIab!€ in th. rs6ot.. pa.!icu1a.1v in th€ upp.r 

.ang€ is nat!..Ily grorn- l,{h.n loca}s {.r. !.t.d to ialk on 

th. subj.ct, ih€y tri€d to 31ip one €v o. lh. othor and 

coDplain€

3A' 

Kalga, AEhuri, eumn.r, sazine, u..ban and 8asn. 

u3€d for lilting logs in 3qnn€. lnd sran tinb€r in !int'r' rhe 

lndus at 3on. points i3 al:o u3.d tor this Durto3' in kint€' 

:nd controll.d by a n.thd loc.llv knorh 'Pathro" Paihro i3 

in3talled t.hporarirv lrom rood sle.pe. in a plain pi€ce 

amidst th6 fiv.r, J€€p3 and E.tos (old lruckE {ilhout bodv) 

and smsll tractors trol16v3 a.. also usad tor 

F.ofr th6 !.chnolosical point ot vi€r' Iog handli'g lquipn€nt 

lor lifting and transpo.tation p!rpos' should b' rigid' 

apr.op.ia!.-por.rcd and nust b. cagabls of p'rforning th' 

roqui.ad op...tion.l us€s' lh. 1o9s nav b6 sort'd and 3tak6d 

in pil€s.nd nu.t b€ e;.inkr.d io prot63t ag'in€t End 

che.king, 3ptitting and in..ct danas' rh€ oistrict' thoul'h 

has dry and ho! r..th6r in suhn.r v6t the 'isk ol tir'' unlik' 

5om6 g.rts ot E!.op.r do63 not .xi3t th6r€ Tn' loEs b€lor' 

3aring .6.d! cteanins uith n'tal brutht'' ih' log 

concont.ation .i!. 6uet b€ provi.i.d {htch can b6 

nowed and op.r.t€d na.u.llv 

r@

Ir should be not.d that stag.s in th6 Droduction of {ood 

prodlct. frust b. u.d..s!ood in !6.ns ot tht pu'pos€ fo' dhich 

th6 o.oduc! is .€qutred- rhus plvwood mav repr66€nt a linish 

ordduct i^ th€ uood_based pan.l indusi'v {h€'eas il is an 

input in th€ 

as al.aadv d6scrib6d pr6viouslv' apa't fron p'octtv 

of capital. Kohist.nis ar6 th. dost b.ckr'rd poDultlion in 

Lerns of t.chhorogv. thoush th.r6 is abqndr'cg ol to"3' v€t 

the local manpo{6. consiste onlv unskill'd work€rE 4hich i3 

sho.i dlrins th. s..3ons ol cultivation and harvt3ting of 

ag.icuItu.aI c.ops. -lh6 r.n!inin9 gap ie filled bv th6 

impori.d lsbou.6rE. I4or.ov.r' du€ to c6't'in roligio!3' so'ial 

and cultlral asp€ct., the mss!.! h.wa acc'g!'d th6 pr'v'l1i'g 

condiLion of pow€.tv a^d living 3t.ndard b'roh the 3ub3rstB'ce 

ih€re !3 rc d.3igninc svst'n and productlon 

facitili.3 and ih. !.ch@losi.3 or for63t tron th6 botton to 

the lop introducgd bv the for..t contractors' {ho a'a not6 or 

I6s3 outsid.rs, a.. considcr.d app'opri't' and 3"v' th€1r 

purpo3., thosgh iith sgrious 3id. aff6cis' 

as r6sa.d th€ for€st 3..to', Kohlst'n oistricl n'€cs 

technology lhich 3ho!td hav6 th' folloding chs'act6rllttcs:a) 

ExeFpt€d lroo achl.ving log traini'9 tor lhg 

f) 

sihpr€ in natur. i...8v to n..intain 

Lou-cost and .educ.d tooline cori' 

consui. 1..3 €n6rgv. 

Incr.a..d production

346 

h) Redlction in r€jlction of dood. 

i) Rsducod tlour spaco 

j) Prsdictabl6 p.odlction in tin6. 

Hoo€v6r, iho personn.! d€aling in fo'€st ailhtr 

n.g!.ct tha afor.!.id characi..i3tics of ar' iEnorant abour 

th. n..ds avail.bilitv- Nh6n.va., !t6'5 ar6 ttllod manutllY or 

by hydrautic sv3trn, rossing op.rations tEgin' The tr"3 'r' 

tran3porred !o th. holdin€ c.nt..s 'r€ auctiontc' 

For..t i3 th€ h.jor sourc! of r€vtno€ in Kohistan' hod'v'r' 

ind!3try conc.rning for€3ts do.3 not axist in th' District ll 

mic.o industrial units such 13 'ib'e botfd' doo's' ulndo!' 

ho!s. d6.o.alion pi6cas and plvtood etc tpp'opriat6 to !h' 

ar...r. eEourag.d and iGt.It'd th6 loc'l! will not onlv 

beco06 a{.re of th. v61u6 0t th'ir torost r"lth bui rill ar30 

9.or fiore for.3ts. It {ill h.lp in €volving technologv thd 

gen..at. lncon6 bv cr.atlng Job opporiunitv fo' tht na33t3' 

For this purpo3. 9ion..rs a" n"ded Thu3 it is ô rongt' 

pos.iblc to 6xploit tore3t lttd 3t silr- In3t€ad it i3 

n€c..s.ry to fif.t t6arn tbout the roqqirtn'nt 

ih€y p..tain to soil €rosion road tavolt' lir' prot€ction and 

lo99ln9 practic.s. Having b.cd. acquainted ri'h tho ihtnking 

and pl.nnins of th. watious gov6rM'nial otgtnisation' rt rs 

poEsibl. to p.oc6.d in a b!'in8s lik6 hlnnt' {ith logqlnc 

op.r.tionE bv e.l.ctins th6 tvp' of 6quipn"t btsi Euit'd lof 

th. sork. ov6. th. p.st 50 v..r3' frachin"v 'nd 6quipt€nt tor 

loggins, Iand d.v.lopn.nt and 'oad building 

iip.ov6d and hav. b.conB no" pfod!c!iv'_ at th6 5am€ iio' 

ro. th. orot'ction of tn€ ootrator hav' 5'6n 

d6'.lor€d €. t.chnotogi€s' tppropriat€ to tne

DiEtr ic! are di.c!3s6d: - 

FL!!tqcp_,4!q,!!ao€sq 

For hlkinq plyrood .nd hard boa.d, tifrb€r rood *hich 

!3 in ibundano6 !n Kohistan can b€ u36d. For this pq.posc' 

tinb.. Eo€ci€s a.. 9.€lad and it ^.eds improv€n€nt lhe p€.li.s 

o.oc.s3i^g i! can b€ dode bv h..tins/st6.nin9. Tn6 mtt..ial 

Hhlch is in !h6 lorn of Lisnoc.tlulosic and of good qu.litv 

1093, suits tor plyr@d. Ap:rt from .q!ipn€nt which i3 

codo.r.tiv€Iv 5inp16 and 6asv io oainiain th.n that ol lanv 

such !v@3 of ind!3t.i€s ai ntni and snarl l.v6l. Plvwood.nd 

n..obo..d also ...d l6ss .pac.. 

t" r'u fi'tt'iat 

is .i!ll and no ..3.arch lnd d€vglopn.nt is n6e

and liE ra{ nat€ri:t is also 6x9.!sive. rhs vield of ht'dboard 

is good .anqinq b€t{..n 70 !o 754. PLv{ood lcchnolosv ie 

simpl..t 3naIl L€v€l rhil€ hardboard nanqtactuting tcchôlosv 

i3 ot !!o !yp€s, th6 ba.ch 3vst6n 

Ih6 b.tch syst6m should b€ !3ilo.ed for kohisran oi3t'lct 

whit6 th. continloqs svst€n is advanc.d one and i3 tut 

app.oo.i.!6. 

aquton.nt u36d 

apprcpri.te fo. lhe backua.d ar€as and i! !5 3irp1€ and 6asv 

li is rurth.r r.con6.nd€d thai c'paciiv ot €ach 

plant nly ba b.lor 3ooo cnJ to. countrv nt'k6t_ Hos'vtt lh€ 

mininJn.conomic c.prc!rv could o' adjussod p@€r r'ouir'n6;t 

ro. plyr@d is lo{ bqt for producins hsrdbot'd' conpar'tiv61v 

is high but it cdld b€ k.p! op€rativt rith a iicro 

hydro.l.ciric p1ant Simi1..Iv, th' Eat€r rtq!i'€t€n!! ot both 

Eh6 proc€ss crn b. €asrlv n.! !n th' a'!'' lL nut! b€ 

r€naib...d that produclion ot plvdood cau3€s of fr"tiooal 

ecologi,cal p.obl.n th.n that of ht'dboa'd' Th€ d'v p'@'ss' 

som.tim6 pos€s l.v.r probI6n. rlor6ov'r, both the proc'ss€s 

n66d skitled as r.ll a3 u.skill'd labou'' For th€ prodlction 

of h..dbo3rd, 3lrill.d labou. c.n b€ t'aintd

a .hrbl. b1..5 @!!ing d'r'l-' qrB th' lq'b'r 

to.r..rd .nC beki...l. l! re llr' !nor'*s' 

'r*t 

tro.luclivt !t. th. .r .lll .ln!.l.€ boclltng atr4 lncr'€" 

th. lit. .|,.n ot th. bla.a.. lh. ottrr ol thl' 

'dv&!r" 

!.chElogy l. it6 .dv.t..blv..f l4 co't' fl' dolc' n. 

J90 

tilnJ.. - 46 

oq.BLE B!4o!D-!t€gr4oc4!llte- iglr9l!,94{!'- st!!fl-! 

,/ ,, 

fi 

ril 

irl 

iil 

ii 

.l

dcpgndsd upon 

591 

rEgJ! lcAL usEs oF--99M|IqqL--a\8{r9 

''PIa.t {ar. of partmou^! inpo'tancg to earlv 6an: h6 

of food' shtl!€r' clolhing' 

i€dici.6. ornan€nt. too13 and nlgic tod5v i! is kno{n tnac' 

i. addition to th€ir p.actical and eco6dic valu'3 q'€€n 

plants ar. indisp6n!.b16 t6 a!! lif6 on 'arth' rh'o!9h tn€ 

procass ol photosvnlh.sis' pIant3 

sun into !ho ch.oic!l Bn..9v or food' {hich nak's lif€ 

possible. a s€co.d unique and inoortaht caoacitv of s'e€n 

pla.t i. th. fordllion and '€I"36 of otvc'n 

of ehoio3ynthe3is. Th. o,vsen ot th' atDo3ph"B' 3o ab3olut€lv 

6s3enti.l so manv forn3 of lit'' r€prclgdtt th€ acclnllation 

ol 3.5 bil1io. v€ar! ol photosvnthtsts bv 9r€6n pa'B lt' 

tl..€ econoiic valu€ ot th' ptan!3 avail'bl' in ih6 

xohistan oi3t.ict i3 giv.n !ith ih€ addiii6n thai ing"dien:E 

can bB 6xt..ct€d fron th€h' lrom the n63t 3if,tl€ tr'dition 

n€thod !o the nost sophisilcattd nathod b'ing appli'd bv th6 

mulii-n.!ion61 ph.rnacou!ictl 

lnformaltoh. Drug S.ction ot PCSIR labor'torie3' ptkiEtan 

Fore3t tnstitut€, p.3ha'ar a'd Paki3!'n i€dicaI R6soatch 

council ca. be co.i.creo.

302 

tlcuxrc r, u3!s or. al}rllllqrrJ PlaNrs ol, aorrslar{ D-tstlllcl' 

S.xo nd. ot Plabt. U..! 

(t) 12l {!) 

l. 

Adbtsda 4!!.!Cl 

$f 

"u€.! i! c'u!b' t!tb!"nd 

cbtonlc rts latw's c'n bc 

u..d to! in3'cticldal 

Alush. tH) pur9o.as. 

tB, 

(s) 

8h3ik.! (P) 

^dut... v4.at. 

2. Neriur sde-s .!II ln Ptl6t d

(BI 

(s) 

(E) 

(H) 

EuodYnu! tino.^. 

@l 

3.rb.ris lvcirn 

e!!!rrr d!g4.r]t-l-B) 

Pinu3 D.od.ra (E) 

Rhizone an., 

stinulan!.no1:9o9us, 

p!rg.tlv€, lndian .oois vi.Id 

B.rk-consid!.6d u3.lul in .v. 

dt..ss6s tnd u..d ih ca$3 ol 

chronic conetlP!tio. and 

''aNt.&i q3.d in oppth.lni:. 

L..v.s ar. 91v6n in Jaundic. 

.rd r@ts ... us€tul fo. .v. 

di...ss. aLlo .pp1i.d fo. 

chronic di.rrh@a .nd 

''rood_dt.Phor, diur€tIc. 

ca.ninrttvB u..lul in f.v.r ' 

tl.tql.d., Pulnona.Y .nd 

urina.Y diso.c.r!. 

rh€sn.tIs[r pila., 9..v.13 

in kidn.y, anlidot6 to .n.k€ 

aark: a3t.ing.ni us6lul fo. 

1.w6.3. di.r.ho.. and 

oi,l: oi.pho.€tic used in 

.kin dt..as!s .hd tor ulc..-

3 

l2l 

Pt!!r g!ri4!ia!3l!) 

T!khm-l-sa.obara (Par) 

cau3cul..6fl.!a (a) 

4lr!s Ei!:!bl!) 

!2 36turr q!]ilig 

3hftapat.a (s.B.ne) 

o!6rcui i-oseod!] 

3) 

oil r.on 3eads a.e appri.d 

a5 a d.633ing to wounds t'd 

ulc6rs, .xtarnal .pplicalion 

in h6ad crteas€s. 

s.eds: cariinaiiv.' 

anthaldintic aIt€r.trv€ 

Plant: purgativ. us€d 

.xta.nally again.t iichr 

int€rnttlY in Pfo!ract.d 

r.ve.s. !nfusio. of Prant: 

u36d as . rash tor Eor63' 

Inlusio^ of bark:..ti3epllc 

snd carninativc tn hvstar!'' 

a€iulin .n .santi.l oil i3 

ott.act.d tron it. 

ac.o.-giv.n a. dlsratic' !n 

gono..nd a3 a3t.insenr rn 

1ndis.3!io., di..rho€a tnd 

oiogov.o3 1oiu. l3) s€€ds:..9.rd6d 

Fruit!: antifsb.il€ and !3'd 

to pr@ot. 36cr.tio.s. also 

con*in aannic .cid' inv'r! 

3uga. .nd nalic acid'

(r) \2) (3) 

lL Ct'oooaanaron rdo!!!! 'oune l..ves ar6 poiso.ous 

and appli6d to lorshBad lo. 

L3l 

16. B!xus 3luoa.vir.ns (al Hood: 0iapho.atic. 

Leaw€s: aitt€r, pu.gativ.. 

diaphor.tic. u..fql tn 

.hE!matiln and lyphils. 

17. Eu.horbia rowl.lna (B) Planr: u!.d a3 fi.h poison 

shak.r pit€n (x.&B.ngJ 

ni lky luic€: An!h.lnintic. 

tB. D.vopi..is barbioera Rhizon€t: poss€3' 

(!) .nthelnintic P'op"ti!s' 

Filcin 2.li' sub'tltut' for 

th' EutoPtan nal' f€rn' 

19. oalj! cornicul.ta (B) L€av63: cooli'g' 

..frig.runt' stodach 

anlik. (s) .ntisco.bqtrc_ 

lndiah sor..l (E) Plant: u!'d a3 curo for 

a6.ql (P&H) 

20. Eohad.a dara.dlt.a lal Liquid 'xttact: Fo' 

cont'olling asihiatic 

a6ani. (P) Paroxy3fr3 

Eph.d.r (€) rinctur. or oph'dr':ca'di'c 

tlufa (PoE & Boh) and circulato'v 3tinulant' 

oecoclion of st'ns and 

roote=r.n6dv for 'h6'mali 'h' 

Juic6 ol b€'ri'3-in 

inlactiohc or th' 

rB3pir.torv pa3sag.s'

-9 

4 , o 'l 

(r) (2) (5) 

ffi 6t€.9.n1. L.a€.: 

athroor (H) altrinron!! t@tc In 

x.lrut (E) i a-4tlon coBi.b..c to b. 

Ak.lEt. [3) .D-ittc ln 

??. e.bajagla lIDatL(g) Juic6 oa ltrye: appu.d to 

childr.n *D. .no lo 

aul (P) opttEl.l. tn .s.r6 b.*i' 

2!. Acr.tr rod..tr aeJ Crn: R..tor.tiv. 

Prut.hi (P) 

Km!o...ivo (ao.) 

2.. !ti|.r sdlqt--ro.). 1..r.€. .^.}ioot: (,."1 in 

tird "r'l lltiqlr' 

(.Jr.nit (P) 

L.JJ.ru (l) l.&-: to bb.d tnto r P€!' 

s.dtttE tldt (E) .ttll.d to trv

{l) t2) 

{z!!! ]:ec-llgl 

F.rsian Lilac (E) 

fteur ciq.gt-l-c) 

a^ji. (H & P..s) 

!q45 alb. (3 r 

rur (Pe€,N&3en9) 

||hite muIb.rrY (E) 

Root bark, truit, floh..3 

a.d l€av€.: o€obstruEnt, 

r.solv6. F1ox.E a^d 1.av.3 

a.6 apali.d $ @ultic6 to 

reli.v! n.rvols he.d.ch.3 

Juice of L€.v6s i5 ls€d 

intarnally as anth€Idinlic, 

.n!itithic, diuretic, .6no6 

s€€ds are u3.tut in 

.lhelnatism. Its oil h.r th. 

p.op€rri.. sinila. to th.t 

ot n€€n oi,I. 

i3 ssBd in l.pr€y and 

lco.iula. Frlit is .l.o us.d 

Fruit: d€nulc, apor. 6{ot' 

nirky juic. fron th€ r..3h 

gre€n frui,!. Fruit : .c.tdr 

qs.d to d€.troy {arrs. 

P.oteos€. .ni.oacid .ic 

produc€s. L.!v.s yi€Id o.o6i 

bitt€r 3!b31.rc€ f icusi. 

t.5. r v.ry rollc and 

n.c.otic.ciion 

a.uit: R.lris..a^t in t.v.r 

ss.d a3 .€r.dy for s.. 

throat, dysp.psia anc 

.nrh6lnintic. also p.o€uc€

(3) 

2-:-EEE"-. r. icl!3-Iq) F ru i t : u..

Planranus q!ilo!a];i9 

52. Plalalegg3 aAIE'cEL(e-) 

(H) 

(u) 

33 . t3lvrg!!!r syi!sf..rq(q) 

(E) 

(x) 

81L!U! 6nodi (Br 

R.,.nd-chini (P&H) 

Hii.l:y.n.hub.rb (E) 

of lndian rhss.rb (E) 

F.esh Le.v.s: 3.uis€d and 

.polied ro th. ey.. in 

a..k: Boil.d in vtn.g.r 

giv.n i^ dtur.tic dy:.ni..Y, 

h..ni. .nd t@th*h.. 

Oil frd R@t-usd lo. Pai. 

€itl6r toxlc. subtt.nc. 

phytolacc. toxin. 

o.€id.oot_.9Pti.

(r, (2i 

35. -AAOrtLuj! h!l.roohvrlJO Root-46!1p..iodic, 

(!-) aDho.ids. a3t.ing€.t, lonic 

in dia..ho... dysp€p3i. a.d 

aris (H) c@sh. 

Indian at6.. {E) 

F.nkura (5 ) 

J6. c.!@n!!s n.o.r.nsis L€av€3-d.I.t.rt@s .o .k!n, 

.c.id and Polsonous 

O.ndak (P) prop6rtl.. d!6 to .^.fronin. 

37, Eb3!!tcc vi.d.r. (3) F.uit: altt.., en.tlc, 

9u.9a!iv., Itv6h in 

I.dru (-) aff€ction ot tha spl..n. 

ch.bin-3eiti (P) 

3a, A-aye!!s numn!lafia lE) Fruit: coolin9, a3trlng.ot. 

u3.d in bilids arl.ctions. 

J..b6.i (P) 

Gansar (c!J) L.av6: .pli.d in s.bi.6 

Nqndo-Jang.o (Sind) .nd io boil.. 

39. zttv6riG gatljllt -t[q) 

sinli (P) 

orup.s: Efrolli.nr. 

p€ctoral' 

svrup ot dr!€d fruii: ur.d 

tor bron.li:i6. l€av.. {h.n 

chered coDPl.tly 3na" 

th6tiu€ th. i.3t€ lor !F20 

ninut66 Yi.tds r.7t ol 

.no.p.o!3 or mic.o 

c.vstallln. subst.ncr tsith 

high Pot.ncy and a Eqhny 

aractio^ rith Ioe.

(2) (5) 

40. Co!o!t!{s!!i b.cilIa.i. 

GJ 

slolon3:consid...d 

.si.ine.nt 

L€av63 - Yi6ld O. Ost 

.1. 8t90lJ.:r a,rEe!j!e! lQl ori€d lruit-u3€d.. a 

laxativ. an

(3) 

1.t. poeulus alb,a (E) Bar\-ronic usad to a.iry 

blood a.d in stin dis€.s... 

s6teda {P) s.id ro b. leaful in 

9lucosid., Put!1:n, saIicln. 

bods cont.i. b!!te. 

.17, pesulrrs cllif,tl[B) a3.k-ronic .tinula.. a.d 

purify olood. 

Falsh (K) 

sansikat (N.D.li) 

43. Popqlus ^jqra_(gl 

Licuo. .xt..ct€d fro. bark_ 

d.Pu.ativ. 3sd3-fiad€ inio an 

Frast (1() otntnent !3.d fo. 

h.dor.hoid.: ths bal3.tr 

frfr thcs q3.d 

ao. cold. 

Bsds Yield 91uco3id€ 

..licin. popul!n, and 

6!s€.tial otl. 

49. s.lirt ct4erDlr!4lBl a..k is !s.d.3 a feb.itue€. 

Baishi (H) 

Panijana (3.nq) 

aitsa (-) 

so. gali-: al9!_(gl 

Bi3 (P) 

vlir (K) 

Ba.k-ronic, .3lrinsent and 

.ntit€.iodic' .tecoction_ 

glv6n in r.5ril€ disea... ot 

rh.!ftatic in d!..rho€a end 

dYar't6'Y' 

5!. A€sc4re furqigltg) 

K.no. (H&P) 

Brnudu^ (K) 

F.uits eiv.n lo hors.s in 

colic. oit fron ee€ds- 

.Pplied.xt.rn.lly in

oolonaaA Yiscosla) 

Siqes ilgr!m,-G.) 

q34il- 94 ri-Eu1slalBj 

Di!!-cr ts!]!l-G-) 

(3) 

L6av€s-F€b.itug. sudorif ic 

in soat and .h.ur.tisn for 

d@nds, si€lling .nd bu.n3. 

6.rk-4ploy.d in .3trin96nt 

b.rh3 and foi.nhti4, 

pla.t-Fish poiron. 

F.r.'t-r.xativ!. cool!ns, 

!..v.s-u*d .. diurai:ic 

..lrig€radt .,rd d.t..ge.t rn 

8ud3 conlain .3..h!il oi1. 

Root-Tonic u..d in f.v.r, 

dia..ho6. .nd Pllnonary 

.lt.cti6s, .ntisorb!tic, 

b.uis6d .1|d apcli.d to boi!. 

Root co.tain g.rlic tcid 

t.nnic acid, r.x .tc. 

S..d3, t€av. 

l.Enity, t!v.. dith car€. 

.nd c6.6b..1 conPllcations, 

di.rrh@a and llin di3€65.3' 

i.lispa3modtc ori.d Leav€E- 

U!€d in m6dlcin.3 tor lha 

ol !h6 b6ll.don. ..d

!') 

[IG€8 11 

n.rco.ic,.nodyn., 

ajvayan Khurasani antisDasnodic, nyd.iatic. 

.dployed in i.ribbr€ 

cofdition3, 

aff€ctions also u3ed in 

asthna and {hooPing colgh. 

s.6ds are toxic, astrin96ni 

to the bq6ls and contarn 

P-aPla4e el.sLiqe! (!I 

A.t.niria naritina (Bl 

spi.ah T.rkhab (NWFP) 

sa.ronica, Norn s6€d 

(E) 

84A!!! gmedllq) 

R€v.nd-chini (H&P) 

Pakisr.ni Rhubarb (E) 

Indian rhqbarb {E) 

The pla.t i3 pol.o.oqs 

RootE ar€ purg.tiv€.'1 

Th€ he.b is uscd .s 

.ronachic and lontc. rt is 

giv€n in!6r^.Iy 1n 

luaundic€, f l.!ul,€nc6 and 

worns- lhB h.rb i,s us.tul .3 

a c.rdiac o. r.spi.alorv 

Etinul.nt. Th. drug obtai^€d 

f.on rh€ llor.ri.9 toos is 

applicd to. 

also us€d fo. rsnovins 

thr.ad {o.h3 t.on lhe snall 

int6tina. a poultic€ of th6 

tlo€ring toD3 i3.I3o 

applied to .al6iv. p.in fron 

.tinss of scorpio^s-and 

bit6s ot sn.k.3 t:r 

'Roots a.6 purs.llv€ and 

tonic. TubE. 

diuratic, lunb.go, 30r€_€Y.s 

piI6s, bronchili€., chronic. 

t.v.r. asthna .nd p.ins'n,'

ir) 

(2) 

(3) 

60, saussurgA lapoa (ql i@rs a.6 tonic. stonachic. 

!!inul.n! t.d i3 us.d a. 

€pasmodic !. asthma, c6u9h 

..d chol.... u36d to. 

co3rus, Kut.oot (E) chronic .ri,n di3aa*s- !t 

has also anit3.ptic aid 

disinf 6clant Orope.ti.3. 

6r. qarncpi-c rll_4v-a_lg) P:lnt is u3.d .3 tonic, 

intoxic..i,3tomach, 

Bang (H) .ntispa3no.ric, anal96sic. 

India. H.re (H) na.cotic, 3.dativ€ and 

charae (H) .ôdyn€ t: 

sinc.:3otanic.1 (3) 

Pashio (P..h) 

3€ngari (8.n9) 

Punj$i (P) 

Enelish (E) 

sa€k.ii (s) 

P€€ian ( P.rs) 

aralbic (ar!) 

Kashnirt (K) 

6uj..!i (cuj ) 

Fo. obt.ining bol.nical val!. arom the pl.ntg 

ki,^rdo. of th6 Dt3t.ict, app.op.ia!€ lschnolosy i3 av.il.bl.

& 

.t n.ll,on.l and lnt.rn.tion.l l.v.t, cdttng lro hqndr.dt to 

ntlltom .3 du E qrliltqrio f.on boiior to tl. to9- rt 

mtton buildlna do..t-n!| Lik. P.kt.tr c.rc|tclt ot 

sct.nttflo .nd lidr.rrlal Rsrch, P.ll.t6 Fo.Gl ln tltut. 

p-h.rf, P.kl.!.n lt.dl€l i....rch c.rqncll .r. @tl-!.4, it 

.iu b... e6d l.utt. In th. lnt tEr ot Di.trict.

.o7 

APIBOEIATE IBRISATJq! I]ISIE! ICA-IAIELqC4A9ILY 4AEE9 

P.k!3ltn has a toral ...a of 196.7 million acr€s of 

{hich about 74,3 fillrion !.€. 3a* can b€ us.d ro. currivarion 

but o^ly.7.2 nillion i-e, 241 !s baing uriliz€d ar p.4€nt. 

In rh€ c!1tiv.t.d area, 3r,2 (66a) i5 i..i9.led and th. 

rcnaininq dsp.nds on rain. AbooL 7s* i..lgation iE carri€d ou! 

by ca^.13 and 241 by rub€ o.lts End tho ..fr.tni^g by oth.r 

sysre'sl'e F.rishn has a dry 

p.€cipirario. i. only 2o inch.3 in lars6 rr.. 

ol the South.nd l{63t, it i. only 5 inchas. lhus !h! country 

has lo depend on arlifi.ial .ourc.s of w!t... The folto{ing 

a.€ th€ sysi.n3 .dopt€d by pakislan lo. tulfilins !13 

irrigation r.qulr.d.nts: 

I. 

2. 

3. 

Th€ i.rigation .y!t.ns rron s.No. I ro 6 ar. 

connonly us€d in ditrs.eht country khil€ fron 7 

to ro need to b. i.troduc.d a.d dlsserinat.d tt ha33 t6v6t. 

c.n.l3 3y3t.i i. Eh6 punjab i3 consid€.ad 

n.t!o.k i^ lh. rorld. Though unlik€ oth.r syst€ns of 

irr!96ti.n, can.13 are p.6f!rr6d bv trre asric!Itural connunilv

ov.. othsr mrthods ot i.r:sation a3 th€v a.6 pro6ising syslen 

.f irr;96uioh ror th. ar€as of PakiEran dhich w..€ once d.s..r 

yet !.t6r lo99inq 3nd sariniry is th. disadw.ntage ot lhe 

canals. rh6 €xp.rts ot tne subjoct a.3 i.sisting uoon an ..rly 

.eplrceh.nt ot Nh6 syst€0 as i.brings ou! of cultivarion a^ 

ar.. of r,oo.OOO Ih€ i.risation sDeciali3is 

are oroposing the r€placing of lhe 5ylten by tlb€ w€1Ls but 

du6 !o financi.l and .n6rqy constraints. it i3 nor justified 

fo. Pakistln. Iho Gov€.hD6nt of Pakistan consid€rsi .vcry 

oroposat and technology n€ant ror b.ingins nor. Iand und€r 

i.riq.tion fo. inc.€a3in9 aqricultural produc€ and ror s€llt^9 

rid of rhe iEs!€ of rar€. Iogging ..d salintty. T.ick!6, 

pirchlr and br3in ir.igation ly3tan a.. dissedi^.t6d bv Pcar. 

ih. t.chnicll 3t6rl ol the syltcn had be€n t..in€d bv lh€ 

council of {atar R....rch in 19aos. Th€6. .v3tem3 ..6 

aopropriat! ro. rai6..ca.city .r.as ot p.kistan tor orch..ds 

and v€getabl.3. H.r. tricklc, pitch€. .nd furro{ irrig.tton 

sy3tan a.e d.scrib€d in son6 d.tailE:- 

TIIE6IE. I8BIq6]L!!!--EY€IE! 

l.lckles o. .l.io i. 

3y3t6n for brlnging l.rd und€r 

orchards a.d v€9€iabl6s in th. 

and s.linity.reas. This 3y3ie0 

I 

ris.tion 3ysten is a u3.tql 

culrivrtion, pa.ticularly tor 

{.re. .c.fcityr N.t€. Iogging 

has rh. lollding .dvan!.g.s: 

2 rt i3 us.tll io th.3oil profllo or to inprov€ ro. 

gravl!y ir.iE.tion. 

rr i. approp.i.t6 ,h6r€ l.nd in un.v.n.

409 

rt is reconh.nded in the ar.a3 

In pakistan, €tpe.in.n!3 had b€.n.ondlct€d o. snarl 

scala 6f trickls i..igation svltem in ...1v l9ao3 to. g.oring 

frui rs and v.9.tabr€3. 

c96ppn!n]is Scsrri!64 tof.ra-!cl].. I r:rigt!lq'! ll'g!.ln 

componBnts..@ir6d for in3lsllation of a trickle 

i.rigation syst.r could b€ trbricat.d in ptkistan E:ccpt 

trickl.r rhich is sold bv particular d.a16rs ot bis citi's, 

a1l th. r6leva^t availab!. in ot.n 

in s.ni u.baniz.d torn3. The lolloding cofrpon€nt3 are r'q!rroo 

for a trickl. i.risation syst.6. 

j. cr Pip6 (iain Pip€) 

2. 

3, 

5. 

Pvc Pipe 2 lnches oi. (sub_d!!n) 

Nylon PipE I i^ch Dia (Lal..rl) 

a. Ho.€ PiPe * inch. oia. 

Er.*ins--cf- 9vt-t-6!: 3.tor€ th. in3t.llalion or a t'ickle 

irrigation system, th6 p.opo3€d arc. is n€aso'ed and ih6 

n!nb.. of plants, in cas€ ol orchards ar' decidtd Th€ t'ngth 

of pip€s. ûnb.r ot trickl6r3 6tc and th6 "qlir€d o'tsr 

quantity is pt.-dets.nin.d. ih.n a r"3on'br' 3i" rate' tank 

is const.uct€d tbov€ th. su.f.c€ ai . 3!flicit^t h€ighl fo' 

naidtAining p..3su.a. punp can also b€ used lo' nain!'ining 

It i3 usutllY costIY tnd its

a10 

diificul!. rhe nain f6.d.r pi9. of 2_. inche. dia, .ccording 

to demand i3 t!t!€d {ith stta'vatv. of the san. 5i2.. 

discharg€ o€asurins net6. and a oressurs recording gu.sc. It 

to sub-nain piga which is 

La!€ral oip.s.nd trickl.rs !h.. it i3 d€sirgd to i..ig.tc ih. 

pl3nts Lhan qar€valve i. op€n.d {hich begins shc p.oc'ss ot 

FartiIi26. can 

system 3o that iL .e.ch.3 

!ry, it ..v6s a good d€.r 

be !ntroduced into lh€ t.lckr. 

rh6 .oots ol the pl.nt and in thi3 

l. rhis iE a costlv sv3t.n xhich c.n 'oi b' atto'd€d 

by sh.l1 f..mers (iihet th6 finanoial tnd 

t.chnic.I a3si3!anc6 ol th. covB.nh.nt' 

2- rh6 5it. identitication' d6signins 'nd iBt'!lalio' 

or th6 systan n.eds 3kill. L.vn€n .'€ advis'd ro 

cons!1! th€ 

.qbj€ci i' d6!!il' 

3. tate. u3€ in th6 svstem mu3t b6 fr€6 lfon 3ilt 

clay, lin€ ston€ and iron-con!.inin9 dat6r' strict 

control !o siog particres l.to th. ptp' nust b' 

.nsu.€d aft€r in3ta1l.tion ol th. .vr!eh' 

4. The svsten d6m.nd car.tul op€ratio' o'v'lopn'nt 

ot t.ickle i.riE.iion 1a9s for bthind th't ol th' 

conw€ntiohal i..lgation m€thods, includins'p'inkI€ 

i.rig.tion. atthoush lt is co'sid€"d a ^'r 6'thod' 

th€ b!3ic concapt ol trickl. i.rig!tion hts besn 

!3€d 3i.c6 !h. 6.rlv r9oo3 bv truit t"6s and 

o.nam6ntal p1.nts gro*ing nur.eri€3's Thi3 svs!'n

though orgvioqsly n.glec!€d. is 9!ining popula.liy 

in d€weloo.d and dlv€looing c@nr.ics. Larg. a... 

is facing s..ious d.iar shortasE.ll ow6. !h6 uo.ld 

{hich uill r.flecl3 upon it3 lstur..

i ,ij,l 

--r, nn;r /ivr77i-v71;a1':777V7/z 4'( 

.ttttt".-, !\\ r' . ...,. i _-i. 

0 

/';. : 

(!.t .

4LJ 

Flg!.. - 4A 

II@TFIEO TRICKLE TRRIGAIION SYSTEI'I

PIIC!]E6 nUf,qlJIQlLSYSIEI! 

aoplic.tion or r.t6.hoistur. to certain vart6ttes 

of v.s.tabl6s, fa.n .rops and lrees by neaÊ of .itch.. !s 

car1.d pitcn.r I..i9.rion syst.r. Pitch6r rrrig.tion 3vstBn 

adopc.d by PcAi in lhc early r9aos .ite. th. suce.33f!l 

exosris6nts ol the coq.cil ol !.1e. R63..rch i. pakist.n i3 

not ! n6N tgchnioue ol irrig.tion. It h.5 been succ.s3tullv 

exp€ridented by various ag.icul!u.ar a.d irrig.tio. r6..a.ch 

inslitutes and in ih. a.eas is lifrited. thi3 

sys!.n can b€ adopted, 6sp€ciaIlv in b.ckvards or kitch€nv..ds 

{h... .ainfall i3 snall and i.a.cqs..t. H.r.) t.chniquca tor 

rha t^stallation ol . 3inq1. pitch.r and nultiplc. .ro 

or6€€ni.d ro. und€.si.^ding !h. svsi.i. 

.) l-g,n4tcslr-er=Irq!3ff.liso-3t-a sindl. Pitch'r: a 

sani-circurar pit havlng 3 f€6! top kidth and ? le.t d€pth is 

dus rhich is lillad rilh nanur.d soil upto a d'pth of on' ft' 

Ih6. a pitch.. cha.colld onesid.. is pl.c€d in the c6ntr' of 

th. pii. Asain th.5ptc. a.ound thc pitch.. is filled Bilh th€ 

san! !yp6 of ianur€d 3oil- Piich€. is litl€d upto thc brif, 

dilh cl€an {:t€.. Nat.. is Io3! bv n6!ns of 3..pas' tor the 

firs! tro or thr6e dav3 a.d !h.n iha proc€ss s!.biliz"' Nd 

the s6.d3 or s..dlings ol the d63i.ed orops ar6 sodn u3qallv 

tDo o. thrE. 3..d3 a.. plant.d ai t !it' and ttt€' th6i' 

spoltlng, !h.3. ar6 lhi^ned ou! to f,al.tait a single haalthv 

plant. The p!.ntc ar€ !or. along th€ circunt6r6'c' of 6 citcl6 

!i!h its csntr€ as th. pitch€r at a distanc€ ol on' ft' 

b) t.chntes f 

dis!.nc. b.h..n mulllpl. Ditch..s d.p.nds upon rhe ctopr 

b€ so!n. lf st.ndins crops !ik. okra, b.injal .nd tontto

.15 

rhe^ €ach oilEha. nilt be i^slalI3d a! one 

net€r disiance fron c.ncre to cch..e. Ih€ nunb6. of p!ants 

aach eitch6f (ilL b6 rh€ sam. Fo. srro.L distance 

creeoins veg€tablg bitler gou.d 6tc' tn€ 

disianc. betr..n two pitche.s i3 2 m6!.rs and lhc .!mb€r of 

Dlant3 sorn arou^d a pitcher should b€ aboui fiv.. Fo' long 

dista.c6 c.eeoins veg€iabl€s such as krt.r Delo. 

Bt., ih6 d€s!r.d dislance bcit..n tko oitchefs is 3 mal"s- 

The nunber ot plan!3 can b€ reduced to :hree p'r Ditch6r- 

_unb€r or pla.Ls ar6und oitch€'3 ar€ siv'n 35 

sl9 !9sc!.!,lc 

2, Short dist.nce 

cra6pin9 v.s.t.bl.3 

3. Lonq di3t.nca 

creeoing veg6tables 

Ir.iq.!ron orrrnag€ ano FIood co'troI e'rtt'ch 

i",.!ii rcor'nr, ;itche' IrrieaLion Farnino in 

Pakistan, rcaults ot a p.oj.cl car'ied oui in 

corl.boration dith ArDo (rcar) it-l{o. 4. st No 4r' 

F-6lI. Islan.bad, 1942. 

rh6 plants ihstall€d in second to{ in th€ distance 

s.ne'allY or into'ior

l6 

c) 4lly!!t!9e!-d*ei!snalfuIi9agl9! Sylrts: rh. pitch€r 

r€sul,.rly f..d. noistur. to lh.3oil ..@nd pl.nts a3 . .e3ult 

of s..Das. trom the po.es ol the pitch€.. tn thi3 3vsten, 

srslh ot r..d6 i3 noi po33ibl€ ds. to th. 

nol3tqra in ih. upp.. po.tio^ 13 noi.tur. dist.lbution i. th. 

soir orofil€ !s no! u.iro;||r. s.I!!.'€ not.ccu6ul.i.d in 

thg r@t .o..!. as th..e i! n.ith.. d.€o g..cularion. no. 

noisiu.€ mov.n.nt !ot..ds 3urtac€, ih. nutfi.nts g.n..allv 

.en.in id oo.ition .nd a.. .vsilabl. to el.nB. Ir i3 als 

constd.r€d . ch.ap irrigation tarnlnl 3v!t.n fo. !.v.rar 

countri.s 1tk. Pakist.n.

{ 

*1116 lft fircfiat liircillol

fi I :i{ 

;1.: I 

PI'CflER IRRIGATIX

FURNOX TRRIQATIOX SISIEII 

Fq.rotr ir.igation ic a nodification of flooding; 

rata. is .onti^.d to turro| r!th€r than {id. dir€cks. Lrei.g 

furroHs to. ir.!g.t!on n€ces3itatas th€ {6ttin9 of only a.a.r 

(fron on€-harl to one-fitth) :hus .€ducin9 

Blapo.ation 103€€3, lesscnins lho puddlinq o? heavy soils and 

makinq it po.sibLa to cutt!va16 th€ !oil soon afr.r 

i..igation. N6!.!y aIt c.ops.re irri9.t.d by the fur.o. 

merhod .ath6. ih.n by flooding, The lenqrh ot f!rror wa.i€s 

fron 30 i€t€rs (roo ft) to. snall sardcns to 4so 66t€r3 (lsoo 

tr) for rield c.opE. Blt l66grh of 90 to IAO h.t6rs (3OO to 

5OO ft) is no.. lu..od caus63 gr.at.r loss.s or 

ol d€€p o€.culaLion and excc.3!v. soil arosion 

ol th€ field. 

Fu..o! lpacing is d€t.rnlned by th. :p.cins of pl.nt 

rowE. Ih6 fur.o{ spacins can b. 2 ta 6 lE d€p6nding upon th. 

ryp. of croD .nd {etting ch.racterislics or th6 soi1. Th. 

tu.ror sh@ld b. such that 

co.trolI6d. l,iat.. should f10{ in !h€ furrod lor suffici6nt 

tin€ ro atlow ib to pe.cul.ta across th. b.d, 

surtece llt not l.aving th. pl.nt standing in !ata.- For most 

.o{ crops and orch.rd3, furro!3 f.on s to l2 irchas d€€p 

p.ovide the n6c€33ary control. Furrohing l.on a !o 6 inche3 in 

d6pih a.e b6tt€r ror snaLl 36.d c.opB- uniforn c.oD hatqrily 

fo. mechanical harv€stinq i. ..si.r to achi.v. {iih f!rro! 

lhan wirh flood i..iqation.

x6rE8 DRlvEx c8rrlor{E 4GLF 

420 

Though lar€r trh.613 6xtst€d tor g.indinq Nh..t and 

fr.ize tA th€ first century B,c ylr its 6xt6nsive lses r.r. not 

n.d. du€ ro slawery lnd rid. sD..ad un€notoynent, rh6 Knight 

ot those societies had ablndanc. ot slaves Hho {€r€ €nolgh Lo 

ourposB, Ad.olarion ol nep derhods of p.oductton 

r€r. ôt i. f3shi6n as i^ th. po.i?ion i. rhird wortd at 

o..6€nt and conside.ad disinc.ntiv. rnd againsr fai!n in God 

and rh€ir t.adilions. It wr! w..c ..d rhe black pl.gu. which 

kiII€d mo.e than on€-rhtrd ol Euror6an population in th. lath 

c6.r!fy and obliged th€ 3chola.s and inretlec!als ot !h. 

f.ud.li.t society ro con3id.. labo!r Eawing rlch.otogy, 

sogciatly Hater mills lo. s.ving huhan lab@.. Hund.€d3 lnd 

thou.ands slch nitls i.r6 instatl€d in dirtercnt parts ot !h. 

Fl9lUllotr-!L1E9!1le].@!: It !3 dllticlrr to say in rhich p.rt 

th.s. nills *e.e install.d ti13t. No!ov6r, i! is said rhrr 

rat€r fril1s were uorking in Chln. for f1o!r milling pu.pos! 

b.sidr3 oth6r indu3trl.I ca. tik. saw mi11in9 etc fo. rbout 

rooo yc..s befo.e th6i. introduction in Eu.ope {h... rhis 

p.ogranre Nas cxt€ndad on souhd tooring. If rhis stat€6.nr i. 

con.id..Ed in Iisht ot chin!'3 slorious pasr d€v€lopn.nr i3 

sci6n.. and r€chnolosy rh€n !h6 r€chnolosy or q.t.. nills 

tlouri3h6d in chi.a. Chin. dsvotop€d irs sci.nritic 

in isolation, tr had .€co.d.d atl rhe movem.nts of 

co6.r. .xc€pt tlo tor 2ooo y€.r, china invented and d.v6loo.d 

silkro.ns. D.D.r-p.intins rochnologi.s .tc tons 

b.lo.r these technotosi.3 r... tr.nsf€.ed ro oahcr p..t3 of

.2! 

th€ dorld ali€. hlndreds of y.a.s 

ol l€chnolggr: After .earisi^9, r.t.r driven 

srindins hills (herein ait6r .aIr.d nirrs) as 6ftici.nt, huDn 

1abou. 3aein9 and profilabt€, !h6 r6udals struEEI. ror gerling 

monopo!i$ !!th power, r€crica a.d p.eaching. Thc na3ses rere 

ôr only altracred ror b€rr!. s€rvice of q.indih9 but also 

thcy hrd trtcd to clos€ p..sr.t'3 hahd op..atin9 s.indinq 

hi11s by p.oviding incenriv.s by on.side and fo.cc.lul action3 

on the oth.rsidas which @r. in 3on€lays inhqn.n. In short, 

the evolorlon of this technology in th€ |{€st cr..t.d a lot of 

probl€ns to Eh. soci6ti6s ac tr€ll as Gove.nn..is. H@ev6., 

thi3 !€chhology of labour savlng, .ffici€nt, p.otttable ahd 

according to the 6eeds or th. d.ys {.ra adapi6d ..d d.v6lop€d. 

It ra3 con.id€r6d a3 no3t b.h€ficill app.oD.ia!€ tachnologv of 

er!!!ro!-l!!rlu! of th€ r€chL'alcrdlegfi:laD: Yhoush thase 

rills hav. b..n abo.doncd in 3.v.r.l parts, p..ticul..lv ih 

the dowcloo.d ko.ld yet Lhie sy3tens is horking and co.sid€.€d 

as a symbol ot prosperity in n.ny soci€ti€s. €so.clallv in th€ 

countri.s rh.re e!lh€r t€chnolosy is evolvins or hav6.€not€ 

unaccessibl. rural a.eas with hatu.al strsao tll1e t€asibl. 

to. rh6 ad.ptation of this L.ch6olo9v. Th€ No.th |r.!t FronliB. 

p.owinc. (Nrf9), Fcd.rally Adninist6red T.ib!I Ar6as 

(F.a-I.A), No.th€.n a.eas ot Pakisla^ (NAs) and az.d Janhu and 

Kashnir (AJ&K) poss.s3 lribqt3ri.s appropri.t. lo. the 

evolvrio. ot Elch lyp€ of !6chno1ogy. olt of la districts ot 

N{Fp. ,. h!v. inrormation ot nin. districts {h... 4756 ntltg

422 

iorklng. such mill3 are ar30 !n 

i n cth6r dist.ict3 ol NI{FF, FATA, NAs and az.d Janiu 

Iyp. ol iills: !yD6s of Bills! c.ll.d Yakh 

acold) .hd Garan' (Hot). Th.36 niIIs a.e us6d to. ftai:e and 

(heat g.inding. ho.6ow6r- q.ai a.d ba.ley can alEo b. g.i^d by 

th.36 milts !ith little modilic.tioh. The diff6.€nc6s b.!r.6n 

both th6 nills is rhat in lh. rorngr t.e., lhs Yekh" rh. 

r.t6r touch.s rha {heel/turb!n. by fo.ce, c.e.ts drop. lhich 

kiE. .h€ loker g.inding sso.., In the '6a..n,' oiIl3, !h6 

lod.. g.inding stoê is cov..6d {i!h {oodcn Dlat. .nd 6v.n ai. 

is not allored to ena.r into !h. spaca beir€.^ both the 

f.indlng 3ton.s. It is s.id lhrt th€ {h€at, if f.ind by the 

'Y.kh nills. it does not .ot quickly and the brg.d n.d. lrofr 

it! flouf is tasty. 

f pqhedplas.Lor lhe-c!4rt!cEli-on-,-al-ga!!-dLq!.ilr-r 

Ihe technolosy of nilrs ie sihpl€, a3 a larn.n rith 

3oh€ €,perience .^d .un 3uch nill! 3noothry. 

lh6s6 nills are insralled on rh. ba.ks ot nuroriou. p.....ia1 

5tr€.m falls in NI4FP., F.a.T.a., N.a3 and azad J.nnu a.d 

KaEhnir. as th€ h€ad nead.d lor a mill range. r.om 5-1o f.et, 

it can also be insralled over uh€ canals n€t-ro.k wh€r6 Low 

h6rd high discharse condi!ion !3 f!rfi1l€d- rh€r€ ar. .0oo 

€i€. talls in the c.nal ^.i-rork in Punjab provinc! ot 

Pakist.n dh.r6 availabta h..ds !o a ocan ot 6 f..t rith no.6 

cusecs ot 6i.ch..E:s 

n.thodology of th€ mills is bri.fly d.scribed fo. thos. Nho

123 

Ha^r !o b€ acalaint€d riLh !h. lechnolosy 

iLrat€r {nd Hea4 !3sesg]lle-ni: por.. oi hili is direcrly 

o.ooorlional lo !h6 oroduct ot diecharsg and he.d ot !at.r or 

f.IL Th. i.h.birants kno{ l.on !hei. €xo€ri€nc€ !h. qu!.iitv 

ol Nate. r€qui.ed for lhs .tlici.nt Bo.king of lhs 6iIl bv 

d6.ivi.9 hydle poNer- sinila.ly h€ad is ass6s€d/0..p.r.d rith 

obs..varions {hich are in thc ..no. or 5_15 feet- According to 

our c.Icul.tion, a h6ad of a l..t !ith r0_r2 

{rr.r is f.qui.ed 

Fo. rh€ loh6r h.ad hor. quantilv and tor tne 

!t!a!. E!.rc!,!r4e,l Thc po.son! int€.es!€d to con.t.uci nll13 

ditn th. tnt.k.3L.uctJ.e o.3td.3 oth6' 

a.. r.!r t.hiliar 

conDon.nts of civil and n.ch.nic.l uo.ks of th. miIl3. tha 

maihod .dopted for i.tak. 3rfuctu16 is sinple a.d.!3v to 

lollob. It i3 a snall ob3t.!ctlon made from 3ton.3 built 

across !h€ str€an div..ting th. .€quir.d qqantitv ot Fat€r 

into ! ch.n^€I. th. najo. .dvrn!.g€ of thc obst.uction rhich 

is t.hporarily const.uctad i6 lts r€corctruction i. c!5. its 

distructlon by hc floods. a. rh. odn6r oft.n conrtructe th€ 

int.k6 3!ructu.e with th. h.lp ot his fahilv m.frbo13' 

.elarivgs and f.i€nds and ch. n!t.ria1 is avail.b16 tr.. of 

cost loc.lly, h€nce, h3.dlv anv atp.nditure ie na.d.d tor

124 

channel: For carryins wat6r l.on dive.s:on .tflcl!r€ to irr. 

warer i3nk. a ch.nnel of aboqt 3-4 leet {!d€ bv 2_3 reet de€p 

!s dlq.- i,i5 .hann€1 i3 unlined and 3inila. lo th€ 

tradilional i.rigation can.I! ot the .egio. €xc6ot that it 

conveys 1e3... quantity of 

nills have rLEo b6en const.uct6d 

Forebey: In rajofity or th€ cas.., th€ ouncrs.to 

forebay grooerly- th€y 6.6ct an obst.uctio. ot ftud and stonas 

of a few inche3 h.isht uhich 36.v. !h6ir 9u.po3.. A 'easonabl' 

3ize of ih€ io.ebay is propo3.d. x 4 x 3 rt fo. storing and 

consBouently ihr@ing {at€. on th. {heel bv to.c!. 

tenglqci(i as th. t€chnologv i! not inp.ov.d lnd deverop66 

einc€ its i..6ption in lhis r.gion, h€nc.' th. p.nstocks u3td 

in the nillE a.. op€h wood.n r.cl.nqular3 dith 3hooth inh'r 

3urtace. ouring oq. siudv ot nills l.tkag€ in nor€ or l'es 

tha! BoE p.^3toct {as notic.d- woodcn ..ct.'gular op6n 

l..s€r p.essu.! tht. Il.s.tipas lt th'o{3 !at6' 

on the kh€€r/tu.bin. Dhich is allo wood€n gxclpr a te{, sav 

ih.a€ in h!.dr6d {hich a.. t.b.icat6d tror rl.s_ she't3' 

I^spitB or difficulties and d.tici.nci€s, H@'r€n p€nstocks t" 

u36d in Lh6 hill3 a3 ihav ar. loc in coslr ctn b6 fab'icattd 

!.3i1y a^d ar. simple. The.e is.lso ablndanc. ol {@d in th' 

hilry a.aas a.d can be p!.ch.3.d at a ch€apcr 'ato/t'rc€' 

ni.lur]q lllsL- o 3p.ciric aiz. or nillins 

.s it d6o€od. ugon tha tinr^ci.l posilion ot tht orn€r and 

local cohditions. Ourins our 3!.v!v' most of lh' rooms r"'

ou.d beEheen a'xro' 3nd t?' x!2 _ ihe .ooh3 builr fo. nills 

ar: such which grinde.3. . reN bass ot s.6ar 

o. nai:e flou..^d :. some cas6s d snall po.iion tor b.d cf 

ih€ nillinq roons ar€ con.t.!c:ed 4iLh dry- 

.irh iimber .ootin93 Nhich cosrs rupe.! 3oo0- 

4ooo. In ih€ .onstlction of a fti1lin9 .oon, only local 

G.:i!6rs: Fabric.Lioi of a 9.ind€. is a !€dious job. Ii is 

fao.icated by €xD.r:-enc.d p€.sohnel N.lI verscd in ihc 

selected olaces. lhoush ih€ ston€ .€q!if6d fo. 

ine 3aid 9rind..E a.e avail.bl6 i. abund..ce in dlttc.ent 

.60ion ye! a belter quality f.ind.r of J te.t dia 

i3 sold tor Rs.rooo/I5oo. In. mill 2 f.ind.B of the s.h. dia 

ar. !s6d Hhich h.v. diifef6nt thickness. Th. upp€r g.ind.. hrs 

mor6 rhicknes3 rh.n :h€ lor.r, a srind.r 3rone s ltt. is 

63iir.t.d b€ti.6. fiva to 3.v.n y€ars. 

liaqe.r !ne!1.:. r€chnically carL.d tlb.ine, rh. c.ter dheel. !3€d 

in :h€ mi11s rr. 9r!mitivE, tabricared locrlly rroh wood by 

ordin.ry carg6nt€.s. Such rh€6Ls thdgh in.tticient i3 sutted 

Lo the Iocal cohdition d!. to their simplicity 

sh.y cost l€ss and are simpl. to handl€. 

For.!..ins f.indins stones Eat.r ralls dorh on 

rh.o!gh woodcn p€n3to.k which rorates 9rindin9 

ston.s at r€asoh.b!6 spe6d. Th. .xact .6volqtion p€r nin!te 

could not b€ n.3sured du. ro tha ab3.nc6 of n€asurtng 

in3trunents- no{.v€. with obs..v.tio^s, it H.re betr..n 70 to

.26 

IOO .on rhich i3 €ô!qh fo. running O.ind.r3. rh6 uhe€1s 

in3occ:ed by ths author had 25-35 .Iad€s or diiie.ent 3lz€3, 

say f.oo :o ! B to 15 x a riri about ? rnicknegE. sore 

?a.iaiions in !.!€r wh€aLs a.r. ai30 obs.rv.d betd€€n Yrkh 

5nd Gar3n miil 3 wheets. 

lipo.lance 9J Tach.qloq!: rrat.. driven g.indins miIli.9 i3 a 

:6chnolosy knorn as tEchnology of rhe poor, orten call.d rhe 

iost .egrectad :6chnolo9y. lh. orn€rs in najoritv of cses 

1€a3. olt ih€ir illrs to ih..oor rho a.6 joi.rlv ro'ki^g in 

r1r. nills rith lh.ir lamilv m.nb..s. i..€sp.ctiv6 of th. s'x' 

lr ras esrina!.d 5y !s that !. onc-thi.d ot !h€ tot.! nillc' 

ln ih. .rocess. Th6 total co3t of 

Lhr nills i3 bo.n by .he ornB.3. 

o!rin9 .valuation of water d.iv.n grinding nills' il {'5 

insDite ol s!trici6nt quantitv of !tt'r tnd 

d66!red lew6l ol h..ds, th. .ltici€ncv of ihes€ nill' {tre 

lcas rhan rhe mitts consir!c!6d t.st durins l6th_17th c'ntu'v' 

rh. n.an sri.di.g caDacitica ot ihese nills at€ lso k9 n:ize 

and l5o k9 !h.ai a dsv- oue to lor incom€ ot th€ {ork6B. th€v 

1iv. under s!b.i5!.nce lewel and our nino. re3earch of thc 

p.ojecr fo. improv.o€i! and a33istance can r.is' their Itving

Fiqq.. - 5l 

OUT€R VI€I{ OF IATER ORIVEII GRINDIiO NILLS 

I'ii., 

>:-:----\

UPPEi 6IXOER UA€D 

.6 

!a rafti 6:ryaa Rt||ottc ilLut

^ 

atl 

ttact - ,l 

Artlr(x o! cttxtltr ot txtltDll{, tttt tr 

trr, rYrlr L 

i\,t,t,V, 

i 'l]' 12, t 

130 

dICNOHYOROFqWEN. TFQHNqIqGI 

pakisran Council rt Aoprooria16 iech.olosy h:3 

exiend€d .echnical assisianc6 and f:!. i€cha.lcrl cqu:rne.r 

fo. !n. insLattation of ro ni:.ohyd.ooou6. ?ranis (xHp) rhit6 

stYDo and lrAPoa have otanned 3€verat iini, smali, n.dilo and 

ra.q.3ize planrs ih rhe )i3r.icr ro b€ execulGd :! an 

aDprooriate line. pcal adopts r.thod3 ol lcu .csi :.ciiology 

ro. in.t.llatton of such ptrnrs and ihvolves ih€ cof,nuniry 

alho3. 1^ al1 ryp.s 6r work3, pcal assisied p!a.r. .r. 

install.d n€3r th. willases o. F.€nnial i@nrain sr...n fatls 

!iih ..asonable su3tained discna.ge ov€. !h6 y€a.- 6.id syst.n 

..6 not..c!ir€d fo. th€ r,1NP. Tn. olants 

installgd in the Di3t.icr vary tron 5 ro 20 kE- r! i! ctaifred 

LnaL rh€ o.gani3.rtoh c.paciry/exp..ri5e fo. 

!h€ iGt.llation ot r!/rP plants ranging upro 50 Ku- rh6 

Oisrrict has t.en.ndols pot€ntial in this ..n6|abl€ 3ource of 

€n€.9y to. situatio.s rik€ n€diun/hish h6.d/hish disch..:. fo. 

s€neratio^ of hydroelectriciry, 

oor. ooLenrir:: ouiout ot poN.. oI.nc rs 

dir€crty p.opo.rio.al lo th6 p.oduc! of di6charge:nd lall. an 

app.op.iaie meLhod !o heasu.. discha.g. !t thes. 3!t.3 5y a 

float {hile ol fall or h.ad, allin.t6r is 

used 3t o6nstock tlrbin€ inl€t. lhe foll.{i^g 

used ro. tindin9 rurpur pot.ntial:

El.cirical oo*er x{ 

eq.nlity of aate. in 

H.ad or lat€r f.tI i^ 

Ov.r.l! effici6ncv of 

Flor !^ cabic flet.. 

3.!d or thc atr€3n 

0v...tl €fficiency. 

ln thts cas€, for a5s.3st.l9 th€ po|.r potehrirl in 

Kl,rl, 0 and H ... !o b6 n6asur.d rt rhe sit. or th. lrHP. 

rh. l.ble Iv.7 mly b. used ror ..!€ssi.g th. 

potgntial f.on , conbinatio. ot v.lu6s ot o & x, 

QE!€ atlation-et . jEllicl! lldrlllc$erjlqEl: a suiLabl. 

quantity of {at.. is div6.ted troo strean along po{e. chann.l 

and broueht !o. rorbay (iank). F.om th€r., th.,ai€r i6 

pass€d th.ough th. gcnstocr( to thr u.ter iu.bi@ Bhich i3 a 

cross-flor r.di.l rurbin€- rh. rya6 of tu.bin. is sinpl€, 

che6p and koll .cir.d to lo| n.rd3 .nd va.ying inpu! of rat€r. 

ThB pensrock.nd tlrbine a.. d.3i9^6d by th€ P.kt3trn counctl 

of aop.oo.i.t. T.chnology !o 3u!! th6 condition. at thc ait.. 

Th€ turbin.3 ...w€ as p.in.nov.. for th6 op.r.tion or th. 

g€n6fato. and cotta9€ t€v.l indu3trial units th-oush th. 

oully-b6lL Eyst.i.

132 

ldl.k. Stauctu.a: Ihe lntak. 3t.qclure is a snall obst.!ct:o. 

buii!.c.oss.he naLural str..n lor divc.ting !h. llor into 

th. 60r.. chann€1. lr has b..n rbserved !har th. âru.al 

srr:!ft i^ lhe u3u3l,iy have sr..p eloo65, 

Ac...di.q!y, it is not d6.i..bl,€ 

div6r3i.^ structure across .rl. 3i.ean bed,

?t 

.i3 

r.bl. !v.t 

,OIER OUT!'IJT IN I(t{ 'M OIfER€NI VALUES O' HEAD AI{O 

$AIEF qUA{TITY 

(€rtlcilncY : 4ot iasJn6t) 

l.tl 

!.10 

l,t0 

t0.20 

l.!a 

lc., 

ll,a0 

o.fr 

ta.o 

l.)2 

ll.L 

?t,10 

LN 

t.I0 

l.t0 

l,rl 

Il.{ 

$,o 

'|.!a 

t!,ta 

?.04 

rl.t 

t.a 

al,l0 

l!4.! 

ll.!t 

:a.10 

tt.t0 

t!.o 

$0 

{tt r!.n $.o 

5r,o {|.10 ||,00 

lta.o l!a.l ltl.fl 

mili*F fl*f*{."ffi ' H-n::i# 

ii5";iîi '-a, .7th ai. F-7lr. I'r'n'b'd'

Por.. Chann€1: rhe Dcrer .:3n.€1 is ce.ign€d for t3r'v1n9 

dive.si.n 5i.ucL!.8 !o rh6 0e'sloci li is 

3r":::- r. Lf. .r3d:.:..31 :.rioa!io 

r:lion. :ie .o.s!.uct:cn of tou.. .hannel involves dilqins ? 

- : qe€. :v . - 5 oic€ cnan^€t3 i' naruruI soil 

t:.1ic -.€ exact si:e or ihe channel d€p'nds u'6n the 

)i;..a.qe i! 

r. a v€Iocitv ?-3 rL/'ec 

'r 

Fo.ebay: -1e r..er .hannel :erninate3 intt fo"baY s:'uctur' 

i. s!.piy silt-f.ee !a.er !r ih. lurbi'e aL a 

rie .verall dii€Eion .f ror.bav a'€ 4 - 4 and the d6pDn 

va:-:est:om4'5ft- 

A siflol. .€ctangula' or circular €^rrt^c' is nade r^ 

ti. for€bav st'uctqr' provid63 inlet to Lh' 

ha.d ooeraled v€rtic!\ 5lid€ 9ar6 rhuts 3o'{n the 

...s.ock. in rlr. 6v6nt of anv rroubl€ b'1o{ to th€ r'tak'' 

P.n3tock: . .ange .f maa€rials 15 usad in the rlb.icacion of 

ltp€ndinq on :h. 3ituatio^ 

at.ach site- For 

si !€s dirh heads 

a gaie valve 

nai:.lr !r..eed.o 

20 ft. et€.1 

is inc!ud.d just b6lot' 

intak. ot th' o€nstock 

Lo be cha.sed 

Po!.. s-ous€: 

is construct'd 

shall hvd.o-el.ct.ic unit khich includ€s tutbin6 Eenera'or 

..d 3wilch boa.d. Ih. si:€ ot rh' 

d'p'nds upon th' 

si:c of the t!rbo !6ne.a!in9 unit bui s6nralIv a si26 or ro-_

L2' iae 5e6n selec:€d rnich 

ac:onoc!.::_50 

3nou9h soac€ Lc eas r rv 

Iurbin€: I: .a3 16.r f.!.d lh.. rhc impL!36 

',:.Y:3si::/ 

siDolicity df ih'!' 

frD.i.aLicr. 

io.lus€ !!r3ine t5' o'rEon !he5l i5 

'-o! r€ad avail'ble i' mose ot 

so.cia: lyoe ri b!:des {.oxn 

rirf:'ultY or f'brlca!ion or 

inolJ. :,.oi"e 

rlot !u'bin' dhich i3 a f"e 

strlan .adi3r ,6..I has be€n to!nd no'e 3Lir'd 

condir:ons. ih. turbine is built !p oi tro 

pa.allEl cir.uia. oi3cs, join€d !o06'h6' :t ih' xitn th6 

'in 

.unD.r of clrved b.!d€s. rh€ adhis3ion 

is i.i!:al1y from out6. to inner3ids and 

i.!!.me.iare sD.ca .or .overed ov the blad'3' t'on insid! lo 

G6nqr!to.: Ihe g6n.arar.rs 

th.o!-.^ riri/f1ic.. Hvcer 

R.oubllc.i 

al z?ol3aa v 

usld for el€cl.icitv sen€ra!1on 

plr.! ar. imgo.ted f.on PEotr6 

1500.@. rhe tlants 

Lo.d Qontrort6.: An er.c!ronic load cont'dr1" 'levero'cd bv 

PakiB!5h co!ncil 

casc of "ari:tio' or lhe con"c!'d road rh6 

controlter swit.h63 onloff dlnnv load so that th€ torat lo'c

lh6 di3tribution sy3t.n: as -'r1s is locstEd crose 

io ihe vrlteee. .o eiroo.a!: :ranshission/4ist'ib!iion'6t{o'k 

i: aec€s53fv. ::i13l: ri:r_ibL:inn li'B oi:ui':bl' si:: 

n: r i3 -5: 

hoLse:o th' n';n 

Dar:3 rl lhe !::1aae, rsua:!v g i' !o sric ri'es hav€ been 

.r.o :; ::riied 'o : rlaso'abLe valu€ rhe 

c'.::ria!cic. l-:.e3 r.a iL.oc'tec 5v soool in3urato" 6ount:o 

rndustf i.l appllq.tion 

I^ ao3it:o^ 

Eeneraeor, .h€ iurbi.. 

:o .roviqing 

a! s.ie ptaces a.€ also us€d ro provide 

nechanical ooEr for , nlnb€r ol cotiage indust'i€s durlng tne 

day i!nc. a ri.6 snart is l'ive^ bv ih' tu'bin6 3nd when 

etec!rictiv is no! n.6d.d, ihB .h6tt drivee th€ p!M'r ol thg 

machines. Mostlv rice husk, lltht flou' nills' saN flilrs and 

grin

pl.nni rq oi 13.!r size ot:.13, rhe 5HYoO-GIZ es.im.rio^ of 

rvdr.roier ooianri3i i3 r:oroou.ed ir chc ::ne !..3ion 

ihe .r9aî:::i:_ :...e.::r. 

Estin.tion of Hyd.opdcr Pot.nrial: 

'lather..j i rom :re .onto!.: i.eE 

in r4ve.rr:a-r:s 

rh6 rn.o.::ica: caoa.i iies :i !he ide.!ifi€s 

car.!13!ed lsin9 Lh. f.rnuL3. 

-,- 2 a/. 

r.... .Je3ign c.baci!r in 'l{ 

-.... .. .Jesis^ discha.le !n ni/3 

this formula sropo6.s lhal th€ va.lo!s 

especi3lly headrac. tunnels. ditl be 3imen3io.€d sutlici.ntlv 

flo| loss:s 3.e ôi 5iqh€r Lh6n 5 .€rclnt of 

qrossn€ld. acco.dinq to :he .oor availab1. hvdrolosi.at data 

fo. th€ r€sion iL is difficult r. sive a r€comn€ndaL!o. for 

.rr€ f,o5! :canomic d.sign dis.h..g€. -o. .i.s! esrinat:one of 

eo,er ooLa.tials dithin :his :tudv Lre foilorins reflections 

a14 shorn bero{ accordinq lo th€ hvdrolosic.l d.ta 

i.v€srigated- frod cha.acieri3ltca of Kha. Khoa. 

33 a nodel nea. hydroqraoh. ii. desiqn di3charqes of aop. 50 

:,/skn: iof .!n ot rive. sc5en6s 5.d app.. 75 r/Bkn: ror 

sch€mEs liih rese.voi.s rre Du. lo s.oa frallins 

du.i.g che nonth3 of |la.ci, ADril 

rlod is 

^3t!.al 

w€rv hiEh- lsp€cially during this period th. bi9 .6s6.voi.s 

rsrbela and iang1a !re nearlT.nply and ra.bala 3nd nansla

oler:ia6t3 are able ro saListv lhe tlec:':c oor'f lenand 

ôt 

b€side ih. ihernal 3lanas- Thai 

loao 3heddr'g 

l!ri.€ rh6 nonrns 

adva'r3qe tl 

sciem€s tocaied dn r.!bu:a.ie6 0t :nous in (rhislan i3 

'r_?e' 

qive. ov qen.rationi^9 hiJh oor.r :u':ls Lîs teriod iish 

'i'h 

.a!!rai flod. !n Een..al ii ic r'comhe'd'd ri con3!rucr aLl 

rain scneh€s i^ iwo cons:rlctioi s:aEes' 

2 

iE degi9n desafraige. L:-49klI2 ) 

rhc lin.nsio^ or inrare s!r!ctures. h.adrace 

5!r!€ 3halts Dorer houses 3nd laiL'ac€ elruct!rts 

m!3r be n€sig.ed 3!fticien!lv ro' Lhe ft'aI 

durins Lh€ r!.st 3!a9. construction ehast3 oue to :"iqatron 

ÊcessiLies ir is e.rinatad, th'l durinq p€r;ods nat!'al 

'i:n 

drrc.arq€3 lohe' intn tne desrrg d:scro'9e )nt roq i! -cr-'al 

flou is !5Erb1€ tor lherov gen'racion 

" 

rhe desiz. caosci!v. r6an 3nn!at 

fr.lor is o3lisar€d bv using lhe tolloui's io'n!ra''

Run of .lv.r sch.6... 

Q€iq[ e!p.ct!v 

t. srae. Pl - 40. A. ,- "._-i*- = 

i;* ' 32o' a' 8 (rH) 

Final st.g.: P2:60, A. H- 3.+r 

i..n an@!l .n6rdw 

: _lf . 4ao- a. H. (l{u) 

1. si696. EI : 1, .32O. A.H. 2.. (r4O+O,5.O A- (3'O-r4O) = 

: ,--l-.32O. A.11. 24.22O = O-00169. A. t1 (Glrh/a) 

a, = +-. 

: 4SO. a.X.24.17O : o.Ooless_ a'H- 

-1?. (Ci|lh/al 

.ao. a.H.2tl. (7o+o's.o a. (32o_70) : 

ta4glf-3glc-E 

r. sr.s€: pr = .LQr elrer"r'r.)- : 2?g : o 60! 

or(/'lr,,r).24.!65 36s 

Final s!.o.: p2 : -IAl-qz(s!!Ld = -l7g = 9-!!6 

p2(nH).2.,365 565 

ecbe!€adtth resa.voi.s 

l. sLas.: or - 50 a.H.3 -!6- 

: __.lL_. 4OO. A.8 (|rH) 

ror 

Flnal st.g.r p2 : 75. A.X.3.I+l-- 

= -l-. 

600. A.8- (it{)

ie.. .nnq.r an..9v 

r. st.s.: €1 : 

-!- 

: ,J . .OO a.t1.24-L92 = O'OO!84.4.8 (GNh/a) 

rd 

2, St.g.: E2 : --le. 600 A.H.24. (1o+o,s o,3'(5oo-4o) : 

: 

r. st.g€: pt = -tL : -g.j?L 

J65 

Flnal 3t.ec: P2: .g: 

a.... .clcchn€nr .... ( km2) 

fi.....c.ossh€.d (.) 

P.....O..lEn c6p.€i!v (|rln) 

4OO A.r'1.24. (1OO+O.s.O'4.(330-lOO) : 

-,f-. 600 A.H.2..r1', I O.Oo2O7 A_rl (Grh/') 

o.res 

E.. . , .r..n 3nnu.1 6n.rsv (c{h/.) 

p.....Lo.d f:cto. 

€ (cl,tlh/a) : 4,76.p. p (m*) 

c!4nq-iation or o.n.rtl d€sion crit6rla: 

Eout'I h@r 

sec o..iqn. d.n bd O'v' 

' 

d!&h. .ErsY full P'*t PoF' 

EPIP 

::""l; ;;' ;; ;;";.. .nn*r rd.t. v.."i!h rr* "urr 

r/.k.2 xx Grh 

Itr- ^ " '#" ^ ". 0,605 r40 1232 

fidr 60 -|lg.A.H -l-eJL.a.H. 0'466 70 '032

|;* 

I 50 +L.a.tl -Ir!l!-.A.H. o-s26 

@tuoi. ridl ?t -6fq.a.t -Lflg.a.N 0,r'r 

rh6s. E.rn.r.I d€sisn crit.ri. ar. a first o3tination {tthin 

rh6 scoo. ol this pr€llnin.ry .6port. 

Fo. finat d.cisions th6 follo|ing siudics hav. to b. ro.k€d 

our to ft..1 th. nGt €con@ic aolusioE lor th. e.v.r.l 

studiee conc6rninq th. noc€E3arv transhis.ton 1in€ 

o.!.il.d lrudies ab@t th. po3siblitv ot ..$.voir 

c.p.cities d€p€nding on 

o g.ologic.l condition 

o topogr.phical conditio.s 

o popllation to b€ r63.tt1.d 

o€tinition of cofpa..5l..conodic en€rsv eo3t d.p.hding 

O dirttnco to th€ led c.nt.€3 

o :v.ll.bilitv (en€.gv cont.nt of r€sc.voiru) 

co!l-b.n.tit studi€s {ihtn Pr€feasibilitv stodt.3 to 

op!imi:. th6 din€n!ion. ol th€ v..io!! rtroctur€s 

o r.3..voi.s, dans 

o h..6r.c€ 3tructur6. 

o hyd.o-and el.ct.on.ch.nic.l gqltpoent (numb.E ..d

Forai ct*ttll to 

{ 

412 

Ft.||r. - 5a 

9EtttEt o? r rdcio rlloloadaER 

\( 

Y

443 

Figu.. - 55 

TUNAITE @VEN AID PULLEES INSIOE POIIER IIOIJSE

445 

lo!A8109{,r4s 

It is said that !h6 known resou.c€s of .n..gv lould 

),ik€ly to be exhaust.d by th. y6a.20lo aD. (ohi.t.ni3 a! 

pres.ni thoush do noi r€a!!s€ th€ iopo.t.nca of th. probl€m as 

lhey hav€ bet!€. r€sou.c€s of for.st3 3nd oft6n b!.n !ihb.. 

for thei. flel .equir.fr..ts y€t th€ de9letion of t...s.t 

rastBr .atc alonewith i.c.!!6. in th€ populatioh (ro.2i) {irr 

c...!e 3hortase of thi. co.v.nrional source ol 6.€.sv and 

inc.€ase soil 6rosion .^d pollutio. liks p.obl.n3. lt is 

acc.pt.d lhat solar .n.f!y ca. ôt .€pI.c. conv.ntionrl 

!ourc.3 of en6rsy bu! it cln ihc.6as€ tho lif! sp!. ot tho 

1arBr"H. Fab.ication ol sol.. cooker bv a carp.nt.. is.n 

€asy job blt subj66t to Inp:.ttng hin a f.w d.vs trainlng. Th€ 

3ol.r cook€r und€r di,3.us!ion h.s the folloding 

2. 

3, 

5. 

Dark cov6.d c@klng pots 

T.an3pa.€nt rindo{. 

The fabricarion ot ine €quipnent !sin9 alor.6.id 

parts ahd conpononis is disc.ib€d belor: 

I. O.rk cov6.€d c@kim tots .nd Aottd T.!w: rhin pots 

.nd trays a.e ..cono.^d.d fo. this purpose so that th.v ntv 

cr€at€ h€aa {hen suhligh: shines on black obi6cts' tr"vv 

m!r..i.t takes long-ttn. i^ h..tins. 

?, Tr.Goargnt *indor: lt should be at 1.t3t 50 t 60 cn 

(2o \ 24") inord6r tosalhr surtlcient sunlish! lor cooklnc 

tood in r€asonabl. q!.n!itv. 1t frust bc cl€an rt3iing tightlv

on inn6r box h.tl, noistlre proot and with3land 

hiqh tenperatur.. Plain 9Ias3 litt€d in lid fran€ is 

conside.€d app.op.iat.. 

3. Ilt!€4-lBQx: Thq si!€ ol ih. bo, "stEuld b€ at least '5 

x 55 cn (ra x 2? ) and slightlv tall€r than thc tatl€st d.rk 

cookins Dor must withstand t!rp...iur.3 up to r50 b (3oo !F) 

kithou! n€Itins or giving ott t!t.s nust be noistu.€ - proot 

food ron'i g€t into insulation and d.,in otl 

n..t. thin kalls a.€ b.st, Eolk up l..st heat, wal13 ar€ shl.v 

to r€f16ct heat back to pot and botton trav. Ihin aluminuh 

loil is coGid€red bei!e. th.^ h..wv durv aluninun " 

.. qr.r!e.L-9ex: Hlrd bo.d o. Nood is etopsad for out6. box 

or any oth€r hate.ial bhich c.n hold insulation sat.lv apa'i 

tron k€€pine it d.y. 

5. lnsulation: lnsul.tton ..quir6d to 

rirhsland hish t.npera r.. 

6. Sqllegtg: 61a33 i3 olt.n u3e.t for this plrpo3€ oth" 

har6.ial ohich shin6s, .6tL.c!s sunlight lnto th€ cook€' can 

Sriefly folloeing n.t.ri.l'r g6nerallv r6qui'€d ror 

th€ fabrication of an spp.opriate tvps and si:s of 'ol'r 

5

447 

ihln netal t.ay p.i^t.d black 5nd d..k.ooking pots 

Stick and strinq fo. r€f16cto. p.eparation. 

loolE lik€ knif6, br!3h 6tc. 

Feb.ication ol th.30Ir. cooke. aft.r coll.cti.g 

hareria!.nd tools is an 6asy job. Initiarry on. box rhich 

shoudl b.2 inches snall fitt€d inside Lhe larg6 box. P.epa.e 

4 iopD.r3 a.d fir ihen i^sid€ th. inn6r box and th€^ lold out 

io cov.. rh€ out€. box as r.It. paint aluminun foil both sid63 

of in... & half of the topp..s and then past€ topp.rs and Lid. 

rake a pi1l6.s, of 2-3 cm (r') lrom wood hard bor.d 3tieks and 

rh€n p.!i. it a! rhe bottor of @t€r box supporting th. inne. 

6ox. 3.ils ol s€v€ral it€63 Iik€ crunpled 

used !n th. botton io. insul.ting p!.pos6. lopp..s ar€ put 

ov6. the rop €dges of th€ box€. and black tray ts rdd.d inside 

th6 i.or box. Then lid j,3 litt.d ov€r th€ 6d9. ol box the 

fold€d !ith pasta. lh€ r6fIecto. i5 eqt f.om 5 

sid€€ and 9las3 windot is ?itt.d in !h€ tran6, noEn.d stick 

is 6!t.ch6d Hlrh string ro rh6 co..er ot th€ r.tlBctor 5nong 

the 3id€ ot rhe 1id. It hay b. not€d that sol5. cook.. ro.ks 

only i. su..hin€. bak€ and sti..l.g t3 hot 

po333ib.! !hi,!€ cooking. Its tenperatur€ r.ach lpto 95-155 0c 

{lrich is considered id6€l for cookins lood. lh. cook€r is 

alrays k.pl toiards shini^g cid6 at the tim€ of cookins n€al. 

lhe cooking !in€ of diff6.6nt foods is diff€r€nt d€9€nding 

of food and rhi3 has !o be str.da.i..d.

tlsr.. - 5t 

@!Ai c(lol(ER

I|IPROVED frp cooK siovE (tlrcs) 

Paklst.n i3 on. ot rh€ f€r countrios wh€re natlr.l 

gas deposits.r. available. tlor.v.r, du€ !o snrtl d€poEits in 

r6latioh to th6 populatio., ..d high cost of supply! only 14: 

population ir 3lpplied !h6 nrru.al gas. Thc !tr3 consu@d in 

l99r-92, H.s S3O377 r,lfrcFr dlring rhe fi*31 y.a. t99l-92, rh. 

.oal depo:its ..€ also snall .nd o.ly 2al24t4'|tv rons co.l3 

ras expolit.d du.ing th€ sald p.riod, najor p..t of {hich Na3 

us6d for b.ick kilnih9. ebout th.ee-lou.th of p€t.ol.un 

... h6r th.ough inporr, Itost ot rhe ropllation 

consumes fir€-lood for me€ring their colin9 and he.tlng 

rcqutrencnts d!. ro the ;horrae6 of narur.r f!€1. Paki3!an 

9rodlced 15.7l1cFI fire-ro(d in !9a7-aa HhiI6 consunprion ras 

?4.7 r1cFf, th. 9.p Nas had! up thrdgh asricult!.. .esidue .nd 

inports, Though Fakistan i3 ba3ic.lly .n agrlcolru.at couhtry 

y.t only.t of its land i6 cov6r.d rith for.rt!- Ou€ to la3t 

9.o{ing popqlrlion, fir6-{ood c!tting has suFpa33.d th6 sro{th 

.ate of fo..3r. It is 6stin.t.d rha! ror r.n n€i rr6es, 

hundred ar. d€pleted. Fo. saving for€st ,.alth l.on .u!h1€s3 

d€pt6tion ahd d.s.rtitication, forestation hls ro b. 

accele.ared .nd d€v€lop€d technoloqy ro 

''Ogvelopneht of a. econonic cook-stov€ is a nodest effo.t in 

Dhis dir€ction dhich uould h.lp cons€rv€ 6n..9y ar dom€stic 

l6v€1. Imporw.ncnr in rh€ €fti.i.ncy of th€ co^v..tio.a] cook- 

stov€ FiLI rsdqc6 lhe consuopllon ot rood proportionalLy. 

mittqate .nvironmentar eollutlon. sav. th€ don€stic 

.xp6nditur€, all.vi.to th! stobal fu€I rood crisis and sld 

doxn t.opic!l aororestation 4Jt

Lle8OVEp IIUO CooK srovE

a5t 

8 !,-P-g!!!r€: PCAi has soon3or.d R&o proj€ct ro' itp'dins 

ftud cook stow€ usinq fir. rood rhich h.. bt'^ coDplet€d in 

l9s4-45. Pr€sc.tly ih6 s!ov._t.chnologv i3 dis!'minated in th€ 

!ico!.L!!rC--lsslll9vs: 

r.adilionat rud c@k stov. rhlch !s b's'd 

technology froo th. l!n. tmn.oori.! ha3 Lh' 

back due to which its h.et u3..lficioncv i3 onlv 6 5*:- 

!. Its h.ating .tllc!€ncv i3 onlv 6.5i 

2, rr3 exc.s3iv. undir.cr.d ttan. t€ad3 td heat 1o33€s 

3. 

5. 

in th€ surroundlnq3. 

rraditional cooki.g ut.nsi13 surtace 

Th6 st.uctur. .b3or5. h.at. causing hBtt rd3s6s- 

The srok6 n.y c.u3. h..lth probl€n3 

It is not hygi.nic. 

ltc!!!!o4 qt---c![rtru!!l0n or Irqst Th. 

easy and simple. Fo. !ts con.lrucllon 

r. cLay On6 par! 

2_ Sand on€ to t&o pa.t 

con.t.!ction of lflcs i3 

, rh€ follo{ins mate.tal 

3, Anihal Ounq On.-l!lth P.rt 

On. lhird P.'i 

5. Rcc PiPc o.. of tO_I2 tt' 

? inch€s dia 

6- slrd€: tin n.d. or c.nD../b.rrl€' 

All th63€ n.t..!.1..16 6!3ilv availablc in 'urtl 

Rcc pip€ tor chi6n.v Ii RCC pipe is not 

available in th. vill.s. m.rk.!' th€n v'c€tabr6 oil tin can b€

452 

os6d for th6 pu;po... Ir th€r. i. ..v d.rici€ncv in.ithar ot 

thc afo.esaid mat6.i.1 6.ntion.d abov., it could be r€placed 

by othe.. How6v.., th€ r.tios 3qgg.rt.d to. €ach mat€ri.l hav€ 

b€6n st3nda.dissd by 3€v...1 .xp..in.nt3 

[u-d ]1!x!!i-aa: rho tcchniqq. ot mud mixtur. i. traditional and 

{.11 knoNn to .ural n.n .nd hos3._rlv.3. rh€ mat6.ial should 

b€ fully mix€d oith Hal€f a.d k.pt lof 24-44 

p.op€r adhe.enc€ and plt3ticity. For th. con!truction o? Ixcs 

th€ nud *hich nust b6 fr.. frff 3ton€€ .tc i3 filled in th6 

no!ld; avail.ble rith Fcat otlic6. Th. h€i9ht ot th€ pl.te 

f..n ior the Irlcs d.p6nd5 epo. th. discrgtion of the 

beneficiary. any nat€rial !ik. ston., bricks o. earch soil ca. 

be s€l6ct.d to. lhis pur9o... 

49!1434!3s€s--9l-!!e9: Th. lics h.3 .tv.ral .dwantae€s owe' 

rraditional cookins stov6, ln th. Ircs, th3 f!.st carving 

khich is neant tor lr€3h .nd tin. t.kins cookins, recerv€s 

di.sc! h6at {hile th€ 6.cond clrving which i3 plac.d lor s€ni- 

cookinq tik. lea or boilins ol wat.. .ec€ivca fo€r_9ase3. 

lraximuh combusrion of fq€l .s Hcll as controlled .atB or 

cohbustion ie achi.vod by contfoMng th€ air (otvs€n) intakB 

!ith ths help of battl.3, lnco.po.!!!d in stov€. ln aditon' 

h€at Ioss€s due to co.v€.lional cu.r.nts .^d conctuclion to ihe 

also ntdini.€d bY emb€dins the 

cooking !tensil,s at l..st 2 ihch€s in lh€ 

c.eaiinq saal.d w6.ticl. .ir c.witv lrolnd tha carvi.g. rh6se 

neasur€s conbi^. !o att.ct about 30-4ol laving in fuel neads 

for fanily cooking as conpar.d to th€ conv.ntion.l cook stove'

ir53 

.longriOh .dd€d adv.nt.g€ ot r.noving 3ook6 nr. In th. tltlCs 

th. fir€ place i3 6ad€ arch-typ. which hust co.r€spond.t th€ 

too to th€ siz€s of th. pots lo pr.vent Enok€ fron conlng out. 

The lhickh.ss S.tDeen th. c!.vin9 is kspt 2 ihch.. {hich 

0ininiz6 th€ condition lo..€3. tics i3 considef.d .! .n 

.conooical o€thod of co.s€.wing .6..9y on hous€hol.ts l.v.l by 

slb3lantialty savi.s €n6.9y (30-.ON) b63id€s 6riti^q ot 3nok. 

through chinney. Ihe efficl.ncy ot th6 IfrCS is coop.r.d {ith 

rh. t..ditional mud cook stov. (r.bl. - IV.a). 

T.bl. - IV.A 

gFFICIENCY C(*IPARISIOI{ OF OIFF€RN€T N(I) COOI( STOVE 

L Shor! Boilins a. r.ad!!io6.I 

lrilh nodifi€d ut€nsils 

i) lr!th chinn€y 

ii) rithoui chinn.y

BiOGAS IECIINOLOGY 

451 

Bio-gas technology on o.ganis.d ba3i3 has b..n 

introduc€d in pakisan in l.t. 19703. In e..lv 19403, t.d€f.l 

.nd provi^cial .xt.nd.d libcral 3stEidy and 1... 

r.chntcar assitanc€ fo. th. di.3€nination or lhts t€chrcrogv 

on .ou^.t footings, gsp.cially i^ .urrl .r.ts fo. obtaining 9.3 

fo. cookinE Ih. objectivls {ere to p.€v.nt 

d.pI.tins for6sts and !ncf..!in9 agric!ltural prodqctivitv 

.p.r! f.on hysienic a.ou.d3, Fo. th. constrlctlon of a Aio-g.. 

plant, fol!ouins steps ar€ c.r€fo!lv condlct€d for it! 

eucc€s!rul .unnin9. 

2, 

Fil-e-9ql-ec!i-e! 

con3iruction of variogs conpoênts of pl.nt. 

For achi€vins iixihln 9!3 fron a plant' it nurt b' 

in3t.tl€d at a site Nhich i€c.tv.s 3un ravs to. most ol th6 

d.y. 1l a {all exi3t on th€ norlhern sid6.hich .etl€cts 3un 

..y3, it !!tl b6 0016 benelicia!. Ourins ronitoring of a bio- 

gas proj.ct ot ag.icultur.I Engin...ln9 D6par 

of r10.th N6st F.onti€. prov!.c. .hd Pakistan council ot 

ap0rop.iat€ Technolosv, i! !a3 reveal.d 

teno6r:ture of 6!c, tho aciiwi!v of bio_sas producins b.c!€.i. 

cs6s.s, 3io-qas production.t.€Dlv falls du.ins {int€' Nh'n it 

is nof€ .eqlired a3 compar€d to 3!frn6r. Thi.tv fivs to thi'tv 

6l9ht t is opiimlm t€npsr.tur. tor n.xinln p.oduction or bio- 

9a3 by thc nesophillic 6icroo.9!.i3n3. Th6 second st.p in stt'

455 

scloction i! its clos.noss lo tn. Kitchon or th€ plac. wh..6 

th€ gas i3 to be used- Fitty to hund.ed f€6t dt3t.nc€ is 

consid6..d a3 optirur dista.c., Th. Kitchen clo!! to th. blo_ 

gas ptant has 3ev€.al h€rirs. Th6 lriction lo5s.3 in th. pip. 

ar6 sn.ll6r. flo.eov€r, !h€ co3t ol th6 sas pip6 i3 r.duc.d.nd 

i! cri b. n!n.g.d e.sily. 

Th6 sit. *1.ct6d ?or th. installation ol . biogas 

oianr shoqld b. ^!a. to th. l..dlng mat€rial i.€.. ut.r.nd 

animal dunE. Any inconvlni.nc. i. this .69ard c.u3.3 lot ot 

p.obl!6! .f t.r ln3tallatio., 

o€si6ni ndSl-ltriaE3t-.1113!! 

For th€ installaion ot a biog.s plant, 

she6t po.k! and pluhb€r !o.k3 ar. involv€d. Ih. choic€ of 

nat..t.l, b.sid€s oth€r facio.s. nosilv d.pc.d3 oPo^ rts 

availability in the pa.ticu!.r:r.a in whlch th. pl!.t i5 

b€ing construct6d. Fo. examolg, in the area wh6r. onlv. 3tone 

is avair.b.l.. it shoud be u3!d, but ca.6 is n.c.33t.v a3 

sealins in eton. rork is difficult. Th6 dis€st6' 

ho1d6. nc.d ca..ful srudv and c.lcul.tion- -rhest a" dtsclss€d 

ieje!rt-.4eaN.?: In countri66, Iik. F.kistan and I'dit' biosas 

produced frd .oihal d!ng' !i 

is call€d gobar sas. meaning 9a3 

is an rn...obic diq€stro. rn rhich vs.iesv or nicro_org'nisns 

knorn .! h.3oDhiIlic and th€roophillic btct6.ia p'o4ce 

bioga3. fi.than. cohstitltos .bout 60* of this qae. 

exca!rsnl charactcri3tic ol bu.nih9. He.ca th. pI!nt uhich 

consists epo. ahae.ooic di9€sLion o' orga'ic r.3les "d anin'l

436 

dqns sholld b. s.alcd in such . m..n€r that oxv9tn fron the 

air does not con€ in conLac! wirh th€ nate'ial to b' disosted' 

Already tern.ntod mate.ial flav bs add'd in ordBr to 'nnac€ ine 

fern€nr.tion v.rious topogrtphi6s 'nc 

va.ious d€3in93 ot biosas Plentt 

For exanpI., th. dEsign of th. plant ro' m6!t ol No'th€rn 

area3 of Pakistan, whe.6 th€ i..n dallv l€rp€raiur' soes down 

b.I@ z€ro duri.9 rintar s€.3onr th' d€sisn

431 

dig€st6r. Ih. psll i5 fu.th.r r.i3€d to six t..t. at lhis 

location thr6. or tou. an9l6 iron oi.ces of 15 - la a.. 

firted in th. N.ll p.oj€cting:l l.$t rou. inch.. torrrds lne 

insid€ ot th. di96st€., a3 3horn f. ih€ diaEran. 1h6.6 ansle 

iron provid. support to the 9a3 h.rd... The wall. i! lurth€r 

raised by a t66t. ln this B.v !h. lotal h€ight ol lfr,\,igtste' 

lall con€s lo 12 fB.t above th. b.s. ot !h€ di9.3t... 

lt nu3r be .6n.rb.r.d lhat the volunt ot lhe 

diges!€r i3 rlrays nade accordlng to th€ avaiL.bililv of dung 

and aceo.ding to reqqir€m€nt ol th. hous€-hold- Accordins to 

our exp€ri.nc., th6 vo]lme ol th6 dls€s!€r sh'lld b' as mlch 

40 da/s irPUt ntte'ia1 

Th. fcrneoied slu..v i5 d;schag€d th'ougn a 

p.eie.ably 9 ! ro rectangul.. oullet fron ihg top ot th€ 

dig€ster 16Il, uh€16, i! is s!or.d i. untined pi! for oorrd 

shiftins ro !h6 asriculiur€ r!.1d. In cas' of bi9 si'€ 

dig€st.., par!ition hall is con3!rlctsd rhlch dtvldes 

16.m€ntation chanb€r into t,o s€ii_ci'cura' portlon' 

b- g.!€g!tlodt: ou.ins inslallation ot a biosas plant it las 

observed !h!t no.€ or le3. hall of the cos! is of g'sholde' 

khich i3.al!!d drlm in pop!I.. languas€' In alt th! plants' 

constrlct.d with o!r technic.l t3sistanc€ in NriFP a'd FATA 

r'l-s.she€ts ol la-!a guase, d.p€nding on siz€ of th' planl' ar€ 

used. Ihough |1.s sheet ha3 3om€ drarb.cks v€t !! ha3 p'oved 

apo.op.iat6 in nanv davs. It has lons lifa :hd r6sistahce to 

corroeion it painted uith asehalt ov€. red oxide lt p'ovide3 

spac€ ro. s;oring sas besid€s.t..ti's pressuro o' !h' q's for 

ite €ffici.nt tloN to lhc kitch.n. rhe gas hold.' dip3 !n the 

slu.ry, r!.rs in3jd. th€ {all

454 

. colpl. ol l€et lh€n sas i3 produc.d' 

At ih€ lop c€nir. ol th. Eas holder' a ! inch G'I 

sock.t !3 r.}d.d and litted rith . 943 cock of lh€ 3at. 3i2.. 

Yn. bp of thc sas hold€. i3 giv.n a slop€ ot 4 -6 l.or 

c.n!r€ in vier to l€t th. ..in w.te. drain 

dig.!t.r. Fo. st.enght and lor .o!nd 3hap6, ansl6 iron .i.9 i3 

provid6d.t th€ bottd. Ga. hold.r is guided bv sid€ supPo.i3 

consisting of three l -? dia c.I pip6s of 6 f.!t h.igh!. 

Th.se ar. lixed in nasonrv ko.k a! a dist.nce oJ 15 _!6 1'06 

9a3 hold.. (3'-4 fron out.rsid. ol dig6st.r karI). ih. di' ot 

ih.9a. holder is kept al..vs 6 inch6s less th6n dian6l'r ob 

ih. d!g.st.i Fo. 6xan9l6, lo. a 7 t€.t dianat€r di9est6', !h' 

9as hold.r uill b€ of 6 r..t 6 lhch.s dian€ter'-' 

sinil6.ly, th. gu.!€ ol r't.s sh€at of 9.3 hold€' 

sh@ld b€ heawy for lhc pl.nt3 hh..6 !h6 distanc€ b't*"n 

plant3 and kitchEn is 1on9.. in ord.r to put p'€ss!r' on !h' 

flo!. 1l h.avy suas6 3ha€t is not provid€d' th€ sas hold" ctn 

b. load.d by sand bag3- 

qo_!a!!!c rion or conoon€nts 

H€r€, the compon6ni3 ot . biosts plant are di9'6t"' 

9!: holda. and qas pipcs t.on !h. pla^t to th€ kitch'n r^ 

ihis con..ction, the fotloiing th.E€ p'oc€ssca ne€d o!' 

Qa49t.!C!aj.or-elq!s€s!6i : 1 t i ! 

tha! lh6 nasoê a16 not lullv 

o..t€ctly circura. in .hape, 

aurins 9.3 holde. nov€n€nt. 

notic€d du.ins th..ivit do.ks 

!.ain.d to Bake !h. di9.3ter 

.63ultins in srca: h..d3hiP 

''rh6y l€av. spac€5 and voids

459 

bet{.en bricks an

160 

pl.cad on th. dige3t6.3nd wh.n tlll€d rilh s.s' th' 1"kt9'' 

if any, 3hould b€ detarnin.d Fith so.p rat"' 

Ei!!!4a01,9999-e!4f-9r-qsltle!9r F16:ib1€ r!bb" prp'! can 

b€ ussd to. th€ flo" of 9a3 t.on bioE.s plant to th. k!!ch€n' 

c@non 9.. bu.n€r can b. us6d for biogas att'r ruc'3ea'v 

alrs.aiion. Fo. etanple, a st€.r j.t is fittad ln th. EUi 9a5 

and liquid gas burne.. It is.ith6r remov.d o' th' hol' is 

did6nod to. !h. use of bioq3s,. cliD3 ar€ u36d.t joints and 

l€ak p.ool.d, !t nust b€ ..n.nb.r6d that th. matlri'l tnd iis 

onward fiiting plavs impo.t.nc .oI6 i. gas rloo and qas 

Loss€s. In layins doun ths 9.3 pip€3, caro should b' bak6n 

tha! th€ rat6r co.d6ns.te do not block the s.s pip. the 

biogas coning f.oo th€ dis.3ic. is loo* saturat.d. uh.n it 

con€s in cohlact with cold ptp. noistu.€ t'oo th' gts 

cond.ns.!.hd il ca.6 i. .o! t.k.n, it blocks th! 9.. supplv' 

rn o.der ro evotd this dilficultv, th6 pip€ is l.jd dorn 

slopi.q down, r i. 1oo bolh l.on th. sas plant sld..^d frod 

rhe kitchgn 3ide. at the j!^ction, ! 2nd G.l-r i3 ritttd with 

say. 9 lnch6s Dipe and can b€ d..in6d out bv op€ning a valv6 

fitt€d ar th€

a6t 

Ll&F ll ll 

A DlACll llxl ol BIO_O a Pltl|l

eeeCi.os 

462 

ou.ing €vatu.tion ot 3oo biog.. pt.nts, it ,.3 

ob!!.v€d th.t ih. n.i,n cau!. oa l.ilsr6 ot blog.s pla.ts ... 

i,np.op€. l.€dtn9. Prop€r .nd .€gualr l..ding plavs no.i 

lfrDort.nt .or. in th€ 3qcc.33 of a pl.nt. rt k..p3 

t.rfr.nt.tio^ pFoc€ss .ccording to thc d€!..c| l6v.r b€!i.L3 

.tl.ctins qu.ntlty of 9a3 production. For dilt€r€ht r.r 

r!!6rlals. dift.r.nt {at.r ..tio3 ar€ ni:6d. |,lith cow dung 1: I 

i3 optinln {ith prop.r miring. Il :9.o_r.3idu.3 ar. int.nd6d 

to b. nix6d, lt 3htuld be cho9.d inlo 2-3 cn pi€c.s Nith 1.3! 

th.n !o* ol th. dung- rhe t..ding of th. Dl.nt sh@Id b. 

r.gql.., according to th.3i:. ol tha plant.nd.vory posstbl. 

.lto.t sh@d b. nad€ in k..pinC pH valu. b.t|..n 7.5 & 4.5. In 

c.3. ol io9ro9.. feading, b63ld.3 @gativa .fl.cts on 9.c 

production, alow ot r€s etc., th. slurrv (ill b. d.i€d and 9.. 

hold€. {ilr not.ink in it, tn 3uch ! cas., it n..ds. e1.c. 

ot rood or st..I to. b.e.king lh. d.y Dlt ao. sa3 hold.. 

noveDEnt. r{.t.. cdi^g f.d b.lh .o@3. ic.cticid.3 .tc 

should not b. .Ilor.d t6 ent.. into ih€ dlg.3t.r.

465 

ESrs!!I!fl!BL9E-t!8[$9P 

It i3 int..6ttn9 to b.lng to ih. :ight !h.t ther€ 

is no {o.kshop in th. olri.lct, a3 th. soci.tv is run in 

:radition.I na.n€rs, h.rc., th. loc.l .6quircients a.. 

futllll6d by th€ locll bl.ck.filth or th€ ro.kshop of othsr 

districts. o.vrlopm.nt lor tndu.t.irl, .gricul!u.al, lor€3t 

and hlning sectors in th. Distrlct c.n not b€ po*ibl. kithout 

€slablishing rorkshop. at !..!t 6t 3 polnt3 in lh€ follo{inE 

canire€ rhich could provid. fr.rk.t 3.rvlc.3 to the adjacBnt 

l=!!9 Nan€ of c.nt.. 

r. Dub6i. aa4ar 

2. 9att.n !t Klol 

Unt6n Ctumtl 

cosi of r,Jo.kshoo: Th. {orl.hop propos.d to. turtilling l@ar 

n!6d3 snould be einel. lo ot r.i. tnd handl€ .asllv. 

sophisticatEd d.v.looh.nt ro!ld t.l. iinB ,hiIe tn th€ 

i.titial staq€s, Einpl. :nd.cononic!! nachirery i5 r€qui.€d. 

a lisr of rh6 san! i3 giv.n in t.b!. 4v.9. 

Acco.ding !o th. .3!1n.t.3, lh. oorkshop consid6r.d 

.op.opri.t€ for th. .r.. rill co.t.0pfoxinat6ly R3.4.5.t,ooo/rirh 

rh€ follo{i.g d€t.tl.: -

], bl. Iv-9 

€STIT'ITED @ST OF AN ORDTI{AiY IMX SHOP 

r. tlachinery, Equipn.nt3 .nd app.r.tus' Rs' 179'0oo'0o 

a, Lath Machin€ B': 50000/: 

b. shaph6. aachin. 6': g0ooo/: 

c. r,lil1in9 lt.chin.: 13000/ = 

(r€diuh siz.) 

d. o.ill Machin. P4.r aooo/: 

e, ugrding f1.chin6 Toool = 

(3 phas€) 

l. w.ldi^s achin. 

(3in9Ir phas.) 

aooo/: 

s. Disk G.ind.. 

h- Po{€. erind.. 

i. o.ill iachin. (H.!d) 

j. o.i1l s.! & 1.!.3 & 

oth.. 3nall i.st.u_ 

6000/: 

2aoo/- 

rsoo/: 

sooo/: 

k- Instrunen! tor at.ck loooo/: 

snithin9. 

2. Cosr of In3tall.tion 

3. cosr of t5,x!2'x2t' sh.d. 

(construcl€d rtth loc.l 

n,te.ial €xc.Dt c.h.nt .tc ) 

R

465 

to the p.ople of th. oistrici. Tho r{orkshop rhich {oqld 'lso 

5e.ve as !.aining c.nir€ m.v b. €stabli€h'd !n public a6cio' 

and not in th€ priv.t. se.tor on th. lollorlns s'oundt: 

though oi n.diun si:'' n'eds inv4tFent 

thoogh bclos a nillion, hot.ve' ths locrls a'6 not able 

2. privale ent€rpr!s.s bas no such p.€vi4s 

3. 

5, 

This should not b€ €3lablish6d on p'otit basis ln the 

.!€n.ntary 3ta9.r auqn€ht€d fo' a v€ar3. fhet€ {i1r bs no 

.ea3onab1€ retlrn and it n.v even lac' fin'ncial l6s3es' 

SIDB cd. !ranslar lh€ir exp..i€nced hand3 i'struclo's and 

i€chanics f..n other csntr.! to trai' !h€ ne'dv Dt'Eon'e! 

and provide s€rvic€ to th€ Iocals and t6 t'av61l'rs on 

s€€i.g the ois!.ict's soci3l and cultor'l asEci' w/shop 

.rned bY P.ivato Party rill giiher 

pefso^neI fo. op6ning such b!siness in oth" ar'as o' 

wi 11 demand hu96 anount 

only nation building d€P,ttnents cln i n6't 3uch 

ch.ll€nge ror a 3pecific areas lik6 kohi'tan to' a 

sp€cific period in the int'rast of public se'vic' afi€r 

achi€vins th. obj€cls of providins s"vice and lrainl^s 

ol pe.sonnel fo. ope.ating and nainlaihing' {/Shop mav b€ 

to lhe p.ivat' 3€ctor' 

sqrElliea 9lrrainlag 

R.garding rrainin9' 

beronging ro the fanilli€3 or 

chiId.€n and vo!ngsre'3 

black3miLhs nav b6 considgred

tor lraining aod on{a.d .s!.blishins' Eucc'lstul runtins anc 

n.inraining of th6 |lork3hop, Imp.rtins training to whit6 

colla. p€r.o.n.l st the r€coin'ndation dt lBndlords and 

politicia.. rill d€f€at th€ v.rv obj€ctives ot th' 9'o!'r6m€' 

Fo. such trainihg und€r-natric qs'lifi€d p€'3o'n'l rill b€ 

b.neficlal fo. th. sqccsss .nd oxt'n3ion df th' oroqrahm6' 

R.sa.di.s pc.iod of training' .. th€ t,Jorkshop to b' 6stblishcd 

rill c.mp.i3. Eir91€ nachinerv, €quipr6nt and tool3 onlv two 

nonth3, .egul.. practical t.3inins in th' pilot wo'kshop rs 

reconnendgd. ert6r that a nonth or ioo trlintng th6 

't 

d.c6niraLised p.!vat. r.lorkshop Nill bc enouEh flotora'1on to 

rh. !.ai.Ee3 io me6t thei. d!ilv €xp'nses !t sr!'t€d will 

h.v€ posiliv. :np.c! o. th6 exl.nsion ot th€ DroJ'c!_ 

prilhasi aq4!!i!$elr3!r 

Th. nation buiLding d'pa'tnsntE 3hou1d lqllv 

coop€rate ,iih th€ pa.tias .stablishi'9 |{orkshop- F16€ 

trchnical a3sistancs for ih€ installation ot dtchin€rv is 

nec€ssarv .hd 6xt€nsion of cr6dii f:cili!i€3 for th€ 

p!.chasins and construction ol shcds ai norinal intcrast r3tE

A€E KEEPING TECHI]OLOGY 

992 

86. ke€ping nainlv d.p6nds upon the availabilitv of 

b€€ llor..ound th€ vear, In Pakistan n6ê ol lh' ron'e 

provi,dB be€ tlo.a round th. v..r' that is rhv conh'rctal 

bo.k..p..s pracEis. migrato.v b.. k.eping' In (ohist" a bqsh 

cal!.d shain, loca1 nan€ b.!.9 sp6'kav , is t@nd on th' 

nills lhich is one of ih. 6ajo. 3ources ot hon€v prodqcins 

plant!. This plant bloons in S'ptembc' and octobc' and vi'Ids 

pl.nty o? hon€v' aesidca sh.in f'uit olants oth'r tild 

41pla.r! 

a!.o aio i_ rai.tenanc. ot "t coron e; n t_'citio^61 

be6 k6.pinE is being pr6ctised in Kohistan People keop loctl 

b€.3, Apis csrana ind!*' in th. hollo{3 of their Nalls and 

crt..ct litlle quantitv of ho'€v Crude method3 ot hon'v 

6x!.action atso 

lo3ses to hon'v b€" and th'i' 

b.ood. od€rn be€ keepin€ i3 dgvold of th'se drttback3 anc h'! 

incr..s.d ho.€v p.odlc!ioh tf'n'ndouslv lntroduction of 

E!roo.an b.es, Apis hellif€rt i' paklstan 

has also aided a lo! or hon'v producti6n' 

b6€k€.pi.s a movabl€ uood€n box called Hiwa is u3'd rhich 

includ.s th€ tolloNing !a.t3. 

!!. 36ttor boarde. 

iii. B.ood chahb€r 

iv. super chamb€r 

vi. loP cov.. 

vi i. A.ood and 

Srood chab€r is q€'o dith d'€p iram€s and i' us'c 

fo. r...in9 honev bee srood.hi16 rh' suo'r 'h:mb€r is rh'lI6w

4t9 

{ith shallo4 f.rnes and is u..d lor storing 

ho.ey beeE d!.ing the honsv tlor s€a'odapprop.ia!. 

b.€ k..ping t€chnologv using' of 

b.es in Kohi3tan ri1l not onlv ioprove bee 

rhe socio-.cononlc aiatus ol th. p.op1e' In 

tollorin9 r.connendatr 

1. Hlv. svsieft should b. int.oducad to' b" k"prng' 

2. A l6u 9.o9r€53iwe sh@Id b' trtinsd to 

oork :s ag€nts to. introducing nod€'h b" k€gDris 

loonE oth.r int€..3ted p.ople. 

3.. k€epinS equiPn.nl shourd 

coloni.s of €urop6.. b..s 

an.qen.nt of loc!1 b... 3hould b€ don' in 6ocn 

8.. llo.a ot th€ arr! should b6 

lo.6st tt€€s, fr0it tr.€3 and 

.hould be introduc.d !o fill 

studicd to lorx olE 

ag.iculturtl c.ops 

!h€ gao. ol d€arth 

Th6 aulhor ri3hes to Eav 'in tha ar€a !h'rc afshan 

cahped this !ndu.trv is intr6duc6d in rt'I and 

ride. s€n3.. Th. nost impo.tant.3p'ct in {bich thi3 in

!t9 

loss€s !o th. be6 k€.p6r3. alt.r th€ 'nt'g'^@ ct Esroptan 

bEes in P.ki3t6n, th. local don.stic b'6 t3 b€ing '6pL'c'd bv 

its fr3t rats ot d!!th' dist.ibution of th' Eu'op"' b"t bv 

the fo..ign aEenci.. in atshan "l!9€'5 i' Ptkistan and tocal 

import3 trod Au3tral!€. Europ.an be€ i3 djssas! l19htto 

E!.ong, hard{o.kin92.nd products 

rdc,l don6s!rc o..11". ,a t. "qui'ed !o cre'tE 26'I 'nd 

int.rest in the Kohi3t.ni fa.n"3 to kasp b"3' which produce 

mo16 honcy and is . diseas€ llghi'r' stmilt'lv lor k!'pins 

them !liv. around ch6 rhol€ vt'r' tpp'opri'te n'thods or 

€xi.acli.g honev i.v b€ p..cii3'd b€sides g'oainq flort sucn 

as !oq!a!, eucalvptls, phulai, b'r, citrus' slnilore'' cLov6's 

and s.rsoo^. sinil..lv' th' o'opl6 shoold sD'cializ€ 1n bea 

sY Lr.dLeI-!e9! 

Kohielan District is blessed 'ith diff'r"t kind of 

!iw€stock anonq !nich sh€'p and sotts hav€ disti'cttve 

p€ttion. As th€ local Eh'ph'rsd stitl 

'doots trinitive 

nethods lor b.€adi.g and h.ntg'ne't of th'i' livestockt the 

reiurn!.re poo. {hich'efllct3'nolovreni oDDo'Euniti63 :pa't 

from low e|andard ot lit.. ove!ns i3 a pr@essi dhe'6 

improvins th6 ftalhod, mixing a'd lsins of prop€r input' !'a 

quality of uool can b' improv'd to produca betler n!frd's' 

sd€atc.s, shaHt.tc. In fact' sev€'a1 proceEses ot dverns 

6xi3t bu! !h6.6 i3 a necd !o introdu'a th'fl in th6 ois!'ict in 

o.de. !o produc€ b.tter qualitv soods 3nd uDlift th€ tttnda'd 

ot lil. bv repraclns p'ihitivc ttchnologv The sci€ntisls or 

R!ral r..hnolosv Oivision of !h' PCSIR Labo'arories F€sha{ar

!19 

hsv€ .ork.d on th. lubl.ct conpr.h'nsivBlv tnd d€v'lop€d t€r 

dethod. f,hich ar. .prrop.iat€ tor th€ Konitt'nis tor dv'ing 

th€ir dool. H€r6, th. imgortant klnds ol rcol dv's and th'i' 

n6thod. of apPlic.tlon ar. Eiv.n:_ 

l-Acid pv63: lh.r. .r€ n..v ditf.r€ni uave in bhtch th' acld 

dyes .r€ appli€d in dtff6.€nt tri v'lues 'anging lo suii th' 

tvo€ ol dve. th.3. n.thods ar. given as und":_ 

Th€ b.!h is nad. up containing l0-20: glaub'r'5 

s.rt (2-.i). sulphu.ic .cid (2_41) d6tendin9 upon 

th€ 4cight of goods. lh. t€n9.'atur6 i3 

'ai"d 

4o!c ao !h.! the &ol {i1} get d€t Th6 

'€adilv 

goods ar. then dipt.d lo. lo_2o ni'ut€s th' 

dissolv.d dya is !h.n addad and th' liquo' i' 

.ais6d to ih6 boil ov.r t p€'iod ol 4s 

is naint.in.d.t th. bottins t€np"rtu'6 for 3/4 to 

r hou. wh€n dvains .hould be cdpltted' 

The dye li.loo. is n.d. up 'ith IO-t5: of slaub" s 

salt and 3_51 acltic .cid (3o*) rho teoperutlt' !s 

.aisEd to 40 oC .na tttc gooOs ar' tnt6r'd and run 

for to_2o ninuteE- Th. dve is !h'n add'd and th' 

liquor i3 rtis€d to boil ov'r a pt'iod of 45 

ninut6!. Exhauslion n.v b€ conpl'ted bv slorlv 

addi69 a turthe. l-31 ot .cetic (3oi) rt 3!loh!ric 

The llquo. is h.d. up with t quantilv ot 2-'i 

ammoniun ac.tate or annonium '!lphatc dspendlng 

upo^ th. r.ight ot goods Th6 goods ar' 5nt€'6d tL 

4o 1-_ and .uh ror. P..iod 

to

2 

raisgd to lhe boil 0v.r a 

soiling !s contin!.d tor 3/4 

4jr:! l;!4n. Dve3 

a. Atltllch.onind Dveino: rh€ usual 

is to nlk€ uo th€ dY. bath !r!n 

(aoi) ard ro* slaub.r'3 salt 

period or 3/4 hou. 

i€thod of dyeing 

2-5N a.e!ic acid 

dep6ndin9 on !h€ 

w6i9ht of soods. 

Th. !6np6.a!u.e of th. b'th is rai!'d t6 50-60 !C 

.nd th. goods a16 .nt.r6d_ The liq{o' is then 

b.olsht to th€ boi! d!.1^9 a p€riod 61 3o ninut€s' 

,hen !-2i of sutphurlc o' to'nic acld n'v b6 3ddeo 

to.obpl€te exh.uslion 'nd boiling i3 continu6d ior 

. lurth.r p€riod ol 2o_3o ninqt€3 urh'n the dvc 

balh i. 6xh.u3t6d' th! tenp'ratura i3 tlLded !o 

drop s!ightlv and a qutntitv of pola3silt or sodilm 

dichronate equal to htll ot thc w€ight ol ths dv€ 

used i. a

c_Q!J,i4q-M.9 

1Z? 

tn. liquor i3 brough to th. boil owe. a p.riod ot 

5/4 hou...d r.t.i.!d .! this t€np...t!" fo' a 

fJr!her rl hou.saH. {eBDing in vi€d !h' a@v' 

n.lhods r.g..di.s {.3h, fa3ln.3s ot lh' dv€d 

[.ta.ial !.d to p..v.nt th6 .ccid.nt d!€ to th' u3' 

ot concent..t6d s!lphq.ic act

laleaJ-a]-Reglrl'le4 

3. 

.E 

cu!tiv.to.g ploughs 6!c: 

chatti.g n.chin.s (Manu.l cutl.r3) 

Burb.d {i16 tor b@ndarr6s 

sp..y..nachrn... 

Toral: 

a. L...ing olt 2oo kan.l3 land 

for 5 Y€ar3. e R5. IOO P6r 

k..ar per v..rb- 

con!s.rctron o{ ch.nn.l 

c sh.d3' Io No. x L2 17 | 924c| 

elt x 1oo P. sft. 

d- sior. f6r r.{ frateri'l: 2o' x 

40' x 130' 

7. 4r€a Unde. Rcc iv@ con'lruc'ron 

a. Olflcc 2 No. I 14'xl6't25o 

b. Pools e No. x 2 t l!2 x15o 

c- G!:rd Roo.$ No.) x t2''11''23o 

d. L.v!to.i€. (2) 5'' a'tl5o: 

!4!€rlavLiy-et!9s! clc 

a- Young 9oa.3 3OOO h.:d (on€ vttr) 

b. c.tlle f6.dt s4o 0ltric i6nn'3 

(on. Yea.) 

c. Fodd€. sao o.t.ic tonn€€ 

(on. Year ) 

d. v.ccination./n€dictn.3: 

(on. vea.) 

r.o9oo0 ! 5: 

4!c!4!-l-8t 

--laa99- 

--9t!q 

,--!19q 

323200 

.-15999-

q! 

$atr 

a. a..! rm96./v.t .imry docto. 

Tolrl 3a.tr: 

Pd.r @t..d (lO x*l 

s.ld snd Pricc St.uctur' 

F.r.ine lould ..41t a{r.* {.rgn! 

Lca |lott.llty 2.5t 

tobr 5ldrt 9.. h..

?-L{ !9-3o

419 

Cne![is3l-P-!9eq+r: According !o iufrtaz Ahnld Khan and Iautic 

xhan, 'Piê n6.dl6s uer. boil€d Nith 4i NloH to' 30 ninu"3' 

Aft€. th€ alk.lin€ tr..!n'nt, th' ncedl€3 wt'e g'ntrv bear'n 

Nith {ood€n hanft.; and {.shed thoroushlv to renovt conpl€i'lv 

lhe ta3t trac.! ot alka!! ll,hen th€ 'e€dl's He'e htlt dtitd 

lhe libra bundr'3 

lhey w.r€ rubb€d {ith htnd !o rullv 

'€li'v' 

fron !h. adhe.ing c€llul" tistuts Fin'Itv the ttbr63 rt'e 

conbad. lhe fib..s obtaln€d bv this method N€r€ d'i6d at 'oom 

rh.s€ fib"s {er€ btorn incolou; F' 

PIY5te-at,c-nsrae-ta.|i5!icd-el-!i-os--E:! es: scienti3ls of FcsrF 

Laboratori63, Psshadar havo analvs'd lhe pin€ tibr'3 for th'ir 

physic.I cha.act.r:stica rhich t'e dascribed ar ?ollos: 

r, !e;l-s,ul-€!49-0J-Llnqal--qq!tilv: Ihe L€nqth of pine 

fibr* (bundr.) bv 3tretchl'g th€ iibr6 aro'g 

' 

m€!re .oad and r.co.di'9 !h6 dista'ce b'rheen 

IFe rib.es !er. 36D5'aicd and th'i' dimontion m€t'ured bv thg 

merhod! ot xaiti and Sasu' The 'atio of lgnsth to d!'i€t'r {'3 

dstersinsd for bundl€ a! r'lr t! ror ultinate fibra' 

?. oEl!.19I -1199!9-!aoe!E: Oianet6' of roo flbres rron 

each .anple w.3 dBtornin'd bv !h€ method' of ins"ti's ribre 

3lid.s in ths projaction nic'oscoo€ (rtnanc!€') of x5oo 

rh' strenglh 

5. lcaslle[e4l-9t-!!f€!9!h_acd-!]9os!!iqn: 

ot !h. fibr6. ras d't"mined bv a p'ndulun tvp' t€ntiI' 

testinq nachi^. rlnhing on a 

of t'avt's' 

princiela. Thirlv tib"3 rron €ach sanel' Her€ o'asurad to' 

strength and €lonsatio^ str6n9ih and of {€t pi'€ 

'loÊatio6 

rib.€. were d.i€rhined bY 

fibr. {ts kept and disiilled *atBr:or :bout ?' hours at roon

llz 

b.lo.6 iounting on lht 3trthgth iaslc' 

tr. c!eqi!61-99!aqri!i!L9ll!nal!E !!9: rhs p!n' ribr'3 

were analys€d ior th€i. ch€nical con3titu"ts bv th' dernoo3 

cellul osB 

cro3..6d B6van and 

Norkers. Ext.ac:iv€s 

*as d€ternin€d bv chlorination otthod of 

1.9ni.q bv lhe n.thod ol €ltit 

'nd co: 

, noi3iur€ and ash {€r€ det€rni"d bv th' 

The Tlbles IV.IO and !v l! ar6 given tor lndicatlng 

cnehi,c!! conposltioh ot pi'e lib'6s and conoaGtive chemiclr 

conoosirion ol va.io!3 v'9€!abl6s fib'es The res!L!s rev6tl 

rrr.! th€ pin€ iib.es contains 5ot celluloss lT tt lcgntn' 

€xt.active Il.:t and a.h 3.3i thE c!rlulos6 (t) aee or 

v69€r.bI€ fibrca a.e ot signlfictnl as d€!'rnin63 rhe v'l!' ol 

ti5r6s for tettil€ u3E L€gnin co'!6nt ol laat fib'a i3 high" 

iFa^ that of !h. best fib'€s' Hlshs' lignin (t) at' inetrt3 

yeLlou colou. to ths tib'es' No'-celrulosic s!b3lancas ar' 

ores.nt in sulficient quantitv in th€ pin' fib'€s Th6 ave'ag€ 

moisrur€ is about 7.7* lhich is satista'to'v as fib'6 0J 10s€r 

moist!.4 cont6nts ar€ no! suitabl€ ror t'rtiI€ purposes l6 

fac!, it is diJticult to lpin and dv€ slch fibr's 

co.v€ni€.11v. pinB libres can b' us6d ss a ch€tp fill'r 

naie.i.r such.3 coir tn r'ge bt3id€s its us6 fo' top6 makrng'

llt 

t bl€ _ lv.ro 

OIENICA! COTIFGI?ION VEIETAAL. FTARE' DA?A 

FROT LIIENA NE {!.27 

* -' !#I':f:r:i.!:li: #}.ff$i:i*i.1ffi":r::r

s.aL rb. c.ll{lo. 

t. 

lo. 

50.2 

tt., 

6.2 

61,.3 

17.5 

I 

\1.2 

tt.t 

rr.b 

IE 

u.o 

lo.t 

!l.o 

tD.l 

l1.r 

tt.a 

It.r 

a.l 

6.t 

!.5 

I 

l.o 

ili*:fl Htil fl::r.r#i:r*.il$r:s 

l.rl

4€9 

ll(rcf spllr{!{e t|acHIl{E 

5inc6 3lgniftc.nt oo.tio. ol the pooutation 

cn9!9!d in .3ising goat. .nd oth.r a.ir.lsr th.tt it lot 

productio. ot !oo1- It !o!ld b. th€r.lo.€ rpp'op'i't€ 

3iDp16 h.thods tor epinnl.g rool ..e d.v.lop€.|. 

eel:"!LaLlIc-llaehi-!g : 

1) F-rgEe: 

2) P-edtl: 

i ) l!e!Lr,{b!el! 

4) s-si!4le: 

Th. tran. is nad. ol ,ood or i.on. 

It !5 mad. of rood and l. fix.d !n !h. !oN€' 

p..t of th. fran., 

It is tir.d in th. hiddl. pa.t ot th€ .pindl' 

is . l.ath.r belt ove' 1t'Ea as 

,€11 as 3hti1 kn..l. as. result oi '6volvin9 

ol 1a.96 Nheel rith Ch. h.Lo ol Ped'I' th6 

36.1r rh..! att.ch.d :o.9ind1..lso "vdrw's 

!nu5 r..ultin9 i. cr. '€volu!ion of Lhe 

Th. spindl. .evolv6s in th. b4ri^9 lixtd in 

ol the n.ehrne. 

At the..d6 ol ihe spindle tro rlv6" ar€ 

adJu3t€d. 

6) seiI-loa-4itl1glck!l?!. the.. .re aluniniuh a"kets llx€d 

on th€ lor6r an6 uop€' parts ot th6 'oodBn 

f..m€- Th. b€a.i.9s a'! fix'd {iihin th€s€ 

Th... a.q roodon bobbins rhich trcelv rtvolvr 

in th€.9!.d16 b.lbeen tIY€rs.

!el 

Is!9ie4__A!!jse: Ih.r€ is . tEnsion 

a Provi3ion or Dracin9 

end of dooden bobbin. 

qailsle!e-pi Cqas!r!slii9l-a!-!!rrii!€ : 

d.vice {hich includes 

cotton st.a9€ .t th€ 

Ihc raching {hich i5 lrbricat.d by PCSIR 

v€.y sinole principle_ rt ba3!c.!ly 

consisls of a tlyer, a spindle, . bobbin, a toor driven 1.196 

wh€e! lnd a snait€. d.iven rh.61 alI houn!€d oh a rood€. 

f.an., aoth hands of rh€ t..e ro reed th. r3w 

nat..iaL. Tho naterial is l.d !h.o!sh !o fly.r on to th€ 

bobbin lhiI€ th. fly.. spi6dl6 unii is beinq d.iven by rh6 

6eda! whe€l. The uindi.g o^ rh. bobbin iakas p!ac. in parts 

deternined by th€ s€gn.^r on :h€ fiye. lh.ough which yafn is 

fed st€9 by st..- 

2 

fi... a.d ev.n 

hands of th€ op6rato. are f.6. 

a.d ccnt.ol uniforni !y. 

TNo or noro op€.ator. can lork 

Ditlcrent typ.s of indisenous 

Y6rn can al30 be L!i3ted to two, 

p;l€3 0n th. {heel. 

!o fe.d lhe mat€rial 

at tha .ahe tim. - 

kool c.n b€ soln on 

rh€ mrchiê is sinoI6 io ope..!e, e.3y io handle 

sh6.p/!oats tl,ock holde.s ca^ b.n€fir trom nachine

!a? 

hIOOL SPINXING WHEEL

-4!J 

C4EeFl!3!9-JA!-!4LqI!S!6!llE4=f !8llq 

acco.di^g ro th. statisric!1 yea. book 1992. 

pakisran .!rort6d ca.pets ol Rs. .994.4 nillion durins th. 

fiscal y€.r 1990-91. Th€ Sohistan oi3i.ict which has 192979 

nuhb€r of Eo.ts and 34402.h..p, has no share ln thi..xpo.t 

becausc, th. l€chnologic.l .xpertise pr€s.ntlv availabl. in 

lo. th€ Production of such ca.P6ts 

nay by proc€!3ed through n.chin€ or nans.l. is out ot ..!ch or 

avaitablc in th€ Kohist.n. It requir.! capitar, 3kil! a.d 

ôr 

axpsrisno. .! r€ll as l€nothy tine to manlfa.tu.6 a ca.p.t. 

Ih€ Rural T€chnolosy Divi.ion of tha FcstR Laboratorl.s aE 

P.shadar ht3 d€vis€d a sifrpl. hachin6 lo.o1v€ th€ probl.6 of 

ca.pet and lahanging f,.chi.., which b..id.s being ch€ap, i5 

oo.rable, .tt!c!€nt and n..d 1iltle tralnlng to oper.t.. 

lhl3 c..pat and 4.1I hangins fi.chin. 

f.an€ and {ood.n t.olr.y (Pr.b). Fo. o.nul.ctdrins a "'p't 

or dall h.nging of !hi3 nlchine, fi.3! d'3isn i5 nad' on 

)r6ssain or co..se lvp€ ol cloih thcn th6 l.ti€' is !i9htlv 

li€d on th€ rr.ne *i!h Lh€ h.Ip of kn.ils 

r.an€ has . en.ll :.ahe in dhich bobbins could f'eelv rsvorva' 

,.roolEn yarn or any oth€. tvp. of varns ot dlff€r6'l colo!rs 

.ould 5e trolnd oh th€s€ bobbins in accord.nce {ith lhc d'sis's 

of che ca.p€t or NatI hanging. th€ actual itchine dhich has a 

3harp.es6iblancc {ith tradi!ional s6!in9 machines, is do!'t6d 

o^ th€ 4ood€n fr6me. ihs c.rp.t m.chin6 i3 driven bv a small 

hotor to dhich a r€gul!ior is attach€d. Th6 froto' of ih€ 

nachioe is d.iv6n with variabl€ sp.6d pr.3si's 

.nd Lh€ spc.d of the machin€ can be inc'a:std

49! 

l,lool€n v.rn i3 tns6rt.d ln lhe n6edlt of th€ na'hin' 

and Lh. t.ollBy on rhich th€ h€3..i. cloth i3 tixtd is ca"t'd 

ot th. nrchin.. rh. troll;v ctn 3e noved in 

all dir6ctions as r.qui.ed. Th. nlchin€ l' st'rted and ih' 

carpot or r.ll hanging is nad. a! th6 dcaign 

cloih. !ih.n one po.tion ol th. d.3ig' i3 cof,pl'!'d lhe h63"!n 

cloih with manufactur.d ca.p€t i3 shifted 'nd 

of darp€r and rall h.nsing is Lh€' nanufa'iur'd ln ihiE N'v 

all th. ca.p€t or ,.ll hansing pi'ces tre conpl'ted !6'dlts 

are sp.ci.Ilv mad€ in tho Ru.al rgchrclosv Oivision ol PCSIR 

Peshawa. for !hi3 purpos. Nhich is hot 'w'ilable a^vdn"6 

el,s€, l,'rh.n the carp.t.n

4ql 

AND TALL IIANGI*6 IIACIITNE

!€6 

AUILOING LII{EAR INFRISTRI'CTURE 

Co63lruction of .oads, farms, w.t€r chahn.L3 to. 

i.rigation, d.inkihs ..d ror.r pdrpo3.3 i. a tedioos .nd risky 

Job in th€ nolntainous...€ like Kohiltan oistricr du. ro 

n!tural proc€ss! crinalic a.verity .tc. The.6 ar€ siNalik 

rock3 hade uo ot congloo.r.t€ mudston€ .nd 

rock cau3€3 ril!, rotational .nd und6r9o.3 .Iidins and Brosion 

de3t.oying plrc€s .f hunan int.rcst, pa.ttcula.ly in !h. rainy 

3.ason and duriig th€ snor n.lting on th. tops, .osulllnE in 

3!€tling or .tiv..3 and 3t..ans. th6 h.rvy rains and ,rt.rtr,.d 

3,6llins rivc13 and st.€.ns r..ult in d€€p sullyi.g, and 

d.magins ol .o.ds, rai.r chann€ls, ag.icultu.al fi.Ids .nd 

!ertl6n€nts. rndiscrihi.ate side casting r€s!lt is d!veg.iion 

a.d sca.s. La.d.lides also lr€q!6ntty occ!r€ du€ to cuttihg of 

rountain slops. hish runoff dischargiff on to unstablc alop€. 

car6les3 co.5r.uci:ion ol sid. drain t5 th. najo. c.u... or 

3ev€re landsLidin!. Exc€ssiv6 defor€staiion and glaci€r t.ll3 

ar€ also 6alo. calses ot b.dland to.maiion, soil erosio. and 

gqllies. efforts to inhibll th.s6 sliding n..d hish ahounl of 

.xte.siv. !nfrastructu... t€chnoIo9i.3 for 

cont.olling th.s. calani!i.. ar€ di.c!!3.d b.ieflv to th€ 

.€qui.€d approo.ia.e lev.l in th€ xohsilan otstricL. Road3.re 

rb. rost urg.nt .equiren..t !n this ar.. accordin9 to the 

oist.ict o.weloprent adviso.y cormitt€.'3 unaninous vi.{. lh€ 

conf,ittee ilt in ih€ oistrict circuit ftou3! on Nov6db.. 16 

Thc rosds in th. t..a tr.v.r3. 

v.l,leys and nounlai. .id9.3. Ihe metall.d 

no! .ecomn€nd.d for th. Dis!.ict in the backg.ound as

1g 

h.ntioned abov.. This is the ra..on th.t i. th6 khol. oiet.ict 

only 2r kn i3 tho 3in9!. lin€ p.v€d road. Rega.ding th6 Kr(N 

it i€ ce.tainly d@bl. lina pav.d road du. to iE inportlnc. 

but ch6 ann!.I naint€nance co.t ol lhs s6ction passin9 through 

th. oistric! ts relativ.Iv v.rv hish !h.n thB oth.r parts of 

th. hishuay. Yhc e.rth.n roads i. th6 wallev.r. p.op6.6 

4hich hav6 also !nd€r_cuttinq p.obleE at c.ossins 3tr€ans' 

soil e.osion, high conc.ntr.t!on ol s!orh .!notr. Th'r' 

culv€rts, sido drains.nd caus€tavB of appropriat..iz€s mu3t 

b€ constrdctgd .t th6 botton ot wat€rsh.dsblastins.r. 

..quirod for th€ con3tructio. of road' in th' 

Oistrict and lor .enovin€ th€ rocks. For !hi' purposc' 

bulldozers in the dolbl. 1in. and 3mall t'actors dith front 

lin. blad. cln be u36d. Intc.n.tional 

Mou^!ain o6v€lopn6nt N.p.I r.conn.nde aollqvial ttr'ac53 ot 

q€nt!€r slops for .o3d3 thr@gh th6 nid31op6' For th€ saf' 

coBtr!ction ahd maintainins oJ ro.ds' app.opriat' t'chno1o9v 

6!sr be appli6d ad€q!.talv. spu13 sho!ld b6 conssru't6d fron 

ot ,i..3 accordinq to tht design R6vetn6nt 

daII and b.east Nall f.on fouhdation to the top shourd b' 

consl.ucted in 3!ch a kav so a5 !o bear th6 pr€ssuru eith" or 

riv6r Hawes o. hvdrostttic- ston.3 in 'h456 salls 6!3t be !"d 

!irh prope. bind!ns iate.ial. orains nusi 

car.fully. N..6 o^ inforration r€p'oducod fron thg collection 

of Risk Engi.e6.ing in th€ Hindu Kush_Nimalava rhich' !f 

apptied o tho Kohista. oistrict rill b€ar good r'sutts' 

'c.o3s section design ot nount.in roads oravs an 

idport.nt roI€ i^ ..d!cins hazard and €nhancin9 Iong t€ro 

d6si9n !hat sligh!!v shitts ih€ c!'t'€ lin'

als 

horlzont lly .rxl .or. ttF. orttc.lly r. r.11, .nC p.@t.b. 

br...t stt. c.n srxily r€clc !h. h.ltht o? cul, cut @lur 

.nd tn Dtry lmt .E6, tn co.t ot .dd.: 

itlniniline h.tcht ot cut od tt.€p .loc.. i. pcgibr. by 

D.wldins brGt sll. .ftr .hittl69 th€ ont..l ll|! 

horttht.tlY;fr 6 .lEn b€14: 

/,*, 

qt Vtt 1Rt7..$o ?., 

2i2 

br O.rE 

*rs--ffic: at O.6o 

r-% E(Gto.@ir4

I 

(q) 

(%) 

/ 4d 

(%) 

,50 

I 

I 

I

I 

2 

on v.!y Eta.p.lopes 

u.oEion Proteciion ol cut 

of influcncs ar6. nat be 

slole dd Et.bllliY llproveo.nt 

ri sood louDdgtion lor !.ll .ith€!.eoid o! tr.tt a. lov 

tnv€stoent srd huh lisk t,enpor.rv vork f.a3ible Dv 

3biftina the cenif. ltne hotizont.Ilv and providinl a 

b..k-bait.red !ct.lniDs 'all to,ards the d.snhlll 3id' ol 

ihe .o.d, the volue of exc.v.tio. 13 leduc'd 

d!astic.tly. 

rtt. oiher Plrtst a1no.t .I1 hou3e6 of th€ Kohi'trD 

Distrtct ar. ...th-!ad. (Kach.) in the 3"3e thtt stones ale 

e.eci.d in trud nixiurc ,hich is eftertatd plaEter€d with nud 

inte.nally. 'the .xi.rn.I sides of the salls 're 6ith'r 

ptsst€led sitritarlv or l6lt .s such rhc iud Pl!6t'!ing don' 

by th. inhabltarts bas €o'e dlEadvant6g6! Iike dillicult rn 

prepsrstio., tales long-iire in Eettlina! uheven tu"octnll 

frequent c!.ckeae' lo, b.aring €trendth, esEv ero5ton bv "!n 

and Eurface *atet apart flor sholt life and prone to altack bv 

ternii., PcsrI{ L.boraio.1.s' p.Eh.f,ar hlve develo?ed !€ch'igue 

of stebliz.d Dud Plastertn! on in€xPensiv€ lndigenous 

ino.ganic Dai.ri.ls lhlch has 3.ver.1 odvantage3 i3 

'nd '!av 

to r.place th. tradltloral Dud ll'Etettna nai'rlels thls 

tecbntsue of ,la.teltna is 

lie pl'sr"ina

tl 

&.. not cr&k lr.qr.ntlv' cs b. 

€i.r, hs I longtr llt. D r.ll 

.tt.ck- tt acllR &tlstt!€ o.n 

in

NURAL IJAIER COOT.Ei 

$2 

su..i, s.!b. ed ..ttr a.. b.t6s E.d tD thc .u!.1 

.!... lo. k..ping ,.t.r coot. th.s6 coDtainc.s .!. che.? ed 

!.!w€ th. Purpos. to . gra:a .xr.Dr .. Lols as rh.r are n.r. 

it.v.ltbl€rs rbcn th... coni,aln.!. b€co.. old o! th.j,. rDr.. 

.r. clo8.

I|UR r, l{Arl{ cu)r,rlr

49! 

Bl.rRA! lrrcqlj lxlleQiM 

trashing ot clothes {ith 6lectric hachin€ i3 connon 

practic6 but using oanlal tashing hachine tor th' 3!rd pu'pos' 

i3 of int.rcat' p.rricularlv in tho3e ar€ls trhar' €l'ctricltv 

is .ot yat p.ovid.d Kohistai oi3!'ict' Dh6'€ otlv '* ol the 

s.iltem€nts are 6toctrili'd for iost of th6 tin€ onlv' 

îghl 

this machi.e can 56 exp€r:n€n:'d' The machin€ is dasisn€d td 

lab.icated bv th. R!r.l T€chnoloqv oivi3ion of FcsIR 

L.borarories 

ro.ktns p.incipl. as 

th6 s!a.d..d {.!hi.g m.chine €xc'pt lhai tt is o'noal lhis 

n.chine consists of !h€ 'ol}cPing th'e€ 96rt3:_ 

r. Th€ d.:vrns d.vice 

Ihe {a3hins contarne' 

J. Ihe heatins d.vice 

rn th€ drivins d'vi'e' gtars t" coupled riih ht'dre 

outsid6 lhe nti. bodv cf th' nachint' 'Ih€ c€'r on ihe 

horizontal 3haft ol rh€ handle d'ives th€ 96ar on the v€'tical 

shaft rhich in !ur^ d'ives a inside th' d'3h1ng 

'otat 

contain6.. llhen !he ha'dI' cutsid€ th6 bodv ol 

nschin€ i3 rotat.d. lho ro!a!o' inside !h' {ashine co^t'rn€' 

roiate3 ai hi9h.r speed lhe {tehing container is nad' of 

aluniniln sheet which is cheae and hss ' reEisianc€ to st'ins 

.nd ru3! sini1.. to srainless {ashing coniain€r in the 

.landard {ashing nachi" !rh'n water i3 pou'6d in th6 

contain.r and 

d't€'g€nt is added' th' solutron rs 

.€ady fof {53hi.9 .h€ cloihes al!6r placins th' cloiht3 rn 

rhe cont.ine.. th€ roto' could b' rotat'd at hiah'r 3p866 tnus 

glving aqitation and moven'nt to the cloth6s' Th6 'otor cnn b€ 

roiated clock ri3. and a^ri crock-wis€ j!'t bv rave'sing th6

{9! 

dircction of driv€ ot th. h.ndl6 1'{"hins lt conpl'l'd 

sccording to th. tvp., qralltv 'nd dlrt p"trnt in th' 

cloth€!. Ihe h..ting d.vice con.i3t3 of r 'inpl€ r'rostn' oil 

ltove u.uallv q!.d in h@s€. for cooklng purpos'' Th'r' ls 

provision for ptrci.g th. stov. qnde' lht M3hin 

rih.n ih. stov., t3 in oD.ration, th6 t'rp€'atur' ol so'p or 

d6te.9.6! solu!ion iGt6. th. Etthins conttire' 3130 ri!'3r'# 

!n *i.t.r s€a3on, c!ou... nav 's'rrv t' Nt3hsd tnd cl€'n'd1iH' 

Th€ sp..d of th. nachin. ca' b' irc"'!'d and d'c'easd lo' 

diflc..nt tvp.. of cloth'3 r! can b' r'b'ictttd cht'p it 

erocu..d on ratge .or"? "

4 

RT.JFAL t{AslltNe |lec|llNE

122 

CAIDLEIAIIIg 

candl. n.kint l. a.oth.. ind!3trvr {hich crn bc no" 

d.v.lop.d to. th. b.Glit ol p.opl. in this 'rta' 

Logred.:crll 

l,{.x, c.ndl6 ioqld' thr€ad. spoon' Funnel' K"ahl' 

oil colour, aqck.t/aaltt .tc. 

tec.du r. 

Flr3t bi.d !h. th...d !t both et6' ot th' n@td' 

Th.. put !h. Pax tn th. StE6l pot {"'hi :hd h"! it u9to it3 

d.ltins gotnt' Pour !h. h..ttd {ax in th' hole' ot th' 

nolldldy. kiih th. h€lp of t!nn'1 Fil} th6 hol€s dith 'l6x' 

For hard.ning, k..p th. t@ld in cold r't'r' Af!'F 5-lo 

ntnqr€s. r.x tn th6 mould ril! b6 solid. rh'n op6n th' nolld 

and tsk. dt th6 c.ndt€s' lt 3hou1d b' 

con.id6r.t:on th.t thr.ld nu3t b€ cut oct b'lorc op'ni's th' 

nosld f.or upp6r .hd l@.. sid63' x€'ping ths p"pa'€d ca'dl'r 

o. neNepape., rub it {tth vour hand3 3lo!'lv' so lh't !h' 

b. .6mov.d. Nor c'nd16 it '€adv lo' u3'' 

tliv tto E.an6 of ciiric acid !h'n rtx is i'lted i'' 

cii.ic acid dill k€€p th. c.ndl' bu'ninq f6' t lono ti6e'

49e

).- 

4?? 

Fi90.. - 64 

CAIIDLE IDIJLDIIIC - 12 UNAERS

t00 

$dln[!nr 

ch.lk ..klng th.d|lh rub!.. rdrld t. on ot lh. 

.liiDl..t t.chnoloav {hich ;m b. qdot.d lor p"!_!lni 

..rn1.9. r!f, !.cnrFlogv ihlcn hr b-. o!!.ltrd r'd ln' 

Int....diat l-hr€tolv Dsr.loFr! erqrp ot Lotr.lon rqrlt" 

. ta hdrr3 t.dntnS tor {...n .rd chll

5.Sr 

rrD!15!8r99 

Establishtns of indu.tri.3 of c.pltal 9ood5 is 

inapp.op.ait. to. tha xohistah oist.ict. sinil.rrv, .i.1r and 

n.diun 3ca1€ con3uher goods indu.trie3 can not be proposad du. 

to lack of intrastructure laciliti.3, non-.v.ilabilltv ot 

.kills, .ca.city of capital and.vcn non-exist.nce ot t€a3ibl. 

!ir€s, tn th€ short run, iGt.Ilatio. ol anv kind 6f 3nall o. 

o.diln slzc i.duetri.s is intppropri.tc for th. Dist.ict. 

Houev€r, in th. tutur., ind!3trica c.n b€ propos€d with th. 

r.codf,.ndatio.s ol ai.xp€rts. For such succca3tul fu.ctioni.9 

ot th€s. indusiries, 3ki11 and t€chnology dould b. inported 

r.on olh.r .6sions ir !h6 early stae.!. Ii th. 

const.uction ol th€ plann.d hydro€1e€t.icitv d.ne i3 

lhplen€^!€d, th6n not only !.chnology and skills 4@1d b. 

rran5t.rred to the District but also d.frand Fould b. c..at€d. 

Tha indusrrie3 proros€d to b€ inslall.d on at a.€ a! und.r:- 

l-89= 

!. 

2. 

3. 

a. 

ll. 

!erl!_ot I-D1l!s!-Li!9 

Asricultural Hrnd Tools 

Dehydration ol veg€tables 

ch€€3./Eutt€./che€ 

|lood Carved Fu.nitu..

13. 

lrt. 

17. 

!.4. 

19, 

2,. 

2t- 

24. 

?3. 

2il. 

a7- 

aa. 

ctrr!,c r.br. nr 

H.lr otl 

Hotg!ing 

Laaih.r tto.lrct 

g:€ €.lrdt|re 

w 

g.rha

tgr 

It !s inporant that th. tbov. n.ntioned t€chnologle' 

n..d 1e33 skill, nooin.I inport ol nachin..v lrom oth" 

coqhtri6s, sdall c.pital ..d n.t..ial 603t of Hhlch i3 

av!ilrble locally. 

I{EAV1N6 FACTORY 

'J.6{!ET 

slahket is o.. ot th. cohmon itohs fo. nank!^d in 

!h. cool sc.son and sold ln 

diff€..nt 

dep.nding on quali!y and siz.. !n th6 

'al's' 

s.v..Iy cold, damand lor dooll6n blank€t i5 hish. Pretnv.3thent 

propossl for bl.nk.t teavinq facto.v in thc 

olst.ict is giwe. shsrs th6 6nti.. d.iand for roor c.^ m6st 

€nti.ely for ahe succ€ssful run.ing of the facto.v. 

9-t!d.lc!D!ci!y: Th€ Pla.t p.opo..d rill e.od!c6 6r0oo blank.ts 

annu.lly on sinsre shift/d.y b.si. fo.3OO davs. vsa'' 

l1€o!t!e!'ffjo9-!racasg: rh. n.chin.rv to be install€d in thg 

pl!nr !i11 be aperopriat6 in th. 3€ns6 

weaving op€ratio^ di!I b. car.!.d out o. woode' hand roois 

a^d r6avi^g machine5 rill b. op..!t!d to speed up th. p'oc63s 

Iha n.chin€ry to b€ used in the plant 

could b€ op.rat€d by the do.keB havrns 

r rachin..y to b6 i.3taLl6d in th6 pl.n!

l- 

a) 

2- 

3. 

901 

!!3vi-os-sec.!is4 

xood€n hand los. ao ri:. 

I,{indlng oa.hin. .I.ct.tc 

ope.ar.d ro 3pi.dl4 (P/G) 

{eighing €ach sld.. 

l,tl.rping nachtn. h.n

c) tini3hi.d s6.iion 

1- t'i!lins rachin. (El.ctric 

oD.r.!ed cood.n body ) 

2, hrashine f,..hin. (El.ctrrc 

3. Raisine nachin. (El.ctrrc 

.. T€ht rran. 36' 

5. Eiect.ic moto. 5 H.P 

orhe. Misc. Eoutm..tr 

resha/s!€d9€ H:m... 

Heishihs s.t/sc.1. 

Si.e./r€avin9 tmpl.r.nt 

nisc hand tool3/tool box.. r.gqo 

sub tot.l: 

roral cost of nachin..y/.cutpi.nt 

!a9!j-!€rv g!ppli-e-E: 

6-999 

1, Itt.tao Broth€rs Ltd. G'T.Ro.d, sh.hdara, Lahore. 

Baboo Indusrr!€s, c.l. ao.d, GuJranr.l.. 

w.hid Enqin€€ring co. od..n st...t. F.is.labed- 

Le4--crd ErdLCi-os 

The total tr.. ..qutr.d to. th. p.opos€d unit dill 

k.â13. rh. d.r.tl3 ol bulldins rr. giv€n here !n@r.

E96 

auirdi.d (Rcc) qit -l-Etx.l 8-c!!-ls9=!!I 

prcduciion h.ll t6 x 12 2t6 

Sto.€ for .ad nat.rl.! !2 x 6 

sior€ tor fini3h.d 9@d! lo x a ao 

office (zNos) sx4 40 

Labo.aiory sxa m 

Guard Rooms axs 12 

Lavarories (3 No3) 2x2 -29, 

lot.l cov..ed 444 

2-5. RaH rEtsri.l 

Ih. r.qsi.....i3 ol r.{ nata.i.l and thB 

co..espondins cos! i3 e.tin.r.d .. und.r. 

Rar iata.ial Y!f,!.tl3!-) 

troolBn ya.n (fo. 6000 8l.nk.*) 600,000 

Dy€s/chemicals 

95,ooo 

oih€r hateri,al, furn.c. oil ,!g.ooo 

Toral cost of rak m.t.ri.! 755,000 

2 - 6 !4b9!0l llllttu!990e!!! 

Trenty ftu. P€rsoG 0tt1 b..nPloy.d 

I 

superviEor 3 

L2 

adEn. staft 3 

Help€.s 3 

s€cutiry ?, 

2'

lnf ra3trucru.. F.ciIiti.! 

Po{.r roqui..n..t to. th. unit i3 Giinated 75 

lhich nay s!ppIy by snYDo/Fcal. 

l|lar6r r€quireftent !3 .sti.ntld at l0o 9.llorc/dav .nd uill 

supplied by local .uthoritt.3. 

3. IIARI(ET 

3-r. S!@lv 

Ih€r..16 3oft. f.hoqs r@l.n nills in NWFP uhich ar6 

ha.ufact!.ins SIankets ..9 Aunnu 

Hoolen t1i!1s, flariPUr tnd Z@h 

.esp€cLiv. p.oduction c.pacity i3 

Nane ot tlill 

sannu r{@Icn r'ti tl3, 8!nnu 

Rehana rlool€n llills H.ripu. 

zo@ N@l.n iills chitr.I 

sourc€: rndus!ri.! Inv.rtn.nt in 

l.loo1.. fliu3. aa.noi R€h..a 

rool.n rills-Chitral, lhe 

giv.n h... und€.. 

ProdectionJtotcitv 

6aa,ooo Btankct3 

14 P4.r L@ns and 

A3 p€r ind!strial s!rv.y condlct.d bv i/9. iurkpak, R€hana 

{ool6n I'lills has b6!n clos.d b.€.u3€ ot lin.ncial p.obl€ns. 

Elank6! ma.k6i is not rinir6d ro N|4FP. Yh€v 

all ov.. rh6 counC.y. Though it i! quit€ dirlicult !o 

6t,imata th. ov6r.ll 3i!€ n..k.t. Nor.v.r, it is obsgrved 

thai !hsr. i3 a lot ol mark.t pot.nti.l lor tho p.oposed 

o.oj€ct .sp.ic.rly i^ vi.r ol th6 node.at6 prlce 

sturctu.€ of th. projcct i... onlv R3. 3oo/_ blank€t.

Finam€ 

4.1 F6l-i Cdi 

Th€ co€t ot th. p.ol.cl t. 

1. L.nd (2 K.n l.) 

2, 3uilding (46a sq.n) 

3. Pla.t & ll.chlblrv 

p.€-op.rati,.g Exr.naaa 

Furnitsr. & Flxtur. 

{6t Frki,ng C{Olt.l 

rohl projct co.! 

4.2 r..^. ot Fin.nclnd 

Fo. th. purpo!. ot 

fin.ncing of th. Proj.ct co.t !. 

..tth.l.d .. und..:- 

8r-r3i--409 

tin.nci.r proJ4tion, th. 

8!--4;U--C9g

4.3 Prolitrbtlttw 

at..i.d csp&itv' th. proflttbilitv or lh' P'oj'ci 

i3 esti..l.d .. und..:, 

N€r s.les (6000 6l.nk6ts a R.. soo/bunl€!) R' 1'AOO'OOO 

s95! ll-ldu 

- Ra{ D.t.rl.Ie 

R'' 755'ooo 

- 1.g.. & S.la.i€s R.. 399'600 

ltarul.cturing ov6.hsad. 8t--1!a.t@ _ Re t'2a7'5OO 

c.os3 Profti 

- s.tllng Adnn. & G€n. Ex9.n!.s 

Oo.r.ttno P.6tit 

- Ftn.icl.l €xp.c€s 

!4--ercil! 

R.. 512 5Oo 

R3' 25'ooo 

4.4, Fj-ninct.I R.tic 

i. G.o.. protit as p..c.nt.!! of *Ies - 2a'472 

ii. N.: 9.olit as p.rc.nt.g. ol salet : la'ogl 

1ii. R.turn on capit.lt..tlon (proj€ct cost) : 2s 55i

ull 

s€e-.llluc 

so.p i5 onB ot ths n.c.ssiti6s of hunan b'ing' lor 

lashin€ c!oih€s and baihinE. tnlddition "so'p mav plav t k'v 

rol€ in th. €nlrsion polvo.ritart u3€d in th' 

rlbbe. .nd pltstic industrt$. In lht tertile industrv cdp 

find, u3. in ki€r_bot1i.g cotton. scourins uool and dt9!6nrng 

3ilk !o ..tuwa inou.ii:.. p.io' b 'nv pr6c€s'in9 op"tioh' 

Th€y ... lidglv used in Lh! cosn'tic indust'v in ih' 

pr6p...!!oN ol va.ieiv ot lkin cl6aning and co'ditioninq 

.mulsioh. sodi!n a.d lithiun soap i3 ext€nslv€Iv u3'd to 

thick6n nin.ra! oi]3 in !h€ m"!lactu'a or L!b'icaling 

graases. Le.!he. is d€gr€as.d bv : hot soao 3olut'ion durins 

proc€ssing. so6p is still us6d to softs extent as 3rttiqh 

'nd 

spre.ding a96.ts to inp.owe !h. di3,€r"l or ins€cticidtl and 

fungicid.l corponenis ot aqricultsral'spravs sotp alto tindg 

use in pha.naceuticals rnd in 

'd:d buildine tnc 

*i.r.mrc.fu. soap technoloqy 4as s.adlallv dev€Iop'd !r 

was in fi13L centurv A.O tha! soag found u3€luI tor 

'as 

rrashihs clothcs and skin. A. 3otp or all kinds 

ie highly denanded due to iL3 sxtensive use Basv avtilabilitv 

of rar nat.rials and it requird r43 skilr 'nd sf,alr cloit'!' 

soap production busin€ss hts brisht 6h'rc€s in ih€ xohistt' 

oiErrlct, soap can be nanufaclu'ed bv sev'ral mathode' sinpl' 

method3 of naking soap on sh.ll ahd la'!e

7. C.rboxy ncthyl ccllllot'' 

a. zinc oxide 

9. Ve.a loan 

'v.g.i.bl€ oils and ttts. clts

ix.d g.adu.IIy to ihe solution. Scr.ppins of h"t!d nat€ritl 

ms.t be don. .3 !! is heated contlnouslv' lh' h"t'c a'ocess 

nusr continu. lill the nirtur. o.cd€s thick' att" thi3 !h€ 

r.^ k6ttl. i. .mv.d f.otr std€ t'd !h' n'ttrisl i3 

ihor.qshly nix.d pr6ferlv .ith tht help ol nix"' The' 

o..f!ne, zii. oxid. Etc i3 .dd.

Lhoroushlv..d 3tirr i! continuousrv _ 

4. rh.6B or tou. drops ol eulghonic acid tr' 'dd'd to th' 

pan (Ktr.ht) i.6.' in th' rtttur€ ot ot) 'nd c&stic 

5, H€a! up th. fiixture iill th' tdp 'h611 !! dtvtlop€d' 

6. StoP he.irng 

7, Ad3 to th. nlxtu.c 2oo gr.f' ettrch and 260 0r!fr3 sodlun 

6. Diff€r.nt ivp.. of 3@p pl'c's rrs DA'16 'ccording to th€ 

choice wilh lh€ help ol "Y'' 

ev thts nethod a !o'p lor ra'hi;9 cloth's i3 

caestic aod. sh@ld not b6 tolch'd dith h'nd' 

!) c H cooH + N.oH _---___-ol cooll + H,O (w'l.r 

r735 

(stea.tc .cid, caustic .Gd') so

c-e4p95r!iell/-p-l-9c1lEll!.j 

! 

5-!4 

Firct of .ll' plt sd! tth in a pot ot !t"! 

'nd trr 

i^ ir !h..lLono.ic.cid. aft.. rix in it !'r_ 

"ut'alilation' 

lodilm pho3ph.t. lnd soap ston' !'ll Than add th' r'qul'ao 

colou. lhich has !o b. dissolv'd !n th€ 'at6r' 'nd nl: Later 

onr nix sia.eh:nd P.x. :n thi' trav ut"sil 3o'p i3 prtpafeo' 

afr.. thi3, Dut th6 so.p in tht dv"_ 

qlalh ilasiing 9rletge!! 

i) [e.sa Po{d.r : on' k9 

ii) sod. a3n (sodium co.bona!') 

iii) surPhonic .cid : 2oo c 

iv) v€.a forh : r0o I 

v) c.n.c. : 509 

vi) s.r-P.P, : 30 9 

vii) sodiun Slloh.te : 30 I 

viii) s€n:Yl. Ac.taE€ (*stnc') 

ergeeq'Iel qo0t99llloD 

Fi..! ol all nix ug N"e' 9oBd6r aod 'odt ash w€ll' 

Put it io. sor. tiEe in 5un1i9hi eo th't it o'v dtv up' ihen 

rix all th. inE.sdients i' !! t'd hix i'l1 lo avoid rh' 

poseible chanc. ol beconing big o"!ic1e3 1n lhls rav clolh 

0.3hing d6!.t9..1

us€ rubb.F glov.s' rhtl. usins ch'nictls for in' 

!.l.tylprot6ction ol hands_ 

th€ p.odoction of 5oo i.lric t6nn'3 ot llurdrv sotp 

on 3ln9t..nift a rorki.g hou-s p€' dav b3si3 with 

days, th. foLlots!.g i!t.ritl lhe lin'nc* asarGt 

9,-!9- pcacrtption 

L. orun !vqp. i1x.. 

E!3!!ilY 

?, conv€ygr 6.lt with tfotore 

3: S!€am K.tt.13 

.1, ChoPPi^g r.chln€ {ith nolor3 

5. C5nd6n30. 

6. l.rate. pumo srth noEor 

punp !ith noto' 

a. oupl€x glodd.r v..in kirh 

tt. 

12. 

trolli€s i.S. Sh.e! 

siorage oll tank {i!h 

ci.cul6tio. ooior 

Elect.ic!I cont.ol tan.r 

Iray for 3o.p chips 

Pip€, fiL!ln9 and valv63 

Fab.icitio. structur. 

I 

5 

I 

aD9!ro!-l-BsJ 

z]299S 

rTlaloo

For !h6 L.u.drv soap tndu3trv r'qqiren€nt3 lor building 

nachtn.ry .nd nanps€r ars oiv.n b'lor: 

l. production Hall lox22 sq n't'rs 

2. StOr. for R.{ haterial 6tlo 

3. stor6 to. tinished goods 6x6 " 

a- orftc. (2 Nos) 

'r! 

5. Gu.rd aooi 

2x1 

6. Lav.io.i.. (3 osl a:a!l:-- 

To!.I cov..€d ar€a 404 sq M€:ets 

&a4 !3.t-aritf 

Fo. th. production ot 600 i tc'ne5 lau^drv 6otp' !n' 

tollori.g ..{ oai6.ial Hill b6 "qur"o: 

s-!a-. Eaq,t !c-c:a! gq.lLtilv-illai_o q4slnl-185) 

!, c..!.o! oil ao M r l0ooooo 

2. T.llon 2Oo 2oooOOO 

3. sodlum silicat6 40 r6oooo 

4- c.3ti. soda 24oOOO 

5. P.cklns nat€rial Lenp3un ?10!9 

6. il.cellenous LUdPsrf, I5OOOO 

rot'l 3575OOO 

l{€4!in!L -9!4.4,1 

unskill.d Labd.s 

wo.kinE st.tl wil] b€ '€qul'eq: 

1 

a

cag'l-91-lra!-r'olLbg4di-0tr 

r. Land 2 kln.ls 

2- Cosr ot bui lding 

Plant rnd !|cb!!nD. 

2. Tr.nsportation ch!r96s !5OOO 

3. t.lt.Ilarion chrrg.3 75ooo 

4. Con!in9€nci.3. -]l@al 

a!tr9r,!r(p!r!!r 

r- Pr._oP...ti^9.t9.n.€s 

2. F!.nltu.€ and flxtut' 

3. Tot.l fix€d coli 

4. N.t {o.king c.Plt.l 

5- fo!.l 9roj€ct coct 

N€t 3a1. (600 l{/IoG ak.92!o/1on) 

c-gs! -alhfj' 

r. A:, nate.ial: 

2. .e.3 and s.lar!.3 

3. M.nulacturin9 ov.rh€ad 

s.l1in9, adnioi!ir.tive and 

s.n..al exp€n.l!tu.€s: 

23000 

3575oOO 

19!999

oa...tin. P.otit 

l. Fin..ct.I .xp6ns63 

2. 1,lork... f!nd 

N!.Lt!c14 

Flnlnci.l Ratlo3 

r. c.oi. p.olit t or ttl' 

2. N6! P.olit .s I ot 3tl' 

3. R.turn on ctpital 

(Proj.ct c6r) 

to. ih. tn3ialLaiion ot a knii_{..r o.ûftct!r1'9 

indu3t.ial unit in Kohtsta' oi3trlct on 'inql' 'hift p€r d'Y 

lor 3oo ,o.king dsv3 of a v€"r for th6 p'odsctton of l5'ooo 

.nnqn' tht folldlng d€tail3 ar' 91v6^:_ 

r. Toilt ..ttm.t.d co.t ol fr'chinorv: 

2. cost ot 2 kanal3 lrno: 

3. covar.d .r.. 25oa slt x 35o: 

4. Ra{ D.!a.t.t! dool' p'ckinE 

n.t..ial 6tc' 

s. sLArrlng (rechnic.t' ô^ t'chniar 

29 + .dnlni.rraLrv6 ro:, 

6. Pot6r ..a!ired:

tglqe!9'9t! - 

2. Colt ol building 

3, pl:nt lnd nachtn.rv 

b, tr.n3Po.tarton 

c. In3tallaitn 

d. Conting€rcles 

4. P..-op..ating €xp.n!.. 

5. Furni!ur€ and fixtu.. 

6. lotal tixEd cost 

7. N.t dorkis. capit.l: 

a, rot.l Project co.t: 

P-relil4bif.ut 

t. r.t 3.t€ (15'o0o Pi'c'3 

i3.25ol- 6ach) 

2. co.t ol s.16: 

3. Gro33 protit 

4. s.l!in9. adninisir.ttv' 

.rp.n3€s. 

5. 0p...!in9 p.ofit 

6. Fln.ncial exp€nr's 

7, r'Jork..s fund 

a. x.t prolit 

FuaDc!.--r--8rli-os 

2. 

3, 

Gro.s p.ofit as t ol 3ar.: 

N.t Proti! as * ol s.lt: 

R.t!.n on capitali:rtton 

2A4500 

--loCgL 

26055

!10 

I! tL oLDt!!, r. bt Clt u|..d 

t c!4loaL., .?trot!t.t tor tL loUl!.tr tl.tdot 

otr F .l .F.. tor tt. t.-rroloal.d rLr.lot-ltr 

ol r{r.I rLr.Ior-!t, rtL&Lar l. r.t. tb 

.rl.c!...{ t! tt oo..l{ obbt. 

dlll.t.lt

521 

SUEVEY OA Tfl! RURA! AIEAS 

OFFICERS GUIIANCE 

frr jas't'rl,ii

REBgqCB 

.. cbaudh?, it.a, - $39.:_!g!sg1_gc1_4sl9sg 

l' satta! ald (!6!€i!otr!) rbuBh} Ealnar ra 

&g4Eg, rucloa! I!6titut€ of 

rrul.t &d v€gatablo, ra!@b, 19911 

!.z(b€$EJt.r cii€at clradlfr & 

cou.aEu€6). 

2. lrloltdous - P!€6.!vetiop o! loodB, .{gr!dok , 

k!od!a, P.o: Bd to. 41 5iooo 

aa f.€€Li!g.n, th6 nott6!1l!al 

(b6!tdt6r c1t€d Alorylou3, !o.ds) 

P.91. 

,. chadbry 6d co116€gu65t op.citi P.t. 

4. AloDyeua loc&, O!.Citi !.r4. 

5. FaEita u. - Egisl&sEs:@Ei9!s, (r,tab!s 

l!p!!6tus !o! 4ra!6pleti!€ or 

Vdtotabto S.edli!g), alctlr J.Ir&, 

499 ' qP.5G.51 . (b€!oaJt€! cit€d..oF?). 

5. .tudo, E lFi(Disi.blectlor o! Psildr S.€ats !y soski!€ i! 

Col-d a!it Es:.! fate!), op.Cttt yP.214-215- 

7. raaAtuhlr I uF!(ldato culilvall@ bt cuttils I€aves) 

Op.clti !P.42-4r. 

a. ritucbi, S U9P(C!ovi!g !!!its ald vegetableE ltEde! 

1'!€1.11.es o! la!€ioE !nit3) op.citi P.5a. 

9. rbid(SDaJ-l Scal6 EiUsid€ tsreing - C@tou Crolpilg 

o! vea!ta!]€s), P. 64.

! 

10. chhrqiJr E lrP(ElEPr€ Uethods or lddl8 CdDost) 

op.Cat iPp.76-n . 

r1. rn'-nEr r urp(caEar s.€de! rFd. rlo tuI'rr 

Bottle ), op.c&t sp.E_?t. 

i4. v6I€zr a.c - 

leqEbR Ilro tb. !ur!&( rort.u.e 

Ecld.-Iqrooattc Rj.o. &r6s!s!),vol-rl 

Eiliptxir€ Ide€lriou DevelopleDt 

IrBtIrqta(pIDI) | rhiltppile, 

!E.t.d | !.?. (h€r.stt6, cit.dt..lorle 

rr. !i-r, J.V.(Rotsvaro! rb.€t !o! Ullald outtiralio!) 

o!.c&i ?.a. 

14. I!ocal1a,C, V.I IDocdILa sd .l.vst.sco !ot!r€(roe? 

!ra.to.) O!.C1ri !.r1. 

15. c!@, s.R auru&(IrcuDltor{arcb.Flrr.res€ !!ooare! 

c@ibirarlon), Q.crti r.r9. 

15. lz!ri!, s.v Futu!.(rt€Lila Eoot),oD.c1rr!. . 

17. M!9t..!€o1, I.I lutur.oro.d rb66€!retr". oooDosilio!) 

0?.citip.8?. 

1E. vett'ra, o.! Futa!!(Ea!.t Tr4ro!) Op.c1!i !.4€ 

49. Oiatn&or C. - &obfc.l. clrtt.dt to! th. s€recrl@ 

er rodr lior:ti!. na.!i-!.E (Vooir 

claracto!:i-6tlc€ l!flulacb8 &ui!@Dt 

s6t.cr16 €!d Mach!!6 OI,6!et1@) 

UrIDo, vielDa, 199, !p. r{. (Eeresrt€! 

Clt.d....r@d)- 

?O. IoF., C.t.!.,Jooat(c6!e!al Clit*ja !o! th€ s.tecii@ 

ot |lachin.), O!.Citi ep.41-64.

:,4. Ik!a!, x ard 

6.! Eu66ai! 

29. Cb.pra! B.tr, 

S.!. ttay€r €!d 

I.c. Cbap!! 

c 

21. gcalll, U lood(rhctariu atj.or ot roE6t op€latio!) 

Op.citi ?P.1a5-124. 

22. !a€t,a tutu!6(!oubl. Dleat6at aeci!!@atils Actl@ 

B6d SaedU) tOI'.Clr; &?1. 

ar. hcrclol)edla, c!oll'!!r vot-r, ee Cr.o!!6! soci.t, 

Publisbe$, !o!o!tor C€aada, 1 Zi,y7f{]. 

26. ZsDaat M.B 

and t'4.s Kbl!. 

- oonp€ldt!! ot M€dic&sl. pla.[is, 

lCsll Iabofato*ie6, ?eshae€rt 19?a. 

P.1. (E€!€a!t€! Cl!.d lbba, pla!rs). 

- G1o€€.F o! Idias ediclrsl 

&9, c@oil. otr 6ci.eDti$c ad 

tdu8tri.l R€8€3lctr ner D€tbi, 

1 , PP.2-112.(E te4t.! clt.it... 

c!o'!!a,elo66ari),- 

lgsElggr uedicilar slet Blsncb, 

laktuts! IoFs! Ilstiflt€ | 

P$!s'r6r, 1972, !.a8(Ee!ea!t€! 

Clrd zadaD D!uA). 

27. cbqta/ clossa.L Op.Cit; pp.j5-9o. 

28. zas!,!tnE! op.cLtt ?.99. 

29. &r3t!,rl&!sr O!.c1r; !,81. 

,0. cbc,pF,crossat7,Op.Cj.li r.r8. 

,a. GuI, E. - Aabpalhj, trai ghaE t tt&rooa taFoel 

Zar!s.,aati Salhad , Aglicl]tu:{ 

(IDroaati@) DelaptDelr , !.6ha{a! 

:,"F6b, agr. pp.z?_29.

ta. ea', ot 

,5. Gort ot NIFP 

,6. covt ot 

,?. Goaa ot 

,4. oEL, E. 

D 

- fios vat6. lor ltid L€pd, treti@ 

Acaal€ry o! Scioces, rahtlgtod Dc, 

aq74, P.2, 

!i.tcbo! Il|fi.rati@ F€rllri b 

!3EE!9, Ird€atiod haj.!.€. atd 

.lood C@trol Bosedcb co&cL1 9!d 

A1!0, Iala!$ad, 492, !.?. 

!r!sE-!@-@+a-4lls' sab'd 

lgli.caltor. | :nJF! !!1r.r51r ol 

Ag:'j.c!1tur. I,€6halra!(tbd.t 

IDo!t6!t Dl3tlict socio--€c @oEic 

Idicaio!€. MIP, 3!r€au o! Stattst 

P1E@ia6 ard Ddvelo![€lt D.paltaeDt 

1989. P.4. 

g!349_s9lg, !cll, IslaoaEd, 

E ilel ?lsnt, lir)O(Nol' I[t1),locket 

Book, Raea lrjiots!.r Isloabad, 

Rol€ ol Lcro E:ralro€lectdc Pde! 

static,rE 1.[ REal rl.ectdJlc ati@,/ 

Devel@lopt, article l\blbbed i! 

Dlstlict Rut.l EderEr !te!!i.!g t! 

?A!D, P€sbam!, t

,9. Gott or nuEP - !I:!S!_!q.3ry:tgg!, s,E!!o 

rdt 1ra rctiv:t!i6., tbdlt.d !i.ooo?. 

40. c!.1, E. - &.!E? qlad!& lor a Vlusi€i 

Fp.r E6.!t€d l! &.t!' prriDl,Dg 

3ld Bltal D.v€IoIo.Et, pABD, 

P..!.rr:', rpril, 1 9r(rhile! 

rlbrlcltld). 

41. r6lt, B - r@r orp Sotar !.... Eor. to [a]€ 

glJlg, sola! loE t!aL! t!t!taat1- 

42. Corl ol 

Palirto 

4r. Sb€tLb ,..A 

8rll l.E.6bah 

44. Cd., E. 

45. Me!a!, l,.J 

G,lt. sarbad:lhi 

r!:l u. s€6s€[ 

46.8habr I.E. 

onaL, 6ao!ea.nto, c 9814 

(&dat!d), PP.1-4. 

lcolod.c Sl1'ar oa &Il.st.a, 

!l!3!c. Dieisl@, &ordic 

rdvbolE 1fi!6. 19t-9, 9.1'. 

- Ecolodc Coot stov., lDo(ron rcrl) 

IBrslabd, (lbdai.d), p.r. 

- Gobar cas Plapt, t!tj,cl6 ?ubushed 

t! llho Dallt laesr, llsbavar,Iri 

Malch 2otb, 19r. 

Blo-Cas tedbpoloEy, IOO(tror !Cat) 

l{s! PrbieEr l!l€!db!at, -!:a8; , ' 

D63i.d &d CoEtFction o! Bio-R€s 

Plet. slte S€16cti.o!. !&€sts! 

.!d Cas gold€!, kp€rt U.etilS @ 

81o-€a !€cblolo6l(Ilococdi!€) 

B€Dg!oL, lDliled, 1978. t.1o-aa.

4€. 

F 

47. AehE€!,tl.U, PrI ?.€baxs., !6r€oDal IDt!F16r, 

Dt.7/.11,/199.- 

cEl,E t4actr q9.C&i r2.n4A. 

ld,!, l,!. PCsIl It6b.tr.!, !.!s@a1 htorrld, tr. 

rove!b6! ?tb, 199e. 

t0. !!otoe, E.E - !rr1!s_esE3.@l_@e!es_€ 

!6rtl1€ lib€fs, (ril Bitld) Butrt€! 

d Iea.! ltil, ldor IIr, 1964, 

t?. rb6!, u.r' 

5r. val€eLr A.I. 

54. D.o6ai 9. . 

lutal alit 

!. lrapa. 

56. r!id, P.4 

- AII PEkista! C€B!6 o! LiveEtoct, 

lllDl3f,ry o! Agt'ic'l1t{r!, I5l&absi ! 

499. P.4. 

ard - Edpcti.@ of PLD6 !Lb!!s !!d PLn€ 

!4:19' (v"r no. 2ar2 !o. 1) !6Il 

!.b, rF1. rP.41-46. 

- Carp€t laldle xachi.p., lgrFba€€d 

.!il Rural. I.ebloloEg Dlrlsid, FCSII, 

!6Bbar.!t otaitat€il ) | !.1-4. 

- !E4!3:S_pg9:9!s!9!, Ilte'natiolal 

Cortler Cent!3 l!t36!at.d Uo!a!ai]! 

!€tolopDent r latbllldu, (.pal, a991. 

P.6t. 

- !€E!tsS_!gg:39, Pcsll, !.3ha'6r, 

(ltdat6il) !.1(E€F.tt€! cited lDory@u, 

FCSIR)

t. c.ft ruf -IIr O.otti p.'9 

tA. E gi, P., - ldiscFlc..l Y-drbr. Olfr. 

.d r.I L&E trt€i tod ScrI!., fd lclLt. 

't9'' P'h 

59. $r.. ". t.

522 

cs^ltaa - v 

RI'RAI DEI!'OPIEI{T 

OAJECfIVES 

Ihe r..! !u!al dev.toptrenr ha. b.6n dofin.d br A f.w 

exp.lts of the lield i. dor. o. leEs rh. 5.!€ say, tt is the 

dev.ropoenr o! uplaisiDg th. Iiwins st.trd.rd of th. l3!!e.s, 

the poo. a.d all those tiving iD th. area rh.!. b.3ic 

anenl!ie. like d.v..l6?ed educrtto^ aDd !!Deport stst.! a!. not 

avrit.ble ard D.joltay of th. popul6tion ert.te i! p.io.!, 

than in rh. irdustri.l 6a.!. It is d.tiD.d i, 

th. Intelnation.l Encyclopcdi. of Social Sci.Dc.s $ "Stil1 

oth.r suggesrEd crit..ia for chalact6rls1ng, .u!.1 socier, 

include: lelativ. size aad d€n.iry !.th.. rh6! .!bll,.a!y 

ti!ita; rhe .coloAic4t notion ot ..letiv. tsotarion tloD or 

acc.sEibility to Ialde. popul4tion .6bt..E, exp!.!s.d by 

st.rert (19i3) ld r.!Ds of a iocial trstrork bap d..iwtng ihe 

pr.po.tior ot ulbar contact.ca froi obJ.ctlve indi..t; .nd 

aooth.r ecoloti..l glr,e.a.tiv. rhereby p.opte .DBAd.d iD 

''l1.ld" activiti.s rou.Ld b. cl6rs.d 4€ !u.rl aDd rh6.. .Da.g.d 

1n ..nt.e acrtviries rould be tcr!.d u.ba!. ,.Field" 

activities a.e consid.red thos. i.votving ih. production of 

food, fibres, or.. ard .ar trstoliats 5Dd r.qui.i.g high nan_ 

Pakistar corp!i... of v.st !u!AI ..€.3 ehelc .bout 

71.7 : of ti. toral gopul.tton li'.3. ?hts secrion ot the 

poPulatiod, on th. on€ Ej.d. baE nor only Innune.ebl. probl€og 

havinl deep loorE bur 6n th. oth.! 3:oo pose... g.eat 

Potenli s to D6.i thei. osr d.oa.ds dd rhar of ulbo s.€t6. 

apt.t lr.o exporrtna th. surplus agriculrulal prod{c. and

52t 

Rut'I Detelop!'nt i3 not an old phenorelon' 

I! th. d.welopirs countiica' lik' Ptkistatr' th' 

thi.3.cto. on Ecl'ntific ba'i' {as gtv€n t'o d"'d' 

'bout 

a!o. The awdr6bl' institutlon3 *'rc dev'lot'd abd n's ob'3 

a!. b.itt oP"'d to fcel'lri' ibe psc' ot d'v'lop'cnt 

.xitun effort3 .t' rade to involw' tha loPulation !r 

'u!!I 

tho d.cision ssking' st the lo'aL and nationtl Ievels Ev'rv 

d.nocr.tic (ow.rntqnt deEite3 to Ptoieci lts policies !D 

iavou! of th. !.s3.E bec'u3€ it haE to do to th' !€oPre !E 

I.ast du!ing .l.ciioDs A' th' !u!tl s'cio! cotstitut'! 

najoriiv ol the p.rt it do's aot r'ceive approp!Iste att€ntion 

in lunditt aDd o!h'! tatiE!3 Th6 int'rl'ctual!i 

'overno€nt 

off1ci.Is ind Dotttici4lt th'it Ptobl'lt on nstion'I 

"i3' 

l.v.I Pres3 .ad ledia slve es!€ci'l 

'l€'i!o!ic 

th. rural ?eop1. bt educatlnt rh€i thlouBh vliious oeans $d 

!lb.tati.t th€o froa the o?lottuntsts aDd c6rtai! leligiou' 

l6ad.!€ gho 4!t Gtioving luiurious ril€ gith the fo'!tr' 

.lhtns .trd thu. btocl d'v'lopo'rt' Att'r 

'lergenc' o! 

P.kistan' rulal sr'65 d€veloP'd ald are b'lns d'v'lo?ed to th6 

.x!.dt rhe.e tlt€ ot65's r11I !"1 cittzens of indePedcit 

'n 

n.tlon. For et!!pl6t iD (ohisttn Distlict 'hicb constitut'3 

loox ru.af 3.c.. ot itE Jouli'

524 

Flonti.r Provinc., coElonlt kno{! as IATA and the Nort'rt 

DlviE16^ ol P.kistanr co@onlv knorr 5s Northarn :r"t' 

Pski.t.n li.t bciwe.r23 and 3? d'a!t'E D6'th latiiud' ard 61 

and ?6 d.!r..s .agt longituds lt touch'E ths ftroo! xlduk$h 

'ountrinr in thc noltb' It has botd'rt rlth I"' i! th' *"r' 

,rtah.oit!.n in lhe norht_'e3t' Indf in tli' etst "

525 

YAJOR PROELFIS 

Ru.6I Pakistr! i! on th. .n. rid. ls th. b.ckborc ol 

the .ouniry, it o! th. oth.! sLd. 1B a hou.6 of probl.nE. 

P.opl. .lte! g.tting hidh.r .duc.tion aDd !6kina r.slth, t,.k€ 

tb. n.r! Etep for s.rtllnl 1n th. ctry. sililally, tho..,ho 

are qn.lploy.d o. i.viDt n6 t...l.Dd .nd bu3ir66.r r!. .dding 

t6 th. crord3 of citi€!. In3plt. o! rhe lacrr tb.t !.jorirt 

ol ulbrn popql.tion once b.long.d to rural aleas! th.F 13 . 

!!..t dM.!enc6 tn ti.i. €.clo-.conolic conditiors.Dd tlend 

to var!.u! conceprs 6! lif. of th. trodeln age, Th6 typ.s ard 

th€ ratur€ of tit. piobl.!. ol !u!al Paki6rrD ar. d.eclibed 

POPULATTON 

Popul.tion ot P.ki.t.n is ibcr.a3Ina at 3.1x 

&a,ualty rhich is 4 sianal, of d.ns.! even 16 th. counr.y,s 

9otit1..I Ey.t6r, Accoldiha to rh. r€cent poputstjon 6n.Irrls 

aad.oudh .rtitrstes (!o c.h.u. h.s b6en €onducred .ft.! rg8l), 

Paki.trni population exced.d 110 !t11ion. Thi. y..r 3.5 

liltion n.v soul3 ale cxpect.d to joiD rh€ prerent g.nG!.tioD 

16. incr.asira nore tbe !r!ssur. on the sc6.ce !.sou!c... In 

P.k1.t4n, .8p€ciattr i. !u!!1 ar..s, chitdren ... corsld.!.d 

a .yhbol of statls and tb. Dost p!.clous sift o? cod 6nd ihe 

Dtfferert aspccri ot thc lurrl po4t.tton.r. aive4 

in th. foUoeiag Tabl€s:

lt6 

f,!c p€ldt trd 6. l^bt. I&lr-!t! 

l. Dl.ttlbttcr o! F rl.tl6, 9'1 

otb.! .!d !et.!. 

t, Pot{t.tlo! tt.it. .d or' r'2 

ro.I rlll.l o.!.u., 

!. ADEI Eb.! ru.I tonU'ilo! v'3 

g&FtL !.t. 

4. ADN.I tttb- tut.l totu.!.!lot v'4 

rrortl t tc.rt.l.

SIND 

i,21 

DtstRlButroll oF poPU',ATlOlr (Uil^x Al{D FUiAL_LrSE ) 

EAIUCUTSTA}I 

!9gt L98l r981 

a4233 

31a66 

t2161 

2.{860 

r7909 

605r 

9999 

aa33 

5?61 

898 

2244 

r9l3 

311 

1lt3 

t la3 

185 

1t3 

Rur.l P.t!tt.n 6t. Cl.nc.: 

.nd iull D.v.loP..!l' Govt 

a002t 

24917 

Itota 

22432 

16332 

6r00 

9030 

5220 

38tO 

a 533 

757 

2049 

L112 

306 

1056 

to56 

r55 

9l 

8a254 

60,lll 

2344t 

t1292 

31211 

t3051 

19029 

l0?86 

8213 

r1001 

9396 

1665 

a332 

3055 

677 

2r99 

,ao 

136 

20a

0-4 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

35-39 

50-54 

65-69 

10-11 

324 

T.b1. 

POPU"ATTON 8Y AOE AND 6EX (iuRll-ttsa 1981 CEI{SU5) 

Sou.c6: Econollc 

00412 

9369 

99t4 

1941 

540? 

4,154 

3886 

30ao 

3025 

2421 

2265 

22tt 

tzLT 

t101 

110 

914 

1103 

31,{66 

{521 

5165 

4402 

2984 

zL99 

2021 

r692 

r 501 

la80 

!r60 

1215 

63? 

1000 

432 

5t6 

612 

2a947 

,18a8 

4562 

2253 

1860 

t6la 

1520 

1013 

t?t 

339 

3?A 

471 

E.on@ic Advirot'. slna 

ol P.ll.tut l.l&.b.d.

t90l 

.l92l 

r93t 

t94I 

l95l 

1961 

t912 

t98l 

1162 

8.45 

529 

. iUM! POPULA?ION CEOflTA 

1901 - t981 

166t0 

19382 

21109 

74612 

28242 

33t80 

,r2880 

65309 

aazaa 

1495? 

t 7693 

19051 

24261 

21761 

tt226 

a8716 

50a12 

1619 

1689 

2048 

2169 

4015 

6019 

t654 

16503 

2aaa2 

Econo.ic sulv.v 198,_86 acoloric advisorlt trl!'l 

!int.t!t 6? r't!.nc.' Govt' ol lskiEttn' Itl"'btd'

xilP 

t!0 

L!1. v'' 

altt{ua! uRBal-nqi ! P( Fulrlltoll 

19tl _ El 

I Llo'rt ' 

tgla! 

2.6 

!.0 

t.8 

1.9 

?.t 

Popul.tid c.Do. ol l*tti'!' 

oio*rs /Q[r 

l9o1' 

gralx 

,1.4 

t.9 

1.2 

6.t

t31 

uldu !t th. b.rlon.I od lnalt.b 

r.DO.t.. !fth ll b.Ina .Dol.n .Drl qnd.rriood 

couotlt. PunJ.bi, sl.dhl, P..hto .n

t,lauF - A6 

taux l,/uraB n l,oPulalrol DlatxlDuTtox Bl Pl|()vrricl' 

r9?2 rriD 194t. 

t_i 

1972 19al 1972 19bl 1972 19a1 19?2 1W1 

Slod I":liFP 

€ 

Foiulatlon census ot

90 

@ 

m 

@ 

50 

{o 

10 

5i3 

!lt!- - t? 

aqiutut attvt Dlanxlaullor or. l.oPularrod al aoa, 

all tlrD u$t r+----|lul !, 19?9. 

Ltb. 

4 914 1924n 

ra.-Equ.l to or r.!. Dsn-Llrs 

D.t. Siourc.t F.!t.!.1. Eur..u 

o! P.kl!bn, qou!.lolrl 

nrv.y, 1979. 

Iot l, Eo9u]| tloa 

49 

30.rr 

Ft 

31.^ 

ot ststl.tlc., coveln!.ot 

Idco!. 3ad lq.oiltut.

534 

tbis, th. t.t... do lot !"litt !h'lr br'L"!d!"'r 6u' ro 

,hicb !h.v ... lot to r'1" tb'!! trdd'rd ot lllt Trr" 

'bI' 

.!..1!h.r .ri1.tt.d erth !h'i! p"t'n! !tatut or d'c'rw'd 

'r' 

br tb. potittctu. lo! th'i! !'t!tth oft'n uDDlodlc!Iv' 

obj.ctlv... T.bI. v 5 thost th' d't'ilt 'l 

th' Ilt'r'ct 

"t' 

o, rulrl P.kt.t.n ,hicb t" l?'3t in l9a1' 

3. 

: Lttc oth.! d.v.loPlna 

uEon 

coubtrI.s! tur.! poPul.tion dtD'Ddt 

"intt "ticlllurt' 

In P.krtt.n' 80: rur'l popuJ'tlon ri' Iivtllhood t@r 

"!nt 

r!!iculiu!. .nd .tII'd !ndu'irt"' Tb' 6th'! t'cior of th' 

.conoor i. ltitl b..kvt!d du' to sblch it r3 lelDd cont"llon 

.n

llt 

r!. tot l Nd.! o! !'rr rtn'ratr 

''0t0 'tlGL 

t.r.b .coroll.o t.n totdt{. .!d !'tr ttl'urt' 

'-tot.I 

" 

rlttou.rl tl t.bl. v.?r v.8 .d v't' I|llt !'rrl' !l' !'l| 

atr. Dl.trthuito! I! 1r!o' Dt.tltldrot oi l''d ottt'ltt !9tc 

.!d dl.tlthrtlo! ot t tt .d i'tr l!$ ts t'ds' tF l!" 

'd 

,!..lelo t..t .tlv.It. tttuF at ?O tL ll'ttllollo! 

'!tl '!d' 

ot l|!r .!d t.tr ls.. .!d t.st' tlt'tlttn'tlc' bt tsr l! 

'1!' 

1980 F.t oilv.lt.

lr6 

1.b1. v'6 

LrtEr c.!,a?t! ot pltlstar| Ei lErax axo rm^L lltla ll6l-ar 

19tr 

1961 

t72 

198! 

rII l!.4 U!b.r 8u!'l 

tl,9 

!6.3 

tl.t 

aa.2 

ll.0 

a!. t 

,lt. t 

10.9 

l,l.l 

lt.t 

!lou!c.: 1,1t.!.at P!o?il' ot P'ti'tt! 1961-1ttt' Lli't&t 

' .ad L... aduo'ilo! C,.sl"t'!' oov'tt!'r! ot 

P.tl.t.6r ttltt'!'d'

53? 

labl. v 6 

cH^RAcrlnrsTlcs oP AcltculluRAl, BOUS&OID 

I,^BOUR EI{OAGED III PAIll AND/OR LIVISTOCK 

woRt( ovER 10 YEAi6 0F AOE 

l&dl€EE Ltv€rtel lold.r. 

Pefsons per ho$.lDld 

r&ilr ro!k.!! P.r nou.. 

!N 8orebold. triuior) 

PerN '€r bou.hold 

ruib blt $ P€. tont.hold 

F.@I€ fdllv 'o.L€rg 

2.O 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 

6.4 

3.3t 

t.06 

0.63 

0.9, 

1.26 

3.6t 

3,30 

l.1a 

1.92 

t.?2 

4.20 

?.t4 

0.66 

5.!9 

2.45 

2.7t 

1.a0 

a,2 

3.26 

2.97 

1.54 

2,11 

1,9{ 

o.z3 

1.39 

0.67 

o,l2 

1.56 

3.6r 

1.95 

t.2l 

3.00 

0.23 

2.06 

1,04 

\.o2 

0.17 0.43 

3.60 1,t2 

3.65 1.00 

2,23 2.52 

f.i2 1.18 

L.t2 1.03 

1.60 1,0I) 

o,72 0.03 

0.61 0.3 3 

,lallcultuFl c.!.!! ollsir.tlon, st tt.tlc' Dlvi'io! eort' 

P.Iilta cd.{. oa &rlclltuE' 1lao

llCF - 68 

DI$ttIEtId Ot mt ltD tdtx.a EY llue 

qEdt!, scl(n 

lpt, 

sts,c 

r6€ 

R.ta1L lhol. :t 1€ llade 

tot.lr{.rt€uraats 

&t€ So&c.: Ag:1cultE. la P.kj.!t€r. d Revtes ol 

Erfollaac€ .nd *osp.ct. by H,D Ay€rs et el. 

a Relort h€F!.d lo! CID{, Octoler' 19st.

90 

EO 

50 

fr 

40 

10 

5t, 

fr@. - al 

Dttllllut c tll /|It uI rql! l$o 

2b. 

10 2OrO 40 5o & m 80 90 .t@ 

D.ta S|rrc.r lefr.cultura C.r|$. Ola.6izatlon, St!t!.tlo., 

D1vtsloo, ooY.raoot oI lbkls!.a, 

t&krs!.a C.a.or ot Ag|:lcrAtur.c, t9€0.

540 

Pt!!F - ?0 

TEUS' Da8llItnlof d lrtt s!tt, r$r, 

Fards-6 L€Bs 2 

t1alt,35 M !.) 

E 

-E 

(9.9M ba) 

H:ff ,3';t,::di.Li." *".:.:' *1,* 

50 ha(z.60l,r ba) 

(1.62n ha) 

sourcer -a!!cuitule to Fcklst€d. . RevreB ol ,error@nce 

a.r_.,rosp€cts by H.D .ye!s, et "t, . *"i"ii-..-- 

Ee!€red tor :IpA , _ec to-b€, ; -1965.

541 

Thetc ... rrllioB of ledl... .rriclltu6l l'bout'rt 'nd tn' 

4u!b.r i3 incr..slng ,iti 9.5.ago ol tlt. b€c!!6e thet h'vt no tlt'mttit' 

sou.c. ol e.plFent Ih. ..!turi65 old t€Du.. and ldd u$a' 3v6t" cannot 

go .id. by side ,itn tn d€'elot*nt ol .irililltion ed 'Frg'!c€ ol 

&Dcr&r in th€ couitrt. 

5. i[ss iCRrcULTUBll, PRODUCTIVIIY: Ii. prorin.nt ch..&t'riEtica or 

tgrlclltur. i! the d.v.lopiD! @untrt.. it th. Ior Dsductlvitv per et' 

shich *u. l€$ ltbo!. productiritt .rploted i! th€ li'ld ThG rtit 

c.us.E ol loi produ.iivltv *c t.l.lttv. ..thDd oa cultlotioD, Iatl 

t.nu( srEte!, racr or i.rl!.tlon l&iriti.3' 6!b-divi.ion {d 

rr4Entltlon or hol

tlz 

tltr atz! Dlattul'tto{, 1L0 

hn rlr rt'l *- tolr u ir rL hE! 44,--q,-!--4g 

L! &l,l l.l l.l l.t lt.l Ll l.t {.1 l.l l t ll 

!.Lt.l ll.l lil aJ |l.! &l l.l l.l l.r &l l.t 

hrLtl:. $.t ttt ll.t Sl ltt lll $l al Gl lll 

h.lldlllttr t,l It l! t,l tl lr,] tlt ll1 ill ltl 

hrhtri- t.a u r.r I.l ll ll'l l(l lIJ ll.t lta 

*nit t tt Ll L! tl Ll !l l.l. lJ |tl [! 

souE.: /|tltcults.I c.Eu. O!adt.tto!, si.tt.ttc. 

Dtvi.i6, oort' o! E tl.ts, Lh.e' Prtt.te. 

C.n.u! ol Aart.d!u.' lgao.

ta3 

l.b!. v.8 

DrstttBtlt(x oF llLD orxlla{IP' lt?l 

{Pct o.!t) 

Atrlcultur. !. P.tlrte: a Frid 

.!d PF.rrot. br l.D. At r.. .t 

D-pa!.d tor CID ,

DIAIiIBI'IIO{ 

Bt lDlull 

laa 

o! tlttall tllt l t|. lil 

AlrD Pia|rlllcl, llto

sourc.: Ag.i.ultu.al c€D5u. olaaDir.tlon, st.tl.ltca 

DlviEj,on, Govelnoent ol P.kl6taD, L.hor.. 

P.kist.n C.lsuB oi ,ra.tcuttur., r940.

546 

f6r th€ tea! t992 acco.d1n3 !o this d.scriPti'n 40t 

popul.tion in .q..l P.*ista^ can be ter!.d ae Poo. In th' 

.u.al P.ki.tan, th. EXilled P.rso.s' th. t.nsnts and th' 

1andl.!s lsbou!6rE ar. called bt bad na!.s 1ik. liarin snd 

'Nich by th€ p.lvil.dt6 cless "ho .!e liw!n, on their t.b.ur' 

The poor ol tie lural .reas a.e not o.gatizedi ther€forc' tb.v 

ale .egl.cted aad llto.ed in !h. develoPoa^t schere3 bv lhe 

{ove.ni..ts, The l.ndlo.d5 (ho have firD fo6tin!s 1n the 

governn.nt aflai!3, .xi.act rhei! sbalE in lab6!r. Th. 

deo6c..tic toveldrent..t !iw. .ttention to th.ir Proble!3 t. 

it v.!ts to lroJ€ct its Pollci.s in th. !aE8.s fo. achi.vind 

INEOO,TL DISTRIBUTIoN OF {FALTH: In rur.l alc.3 ol 

PakIstan, ihe dist!lbuiion ot {.6lth is ir.qual. Th. er..h 

revolutlor bebefit.d onlv th. upper and .1ddl. cra33 f.rtr.ls 

'hile th€ srall aar!..s, t6nants lnd lardl..5 .t.ss es!. not 

odly dep.ivod of th. !.uiis but '.r. deP.iv€d ot the avtilrbre 

a. vIcRATIoN OF LrgOUn mRcE To URSAN aiEAs: UneoDlot.d. 

seasonst and uad.r.nploy€d .ur!l lab.ur forc€ rigrat.E to 

citieE. B€sides unskilled 3^d itlit.rate' r.!! and r.II 

qualili.d youth rlso shift to citi.3 iD se.r.h of erplov!.nt. 

ls th.r€ is lack oa addododation and oth.. lActlities' hitb.r 

.ate of infletlo!, Iesr 6nplotnett oploltunities, thcse 

Eig!.ots face 3 tuEb.. of p.obl.ns not 6.Iv the&s.lveE bui 

they al€o inc.e.s. ti. p.oblela of u.bar popul.tion.

IACK OF CAPITAIT: DUC 

to vrrt uneEPlorlett .nd l.ss 

.ec.iDts ot tn.i! outlut tlt. .!vinA is 1.33 id !u!rl thad 

u.baD are6s, 8!Jor Pa.t o! ih6 tov.rna€nt Eavitrg is investe

514 

t.u. v'10 

lttaa cY tlArla BY ltlr I utldl lllD il,lAl, 

1t51-19t1 

AErtrl 0t PAIlSrlx 

!tt.!&y P!o!ll. o! P.Il.hn 1t5l-E1. l,!i.t.6t .r.r 

rb.. adu€.tlo co.tslolr o€.tD.lt ol P.Ll.t a, 

t.lr.b.d. l lrulc Publlo.tto! SLtt.tlc.l g.!t..

549 

PROVIIICTAL DISTNIDI'IION OF IITInACI NTTES OF PAI(ISTAX 

BY URBAI' AND PURAL ATD SAXES 195I'1941 

(Lit..acY R.t.. ln Xaa.l 

It|t 

l9tI 

1!ll 

Lt! 

l,ll 

nn llt 

It6l 

lllt 

I9NI 

0tl 

Itlt 

I'll 

t,t lI.l 

l0.l lr.! 

14, | 2J.l 

l t,l. tt,9 

l? ! !0., 

ll, i l!, 1 

t!. I tt,l 

!1, | !t,l 

0,1 lt.! 

ll,l lI.t 

!0,l n,l 

l|' r9,l 

1!, ! lt, r 

1., 

Il,t 

lt.r 

lt.l 

l1.l 

li.l 

Lt 

i., 

l|-l 

19,? 

,t 

lt,l 

l|,t 

.l 

,r.l 

,I 

tr,l 

'l,l 

,l,l 

tt.l 

tl,l 

lel. t ll !.l. hd. 

,t 

It,l 

lt.N 

l|., 

fl.1 

t1,t 

tt,t 

1!,1 

,.t 

tt, I t,l 

,r i,l 

,! i,l 

ll,| r.l 

ri, t ,.1 

ll,| Lt 

t.l Lt 

t,t t,l 

Ltt.r.cy Profi]. ot P.Llstlt l95l_81. Llt.!.ct .Nl 

t... Educstion coddl..tor, cov..brent o! Plkt!!rn'

550 

al8u!. - 71 

LITEMCY RATIOS OA BURAI, POPUI, TION 

(19?2 I 1981) 

5O 

3 

d20 

1961 1972 19A1 1972 

Eco@otc Strrvey 19A5_86. 

advl60!,s iJr,!a, i,i1!!5try 

uovd!.ent o{ Gaklst!a 

BY AGE GROUPS

551 

Sixtt e!3ht p.lcent poPulaton iE {tthin 3 xr, radlus of h€atrh 

aacilitieE shl1.31.4x hag n. h..tth l6cili!l'i 

't afl' 

v6reowe. rural h..1th ceoileE! ba.tc he'lth units' slb helltb 

centres, Dothe. child h€.Ith c.nt..3 and dirpentati's have 

iladequate condltions related io Etafli!g' e't'! EulPlv' 

6tect.ific.tlon, hvaieni. condltlons'.quiPnent aDd n'dicin'3' 

The dific!.tcv 6l sore 6f th. laciliteis 15 tivcD tn Tgble 

v.12. Duc to lgno..nce about h..l!n ca.e, loltalitv tate is 

also hith. Tb. goverlaent hs! lniiiat€d .rten3itc he'lth 

progrann6s ard tf,nubizstloq coDltlgb5 thich c.n bring a 

posi!ive.e.ult subject to lrohibltlon of ?!iv.t6 pr6ct'ice of 

the doctors 6nd p!!a nedic.I ltatl. loleower' u.B.B .s docto's 

shoufd be d.put€d i..ur.l .r.4. fo! extendinS tedicll 

e,l-€9qi-tic!!l9n ll€ctlicltv !s con€id€red t. b€ on€ of the 

noEt inportant ing.edisnts ol d.v6loPDcnt. Its tr.ngDtEsion to 

the .u!at alesE h.d been 5lo, tlll 1960 'hicn b€c.t. fast.. rn 

19?os.nd 1980. duE to th. "Inst.llstion of c.rt.in htdel .nd 

the.r.l stattors. UPto Feb.u.!v, 1992, e du!b.! oi 34620 

yiI1a6€s hav. b€6n ele.triti.d out of 46a96 tltlageE ot 

Pakistaa chll6 prot.essiv€ nutrb.r. 6f thes. vit1436. e.!E ottv 

5325 up!il !idd1e of 19?0s. Thouah the 6ow.!ntr.^t i5 giving 

top p.io.itr to th. lural €t.ct.ilic.tlon v.t du. to less 

gene!4tlon th6n coasurption' a !.a3o@ble P.tt .! the dav_ 

niabt of th.36 w!116g.6 .€E.iD dl3conte.ted !r.t n.tional g.id 

and the €1.ctr!c apparatus, nschin.!v and tub. {.II3 reD4id 

idle causing hqt. 10sse3 !o thc .u!el poPulatiot !.fl.cttna o. 

n.tlonal 6corory aaatn the thre. phsse elect.ic 

..e d6t €Dcour!a.d br tbe elctrlficatioD .g.tic.3 on !.chtical

. !!r 

tld .rll a.mr.tlo! ae!!d. ,!lcl dt.Gou!.r.. tD5i'U'tlo! ol 

!o!. .a!o-b....| tnt!.tai.. rhtch .de.!..lt .!t'ci 

'!tl'ultu!'l 

D.oduc., Du. io ao€rd.!! tnolln.tton tow.!d. l!.i.lt'!lor ot 

tb.lrl .t.itor lr.t .d o! btdr.r th. .ost ot 

'l"trtottt 

viII coDtla@u.lt d* .!d th. D!.bl.r ol oltl Dolul'tLo' 

rill t!6F!.' t.bl. v.13 .hot. tb. L.tor rt' ol Rt'I 

.!.ctllttc.tioD rbtcb s.r 9t6o vtu.a.t !!d 1959-60 to ltt9- 

80 ror lDcr.s.d to 'to:lt .Dd 2t9! ln 1900_91 Ed t'91_9'

ur 

!||l 

I 

lrl! 

lrll 

t 

ul 

lr 

I 

! 

Irlll 

ll ll il 

It tl lll 

It ,! !t 

--11 

- v.12 

RUAL SEAIfII l^ClrlEts - 1981 

I 

,.llt- 

I 

J0 rl ll ll 

i3!t$ll 

Itt1]l$ 

Brr._ 

l|l 

rl 

?l 

1l 

!l 

ttl 

It 

ll 

8ura1 P.ki.ts .t ' ol'nc'' uiristlt 'l 

cowt.! od Burtt D'v'loPtnt Govt' ol P'LItt'r' 

1.l...bad M.!cb, 1965' 

NE . llon el.cirifi'd 

!t{ : lrlthout ?ste! 3q!p1t 

l! 

I 

! 

I 

lt 

I 

llc 

Il 

rl 

tlr 

!l 

I|l 

ll 

tl 

n 

ti 

$ 

||tl 

fll 

flt 

llt 

t|t

55'l 

uor.ove!, in th. tt! tlunt .q!!1 .!.!s, th. P'obl" tr !o" 

s.!lou.. For .xoDl.! i. Kohi.t.n Dl.!.lct! rt v1ll4" h'v' 

b..! .l.ct.ill.d thlouah !ini .n

ihe tov..dnent fo. reoedld vofk l^ (oht3t'! Dist'ict' 

!.litious l€3der3 'ho !t.ve.5tfona hold c'n iininise the 

p.oblers of sanit4tion/sev.!ag./d!t!nagc bv co'viricing the 

!.ople afte! dis.fosidg th. f3I"ic orda'3 ard dittelent 

s3p.cts ot diseeseE fhtch co!Id be toi rid off if !r6pe' 

sltentio! to thiE asPect 13 trv.n 

: Foads and aeans ot 

cornunicatio. plev an inpoltan! rol' ln the developnent of 5n 

4.64. FroE .ulal side' tgrlcultulal produce need to be 

irsnsported to Dark€ts. Fo! p.rlshtbl€ p'oduc' qui'k lnd fo! 

bulky p.oduce and goods, h..wt tran.lori i3 'equired rhich 

needE all '€sther black-iop ro.d3 In fEct' in NraI Pakistan' 

6osi of the .Dads are l.tr-e6.ih'! thich trov' iDeffecttve 

du.int .ainv season. !o!eow€'' th's' to4d! are bot oestrt fo' 

hesvy tr.nslo.t. Fo. 3uclt purPos'' ih' ttaÊPolt€t cnalgeE 

high.! fare. th€.e a!. sev.r.I vlll'a's rhi'h have !o loadE 

from witlag€ o. ti.ld to Esrket Th' dtEtrict and unio! 

coulctlE ar€ constlucting Euch toads !hlch 're Entntl' and 

''Kucha". Kohlstan 'htch is th. nogt blcttald Distlict of NIIFP 

has only 1O? kE (ucha and 2l kn blsck-toP villege/fi'1d to 

narket .oad. la5 Kn XEfi .lEo cro33'! this DiEtltct Regt'diDg 

post offtces, lhere r..e r2t2O Pott offlces in Pakisten in 

1939-90 out ol 'hich 3 ter€ in (ohi.t" Dist'i't si th: r'tio 

.f ?4356 persons pe! post offtc. Th' cov"nrc'! ol Parist'! 

h.s pl.nnea !o expand thc pr...nt t'lephone n€t'6rk bY 

installint 395,115 n€r tel.Phon.. du!ioa 1991-92 rhich sill 

stand at 1,320'80O t€l.phoD.! ln th' countrv ln l(6hi3iad 

th..e are 163 tel€9h6t€ s.ts conn'ct'd rlth 3 exchanges l! 

TabIe No:v.131 the roads uDd.r Dl!tlrc! Council ir Pakistan

566 

hon 19?{ to 1983 .nd tn 1.b1. v.l'l ro.i .nd 

in rld.!... fror !9?o to 1986.r. !bo,n. 

oth.! !.cto!. ot coou.i..tton! Itt 

.I.o b.i!t d.v.IoP.d In tb. turAl .r.... 

Itll 

$rt 

Ittl 

ItI 

tlll 

Itl 

t{l 

It! 

trt 

lt.tl 

ltto.o 

I$!.rl 

iltl,$ 

tg|l.0 

It|||,{ 

t!lt!,x 

Jlt.tl 

lt6.ra 

$$t,x 

llt S lirJd arll| r n|l'|r 

!t.il 

{ar,tl 

tol.ll 

n!.s 

.|''I 

i[,$ 

tltl.lt 

rga.|! 

IIl,'l 

$t.I 

ta$.s 

! .t 

tfit. 

It{a.tl 

llm,ll 

lt r.r 

{flt.ll 

t|r 

Irl,tl 

l'n.I 

th. rir.l..!.r. 

t!t.tl 

!n,I 

!{,tl 

l'l.ll 

|l,|.u 

{||.{ 

I||.tl 

lt'l.l! 

$[.ll 

$l|.r| 

||$Lrl 

{lt.! 

oN.!l 

[{t,|l 

t!lt.ll 

llt .rl 

r!$r,lt 

{m,o 

ctt.ll 

tr.nsDori st.tl.tlc!, lOSa vol-rl' x1.ao_83' 

r.tlon.f rlrn.Dort r|..atrch C.nt!. bv stJJ'd 

Hu...ir ruidl.r PI.n!I!s .td o.v.loD..nt DlvttloD' 

tlovt. ot P.tl.!.D' l.!r.b.d' 1985'

T.bI. V,14 

POS.I, Alit) l.EttGlrAP$ OrrrCsS !t{ tauLari Al{l^s 19?0-?t ro 1991-92 

l9t0-?l 

L91t-12 

t912-74 

r914-15 

t9?6-76 

L916-11 

t911-14 

19?8-t9 

r9?9-80 

1080-81 

1981-82 

1982-83 

1983-8t 

l98a-85 

1985-86 

1986-87 

198t-88 

1988-89 

1989-90 

1990-91 

l99r-02 

6835 

6615 

6a35 

1405 

4193 

8893 

8993 

9132 

93?5 

1083? 

t2ta7 

13l,to 

xu|ta&a 

t.l.t!.Dh of?1c€3 

139 

139 

ta1 

t4l 

!45 

141 

l4t 

161 

161 

L62 

163 

t11 

lg6 

199 

220 

2at 

284 

28L 

294 

300 

302 

t02 

acororic suF.y rt85-86, aconorlc adwis.r's ri!., 

tinistrt ot yiuDc.. Govi, oa P.kiEtao, r6l.sb.d' 

I9.Elij*4ll-r1l!EITA]r! tso!..t, p.rttcula.lt il.be!_t6od t. b€ins 

d.Dl.i.d .t 6 tast.! rst€ rlth inc!.A.. in populatton rn th€ 

cool hllly areaa liks xohl.ten Dl.tfl.t, ttbber is used e5 

fu.I-rood, a 1992 esti!.i. .t ih. .tt!.tloD discloseg

558 

th.t helf .f rhis preclou3 ..soqrc. iD (ohist6D Disr.ict h.. 

been exploited rhlch cause. .n ..tv..s. .tfocr on enwiro!.enr 

apalt fron dsDrsibc "1td ltte lDd souf.. of e.ptoy..Dr, L. 

Patistan 3.?{r oi rh. rot.l .!.. t3 covered ,i ! fo.eEr. 

Reg:.dinB lbhtstan our oa ?5911€ ac!.., 453351 acr.s iE 

.overed kirh fore6t, tn (ohi.t., s.v.r.I valuabre rinelals are 

fot.d ir 4bundance rhoudh no corp!.)r€nslv. Eurv.y hss yer been 

coDducted due to flnanciat con.tralrts, 

ractton3 is on. 6t th6 kn6h ploble! ot.u.al 

cha.acteristica of lacrj,ons .!oDc rh. c!o3€ rections of tl,e 

popul6tio. and rithin th€ 3u. lr.i.hirr. rn the ,ords of 

rrinhaj-ud-Din [haD, ",r.[ese tacrront l..d to th. to.,.iion ol 

cliques and arouls shich csn !dv....ly affe.r the soci.t, 

loliti.al and econonic o.de! of a vttlrg6. .rnes€ arso te.d t6 

litigation and jDr€neificstion 6t thc .xtEriD! facrio.s. pr16. 

to the !.irisn .ul6 in th. lndo-p.k sub_conrinent, rhe wi11ad6 

Pan.heyat or Jirtah, a councll of.ld.!g, used to redtdre, 

resolv€ and decide rh6 t€Eu. ultntn th. coorqnity. rhes. 

tDdigenous instirutions b.c!tr. in.tl€crtv. upon the 

int.odlction of a ]ocal goverhn.nt systes i, 1982 (in the 

co.text of tord lltlon's rcforrs), of r.v.Du6 laps and of ciwil 

courts. sehl€nent ol ev.n p.tty .nd lrror rssue€ go. 

conpricated aDd ir 'osr c.3.€ D!.I.nA6d und.. th. Jritish rule 

rith drerdful eflect scch a3 c.urina tnr.rDeciner losses ot 

youthE ald .bre-bodied, iD.livrdu.l. or p&p..rr.nd,..rdr"Lj

Factions lnc.€.se th6 Problels ia3!"d of solvilC 

lst 

'nd 

it, In the back'!.d f.! fllna a!..s, ii oftcd 

'r"tes 

o.der Eituation b.tr.en dift.!.nt factionE 

'hI'h 'eEAin'd 

unsolv.d lor tesrE. In Kohistan' thougb there 6!6 strobgboIds 

ol l.ctions y€t the Jt.ta svste! l. elf€ctive to so6' e:t€n'! 

'hich resolves Eia6f disPuies on ihe sP6t 'ithin ahotteE! 

po.slble tioe ,{cco.ding to the Dlsttict Msailtrate Kohistat' 

du€ t,o fa.tions, ctaEhes occur.d lrequentlv o.u.ing 10t of 

losg.s to public {earth snd liv.3. Litilltiot i5 comon ln 

.ur.l lactions. Th. train ..uses o! litlgation riih leferenc' 

ro K6hrstan Distrrct a.e g'v€n E3 undef:- 

I 

claltr on l.nd by the E.de fslilv o.!b.rs 

Dtsi.ibution of land along the sa!. taoilv Ee.berg 

Disrrib{tl6n 6f the !r6du€6 of labd. 

cash aDd nrierial sh!!. tn fole3t l.ad. 

Share In ihe .v.i16b1. lrrig4iion ch.nn.fs. 

IndebtD..3 1,6, Dot ..iulning th€ lo.n Fhich 6!6 

borror. tron othe.s. 

Fa6iIy disput.s, etc. 

Religiou. gnd lolitical discussion. 

Litiaatlon in .u.al a!64e is c.ntulv o1d and 

influ.niials of th. area inste.d ot Eolwing it r.nt to lrolong 

i! fo! tieir veE!€d iDte.e3tE {hlch plew.nt th. lltia.torg 

fron pi.ductiwe xo.k and incr€... th.ir Diseri€3.

560 

NAIUML CALAtITIas. Nltu.al catlnities such as e"ihquareE' 

heevr lains, tloods.nd lud slidina elhan'e $ral poPulalion 

probl6ns. s.v.ral a.€.E like Xohistan Dtstrict er' verv 

un!6.tuDat6 !D this conn.diio! Th"' natu'aI c'latitr'E occur 

tn.re after intervalE c.uEing huDtn aDd ecodooic lostct so'ih 

nlllion of tupees. 

cusToHrs lxp TRAprTtoN-s: cu3to!3 and ifaditio.. of the 

Pakistsni population l!..specrivt of urban and rurar ' rnc'ease 

the problenr, Pa.ticurarlv ol the poo' ou! !u'al polutation 

spend duch on .ituals ard ce.eoonies, 'n both h4eDv tnd std 

oocaslons. Their ext!.vrganceE !'3d theE in ind6bln'EE and 

sod.iiDes Iitilations. |lost of th€ custtis and t!4dltioa5 

appr.ciated ai int.rnstiolal l'vel These cuEtots and 

t.ed!tlonE .nbreced bv our rural Polulattot are nsith6r 

Isl.Dic nor lppreci.t.d .t intetDltiola1 Iev'l Thes' custore 

end t.sditions at. p.rfo.Ded even bv !u"l educatcd cras3 

rhich is alro itE cr!ttc. IrE?Ite of b6!ng ave!s' lo such 

cu.loos, the custotrE rnd tradit!ons folloPed bv our lutal 

p.pulation incfease indebtneEs dong tbe poo'' cleat' 

nisunde.st.nding and dou6le th'1r p'oblen6 Apart froa 

af.re3aid Droblers r.d thei. intric'cLeE briefed to sor' 

.x!ent, thcre a.e .1E. luneFus othe' Probrers l'c'd bv th' 

rur.l poputatio. Th. Bxanple of slch P'obrabs 

solini:v and,ater Iotcing' housine' lalnut'iiion 

th. lorrer, all the oih€. ?.oblebs ar' the'e i! Kohi'ian

Oring io !h€ polici€E of irbalance in develoPE€nt' 

the u.b.n 3.cto. develoPcd la3t€r than thc bit ru.al scct6! of 

PakistaD. Boih !b. rlral a.d u.ban sector5 6.e colple!'ntalt 

to eaach oth€! but in the part due to {eakn€5s in ProJ'cr 

!lanniag' '.ott 4pp.iisat ' unskilled ilPletentstion and 

negliCenc€ of ronito.ing ad .v.luatio.r th. 

dodidai.d and lsde the fo.o6r de?endent on l4tl.r bv 

unfavou.rble terEs of i.ade, att.actio. 6f b€3t .u!al l.bour 

fo.ce, .itractiDA ru!.I iDcole bv ona 'av 6. th€ oiher 'nd the 

investr.nt of !ur4l c.pital in u.b6tr dew€lo?o.nt. Th. 6eaEu!€. 

adopted by th. Roverm€nt b.fore 19?Os in inp.ovrn6 

ag.tcultu.e had certainlv incr..3ed productivitv but its 

itrpsci on ]andtess l.bou.e.s, t...nts, 3!all f.riels e.d r.rtfed 

a.aas 'ere !6t a.cordiDa to the desir.d I.v.I. Att.ntlon 

'as div.n to inc..aE€ egrtcultur.I ouiru! bv 1..rE.sing 

ac.e49., plovidlnS subsidvr g.d€lalizlrg tachin..v and 

t€achlr! rateEt t..hnlques uhilo o! th€ othcr side, ln ulban 

ar€..' 1r.g. scal. itdust!les t.re install.d. ReaIi2itd the 

ne6atiw. .ffecis o! th€se ...su.e3 on !ui.l lopulttior, the 

p.€scnt .nd P.eviou3 doweln!.nis encour.R.d the incone 

4eneratinE pr6trannes lik..ottat€ indust.l.s 6nd handlcreits 

by plovlditrg fiber.l c.edit facilities' cooP.nsati 

and f.c. techdic.l assistalc. in s.ve.il case3. 

encountc..d by E!!II tndust.lal eststes, eelablished !n the 

vicinlty of urbaD 4rc.s, 

devetopd..i 

"Ir 'rs in th. early 1970 

Devetopn.nt Prolra!!€ eoplt6slzing 

's thrt the lhras. .utaf 

tn th. Intearat.d Rulat 

its 3ltnificance ln th€

ove.all dcvelop!.nt of the .ationtl ec6ôrv i6ain' qlit€ a 

few secto.sl Prog!4Ed.. rcre also und€rtak'n bv the t"p'ctrve 

sec!o.s, A11 the a.tivitie3 hav€, undotbet€dlv' r'duc'd 

i3otation aDd backs.rdtress of !$ral tie's but it !'E onlv i! 

lhe ea.Iy 1930s thst the scop€ of sctivities und'r rurel 

developoent through ihe local counclls' parti'ularlv th€ 

di6t.ict council rith 3pecific re3Ponsibilitv ai th' dl3t!ici 

leve1, has been ex!.n

I{ISTORICAL BACKCROUND 

Rurrl develollent ie an old pb'norenon 'hich i3 

..aIised during the curr.nt c.nturv, esp'cia!lt alt" so'!

564 

Depa.tdenis are so.klnt oo.e o. less sith the 3aD' bv 1a's 

p.onultated br thei Beside3 €.tablishina d'p3't&enia' the 

foLlorint speciat PrograBBeE rere also l6unched for the 

isprow.t€nt of s6cio-econ6tric .6rditions of 'dral !t'33es:_ 

ch.isttan Missiona!!e: Launch.d i' th' 1450E' 

Ch.isiia^ lrissione!i. 

poinee.3 of the betinnin€ o! .u!al dew'IoPt'nt 

proSranne in the sub-continent, though it3 elfect 

!a3 srall due to its coverag6 of. snalt 6r.a. 

Baroda f,xp€ri!€nt: The3e etp.!i!€nts 

by a p.orr.Esive Maha.lia sevaJ1160 Gaekte! III rn 

1390s and PaB foltow.d bv tlte o.itiEh GovelnEent in 

Irdi. ali.. a decadc. E. ilied his best to dEvetop 

rulat erc.3 through educatlon, coop.lation, 

panchayat, atriculiu!e .td agro-based indu3t.re3. 

lie could aot succ.ed in hi3 efforts due to 

conducting the exp€.ltr..ig froi top to botton 

The Ra.' Krishna )ri33i6t: In 1890, the iollowers of 

ShFi Rtlt l{.ish.a! Iaunched a rursl d.velopreri 

p.ograone lo. sPrcadint educatior' ..Iiof and 

nedical Eelvices durina cel@lttes ad set up .elf- 

governin8 c€nt.es fo. this purPo.e in lurshidaba.t. 

The proq"616€ .6s su..essful in lhe tr66 cowe..d 

ghough lt las nore a rellBiouE Eisslon than 6 

deveropr.at. P.ogEntr., 

D3r!!E!--Ge9le-Ec!!9n: Each for all and .Ir fo. 

each The feb.icalo. of ih!E sIotan and tover of 

fa.nels' d€weto!!€ni Si. V.L D..linE vas lhe

g.6.teEt suppolte. .f Cooperatjv. U6veE.nt, rho!4hi 

thtt "bulk of cultlvrroE.!e boln in d.br, live in 

d.bt s..t dt. in debi'F. ge adv..qt€d th. potict of 

vlllag. coope.ation fo. .eli.vtnd ?eaganrg floE 

!i3e.i.s, lie eD!h$l3ed upon leticwtd6 p€asa.g 

r.oD burd.n o! d.bt ald st.essed upon ... 

Goverdb.nt thdt ,ithout doing so !.odladres ol 

educ.tio!, skill, .D.!Cr ed c4piral r.utd be votd, 

Due to his eflo.ts, the Cov.riDetrt prorulAArod 

cooperat,ive Lars in 1904. 

Gandian App.o.ch: Vahatsu Oardhi,s 

indigelouE l.chnoloay ws6 p.c.ched o. !as3 basis !n 

1921. Inaugrering UNIDO tOO Int..national Foluo on 

appropriat. Industrial Tecbnofogy in t..Dd, t.dla 

on Novenb.. 29rh 1978, M.. ur..!Ji De6!1, rhe th€tr 

Pribc )rinlstef ot India 3.td abo{t lah4tatr. 

G.ndhi's ptrilosophy th.t it was 

nachtnes but sinply .ephasia.d the dtlrnit, aad 

v.rue 6! tabou. and conrrtbution io Dan's happibes€ 

rnd ecoaortc pefl-b€ing; h€ *.nt on lDplovirg th. 

hand-sptnninA {h6€I in 6.der to incr.a.6 

p.oductivity. te eDph.Eized obreinirg p.6ducrron 

sith trle best use of locat !€n and D!t.!tat. rh. 

d€veloptnA of attitud.E and valu6s of s.tf-!eliance 

.nd self-help ?a6 linked ,irh 4pprop.iatE 

t.chnology. tlls vislon .bont !u!at dew.ropren! ro 

lake viIIaE.s 6e1f-sutfficienr cove!€d .nptoynent, 

food, . ventllat.d hour.s ard (h.di ao. Eer.lrns 

clot.b 

'... rpp.e.i.red and p.each..t b, his

566 

H€ con6!d€.ed t€4chind of bealih' 

6ducstio. .nd E.lit.tloa to the villad. !.sse3 '! 

nusi. lle b.gaa his e.Il kro'n lov.nent ot sev.gt.! 

s..vico of the rulal d.veloln.ni ,tth th. .xtenslv. 

applicatlon of splnitnf ,!..1 ha.di.t.lts an.l 

cottage indust.ies. ln tnEtliutlon Grndhicrd RuGl 

In.tiiution, 

'as est.blisbed 1n oldet to sPread 

dilfe.ent lspects ol Ctndhi'3 viets! .€Aa.drnA 

rural d.w.lopnenr in theoliticaf and ?recti.a1 

l&ore'E Ello.ts: rith ih€ collqbolation of B.itish 

E.onooiEt, D.. L. Ehhtrzt, slr labinda N4th lador. 

Eat-up rn Institution fo. .u!.r !6-con.tru.tron rn 

1922 4t Si.irikitd (carcutt.) T.gor. *as a d!e4t 

po.i and ,63 influ.tccd by Ruskln and Tolstov {ho 

r.re in lavour of nAking !u!al ltfe.ttractiv€ aDd 

b..utiaul irstead ol lnduai.ializ.tlon .nd 

urbaniz6tl.n, sis aobitioD tn thiE fteld ,ag 

confierd to the exr€rirent.I aleas .nd did not 

b€core videly effectiv.. 

Bfavne's Etfo.ts: tr, F. L, Bravneh t.s kind 

h.!.t€d !.nbor of Indian ctvll S€rwice Duling hi. 

teDure.E a Deluty corriEst6net ol GurS.on dist.ict 

froD 1920 to 1923, h. .ar.ied out rural d.veloln€nt 

3ctivitl.s bt c..4tlnd the llght api.it .Eong th€ 

!.Eses by tr.kint lh. .ural population to tltink .nd 

{orh on coop€lstivo basis b6th aDond th.iselves and 

elth the Aowerment, so as io incre.s. tnorleda. 

fo! bctt.! .nd happl.. lif..nd b.tng changes tn

567 

socio-.conoric conditions. The !!Jor obj'ctiv€s or 

his !urtl ullilt ,..e !o obscfve htai'aic 

reqrir.ocnts, P!.s.rv.tion of viIl"€3 danu'e for 

inc!e..ing l4nd fe.tilitv, c6nEt ctlon 6r h6us's 

on proPer plaDlina .n bvgieDic t'ound5 and 

supp!.seiot of undcsi!€d h.biis 'Dd cu3tor' HiE 

f6raott.b {hen Brevne Ieft the 3ub- 

contin€ni lor his nalive coultry, 

RURAL DEvll,OPnlNT IN PAf,ISTAN: Befo!e Pakistan caDe lnto 

being, the the. British gowernEeni used io 561.'t Pe'ti'ul" 

rural areas in th. .ub-coriinent lof sleclfic Purposes alt€r 

p.rtition, fo. a f€r veers, no Proaless in this s€cto! could 

b6 oad€ due to th. 9lobleDs fac.d bv he. lrot inte'nal aDd 

Ext€.n.I poilt of vie'. The financtal Posttion ras ata'D1t8r 

aE the settl€nent ot ntllio.s of niS.ants troo India had to b' 

oad.. Afi€! sore r€Iexation! in 1952' th€ GorernDelt of 

PakistaD laurch.d villege Atricuttu.e a^d Indu3t'i'3 

Dcv.I6prent P.odlanne ( villaS. - AID Prodratrr. ) for the 

inprovene.t of rulaL lite rtth sone nodi!!cations! it 

'es 

r€D.r.d as saEic D€loc.acies P.od!.@e in 1959 In 1969' 

X..tt.l laF s.3 trPosed bv Getr.ral aaba uohataad Ythva Kh6n 

6nd lhe sasic 

{4s ab4ldon€d 

seriouE alledation5 sgainst !t dd the svsteniE functtona {er€ 

entruELed to the official ch.iroen. In 1962_63' Ruraf Ho!kB 

Prog.a'De {R{Pl r.s launched tith a vie' 

physl.al inf.astflcture in Lhe .u.al a.eas. The RtrP w4s netd€d 

rich ltrtegrated Rural Developd€ni Plo6lanne (IRDP) in 1972-73' 

The 4overnrent of Zulfiqar AIt ahutto (19?1-77) launched thr"

lypes of pioa!!o.3 nalely peopl6'E lro.ks p..s!ame (PrP), 

IRDP and at.owilleE in 19?2. IRDP 'rs ner!.d in Ru..l 

D.velopnenr, PI{P and AsrowlII.s '.re aboIlEh6d by G€nc.eI 

I'lohannad zia Ul Haq's n..tial Lar..Eulaiiotr. (19??-aa). 

Th€ Zia.e4iDe.eviv€d Local Cove.Dr.nt Institution. 

fo. ru.al a.d ulban aleas bes€d on Prowincial Loc.l Cowern!.nt 

Ordinance. Mohannad loian Jun.Jo (1935-33), Ex-Pribe viniEter 

of Pakist6n iatroduced Prtn. !tntste.rs ltve Poirt6 Progranne 

lhich 'as ab61i3h.d id l988.lt€. his d.plrtur. f.oo P.iDe 

Yl.j.ste.ship. In D€cetrbe., 1984, urs. Benazi! Bhuato D/O 

ZuLfiqa. Ali Bhutto cane tnio por.r as Prin6 r.rlntsier. she 

int.oduced People wo.ts P.og..!E€. The plotlab.e ras 

criticised by the opposition viE.!.6!sly atrd Fas h.1d up on 

the day rhen sh. r6s reDowed lloe po,er, U!. N.rsz Sia.i?,E 

IJI c06lition Gov€rnnert sialt.d Taree!-l-tratt6n Proalaor. 

alon6uith Pur4I Develop!€nt ProErame rhlou8h the locsl 

coun.il ,hich beran in th. Zi. .€gi!€. The collapred 

p.6g.arnes of .u..1 .tevelopr.at irparted a lot ol e:?erie.ce 

to the tovern!€nt offtcials and public repr€..nraiives. For 

tocal councits, th. first .1.crion ras conducted ir 19?9, 

Aft€r proviag €ffecttve, th. gov6rntrertE of aII p.6e1rc.5 

continued this Ey.ie! and tiII noe four el.cti.ns to toc.l 

oouncil3 in Punjab & AaluchiEtan .nd thlee ir St.dh aDd NI{FP 

h.ve so fa. be€n hEld successlully, 

Inspit. of th. p.cwlous Coyelnnentre iniriative3, 

th..e eere sho!t of sew€ral Dr.-!.qui3it.s in rh. differenr 

aap..ts of th€ rural secto. ttll e.rlr 19?03. For exarpl., tho 

linistry of Rural Devetopn€nt ra6 creeted in 19?3 ahd it {s.

th€ loc6l and.ur.I dew€loa.€Dt instltutioDs 

constrsints in th. srooa! a'd 'llcctiwe 

systeE arE b.ln! aradualfY ..tow'd a' p'r 

9?3, lural dev.!o?!.nt is provincial 3ubj"t' 

PaktstaD on p'E! experience and on ihe 

reco.le.dstion3 of the !ur!I d.velog!€nt exPe'ts i3 Eh'rlnC 

the .eslotr6ibtlities eith th. tr43'et bv adopti'a |.oclr 

cowernoent Sy6t.tr i! 1979. Th!3 svsi'! brought 

changes, Prov€d will to the socl'tv and hriled t'on variouE 

sections of tbe rurar sreas 

In Paki.tm' .u.al d.v.Iols'nt las obtain'd the 

attentioa o! th6 goveruent and is B€ttina inpolt'nce 'iih the 

pdss6s.6f tie.. adequate funds .nd .esoutces ar€ 'Iloc't€d bt 

the federaL end P.ovinciel govolnn'nts aDd intc'nattobal 

a4encies for rurel uplift. "Ho{e"er' sear"h continues 16r th' 

€wolution of viabl€ &odel atrd Pragratic st!'tetv of 'urtr 

developdeDt, capeble of leplicatlon ov'r wld€r horizor in 

differett s.ttinCs. In ce.t.in c.s's, lodel ?roiects have not 

only be.n d€v.loled but d.r6nsir.ied vtth considctable 

su.cess. The nurb€r of su.h islands of excellenc. 15 ootl 

horever, Ia!8e. Expetie.ce eith adoPtion of such nodelg shoss 

that they tend to f4de a'av l.otr th. rutal 

of the follo'tng.€.8ons:_ 

L 

change ol gove.nienLEi 

Stoppage of for.iSn asslstance 

xtLbdrs,l ot PoIitical ' financ

5?0 

Tr!tn.d tran-Po'cr constltirts ; 

l.dilf.r.ac. and :pathv ol local lcad"3blp; 

Lack ol underst.ndina asonA the tu!'l 

'aas's 

nan.g. thei! o'n tft.rr.; 

unorRrnlzed .urat n.58.5; and 

t!trdlng up dnd "dtE-ot'tnS of the 'artier 

p.og.aEoesi a3 s66n.! ihci! Pione€ts di3'ppea'€d 

lroo chc scene"lll. 

Thougb P.ki6t.n adoPt.d gn 'Pproptiat' 16c41 

govcrhn.n! s!.steE fo! rural develoPE ht alter 

enough exPerienc. v6t li is fea'ed thai the 

u.si.ble politlcal siiuagioD, at arv t!!', can 

brlnS ch.ntes ib th. rhol€ structure ot th' lvstet' 

Th. co4rehe.siv. .nd .ountrv side Ptogla@€s and 

B?.€il!c pros...!.E launch.d lor 

ar. discus6€d he.6tith p.riod-flisei- 

1, vill.ac agrlculture snd I.dustrial Dewel'pr'nt P!ogt6@e 

Ivilllre : lID PreirellgL 

Th. vtll.te Agricultur. and InduEtli'l D6e'loplent 

prog.aioo, knotsr .3 villaEe_alD Pforrse.' Fas I'unchcd in 

1952-53 on th. r.condendatioas ot Sufl CoMltt€' Rsporr (19511 

and rhe Agll.ultute Edqui.eY Conriitee (1951-52) rt *as th€ 

first oltanlzed 

slde f..oi to i6p.ov. ru"l life 

in alf itE asp.cts at the n.tlonal level' Ii3 btsic cotrcept 

uas Lo provlde a deans bv shlch tecnnical tnd li'rncitt 

assistance fro! the gov.rDr.nt could be r€itrforc'd bv t'Pping 

available ekllls, nsoloke. and r..oulces in the vlll6Ses The 

nain obiec!iv.s of the vill.te-AID P!oara@6 tlv'n in tne 

Fi.si Fiw. - Ye.r P1atr 11955-60t t.r.:-

To rai.e r.pidlv th. ouilut 6nd incone of the 

villaa€rs thlouAh ..s 

'dd ilproved let]r'dg of 

fr.oint ..d the .ip.nsion of cottado iddust'i'e' 

To c.eato 6 s?i!it of s6Il h€lp' initittiv€ 

'nd 

coop€.at!6n elong th. villade.3 a sPi.il thdt can 

be the basis for continui!4 €conoiic, so'i3I 3nd 

poliiic.l p.og..ss. 

To ex9a.d th€ connun!!v serviccs availabl' in tb' 

rufal 6!eas such sE schodIs, health c.dt!.s' 

pot,bl. ,at6r supPly, .tc. 

To c!.ai. condltion3 lo! a rich.r..d haPPl.r llf€ 

throuth sooial actrvities includlrg reclea!ion lor 

reeponsibilitieE of ! ulit und6! villate AID Prodra@. thtch 

,ss cove.ing vill.d.3 .angiD! !.o! 150 to 200 o! a poPul.tton 

6l ab6ut 1,4O,OOO or a t6hsil 6r sub_divi3ioa. The sub- 

dlvlslon rss fu.th.. divided Into 2-3 EuP.rviEort c1rc1.3. 

Each ci.cle had I0-!5 s.ts of 5-7 vlllages 43 th.ir 

op.r4tional unit3, a villaa. *o.ke! h.d beea a3Eian.d the 

duriee !o look tfte! the Plos.lnne obiectlves oi fle. to E.ven 

vtllat.3. Tbe vlllage ,orkerE x€re head€d bv a su!€.wlsor' iot 

iapartint t.airint to wo.k€ls, b6th Dale atd felales' villade 

AID Prog.aooe cstlblished i..ining i!3titu!ioDs. Though this 

p.og.ambe p.oduoed littl€ r.Eults oosilv in the forD ol school 

buildints, villade roads, stre.tE Etc. vet ir' initiated rurat 

developr.nt p!ogrs!!€. fo. ihe lirEt ti!. 1n P.kist.n. In lhe 

p.orr.ones, .ural t.chtology, particula.lv.nont s!!Il fatears

and tEn..ts k3s introduc6d. rh6 prog'anns {as dscl'r€d :' 

.bandon€d in r95r for !h€ foltooing roasons:a. 

Non-Coope.a!ion bel*... the Ptog'ann€ and oth'r 

nation buildinq dspa.tnenE ' 

b, unskilled and in6ffici€nt officiars of th6 

fo Lh6 atrocat€o runoe and no rncgntiveE 

b rhe b6st and 

and rh'r' boss"' 

BAS1C OETTOCRAoY SYSIEn (S.O- SYSTEn) 

on the.uins of village arD Prdgran66! at31c 

'rh; conc€Pt und..lYins 

sys!€n, theraforB, 

a. such in3ti!!tions 3houId be 

lever in ths countrv.s can afford psopr' an' 

otticials an oopo.tunitv to pa'ricipat€ !n 

dBvelopn6nt PIan3 of th€ coonrtyb. 

rhe PeoPle 61€c! ih€ir 

basis of thei. knowl€dEe Ihev ar€ u3!alIv cbl' 

p€rsons capabl6 of pronoting th€ int6r€3! of lhe 

people and are i;t616t€d in social {sItare 

rhe plDlic s€rvants no Ionser r6main 'loot' fron 

rhe p€ople rhon th€v a.€ erp6cted to 56'w'_ 

rhe otticials and th6 public jointrv i'ks rhg 

docisions o. alt ro3p€cts of social' oconohrc and 

polirical lil6 of th6 countrv' 

rhe sene.al publ!c bacon6s acquaint€d !ith !h' 

problens of d.v-to-dav administration and in tha 

process acqui16 suffici6nt knodl6d9s sd '3 ro

.. iDfoded PubIIc oPtnio! 'hich c" b' ol h'lp it 

fo$ul.ti!8 Porici.. 6!;l Plals. 

6. Ar .ftectiv€ st.t.! ol loc.l Gov€!!!.nt lr 'volw€d 

j,n ,hich a ,!..i d.!l ot .6.Ponsibiliiv !o! tocar 

d€v.lolo€bt ls l.!d on ih. Peopl€ the,.'Iv"' 

?, Aara.lu.l d..€ntr.lltstion of .anv ?un'tIonE tt 

hislF! tev.l iE .ll.ct.d. 

8. Oppo.tuoiti.s.nd !orq!. .t. P!.vtd.d lor th' 

d.v.Iopf,€nt of !oc.l I6.d.EhiP lo. pro.oting 

socI4l 3nd .conoEic .ct1vitie6. 

9. A tyre o? D.aoclrcv ls iltlodnc.d rhtch i5 

understood bv th. p.oPl., noulished Pith th't' o" 

.llolts 6nd dev.lop.d ritb th6 datulltv ot th' 

p.oPle ard th.i. .xP.rt.ace iD self_lov.rutot' 

lO. Th. prlnciples uld.lttha D.Dclacv shoul

Th. loundation ol 

f6llorlna llve tierE:_ 

614 

unton c6uncif for Rurll' To{D 

urb.a ..d vu.lciP.I Co@ltte' 

Divistonat councir 

codDittec to! SeEi 

Thc ProYlncial couDcil pr'viouglt e3t6bl!3h'd {43 

ab6lished in 1962. The 'ard coillit'es {ete at the boiion 4rd 

tbe Dlvisiodal councils at th. top l€wel i! thc svst'n The 

Five ti.rr of tb€ stst€, are brieltv dascribed oDe bv one:- 

Mard-gere:llec: PskiltAn lihe tben H"t Ptki3tan) 

ras divid€d into 4O'OOO eatd3 to th' sat' nurb'r ot 

'l€ct 

Besic Dclocr.is Ir 1966, iha nunb€rs eete doubl'd for the 

p.opo6Gd 1969 .I€cti6n3 fhich oould not b' held lore thaD 

\11 th€ cittzaDs 

I'OOO n.n and soaen,e!e !...t'd In 3 

'ard 

6l t.enty one 

un€ound lin

€lectionE, ihe g6we.n!.nt had noa!n4i'd 50x of th€ 

nelber3 ol this c6lncil but id 1962' 4lI th' !€Ebe!3 of 

th6 ual6n coun.il '..6 bound to be €le't6d and tb' sv'ter 

ol notritation *as dole asev riti The Ution Councils 'e'e 

a]Ioo.d lo conduct th€ follo,lng t45ks: 

lo provide !u.sl P6lice Se'vic€ 

To ld.btifY' PI.!, inpletent atd 

d.v.lopEent P!oie.ts. 

ii!) 1o cooperate eith n6tlon building deQarrdents in 

solv!nq p.oblels in their jurisdlctron 

To usc Judicial porclt In ctvil and "lnitrat 'ases' 

To itrpose cert4ln t.x.3 for raisint tun'lr' 

R.a.!di.g lunctlon. ol l"tiod counctls' IntY'tul1ah 

said 'Th€ro l. a Ioad tist of t!.ctions assittr'd t6 uniod 

counctls,hich includes rePalrs snd meint€nance o? Plblic 

st.eets, p.eB.rv4iion o! ire€3' r.n.gercnt 6flh4rilst (controD 

villag. l.rdl and glevev..dsi s.nit.tion of willtaet including 

street sr..?int, .eguletion of Et.uaht" hous'3' P'ovtsion ol 

suPPlt' regjsteration of birthE and d'aths' 

p.ovisio! of reltef fo! th. d.stitute abd Protroiiod of 

atricul,iu..l d.velo?nent. Ii h3s lloited l" anrl o'd6r 

functlon3 to pe.foln fo! {hich l!.st.blished wlll'a' police' 

It is sulpo.ed to.ssist th6 r.v.nue dep'rt!'nt ia c'Ilectlon 

of revenu.. ,th. re* functions of trea! sigltficaDc' have been 

added to th!3 list 1att6!, thtch.r. lhe addini3t'ratior of 

Fanilr LaFr Oidin4n.ei 196r andto th. u€EL Pakistan 

counciliation cou.ts ordin.nc., I962"Fl'

576 

b. Toxr conpirtee: cl.55lfied.. ru!.I It th€ B D o!d€. T6tsn 

cotrlittess ..e lsrt. vilages h.vitg a popul.tion of lore o! 

l6.s of 14,OOO {t!h Eone urban ch4.act..iEttca Th' 'lectt6' 

of the !€!b€.s dd ch.irse! used to be h.fd !n the s.!e rav as 

that of Unloo Counclt i.e, fro! €Iectolat. s.rds 6nd has the 

ssre functions thich we.e as.ldned t6 UDion council 

c. gDion Comiti4: !t ,.3 t..9.! the. th. toFn 

populatior sith tb. sane elecilon ploc.dule at

allou.d it the couacils lloD 1963' has a c6'stderabl6 sh"' ln 

thc por6.. In th. B.D Svst€! tbt nor-offictal ierbelE ba'I to 

b€.t.cted bv.n.lcciotal cotl6t' co'5!3ttnA ol Ch'i!t'n 

Union councils' Tovn coE lii€'! 6nd onion conrittees ot lh' 

.€l.v.trt district.. Th. Distrlc! council had th' po!" to l'vv 

t.x.3, raise the.at€ of taxce and ilPl€"nt the proJects 'f 

public'.lfere ..d uPlilt. 

w. Dtvi.lo.al council: It sas tlts bighesi ti'r of the Evtt'tr 

ol aaEic Deroclscv 'hich !e@ln.d itr this coun!" flot 1959 to 

1971, The Divisional coulcll consiEied o! official and un_ 

otf!cial ne6be.s Tho offici!l rcnbers {et' E'lected bv tlle 

cov.lbnent f.oD the cnalllan dtE!.ict councits and nation 

building d.pa!t!.tts whi1. th. elected !'!berE h'd to b' 

elect€d bt th€ dl.trtct council n.rbe.s f!o! !!ong th6Dlclv'E' 

the.x-o!fici6 6etrb.! rho 4ct.d as chairDan ot th€ Divislonar 

Courctl ras th€ CottiEsiob.. ol tbe Divigion' 

The B.D svEteD on th. Eoclo-econonlc h'c a 

'spect 

very p6siii'e inPact on th. ru.al ratE€3 It 

'43 r'll 

iat.t.!ted, colpr.h.n3iwe and,.3 fo. the ttlst tin6 plovid'd 

,!th hu4e fundE for the ibpl€n.ti.tio. of d.v.ropD'nt P'oJ'ctg 

of local inte...t. Due to itE pof,gls ol d€slln, with crvil 

'nd 

crininal case6! it provided Jusii.e to the 9'o!le id tln' at 

Dodin.l cost Th. B.D svst.! .tolved l'ctl lead'lehip atd 

prov.d a6 an ln.tltution ot !olitical Th' 8 D 

'du'atton 

syrt€n had the Pot.. to ef€ct th€ P.esid€nt of PakiEtenr and 

th. c.tr.al ald grovinctal 4sEadblv b€trb'r' !t r'5 th' nost 

s.rious allet.tlon against ihis svste!' Tht political !t'tie'

514 

dd th€ educ6r.d cl.6! r.r. .6.tn3r thts sysrer on ih6 d.ourd 

ibat they ar. k.epila .rt.t. ltod c€nrrlt lnrl pFwincial t6v.l 

.tecisioa6 !s rli!€.t .I.ctton o? th. .ss.rbly !.!be!3 and 

prestd.nt urder rh..ysr.! r.. ror JuErltted. Afrer rhe 

{lep.rtu!. of lleld Haltt.I ruh.D!.d Ayub f,re! troD ihe 

dov..nEent, the EFI€D b..sr. lDop6!.rive and va3 fin.ll, 

abolished ir Juac, 1971 und.! th. lt1.rti6t l,aw o.de! t\o. 24. 

3. liukar Nolll{s lliocRAdlr! trl{pt 

liur.l to.ka proS!.@. (jrtp) r.€ stalted i. !.Er 

Paklsta! (nor aanrl.d€il) i! 1962-63 a1... th. succes. of a 

pilo! ploi.ct by the p.ki.irn Ac6d.!r lo. Rur.1 Devetollenr, 

(o.tla. rn 1963-6a, the &lip r& exr.ndeit ro the rben y€sr 

Pallstan ?ith a glart 6a Hs. 100 litlioD '1rh ih. obj.crive3 

to u3e ud..cDproye.l .Dd qn.eptor€d p.!so.s lor sainful Jobs 

oD labou! inten.lv. n.e.t.d plol.ctr, ro cr6.re saalt N!.r 

iDt..Etluctu.al .equl!.!.nt.i t6 dak€ opttnun use of local 

nate.ial, .en and .nt!.pr.roufship, i,e. alpro!.Iatc 

tcchnoloay, cene.ally, rh. rlog!4otro had rofk.d successfully 

in its inirlal staa€s {h6!. !t had bs6n lihked,ith ts.u 

D.thodology ot th. proa!.me ras rbat afre. 

ldenttfic.tion 6i a EcheD., th6 councill.! pregenred ir to his 

respecttv. union coun.lt. rf found to.Eibl., the Otlai.D.! s.!t 

it to tle htgher authoriri.s to. .pp.owat. rf a?9.owed, rle 

schene s4s included lD AjJp. Af!.r !ele... of fu.ds, the union 

councillo..xecut.d rh. sch.d. ,ith rhe .6sistance 6t I 

p.oject co@itte. corprisi6g tlv. tr.!b.rs. 

lhough dofded by i!!eS!1..irie3 in 

lhe identilicatloD, pl.ntrtDC, ex.curton, !s. of c.piral

irteD€lv. eqqiPsent, loor eo.nrlnEbtp!'na tiie-consuDrns 

p.ocess iD co@issionine th' 3ch'!'3 and n6n coo!"'ti6t of 

the lolitlcal paltiee oih'! than th' R'public'n uuslitr Le'gu' 

yet, it a.hiewe.t sooe succc.rlul loal5' P"ticufatlv in th' 

sccto. of Phvsical infr..ttuctu" onlv t'o 

'fter 

teats of 

taunching 6f RtP, it r.s osdc intolral gart of ih€ Thild 

" 

Five-Yes. Plan erd Rs 620 ti!Iion rsr' 66!6'!ked for iho 

prog.ahBe. Att€! tho d!3.olui!on of the B D Svslen' the 

PlograDre was natred P'opt' tlorks ProgrebDs !n 19?2 ald iis 

aclivities te.e exterd6d io u!b'! sreas ar36 In 19?7r it was 

again rended aE !u!al ro'kt prograrro 'nd slnce 1979' its 

funds a.e b€i!4 uttlized bv uttoD and Disiiici councils fo' 

Rulal DewelolDe.t uad" sup'rvlsion ot Assisiant tirectols 

L6c4I Gove.tnent and Rurtt Dev'rop!'nE' 

4, INAEqSA:IEP 

Rural Develo?treat Proc.sr!' IIRDP) ea' 3tart€d on rst Julv' 

19?2 br the cov€..lent of z A Bhutto tith t vleH to inptoving 

th€ lot of ru!.l sass'E In tho {ords or llr' Abdul Q6vvun' 

"Tie particular requir.n'nts ol IRDP 'ould cent'e a'ound 

con.odlties Euclt 3s s€ed' f"tiliz'! 'Dd othet siEila! tbpur' 

Then the.e a.e i.r:gaiion' 6n'rdv' rechanizaiion "'! 

tnflosL.ucture, cr€dit and i'rketlD! 6dd so on titr! soae 

probl.ts Pecult.r 

Su"Auclacv is' ho'ever' th€ 

ch4n^.1 for th€ flos of the elixir ot IRD H:' 

The o.in obiectlv.3 ol the IiDP tete:- 

fh. Dlovrde.lr.r'sotk 

;:..i';;;;i";"'"." 

benefit ftoo th. nes techD6rogy' 

of eflecLrve t_d viabre 

p€asanlrv courd

530 

2. To .lxioizc .aricultutel lloductlvitv 

eoPlotn.nt opPo.tuniileE in th"ural 

"e63' 

3, - To oobtllu e !u!4I loPulailon tith lull senE€ ol 

to ar;vrde iob opPo'tunrLies bv 

""**ipJt.. :sLabli;hing 63!o-ba.eo rnduEtrl'5 snd ro rnvolve 

,onEn-folk and touth in ih. PrograM'' 

sesed .n shadab (PunJab) .nd Dsudzat (NWFP) Pitot 

Project, the coe6!DE.ni h.d.5tlbll3h.d 138 u'r3kaz (C€nt'es) 

by the end 6f 19?7, each fo! a d63irned area 'quivalent to the 

ju.isdiciion of a polic. Station clth about 60 vilL4les Trre 

Va.kaz las €o.king undcr th. I.!d..Ehip of a Proiect Msnager 

and hts t.chnic.I 4nd ftcld Et.fl r.r. h€tded bv Projeci 

E^4ineer and Cooperatlve Offic.i r.st.ctiv'tv' Tlte developo€nt 

p..tne.3 sc.e floo v.rious .atlon buitdin! de!'rtrents Iike 

forest. aaliculture, c66pe!.t!v., h"lth' education 'nd 

"Du.iDg the p.riod 1972-?3' ih' !'ial ADP allocatio! 

to lRD aooulted to RE. t9{.2 !it1ios. th' overall utitization 

'as ?4.91 bv th. €nd of !9??. A cotsid€t'ble Ptoporti6n of 

this inflow s€nt int. th. consiluction of l'a'akaz 

buildings.Thc .onc.ptuaI, eddiDl3trativ' and o!ga'tzational 

aobiguities,e.e diEcu.E€d snd !.5o]ved during L9?6-?? aod as 

a result a not'o.k o? 625 Msraka. 'a. snnouced in Us'ch 19?g 

for the eitire .ural Pakt.tan Horev€r, bsfor' lhese coutd 

becone effective, th. Iocal bodles Evsi.n {e3 revived :n 19?9 

and the lask of Fu.al devel.po.nt rts assitDed to ihe local 

co.'cits LlI Thc p.odletrtr. could not succeed in P'ovision of 

e.sediiaL servioes 6nd lactlitie. !o ru!.I p6oPle at ih€i' 

doo.step. the i!!act ol viIl|g. cooper'tive ald gar3kaz 

Feder.tions on cre.tint E.If_..lirnca coutd 'ot be achieved

581 

due t6 j..rousy.oo.8 th€ lublic dsla.to.ntt, loo.. cottrol 

over staff and inluf! tcient !in.n.ia1 re.ou.ce3 of lia.akaz, 

lack of.xperi6nc. of th. eiplorees etc. 

', PEOPLFS ',IORKS 

PROCRAIII{E IPOP) 

A specl.l Progra@. ln its netu!. ,a3 llunch.d in 

19?2, Th. oin ol the Prot.e.!. ras to ioP.ov€ tbe lot of the 

idhabit.nis of rurrl a.d urbd populatlon in th. shorlest 

pos3lbl. tire. B.sid€E prowidtrg enploy!.nt, the !{P {aE aiEed 

at bulldins ecorolr on sound footint and prowtdlng basic 

ane!tti€s to th. lr3aes,.Ilrlgation chaDn.ls, .oad3, d!.iraae, 

sanltattoo, aflor..tatton, ple^t protectlon, s?urs, cu1ve.ts, 

snall da!s, vat€! .upplr sl.h.o. fo. dllnklng tater, cottage 

ibdu.tries, poultly t.rlins,

582 

on the 4round th.t odlt t.!.. so.l s.s codducted, th. 

d.c:sions of the ruling partt w€.e alv'n r€ight and th'1' 

r.!be!s '... b.ib.d. P|{P ,aE .bddon d .ft.' !"oval Ir' 

z.A.Bhutto fror ih6 Gove.n!€nt bv G6n.!!l zit uI gaq In JuIt' 

19t7 snd r.s teplaced bv Rural L6!ks P!ot!a@e' 

6, AoRovrLLEs DEVELoPMaNT PRocRAllM!: This Proglarn.' u.iqu' in 

its nliu.e {.3 rnnoutced on ltth Decedb..' 19?2 vnd'r lhIE 

ProaraDtre a Dod.r wlllsge had to be s.l.cted .nd deve169'd' 

The ag.ovill.s vi1l6l. oould b. 3et!-sufliclent in oanv 'av' 

i. ti. seds€ tlt.t it sould Plovtd. ess.ntial publi' se'wi'es' 

social and cultu!4l facllit!€.. !n an Aglovittes villaEe' th. 

otlices oI th. Local Gov€.ntr.nt and otha! facllitt.s rerEvent 

to th. .ural acttviti.s such .5 a lib!.rt, a !e.tla, h.ll' .n 

exhtbiilon hell, bdke, 3 nalk.tttg c.ntrc, sior€s' offic's ot 

aSro-b6sed a^d cottas. !.dustri.3, a hosPit4l' Echools' a !I.v 

g..und, 4 clD.nt .nd !.stau!.nt and ..lat€d sciiviti.s to ih€ 

village had to be n.de aveiltble. Th. E.in aie ot thI. 

p.og.c@e sss to chcck lover.nt ol .uf.I PoPul.tion to citi.E 

and provid€ a pilot lroj€ct fo! .u.tl ds€3.! lor future 

dev.lopbeat, Like IiDP and Pt{P! tbe Aalovllles Developrent 

P.oa.aroe "aB abandon.d bv cenelal ZI. Ul Hrq duriDa hl3 

?, RURAL DEvELopvEM Tl{Roucll LocAL couNcrLs: Aftc. achi€ving 

sufficienL .xperlenc. by I4unching vatlous P.ograb&eE rn Lhe 

fi61d 6t .u.61 dew.lopt€nt. th. lrarti.I L5' retire of 6en!.I 

zIa ut l{aq h.14Ed IRDP 3nd RrP ard rnL.usted th. !aE. 

responsibili!!. rith rino. nodificati6ns to the loctl councila

583 

!r the filth five-rc4!. plan (1973-33). For thi. Putp63e' 

institutions havs b.€a creat.d thtough the o!dinanc€ of 

Provincial !oca1 Cov.rnnent, Th€ nerbe.E ol the union cou.ctl 

snd disr.!.t council are eI.ct.d bv ih. adultE of th6i. 

ju!isdictro. for vid. ..!giag functions of public ,o!ks' 

h.a1ih, educationt ag!icslturc, fo!ests, d!ainsgo' livestock 

.nd dairy dcwelophent 6nd econonic '.lfar.. The utton council 

h.s no por.. to levy t*, hence, the dajor.ha!e ol lts bud8.t 

consistE of 3lants-In-.id f.on th. ?roviDci.I gove.uents Th. 

dlst.ict council is .n?6rered io Iewr t.xos 4.d r.is. the ..t. 

of celtaia tares lik. irport-crpolt in addltioo to th. tlantsin-.id 

f.oE p.owlrct6l gov..nr.nt,. 

The rulal developdent rh.oush local colncils hr. 

EoEe d.avabTt iL s.ncouragins, Populati6nrr rn rouch vtth 

tne p.oje.ts ere.qted !o. th.!r f,efla!. .ccordin8 !o thctr 

dedand sith iheir corsult.tion. This sy3t.d has atr ldwetag. 

ov6r previous p.ogranr.e/systor. in th€ Eense thst th€.e is a 

lro Fay.orEunicatlon b.treen th. rtllaaa Fople and otttcltl. 

of neiion bullding d.p6!tr.ats, rf alfor.d to coniinuc, it 13 

erpected thEt rhis protlame rilt b!iDt substantial and st€ady 

changes in the ru.al, life, The Protlar!. hgs the fotlorin, 

2 

To integrat. runl d.velop!€n! rilh th. couDt.t's 

socio-eco.oric dev.loP!.!t. 

To create oppo.tuDitl.s for 

to iaprove snd incrclse the 

and allisd rur5t activities 

services 1n atlicu1lur.

5, 

58,r 

To inlrov. !ur.I r socl4l and phtEical 

i!l!.st.uctu.e sith p.ope!.lt.ntion f.o! f.!tr to 

To hprov€ Eocial an.nities to 

16 ercou.e8..urrl !$ses to pa.tlctpat€ in the 

irpl.nEntation of .utal d.v.loPoent rch€les 

Ti. rural p.ople have sh6en keen tnielest ln th. 

loc6l councils' elect!on3 thich is enouBh to r.co.d th. Svst€n 

popu]6.ity aloog th. 6asses. If this Plo.ess i3 contiau.d' ihe 

best l.cal l.6d.rship qould e!.rde ati.r a f.r .lecilon.. 

8 P&O1E--!:.IIIEIE!ILEM:!qII|I-eBQqBAXUE: on 31 

198t, r. riohannsd xhln JuneJo, ib€ then P.lE. 

Paki3tan .nnounc€d hi3 Fiw€-Point. Protr.@. 

fottouind objectives. 

t. 

2. 

3. 

5. 

IslaEic Delocracy. 

EconoEic and soci.l Dovelo9o.ni, 

Educatioaal Adwdc6r.n!. 

prori.ion 6? autck Justic€, 

Strona ltation.I Dsfcnce. 

Und.r thi3 prog.aboe, f6r th6 dewelopEent 6f ru.al 

a..as, the GoverDleDt stalted .61easlng a.4nt5 to the r.!be.s 

of p.ovincial and nrttonal agseobli.E, thc senttor. and 

dinist..s u.d.r . coopr.h€n€iv. policy. Vnder th. econolic and 

social dev.lopre.i .f th. Prir€ lnisterrE Fiv.-polnts 

Plotranne, the Cov..!!.rt errn.rked R3, 11?35 cFo.e tor the 

rulaI developEentr conp.isiDE educetioD' health' vater 3uPPly 

and s.vera!., .oads, .l.ct.1ltcation, housinC .nd

586 

logaina 6nd EAttnitt. ThtE ProglstrEe r.r.i.ed itactiv' ett" 

the d.posliion of t!. Moh@d (b!! Ju6.io ftor Prid' 

MiDist6r3biP 1r Mat' 1988 !4d ras cotrEle'elv tbandontd in 

Dec€lb.r 1991 rh€n tb. Pe6pt6 P.ltvrs Cov.!n!.nt ca!' into 

9. PEOPLE'S PBOCEcTdE: This Pro4r.u. va6 

Benart! Bhutto'! govern!.nt i! D.cenb€! l98g 

rnt.o Covern!€nt vrLh r.itlal atlocalt6n ol RE 

Protratrtre ai[.d at th. upliti o! educrtion 

rat.. and ru..l .oads, 

In P.ople'. P!og!8m. enlhaats {as on tne glcaier 

pallicip.tio. o! ihe.o@on p6o!1o ..th.! than the P.lvil.ged 

ctass. Th. pr6!ram. hed been so.king und.r th. uob!.Ila of 

the !.deral Govelr.nt .nd *as .un bv th€ DlEt.ici 

AddtntEirsto!B th!ouah district c6nnitt.63, Th. Adrini.traior. 

e€re Aiven du. statur by satrctionia3 r ploJ€ct upto Rs. 

5.00,000/- p6r annu! bu! a!!.oval ot F.d.!aI IrPlen.ttliio! 

coultte. lFIc) rhich ,.s fun.tionlng und.! the Dlrccto! 

General, Peopl.'s ProClanm, Isl.eab.d tas 633.ntial for the 

aoount in exc.ss. or. rain a5P.ct of the P!.9!5@e,!. tb. 

!es.!v.rion 6a 5x ol inq iotal Alount lor th€ dlsseninAtion oa 

app.opriate t.chnology in th. !ur3l a!€as, Fo! laun.hinS ptlot 

p.oj.ctt sbarc of rh. Pri.e xiniste. dtEcretiona.y lund ?a3 

.ese.v.d to 1Oi. Th. total a4ou.i 4tlocstod for P€oPte s 

R3. 500 cro.., 200 c.ot. l!o! J.tuarv 1949 to 

June 1939 and R., 300 clore t.od July 1989 to June, 1990. The 

p.ot..trne eas criticiE€d by lh. opPosltion, p.!ticu14.1v bv

546 

o€nbe!. of th. provlnclal 3Dd nailonar aE'6nblieE on th' 

g.ound lhat the district .d!i.i3t!.tofs ol the P'6p1e'c 

PlogrsDtre in th.ir d1.trlcts/c006titu.nciee tc'€ not 

']ecte'l 

leprcs.ntativ.E 4.d q..€ !.!.lv !!!ill.t.d rlth th' rult^g 

The Prod!.ue *.3 rouDd up bv ihe c.r.-ta*' 

cove.n!.nt of chul46 uu3taf. Jatoi ln auduBt 1990' and an 

.xe.cis. ,aE coDduct.d to ftnd out the cotrditio. o! th. 

Bchetr6E on tha d.ound. It ,aE ob3..v.d th.t in Nr{FP 6ll2 

schele. se.. app.oved to! €x6cution .t !! e3tilatcd coet of 

Rs, 5Ot,t?o rillion. By Augu3t, l99O on. thouE.nd fou! huldrcd 

fo.t..n schelsE hsd b..n cospl.ied .t ! cost of Rs 109.764 

oiltion vhil. ro.k on 4054 3.h.de3 ra3 ir pr.4!ess lnd 5t{ 

sche!68 {€.e not y.t .t.!ied. tt {as dcctd€d that th. .cheleg 

rhich h.re not yat b..n s!a.t.d should be dropPed 5nd .o tork 

should be und€ltak€n on such scheneE. 

TAVEER-l-l{ATAltl PROGA ME: The Govorn!.nt 

head.d br lr. Moharo.d Nar!, sb..if l.un.hed Tare.r_I-tatan 

P.ogr.m. th.outhoui the colntrr on t.! Jult, 1991 t6 uplitt 

tbe eoclo-econotric condlti.ns of .u!tl lnd urb.n p.9rlatton bv 

p.ovidlrg iacilitie3 !! th. lollo'iag .ecto..:- 

Ed!&rLieA: Prolotio! of .ducation, upt.'datlon and 

conEtructioD of school buildlnas. 

2, lle!,Llb: IEllovenent and ext.nsion of existlng t1a3ic 

heslth unitr .nd .ur.l h€.lth cent.e.. 

3. !!lrlr---S!!!.lr--&I!rcs : 

!a.llit163 to the $eag 1o supply Potabl. Fat.r 

,here it has not Y.t beetr

58? 

rshtr.n! ol Po6ulation ll'rtar€ L'nrrE>' 

li"lf;i-iri:j"**=i-il*rh qr eep,rado', ooLh rn 

i"iii ..a "u* ar.;s popularron ?errer' cenlr€E 

.s:+*****Hft#. ili.:rk"ii.:*i; 

c6trrunic.tton: Con3t.!.tion of losds tnd !ove!'nt 

.f,' "T.'.T" "#&d:i'ii-". "i: 

Sut-Gas: To 5.ve Lha !oreEts shrch dePr€L-nr ar a 

;:-..* r.i" the plosraMe foFxten'ron or thls 

r"irt"r girt to coi€r larte! ares and po?ulation' 

E.trbli.h'.nL of Pcos: Pcos srll be eslablished in 

;-*.I ""d,ttbt. ar€.3 ror the b.nefit of peopl' 

si3c.l lan.6us sch.n.r: abt 6ih6r ioPo'frnL sch're 

ro. the s.Ilsre of lenorar PuDrrc' 

Illtgcli!-o, For th. i!.r.4..- in 

;iiiii", rr",grt'on..ctor iE alao included 'g'rculluttl tn th' 

!rgcelt!:q: farcer-I-rate! iE on the P'ttern o! sPoclal 

D.v.Iopnent P.oA.5@. ISDP) funded bv the Gov"da€ni of 

is ditfe.ent tn tYPe .rd 

p.acsdind Proglann 3 ln secto!s, procedu'e 

;cl.ase of funds. Th. lni3trv ol Local Govertoeat and Rur4l 

ILG&RD) Inwit.s tho llAs rnd S€laiols to ide'tilv 

5ch€deE ln their re3pecitw€ constitu.^'ies ulto 

of Rs. t4 .illion lfor opposiiioD delbet R3 5 

th6 fl.caI yeat l99l-92 and 1992-93 (totar RE' 

rhich afte. th€ tecoiPi bv the u/O LG&RD ar' r'at 

to the s.c..!a!v, !oc!1 cov.rno€lr:nd Rural D'velopo'Dt 

Departnent lLG&RD) 6f the provlncial tow€rtnents for s"utlnv' 

t.chnical f.asibilitt .td technicsl 6atction dd tndicqtion o!

59, 

.xecutive tg.!cic. on presc!lb'd fot!3 lnd thed 

to the u/o llGiRD ehich t!€ lhar'c'utitiz'd onc€ t"ln ed 8' 

ptaced b.to!6 th€ r.d.!.I Dqv.logr'dt coMttte' h"d'd bv thc 

Sccret.4lt LG&RD lnd coD.istlnt of th' followr'l i'!b€!s: 

1, S.cretafv, LG&RDI 

cover.o.rt ot PunJab' LaLot. 

2. Addltion.l cbiel s.ct.t..Yl 

LG&eD, oov.rn..nt o! sindh' 

3, Secreialt! LG&RD, govorno€tri 

oa NIIFP P.sh.ta!. 

Local Gov.rnnsnt & RD 

covernD.nt ol B.Iq.h1!tant 

lc&RDD, 6ov.rnr.!t ol aJr 

Muzafratqbad. 

P.llning & D€welop!..t D.p.!l!.nrt 

Gove.n!.nt ol PunJAb, 

laho!e 

7. AdniDIst..to., 

lNorth.rn Ar€.s Adttnl.ireilotr, I 

Cowern..nt ol P.l1.t6n' 

clfglt. 

Pldning & DEwelopE6nt DeP.r!!.'t' 

06werto€nt of Sindh' 

P16ntr1nA & DevcloPtr.ni 

dovelnB.t ot NlllP, P.shanar. 

P1anni.. & DevcIoP!.nt 

GoverDo.nt of Blluchl.t.n' 

P.1nni6t f, Dev.loD!.nt D€ptrt!€nt' 

c.veln!€Dt of aJK. Mor.fl.rlb.d

539 

FUNC1ION OP FEDERAL DEV,I.OPMENT COUTITTEE IFDCI: ThE IOIlogiNg 

th.ee s.. the n.in functions of th6 FDCI 

1. !t i3 4n eiecutive co@itte' ol the loeer_l-I|atan 

Proglande and its !'colEendtti'ns snd dlr€cilons 

a.E fullt ioPl.Eent'd' 

2 It conslde.s schengE of ftl'lAs tnd senstors 0d oe'rt 

and co3t e.iltr4t€ b6.rs 

3. lt .ccord3 .dninistrtiiw' 

'Pplovsl 

aft.r findina these scheb€3 in ord€r' 

of the sch'Des 

Rel.as.s o? Funds: Th€ 14lO LG&BD issu€s EdDinist'aiive 

spproval and r.questE to the vtnt3t'v of Flna'c' fo' finlnciel 

sanction thich t3 issu€d 4ccordin6 t' the e3tloated cosi ol 

the approwed schenes ald then directs th' Accouniant Gen€'ar 

P.ki3t6r Reveto€ (acPR) lsldab'd fo! teletsint the !t!ds 

LhrouAh Ee4ted authoritv t' th' P'ovincial (tnance 

dep..tEents tha P.ovincial flnance departnetrs t'3ue fu'iher 

sencrion aft6. ihe clc..anc. llon th' siate ssnt of Pakistan 

(SBPI and on ths baEtE of thai sanciio! S'cretsrv' LC&RD 

subtrits billE to the resPectiv. oftice3 of th' aGPR AftG! the 

bill3 have b€cn paEs.d bv th€ lalter' thg 

elealed bv th. SBP aDd the ?und is r'I'e3ed in th€ P'rsonal 

ledger Ac.ount (PLA) of iha S'c'eiarv' LG&RD sho furthe' 

di3bu!ses th. aoount dilectIt to th' ex'ortiw€ at'ncreg 

6cco.dtng to the adninlsir.tlv' 5nd !in'n'ial a??roved scheoes 

rhich e.abl. the deslanated .gencie' to execute ih€ EcheEes 

alt.. corpletion of th. rel.vant forldlilies l'id do'! bv the

590 

6ov..nr€nt bd3 ..tablished R.81on!1 oflic'5 in all th€ tour 

pfovinc.s be4ded bt a Dir.ctlor/DePuit S'cr6tarv (BPs-19) iD 

th. P.ovinces o! Punisb and NrlP "d bv AeEistant Dir'cto'E 

IBPS-ltl in .!s. of S!.dh 6nd Balu'histtn Th' l'8ton'l 

offlc.s keep 11.3.n slth lbe lNAs/s'nators ro avoro 

inconv€nienc€ to thon In d€al1n8 with ted€lal aDd provinctal 

Gov.rnoenls And 4I3o coofdtn.te tith the Prowinclal 

Govc.n!€nts and oth.r cowe.dsn! aaencle3 !o' exleditina tLe 

executton of dev.Iopoeaial Ech.n.s and aIl oihcr forlalitieE 

rl,ght fron ideDt!ticetiod 6l Echenos upto the leleaE'5 and 

uillizstion of lunds atd .nv 6th. dnties t.6tgn'd to th'tr bv 

thc F.de16l 

txecutron of sch.t.s: The d.v.lopncatal 3ch.r€B 4r€ ex'cuted 

throuah Lhe plowinci.l I,G&RD .nd other Gov.r@ent 'ae'ui1n6 

ag.ncies. I{ith ..!e!d t6 el.cirllic.tl6n' lhe execution is 

.ad6 br the U/O r'Jater .nd Po{.r whlfe th6 Eupllv ot sui-caE 

be thc v/o Pet.ol.un snd N.tulal R.sourcc! Th' opgratlon and 

drinien.nce of ih. coopreted .ch6!es are the !€sPongtbllltv ol 

tbe !€spe.tiv. d.p..in.nts ot the P.ovi.ciel Covern!'n! o' 

led€ral agenc!68 ln th. caE. of Sui_ge3 4nd atectricitv 

n..tts or Tadee.-1-xats 9.6rraira: T.E .r_I_satan P.ogr@e 

has the folloqing diEtiaction over th. past d'veropD'Dt 

i l. Th€ P.ople'6 Pro3.atrtre c6tpl.t.1v ign6r€d th' 

selators shile in th' cur'ent progtd@er sen'to's

591 

hrve beGn .1locat.d lunds for 

'x€cuiioD o? 

d.v.lopo.tt sc!.!e id€nitlied bv th.! anFh'!6 rn 

ii), Th. lrNA'. are t.qui!.d to tdediifY th. s.henes orlv 

in th.l! .esPccilve constituerci€8. 

iii',Th. n.thod of leleaEtDg of lutds is.ccuro aDd 

ivl. The Provtncial Aow..n!€nts have elEo b€en inwolv'rl 

in th. Pro4.s@. snd th. eDti.. r.sPonsibilitt litg 

,ith p.ovinciel D.ptp.rtlents o! LGaRD. 

w), In th. P.opre'E Proar!@€ oflic€E on dlstrict basrg 

thll,e 1n this Proalarne Retioral 

Otflc.. *ith s Ditecio. a.e sorklnt in N tt F P' 

T.D..r-J-l.tan P.otlte&e iE uliquE in tts natur. .nc 

lpp.eciated bt the trasses .nd will b. !or. secule rnd 

.llective it ih. R.diooel Olllc.s .re str.ngihcn.d bv 3i.!f 

snd equlprent to lonito. th. Prot!4Me end.nsu!€ tbat ths 

sch€les hav. b.cn iipferented. 

RURAL DEVEIOPMENT PROGNAIMES UNDER LOCA! GOVERNUXN1 AND 

RURAL DEVEI,OPMENT DEP,{EfIIENT. COVERNU'NT OF NI'FP ' 

As rention.d e.!]v, a nusbe. of wallou5 Protlem€ t'r{ 

int..odDced in thc ?rst f6! th. ,.lla.e tbd uplilt ol soclo- 

..onoric condltton3 ot th€ cooounitv. Th.s. Progfatoes could 

no! survivc du. to non-4cht.vlnS of th. !lann€d goale' 

co.sr!.ints of r.€ourceE or oth6! tandibl. ..asons 1lk. 

d.paltu.e of th. foutdeB by t!. !ovs.o!.nt It {a3 th€refot.' 

d.cided teepiaa in wte' th6 P..t erperierc., to int.oduc€ such 

proars6Ees ih shich lhe connunitv i5 glv.n chsnce ot 

idertificatlon, €xecution and opelation o! the Ech'tr'5

ind6!.rde.tlt. The 6i! obj6ctiv's of srch sch'n'E io 

"rc 

involve tbo b.n.ficia!ies to !h6 n'xlnur' The Locsl Cov"no'nt 

and Rursl D.veloPnent Departtr.nt, oovernuent of Nl{lP is 

Iookin! alt€r the ploJrenn.s thrcuEh lhich s'henca of public 

irport.nce are !ndert.k.! In th€ rulal ireas Durln' th' 

pe.iod unde. ..Po.! i.e. ! ftt'ncial vear l99I-92' ihe 

Depa.ttr.at h.5 undc.tekea th. follosint d€w'Iopoeni 

2, 

3, 

5. 

connuniiY uPIif! Pr6a!.@e. 

Black Topping of ExI.tint 

vioo. xo.ks in Utrion Councirs 

tork. u.de! trorld Food Prot!5@e' 

sate. SuPPlv lnd s.nit.!lon progralle3' 

Gr.viiy Flot {at.r supplv lnd selitatro^ Prog'6D'' 

uNICEF floren IDt.gt.t.d ProJect' 

A b.!ef d.s.riptlon 6f the Cotlunltv Uplift 

ancl othe! p.oRrdo66E t.nlined sbovo ls Es undorr- 

i. 

: CouunitY VPIilt 

P.oB..nn. ICUP) itplie3 6 d€c'dt'alized for 

'Ppro'ch 

tdentific.tlon, plannina' .rtcution and n'intetren" of 

sch6E.3. It also i!!lies .asv proccdures! 3i!!l' t'chniqu'E 

and spe.dv Proc€ss of dec!3ton naking l' Eh'rt' lt InltieE 

ihat 4pproach,hich i5 Ei!!I€.nd easilt unde!3tood bv thE 

p€o91.. Th. Prot.a@e {hl.h iE tnitieted dulinl the lln'ncitl 

ye!. 1989-90 b.s the !roc€du.. giv" as unde':- 

th.lr appltcationE 

tr..3u.v henchca Ylll !ubnit 

l{intste. or uinist.! lo. Locar

593 

Govclntr.di and Rula] D€velo?a.nt Dep4.ttr€nt, NI'FP who n.t 

deeir. to sanction the sche!.3 ald dir.ct the Dlrecto. 

cen.ral, LceRDD to process thc! furthe.. Iior.v.r' tlle .Ponsors 

belortirg to b.nch.s and th. oino.itt.. rill 

obtaln Eanc!io. flon the ch!.! Mlnilt.r' 

2. Th. s?€ci6l Progade c€ll .i Dir€ctollte cene.d' LG&&DD 

rill r€co.d the btsic :nforo.tior 

Profo.rr at ann.r-I 

3. Tbe office ol the Direcior Cenelal' ICIRDD nill lsk the 

ex.cltita agedcv t6 pr.Pa.e th. e3tinatee of the 3ch€!' in 

co.sultalioh '!th the sp6n3or3. 

4. Th. esti!3t€E 5o P!eP6!.d ,ill be technicsllv Eancti'oed 

by the Assistant EndiDee! con...n€d, and if it' ts bevo.d his 

'ill 

fo.r..d it to the Di.ecto. (Tech) ot IoIRDD, 

N'FP, f6r necessa.y actio.. 

LE!Lscr$4!!e-u, 1. The s.h.&3 'ill 

be .driDi6trativelv 

approv.d by tie Dlrector c€n.!.L lcaRDD and the funds be 

'iII 

releared to th. .re.utin4 E €ncy lo! lnplenentation. The 

lsEiEtant! Dir€ctorg, LG&&DD rill be tie ov.r-all iDclt.ra. ri 

th. li6ld lewel rhtle tne DivisioDal Dilecto!3 end Di&cto! 

cenorsl rill be insp€cting office.s ol th. schetres. Fundr till 

be r.I.a3ed to aEEtstdtt DIr.cto.s f!o' PLA 

6en.r.1 lo. irPl.!.ntatio! ot th€ 9roa!!o.e 

2. tbe Locel Gov.rnnent and Rq.al D.v.loPaert 

,!I1 nonitor th. scheDe3 .nd hold ne.ilnEE to 

p.osrees of th6 sch.oe3. Tlt. plotress r.port Yilf 

aE p.. p.ofo.!a PRG-I add II titen in aPP.ndix. 

3. Change of Bch.tre sill b€ o.lv .Iloved bv th. Chi6f

lrinlste./vintEte. !G&RDD 

r.vision i! wrltiDS. 

c.r teria F.. Piorosin. Sch.r.E. 

1- th. sch€!.! sh.r1 be Plopot"l accolding to 

59,1 

Pin.acine: 1_ the Co!trutritv Upllft Protrarne till b' liEnc'd 

flor cowcln!.nt.lloc.lionE and ttrt oth€! source !v'i1abl'' 

2- lbe lutrds so ..c.ived 3h'11 be n'nag€d bv the Loc'r 

Govcrnredt and Rutal D6v.loPDent throuth the Dilecto! cen€t6l' 

LG&RDD. Gow.rnoent 4ltoc.tions *tll be t'le5sed t' Di'eclor 

G€n.lal !n lutrPsuE. 

3- For th. PurloE. of pl4ttlns' executihe snd Eonltorilg ot 

th. scher.s lor this P.ogru., the support stst" dcsiaacd 

for th€ Dlr.ct.. G€d.r.1, LG&RDD shall b€ itrllen€nted Tha 

s.!. sill b. fln.n..d out 6l 2t d'du'tion 6a contird'dt 

.xp.nditu.e f.od th. .tlocatiot fo' thc PlogralDc' 

tii 

followtnt crite.ion: 

No schet. Eh.tt b€ lhaEed out in findci'r te!!s l 

on.-tio. tot.I !.oviEion of li. cost shall be t'd'' 

schenes 3h.Il be c6trpl€ted rithin 6te financirl 

y.r. u.1... othe.riE. fullt Jurtifted' 

Tb6 sch€!.. 3haII b. naint.rn.d bt Lh. aqenci'5 

.xecutitrg th.!. (it sould b. advl"b€I if 

'lI 

..henes r.. .xecuted thtou8h th. lin' d'ptttosnts) 

or other sa.rctEs capabl€ of q!-holditrA oattten'nc' 

rsEpolsibilltv of th. ploj.ctt In c's' 6l NcOs' 

scheres ,ill be !6tnt.ined bv b€nelict'rres' 

Pu.chese ol l.nd it lhe connuDilt UPllft P'otrarn€

sill be strictlv plohiblt.d. wh.r€ve. l'nd ts 

irvolv.d it siu .o.. as a s.Il-h.lp conttibirtion 

of tbe colluDrtt 

th€ sp6nso. co.c..tr.d rll 

over sites to th. ex.cu! 

e*penditu.e on th. .ch.E. 

site iE noi hand.d 6v.! 

apProval o! th. sch.r.3, 

b. r.EPo.sible to h.rd 

lnt .gency, befo.e any 

iE co.bitted. In c636 

,tthiD 6o deys of the 

th. Bcheo€ shall staad 

Purchase of n.chin.rt ri l1 b€ linsced out 6f 

C. U. P. in 4.Y caE.. 

vi. in order to .wotd duplic.tion' the executron agencv 

sill eNu.. tb.t . ilrlla. Ech.n€ is not unde! 

execuiion bv uoth.! ad.ncv Co_o'ditrsr:ion 'lth 

oth6! 1!n€ d€P.ltt.nts ln rb. Ioc'litt sill b6 tlt' 

dutY o? tbe .x.cuttna .a.nct. 

yii. The 6cher.. rll] b. inPl.rent€d through LGIRDD' 

.egul6r Iin. d.P..tn.nt3 o! tbe local coulcilE' 

?his {!11 b6 l.lt to th€ dls.r.tion of th€ sPonaor' 

Fulteh.-nor. In ct.s of LG&RDD Depe'tnent or Locel 

councils, rh. ElonsorE ,ould b. allo*ed to exscute 

the scheD.. through cont.acto.s 

comitte6E. Th.v *1If intitate ih'ir to th' 

'hoice 

n3sistant Dir.cto!' LG&EDD iD *ritiD4' 

viii. Each spo.3o. sill sP.^d .t least 30t of total 

a.ount.l10.!t€d to hir iD ihe educatio! sector' 

fio'.ve!, ..I.*.tion i! .nv sould be sa!'tion€d bv 

ihe chief uinistr or tDlst.. LG&RDD on case bssrs 

2- The speicsl P.od.oie c€ll in the dffic€ of lh'

596 

Di.ecto. Gener.L LG&CDD 5h.tl 'ct at s'c!€ta'iate of this 

P.ot.a@e The r.pres6ntattv.e of th6 'x'cutitr deparlEeni 

r6uld be !espotrstbl. lor v.ttlng' ptoc'3sint and providina 

mo.itoring inforletlon abo{t th. €'h'm3 tith '€tard to their 

resPectlwe dePertn.ttE. 

Proce.si.r of scheb.s. 

proc.dur. .halI be 

proc€ssint ol 3ch.as5: 

i. the sclteDe3 lhalI b. s[b'itt'd on the pr'scribed 

p.6iect p!.ra!.tion lo!!, t?p'ndix det'iled_ 

'ith 

!i. 

cost-eEtidat. p!€p.r'd end sltn€d bv the 

Dist.ictlAssistant Enaln"r o! th' office 6f the 

lsstt. Di.ecto.' LG&RDD o! th€ conccined execuiing 

Tb. Ech.n.E tould b. t'chnic'Ilt chect'd bt !' 

codpet€nt euth.titt indicti'd l! Pa!'_1 of the 

identi!icstlon s.d Ptoc.3.lnd ard tdniDist'aiiwelt 

4pproved a3 l.id dotn l! Pa!g-l' 6r the 

A list of .lldlbt.3.h.!.. 

is in 4pp€ndtx-IlI 

The noDitoling of th..ch.!.. 'iII 

of th6 PFoforE. ln Arnoxqr6_Iv 

for fln'ncing out of cuP 

Proc.ess catend.r' 

1. Th. PRG_I ploloros indtc'te3 the PloJeci 

irclud.s basic i.lo.!.!lon .boui tho tcho!' Thi3 

to b€ filfed i^ b.ao!. rctutl 'x'cuti'n of r' 

bc doD' in lif,ht

597 

sane sh.ll be fo.'s.d€d to rh. sp.cial P.oa!a@e cell a.d the 

corpute! section of th. Di!.ciorat. Cen.!.1, Lo&RDD posiiie.lv 

'sithin one Eonth of th. 3t3rt.l {o!k o. lhe sch€ne. 

2. No 'o.k should b. lnlilet.d on sch6re3 u.less 

.equired cod4l fornelitt.s ar. tul!rll€d. Responsibilitt foi 

tbis vill b6 of the executint aa.ncy. 

3, Copi.s of ell .stintte. p!.par6d .nd saDctio.ed bv 

rhe co!?etent "utho.lty pi!l b. foltalded to tn. special 

Pro

518 

R!./rr?.50 lilllotr,.. ..rD!l.d lo! tb. str

lr 

599 

BLACK TOP?IXG OF EXISTTNG RORAI' ROADS IROCRAvv! 

rt ss noric€d thtt . nurb6! sclteoes und'r 

'f 

coDDu.ic.tion se.to! h5d b'Gd utrd'!-t!k'n urde! tarrous 

developEeDt !.og.ooeE si!c6 l9?9 in rural 3'caE of l{lrFP It 

Fs3 also noticed thst iott .l the !6ads colstructed t'r' 

€ither lk.ha or shintt. ol *hich th' dePr€ciatio"ste t'! 

conpalativlv faster d!6 to t'ath'r coddittons then thet of 

Black foP?ed roadE. It {aE, th'!efo!6r decided that !n th' 

first ilstence a 3 v6a! ph.3'd progr"!' of Bl3ck Topping of 

Exislirg Rural Road3 to b' lotloduc'd t'6b the tinancial vtar 

1989-90 in tlte aDP. 

Ttte s.lient l€5iu'€3 of this prograde 

i ) the existin! ru.aI road' r'quirinC Iittle civil qo'k 

c6.poneni {il1 b€ ilclud€d t' th' P'ott.Me' 

ii ) Aasic6lfv the rotds cotrEiiuctsd under Rur5l torkg 

P.dBremo should Pr'l'rab1v b' conside'ed for black 

li!l The identification ol roadE *l1I be nade bv the E 6b€'3 

of lhe lro'incial sss'rb1v t' b' 6x6'uted ove! the !'rlod 

of 3 vea.s and ih. p.lortt!'3 tr' to be deiE'lited bv tb' 

Districi DeveloPd€nt Advi3o!t Codrittee' 

iv, In the 3 phose. o! th' proBr'ue! 5 K v of road3 in e'ch 

prowitcid conEtitu'dov b6 brsck totFed 

'ould 

Base oD th. above f€ttu'eE! thc totaf iar6ets ro o€ 

rchieved in three ve!r3 '!e 125 25 k! 'ith 4 total cos! or 

Rs.158 930 rillton ave'a86 colt p'r kD ihus core3 to 0 3r 

nillton thich is lore' !h!n the c"t of conEituction of ro'ds 

by other deparirents Th' civti 'ork' 1f invole€d !n the roadE

600 

sh.ll naw. to be don. bt d. b.n.ficia.ieE on E.It hel! b.3i3. 

"an anount of R.,45 ni,lltons q6s provided !n the,aDP lor 

the yea. 1989-90 and IlO.03 kD of roed6 have bee. corll€ted in 

warious dislricts, During t}!. s.c6nd phes€ of tb€ proAlaM. in 

the yea! 1990-91 an allocaiion of Rs.50 dillion. ras bade and 

z t*.tea ot 139..13 k! sas fix.d for collletioa. Du.int the 

second phase progfaEEa,an expendltu.€ of Rs,4S,19 nirlio. bes 

b..r ircu..ed and l3?.a2 *n road h.E been corplet€d. The 

retu.lni!g 156 k! ot .o.d3 a.e in the final staaes of 

coDpleiiod rnd a.e likery to b. finaliz6d du.in8 the curlent 

ftnancial yea.'d. 

il1. Minor r,rork6 in Unton councits. 

The uriod couac!ls a.e the loqest tler of loc.l 

4ov.i'ne.t syste! and are not fi'ancta11r r.11 off. The 

eleotolate in rh€ alea of. Union Council elso.rpecrs froE 

th.i. etect.d reDbe.s to execut.3o.ll d.vetogd.nt .c!e!.s ol 

loc.l iDpoftance bas.d on thei! needs. K.epin4 thts asp.cr In 

vi.{ the Gowe!trnent {as plovtding sn an6unt of Rs,0,129 

nlllioD to .ach uni.n .ou.cil .5 6 d€weloprent alnd. DultnE 

th. reer 1990-91, an 4nount ot R8.34,624 nillio. r6s atlocated 

to th€ union c6unc1ls and .t031 sch€ree h.we be.D colpret.d tn 

union couacll. out of ihis 4lloc.tion. In i}!e year 1991-92 .nd 

1992-93 siri16. alloca!ton of Rs.84,624 Eillion {as rade for 

in th. ADP. lE rhe l6cql councils in ihe 

provlnce w€re di3solv.d for holdint flesh el.ctiols a!rer 

coapletioo o! tenure, tielefor€, this atlocarion h.s not so 

t.! b.en urilized. Ho'.ve., !t has d.cid.d rbar 3ince ihis 

allocation h4s nor so f.r be.n utitiz.d, therefo.., rajortty 

of the fund€ eay b€ divelted r6'a.d3 black ropptna 6l .u!al

601 

roads ald sor. fqnds Mr b. !.t!rn.d lor the urior councils 

for qhicb an aDP oay b. p.ep.!.d t..ping in vie? the 

utilizaiion of iorld food controditl.. ,hicb a!6 to b€ con€ured 

rv. !9ErrLIAALeECCAAldl-l-lxIl) 

I,lorld Food ?rctraor€ (NYF?) a..lEtanc€ has beca u.der 

o!6!ation by the Loc!1 cov.rDmnt and Eural D6v.lopDent 

Deparineni since 1941. Th. r.r1od o! operation of th. p.oJect 

hss bee! .xi.nd.d on.. in 1984 rDd .4.1n i. 1990_9l Accordind 

to t}|e pl.n of o!.!.tion/sSr..trent b.tv..n CovelnDent of 

PaLtstan (GOP) .Drl forld too.t ProA.4!D., it i3 being 

iDplneoted th.ourh unior councllE/diEt.ict coubcils. Food 

comoditi.E are !cl..sed to Asslstant Di..ct.r' Local 

Gove.n.eni ard Rulal D.v.lopo.nt D.P.lirent 3nd chai.'an 

distiict councils. Ptio! to !.le..e o? food cododities, 

dllo.stion of D6. dtt. to Ioctl coun.il 'ith iD3tructions to 

forhulate thei. r..!ectiv6 ADP .!d lo.rald lt to Directo.4te 

cene.al for further n.c...4rv rctlon. ltea. included ir the 

food bagk€t and p.r caPita rttlon for oD. ian dav are as 

2. Butter/v€d€tebl6s 

250 

100 

cove..lent of NIIFP, D.p!!td.nt of Local cov€.nEent 

?.o.iec! has b..n d.aitn.d 3peci5l1y to encou!4gc the 

l5

aot 

codunttv tnltl.tiv. .tt eid. D"ttclt'tlo! ot loc'l ]'bour 

lor tb.ir .l.rlop..!t olthi! !h .tlsilnt fr.s-rcfk of a!'I 

.l.v.topDrt .t!.i.at l! m!]P. st@t tL trdDilo' t!' 

" 

p!oJ.cl, li h.. b..n v.!t u5.lut in tt!!' ot eDl'nnti!' tb' 

i.Dl.rnt ito! of D!lor!!t ...to!3 tu'L coattnrotio' of 

" 

!o.d., .oll i-ia.tlon $b.r.., dlllkitt u't't tutDtt 

.cb.D., llood contlol .ad 1.nd !'cl'!ltlon sch'i" tn otd'! 

!o -tnt 

!! th. t..r. ot .!.taitt4 th' t' 

'octo_'coF 

p!oa!.s. throuah t!..t Fot Dl.!!i!! b"'it uDoa th' lc'rlt ol 

sorld Footl Proa!.4. oor{tt.d !o'd coro'tlii" ol 

E..I?.!, nitltoa lot th. tad 199r-92 t'v' b€'n !'o'tv'd 'Dd 

tb. ..1.s.. o! l99t-tt .r l. !b. plr.It!''

v. !A.T.EE-Ij]PE!r-IED--!AEIIAII9NIEACEA!!!- 

The abov. Dentione.l ?r6j.ct ses 4pproved for 

i.ple!.ltat,tod .t the estirat.d co.t o, as.1?,1?? lillion fo! 

the ye.! 1990-91. Thc iala.ts cnvl3aaed lo! th. proj€ct sle.s 

i, ItltallrtioD of hand punls. : ?50 

ii. Constluction of latrln.s. = 3000 

Tbe proJect qas ialen up f6r tople!€nlatlon late in the 

y€ar 1990-91 because of it3 approv.l and 4gree!.nt eith the 

Tlte ta.a.ts achiew.d so f.r are glv.n b.low:r!l3l 

l-s!ldJ.!d 

i. 8.nd puepE. ?50 635 

ii. Lat.tne3 3000 2540 

Rup€.s forty tn... rillion lour hundr.d twontt four 

thousand hss b..n €a.ne.k€d fo! the coo3tluctton ol 1575 bard 

punps aid 15?t0 latri.e i. 199I-92. 

Vi. GRAVI'TY FLOI' lrAlER SPPLY AXD SANITATIO}I PROCRAIM!. 

In the above lention€d p.o6!N. dist.ict. of abbottabad 

and seat have b..n included to. the yea. 1991-92 .nd 1992-93, 

The p.ojec! .nvisgges l0 Bch.h.s o! clavity FIor.nd 200 

IaterineE in .ech district E€ntloned abov€. Th€ P.oDviDcis] 

c6ve$n.nt haE r.IeaEed .n a60unt of Rs.0.963 nllllon .E it. 

3hare in the proJect. The hald-e.re h.s to b. auppli€d br the 

VNICEF in du. cou!3€ of ti!€. Th6 Bulyet dd d€€t8ning of tbe 

Echele. is in progress ,ith th. consultatton of UNICEF Proiect 

eagineers. Rup..s .99 ntlllon hr. b.en allocat€d lor the tear 

1992-93 fo. 10 scheEes pe. t,o d1.t.tcts

604 

UNIcEF ros€D lntetrated througlt Locsl Governtr'nt' and 

Ru.al D.w.lop!.nt DeP..tnert c6Menc€d lrotr vav' !990 'ad rill 

te!!inate ir DeccDber, 1995. The nain obj€ciives 6f the 

protranb. are aE under: - 

T. rrovrde rob.n and gtrI5 of .ural aress bon lortsl 

.

605 

lB]*g!4lNlNA-l983]EAILDryElqruIlI 

In th€ ,o.ds of Dick.Dron' plarning ls 'the Eaking ot 

d4.jo. econonic d..ie!on-wha! and b6, nuch to b. Produced a.d 

to Fbo! lt is to Ire .llocat€d bt the c6nsciouE eilI 64. 

dete.rined authoritr or the b.sls 6t a codP..h.n3ive suNer o? 

the econotrtc syst€E as a thore'r*. 

PLanning th the dodern :o.ld Fes introduc.d bv the forn€! 

Soviet-U.io!, B.fo.e to.Id {ar-II, the conc€Pt of Platnin, 

b.s not i! fsshion in rh€ capitali3t roifd and *a€ co.sldere.l 

as follorihq .ohûnisi, Today' ?Iannint is con.ldered aE lust 

in i.dividual 6s rell as in hetionsl Itfe.I{ithout ptanaing, 

the counrry cannot tet out of the viciouE ci!cle ol udd.!- 

dereloDnent. Econorv sithout pIa..in4 is |,rjust Iike a Ehip 

s!;ting ,ith.ut destr.ailon;H. Pl3nnine !3 

considered nust for t.cklint the p.oblen3 of unelployrcDt, 

econoEic instabll!tr and i.-cqultable dist!ibutlon of ,ealth, 

svoidint aonopolistic e{plo!t,.t1od, prelgreation for bord.r 

defence, fo. o.jo. cn.nt.E in eocdoric atluctule, fo. 

co.r.ollin4 foreign t!ad. acco.dibt to th. sishes of 

towe.nrner, na6!.es to iacr6a36 lhe 'e1far. of th€ und€r 

p.iwileged clasE and optinu! utilization of !csources. 

Th. at! oI the pllnning is to atloc.te scarc. 

.esou.ces i. 3uch a ranne. as to.btian idiou! Production and 

satisfactio4. Our needs are unlinited and cowc. the Phvsicall 

na!e.ia1, .eligious and pEychological .eed6 6f at individue.l, 

a society add a nation. Ru!6I Developnent i3 conducted at the 

!oresa level, Thouth it colpfiaa3 certain projects yer for 

frndinr pr.posc, lhese are con3idered aE a €irAI€ {h6le. lf 

these pfojects are in?Ieaented by different departnentE, th.n

506 

these B.w€ral p.ojects alc dtffe.ent in Daiule and even for 

?he 6bjective of th. pla^ni.t fo..ural a!e.s is 

so.tI€r than lhat of the nrrionlar lewel but siriI6! ro it 

rithin its objectives. Th. ru.!! plannind i3 always conducied 

in di..ctions of rational l.vel plannirg. r6f exarll., if the 

toverrr.nt inte.d to dec.c4s. the productio. of 6u! (b.osn 

sugi.) lhrolgh wiflate leeel 3ud.. c.!e crushere, th€n th€ 

.u.'l pllnhers rill reve! di3s.linate knolsedg. t...!ficlent 

running 6t 3u4e.-cane c!qsh.r n€itber wlll lh.y alt6t a 

license to 6 firn for fab!l.atlon of suge!catr. crusher. Tbe 

co.cept of n6iional l.wel pllnning is, gederally to prowide 

pby3ical infra3truciure, i.crcr3. rate of literacy! provide 

tredical cow.. and iop.owe th. stand€.d of liae by inc.easing 

incou€. Th€ national level planridg is frequently f.ced eith 

u.just, un.quitable and €xrloElve resional .nd national 

situations, Du6 to trad6 ihbatances, the selectina of proJ€ctE 

fo. iopl.rentation is difficult, Sodet!!e donor countr!eE 

irpos€ . dacision for a p.rticqla. projeci. Natio.al planning 

is ve.y corplicrted. At thiE I.v€1 the planaer3 thidk at tle 

naliorl l€v.l .aine. than on th. nic.o Ievel, Th.y {.lght the 

f€3oulc€E for the opttnu4 inv6Eti.ot in all EectorE altei 

thorough .xani.ation of nacro-cconodics pl.nniDd at nalional 

level i. the proc€ss of rlloclrion .f.esource. for .chievind 

th. b.st possible obj€ctive8. 

At the .atior4l l.v.l, the iesou.c€s 6.c lluse atd 

the idertific6tion of projectE lnd priorities ale innune.able 

and nultidlnenstonrl rhereas at the ru.al level, th. ..soulces 

as ,elI a. ident.ification of projecis ,nd p.!o.it!.s ale .ast.

607 

The Lart€ts ale fi*ed o.Iy aft.r th. a1lo..tio! of .esoulces. 

Gene.ally, wely reeded projects .r. irpletr€nted. I! a tl6n!.! 

1s faritiar sith 1oc.I cotdttrons, 

i. 'ilf b€ in . positlon !o pl.n to. achievin6 th€ ta.aet a3 

l.id do'n bef6r. hi!. 

Ia th€ !u!al a..a!t thouth th. P&iects a.e snau6!' 

yei they ...d du6 car. rnd Ecientitic oethods of 

inplerentatin, Du!ina th. .vrlu.tlon of fo.!e. prosranoes Ilke 

villase-AlD, B.D syst.dt Rut.t ,o!ts Plog.a.ae' IRDP erc' rt 

ras reve.led tbat rore ai!.ntion hsd to b€ given to th. 

pllnnirt aslect of the pFoJcct.. The lroi.cts 'er. identified 

on the c..teria of n€.d, stltl itrv€stEeDi and abow. dl 

politi.al basis. For the id.ntit.ation ot Nral ptoiects' 

enphasis 'as 4iven or cos! stde r.th€r th.n benef:t side. In 

Pokisr.d, projects are pl.nn.d.t local, disttict' plowiEcttl 

and lederal levet6, Eeeint th. t!?ort.n.e ald cost of th6 

project. The followln8 ag.n.le3.t 1o..I, district' plovinclal 

aid federel levels ar€ .trg.a.d in th€ pl6rnint ot rural 

developnert proj.cl: -

!08 

SJloAdrrntsrratiwe 

!!ld 

A- villaee - 

&-L|.!.o9j!-c 

Unlon council, 

B- 

C- 

Dlrt.icr 

Prowtrclal 

- 

- 

_ 

Di,.tlict C.qncil and 

Dt.trict DcvelopDent 

Advl.ort Coritree (DDACl. 

pl&nint ud Devefopi.nt 

D€p.rt!.!t. (p&D 

D.p.rt!.nt ). 

Plowin'l'l D'weloPuent 

Lortln! P..ty ( PDvrP) 

D- F.d€.af 

- 

- 

?rovlnctllcowelrrent 

D.!.rtD.ntslSert 

Autotro!ou./ Aut..olous 

Bodi... 

N.tlonrl E.on6!ic 

councl1. {NEC L 

- Pl.naint 

couIselotr/Pl6d.ins aDd 

D.v.lo9..nt Dlwisio!. 

- F.d.ral, Oov..uert/ 

Ir.rttrttoM/se.r 

Autonoious/ Aulonorous 

Bod1... 

B.sides th. k.r tr.nct.r .f f.deral .rd p.ovirci.I 

gov6rn!.ntE, son6 forclgn atcnct.. Iike cTZ s!. .I.o 

conductlnE pt.Bins ol !u!.1 rt.v.to!tr.trt !!ojec!. und.r rh. 

urbr.ll. ol paklstdt .r.n.t../ d.p..t..nrs. 

Pf,OtEcr cYcr,l: A p.oj€cr t. rlr.3r.1rest unit 'hich i. 

3.p...t.1r pldn d, .n.lt..d .hd irpl.nelted. Th. ploJ.ct 

cycl. coop.is€s of v..yin8 nuEb.r ot Et.aes/ph.3ca d€pqndtna 

uPon th. liz€ and n3iur. ot rh. p.oJ.ct. Ho,ev€r, a !u!!5b1. 

.1.. prol..t has !o p.rE thloush rhe follorins rlx 

stea.E/phaa.s ir it3 lif. ,hich le cAlled as p.oj..t cyct.:- 

1, Project Identific.rtod 

2. Pr.Ject Pr€pa!.t1on.

609 

FroJ6ct Otcl. 

Proi6ct Plannin, ovc!. is colgllcated' both 

't 

n.tior.l eld 1oc.l ieve]s, P.rtlcul.tlt itr tltc thild sotld' 

lit. Pr&tstan. A. the chept.r 15 !€lgted to Rlral Dev.lo9tr.ntl 

h.nc., the ploJ.ct Plsn.idg 13 dtscuE€.d lor .ursl *"3 

..th.f than nat16n.l revel. tbe pfoi.ct !l.nnita in dev.lo9id6 

co{ntri.3 is olt.n.t?ect..l bv ih€ int.!..t.d P.rti€3 ll}e 

villaa6 e1tt., Poltiiciad6 end .v.n lhe tor.ltn eg.ncl'E lor 

fulflllinE th.tr rI.he.. s.t., the PloJect ctcl6 ln.on' 

d€!.tts, .el.t.d ttth te rodlotgv u3€d, th. hi.tatcht oa 

v.!iou! bodier v.!i.d eith .P?toved porc!. and the l.v.l. at 

rhich p.oiect eL.nntDg i3 cotduct'.d i3 di.cu.Ead: 

r. e!e-i!slld.nilltcrtrot: Proiect Id.ntlf i.ation i. ih' 

tiGt st48. la the PloJ.ct cvcl.. tt the so.d. of |,!'

610 

Aslf Ashraf P!oi.ct. iav b6 idettilied 6d th€ b4313 ol 

the resou.ce potenrlaL inv.3in.nt oppo!tuniti.!' .octo- 

econodic object:ve3/ta!g.t€ indiciated 

atd loc.I teeds "'' . In Pa*l3tAn th. 

followiDg asercies in g6neral idenitfv lroicct.:l. 

The fiefd depa!t!.nt. of the fede!.I Govctn.ent' 

!ike Pakisian Colnci1 of ApP.oPriste Technoloat 

depertn.lt. of th€ 

Contrunioation D6pettn.nt etc. 

Loc.l c6udcil3 lunion.nd Dtst.ict couDcilt 

Iniernatioaal aA.ncie3 like G.T.Z.' U ICEF 

The fuhctions .ad .eEponsibili!ies lre divid.d 

b.tx..n federal and gov.rnoents uDarbiauoustv in tb!.. IiEts, 

th€ led..aI, the plovltclal snd th. conc!rreni l!3t thlch 

neanE lhaL the futctioo latls {tthin the iourisdlction ol both 

ledc.al and provinctal Bov€rnh.nt.. Tbe experts It prol.ct 

ldentificatiod, ideDt!?y tho6e tvP€ .f lrojects ?hich llp'ov€ 

the Livint siddard of ih. b.rolici€lies It n.eds thorouah 

study of Lhe project. Fo. .i.!ple' the itP.ove!6!t 5bould 

.trays b€ of balabced tyP.. for €xalple' if it is d€si!.d io 

irprov€ th. village st!e.tE bt ccaentint, than it eill not 

b.tng liprov€E:nt io th6 requtFd l.v.I as efte! so!.ilnoE !h. 

st!..ts xtll again dectin. du. to ne8a!ive etfcct of oth.. 

6sp.ci. !hich had aot be.! ln9roved. In thls 3teg.' thos' 

proj.cts have Lo be id.ntlfL.d rhich cost less as i! Arlo3t 

dlI the devetopi16 coua!.icrr the!6 is scarcitt 6l fund.. 

SirilflJ in the .uitl .reas thos. proiects

611 

lor rhich local i.put5 .r. w.tl.bt. .nd .r. r.bour intensrv. 

i. thel. nat!!.. th. D!oJ.ct. ,hrch h.lp 10 irclea3lt 

ploductio. ard a.€ rpEr.ci6t.d by th. Io..ls a!. Prefe!!.d. 

Tha proj.c! id€niM.d by th. .x!..t. lo. .ural a.eas a!. o! 

roods, 

'!t.. 

supply, 6duc.tion, h..lth, asli.ulture, s.te! 

chanDel !o. lfrir.tlon pq!!o.., cott.a. 4nd en..gv 6n labou! 

i^tensive basis etc. rn oajorlty of c...e tha p.oblen ls both 

a cause as eelI as an.tfcct ol anolh.r t.obletr. For etadile, 

powertr is a car6..nd.!l.ct o! Iow produ.tiwity. Deep studt 

of probl.rs lni.rconn.ctlon ii . p!.-.equisite fo! 

ide.titicriion ot . ploj.ct a. onlr tn thts tav planners c4! 

identity a r€al p.obl.r.

612 

2- R!!ltd-!t!!$r!!!d: Fo! ih. bI8 ProJ'ct'' l"'ibllltv 

study lor t.intl' co.Pl.t. ktolt'da' !ol'!dl!t rt3 

v!!iou. asD.cts .!. rtv.n thotoualv PC_Ir Alv'3 tb' 

proJ.ci ht.ioftr ploJ.ct dta..t, co't tn loctl 'nd 

to..itn cu!!.ncv, lundint .ou!c' (')' obJtctle' o? rh' 

p&J.ct, Loc.ttotr o! tb. P!oJ.ct, D'llod ot corpl'ttoD 

or t.h. ProJect, !.cu$il ch.ra", tqcttrti" lv'Il'brc 

ad !.qult.@nt., co.t ..!!"t' ot "tabll'blqnt' 

!" 

Dt.!i.l .tc. t! d.t.tl. .nd un-ilblauou'It' lh' PC-II la 

r.qut..d to! pr.-iav.ttlnt s!'lttlt ot lh' p'oJ'ct' 

sp.ct!.r. o! botb Pc-!.nd PC_II tt' tiwt! i! th€ 

.pp.!dtx tht.h .!. u!.d bv th' P'titt'b coulcil ot 

apploPrl.t. t.choolott'

Pr!I!!l-l-p.pial-!!I 

aor th. execution of a proJ.ci, Gov.lrn.nt 1!ve3! non.v 

ir th. hop. io Baln c.!t.it b.ncllt. !n futurc As rhe 6on€v 

snd oth.r..!ourc.3i ircludlnd t.chnIcAl persoDn.l ar. s.trce, 

h€nc., ih. 86v..nD.n! 4pp!i.3.. ih. lroiect to be iDll€!€nt€d 

w..y ca..fuIIy. B.fot. alv.t.ny coo!€ntE on the propoEed 

project, dtff.r.4t a3!.ct..r. r.tgh.d 8nd d.tril discussioDs 

a.e n.d. by th. pt.nn..3 to p.ove aPProP.i4r.teeE of th€ 

project a3 rcst slitAbl. ihan th. othets o. vlce ve.Ea. 

Th€ ..vi.r of th. ploi.ct, u.ualIv, l3 !.de bv 5no!hc. 

agency rhich i3 not lnv.lved in th. P!.patation o, the proiact 

p.oposal in o.d.! to 8et .n i!P..tt!t iudt€t.Dt. 

the ev.lu.tlon ol th. p.oJ.ct fro! dIt!.r€nt eatl.s oa 

ca..rir8 out th€ ro.t slthout sctloo. !.obl.!s and ihe hoPe 

fo. .rpe.ted benalit3 l. c.tl6d proJ.ct .PP!.r3!r. 

Thc techniqu.E uEGd in th. Proi.ct app..i8.I i. t.r!r 6l 

coei .nd B.neltts ICB) !n6ly3i5 .!. dlscu..ed hc.ctlth:cafl:lElEllls-llAt.Isls-iA 

cost Ben.flts .ln!ly.t. lE.tr tlporta^t Ph!.. of th€ 

project plannins .ad pfoJ.ci APP..l.tl. B€tore tpploval of . 

project and i!r inclus!on in. d.v.lopnent Prograon6 for 

inpler.nt.!10n, cB .nrly5i! i3 condlcted onlv tfter the 

fea3ibility ol rh. p.ol..t is t.chnlcsllY, Poltticallv and 

adninist.at!v.ly s.c.ptable, In ih. cB aDrlvEIs, 3It the cash 

.osl .nd b.n.flt, ahd non c.3h od ben.ftt !.. t.k€n into 

account. The c!3h lI.t/flnancial AnaIv.i! i3 ! p!!r 6t thc 

cB/an61ys!s In {hlch 66Iy .ash cott and ben.flts .r. Etudied 

and rhe proJect')s flnanclal v!AbiMv i5 tak.n !nto acc.uni 

j.!respective of te.hnic.l' Dolitical, edrinl3tratlv€ atd

6Ia 

.nwiroDo.nt.I grounds, Th. t.cbn!qu.5, u..d lo. ca.h alo{ 

anrly5is .i. cloEolt !.l.t.d to th. concePt ot t!!. valu. ot 

., N.t Pre3.nt vrlu.. 

b, B.a.llt Co.t R.tto. 

c. Intern.l R.te ot Retu.n. 

ther. a!.3u.h p.oiect! Fhich c.nnot b. qutttiti.d, 

thouth th.s. hsv. v..v po.ltiv. social .ll.cia. For .x.oPle, 

aD unr.tllted fo.d lro. vtll.ae to citv crn hcl9.tud.at. to 

.loi! educ.lion.I in.titutioD!, to brina 6 E.rlour palien! lo 

ho3pitsl .!d s.ve his ttt., .nd t!.n.po!t vtllag. produc. Ilk. 

.gg! lnd fruils to.itle. in tLr..nd ..!n a re.!oD4bt. .oount 

ol doney. such proJ.cts b.iDg 3oci.1 bcn.fits..d it i3 e.tt 

dilllcult to Eiv. th.n nonet valq.. 

F6r.ppral3in8 Euch PloJ.cts shlch h.v. .oci.l b.n.fit3! 

th. .xP.rt. cor.truct qu..tioniair€a M.:- 

!. that i3 !h. ion.y co3t o! th. ProJact? 

b. rhat is th. nulb.r ol b.n.!ici.rt.3 and th.i. cr'!3? 

c. th.t i3 th€ coe.rlng .r.. o! th. proJ.ct? 

d. c.n th€ s.r. b.tr.alts b. d.rlv.d !.o. I proJ.ct' lhlch 

cost-, l.ss th.a thts Proi.ct? 

Thi. r€tbod oa project aPpflis.l i! c.ll.d co.t €ff.ctle. 

tr.thod shich h.lD. u3 in tlndint out th..llectiv.n... 'Dd 

b.d6lits fo. ialority of th. peoPIG and vic. v.rsa. In the 

sords ol E,lrtck.aran.ytk. "tn tbis o.thod rn all.lPt ls o.d. 

to d.t..!ln. rh..tl.ctlv.n.5.6t th6 co.t tnvolv.d in ' 

proj..i. To ^ppLr thl. techrlqu., v. sbouI.l knoe th. co.l 

involr.d in 6 p.o.ject..d th. nu!b.! ol b.nrllct.ri.3 In t6rr5 

ol p.6pl./hous€hold!. If N. dlvid. ths co.l involv'd to a

615 

p.oj.ct br th. nu!b.r ol b.n.trci.ri.3, ,. g.t th. D.. 

head/p.. hous.hold coEt to d.!tv. th. b.n.lltr, Il th. p.. 

h.!d/p.! household co.t is r.r.onrbl., thcn r. .houl

616 

PROJEC'T BPLEIIEI{TAIION 

Delibe.atils 6nd d'ctdiDg on rhat should be done rs' 

PLANNING D.ing shst is plann'd is rI{PrL'SENTATIO 

" Vnless a 

pLan i. LnpIetrenred. it rs ol tro u"llll rrt'" rs the oost 

inportant siage of ih€ pro.i.ct cvcl€ At this stage Phvsicar 

iork is executed !hlch involv's ?rocessind' skills' the 

investnenr of sca..e hunan and naL€rlal 6oD'c6s Durtnd doing 

physical rork, i.e iEpI'd'nl6tion of the proJe'Ei 

' 

fIexibllirJ to sole dcgr€€ l5 nec6Bsarv coEPoneni as the 

' 

!o.k nay at aDv Polnt befor' cottleiion darand bodlfication 

The llexibilitt of the plan do65 not netn io6iabilir! ol the 

plan. lt rat not be of 3!ructut4I ttd d€Eigning ttpe and 

'hicb do€s not h"! thes€ $?e'ts of the 9la! 

Rigid irpl€.edtatioo of th' PIat sodetlb'3 creqtes a tot ol 

probteos durint iopl.ien!ation aDd 'n offics' n'v be enporered 

to Sring nec€ss..v changeE 'hen a rh"e r'qui'ed' subjecr to 

being {ith in the bouDds of th€ originsl ?Ian During 

lnplenentaiio. ot a P.oi€€t' the t'Eou!'es "e lobilized and 

ihe project is execut.d aE pet tho obje'tiveE and tsrgets ot 

Lhe platr Befote conductl.t lrPI'trcnt'rton sev6ral othet 

act.iiit!e€ had to be codgLet€d as Inpl6i'nt4tio! de?ends uPon 

these activities. At thls state o! thc proJ6ct cvcle' {hich is 

pe.forned after aPprow!l of th' conpetcnr authorttv is floated 

in ihe kno,n datlies/iournals' lhlouBh the Press lllo'lation 

Depa.tbent, cove!n6€nt 6l Pakistan 6' the Inlo'dati6n 

of !.oviicial 

rhat€ver the case !" 

The tender is.valutled bY a Cotoitt.e' constituted fo' 

this Purpose and a cooPs"i ive siaten.nt ts lr.Pared- Afte'

6I? 

codpleting thes. .eq!i..r.nt3 everts. ar agleerent is sigted 

a.d oo.k/supply orde! iE plac.d Lo th4t.ont..cto./fi.!, ,bicb 

bad offered th6 lor.3t rrt.s ,llh specilic pe.;od tiw€D fo. 

supplyiht the iter/co!trenciag th. s6.k. For palticu].r 

pro.iects, ihe cont.acts is ollered by ncgotlattons ln case 6l 

snall aiount projectEr serled quotatt.rs ale coltect6d by th€ 

'o.k/purch6se 

conniL!.. oof,prttlnA a conve.o. 

st.entrh of {hich is d.t..nlned by the office. iocharg.. A 

nenber of the E!8. coidlite. uho is .el4ted i. 

accounts/adetnist.ailon E.ction is a.Eign.d the res?onsibili!v 

of L)re secreta.y. Ths connl!l.e sfte! oP€oint th. 

tende.s/quotationg er.D6!€ a coup.lative et'aleleri 4nd subDtt 

lh€s€ (guotations an

.. PROJEC'T IIONITORINO 

5t8 

The Int€rnati6nsl Bant ol R.cot.tructiot Dew'ropoent 

popuIa.43 {o!ld B6tk delin.3 bonliorinE as the tiDerv 

tathe.tnA of i.forletton ot ProJsc! inputs' acriviiieE and 

outlut used as 4 d..haoiEn roHalds ProBranae/p'oiect 

bana..nent abouL potcntral inpl.henLAtron probreos'equr-1n3 

corfec!ive action'H. The unlted N6tions o"s'ization 

desc.ibes lonitorlnt in th6s. 'olds 'lho process of petlodic 

rouiine reasu..'ent of develoPEe^t indic.tors fo' the pu'pose 

of ident!ftint dcveloPr.n! t!.nds. rooito'itt is the f!fth 

state of the proiect cvcl. uhich facilitates snooin 

iDpleoentation, plovid.s q!i.k f€edb!'k of info'!atioa io 

nabagerent, c6!.ectioD of shortcooint3.nd their reredies and 

detect:on 6l failure. P.oie.t !onrtorlnd is th€ respoDsibilitt 

of the !.oject !.!ace!.nt. rtonitoring i3 ' lanadereni ioo sd 

'hich involves collection o! .€l.want itfotiation and tis 

analysis in o.d.! to .35.3s fheth.r the prog'e33 of 

inpleDe.tation ess p.oir€3sin8 as sch€dul'd vonit"inr takes 

into accoult th.ther PloJ.ct inluts a!6 betnl supplied ag 

envisaged, us.d a€ Int€nd.d and h!v' !h' tnitial effects as 

plenned, Vodiroriag i3 .n internel activirv xhich is an 

integral palt of !h. dav-lo-dav n6naaonent'# MoniLorlng is 

built upo. the pr6i€ct nanag6ncnr structure direcilv li'ked to 

i! It nonitors th. phvElcal and fintrcisl achierenents of 

,hicb hain source rs ploiect r.co.dt. Th' project Eana4enent 

deterDineE thc adoP!iod rst.s of tne inluts tnd desisnin4 

'hich trdicates lhe ProJ.cts di.€ctIot torards success o' 

failu.€. Bv sa!i5fvina d.tivert/Porking svsleE Lhe atte'ilon 

is shifted tos..ds gen6.!li6n of outlul.

619 

F6r the pu!?o'e of tronitorinl' th' Project is brok€n lnEo 

3eweral P!.ts to lookaft" i!3 s't!sfaciotv idP!'!'ntat!6n 

,-t*tt* t" thc televance ol ol !n sctivirv' 

'ft'ctive@ss 

progrann. ot Proiect's objectiv'i ttith ih' hel! ol 

.""r.."r.a' tt""""t"" is abl' to sec theiher all lbe as!"ts 

of the project ale ldP!e!'n!€d 3ccotdi'r to th' Pranr 

incr'asing the 

assessin< th€ ef!icienct' thprov!ng 'nd 

forbulariotr ol obJectives th"ugh eiPrienced sd skilled nen 

."u.""..,., APlri fron ren6vir' problens ard contrr'ints rn 

inplerentliion bv sDooth luidalce tonitoring eugPlieg 

continds infomltid of the Inplenentation of thc Proj€'t It 

;..:t"". t"'""""t" ror ind accountabiritv 

'v6ruatrotr 

ieports. vonltoritC deals titb lhe 

and suPllv of 

..""""" 't !h€ r'vi'e or prot'ess d'de so i'r' Ag 

".:r... 

"*r. *.,'*'* tould be conc'rn'd lith itens lik': 

deliverv tnd lnst4lI'tion of t'put'; 

- adh.r'nce to lipleEentation plans (act!v!!!'El i 

- coEpt!'nce 'ith 'equir'd Etsndald and groc'dur's; 

- achi'veretri of plsnn€d i"Eets (outlutsl ' 

- nor' €electivelt' u3t of p'oiect ltcilitle8 and 

3e.wlc'3 (output'l and th'ir tesults ('ff'ct3)' 

st6lf ch6 p€lform the sonitorint fudciion €h'uld be pa't 

of the proaraioe/p'oi€ct bcing nonitored and {ould thererore 

t. ...a,*t"' and rnt'iI'ciu'!I" rnvolv'd in Lne 

r nror 

on it rocorded ar a 

procranle/proJect 4 xonito'int 

profo.na c'Iled Pc-IIl ln Prkiatlr' the ptogress so 

'chieved 

f.r i3 rcgularlv subnitt€d !o tne concern€d quart'r' PC-ME 

for cooP!'lton report of tb' project Botb the prof6rnae 

sp€cih.n trc tlven in th€ apPendrn'

6. EVALUATION 

620 

Evaluatlon n.ans appral'aI ln I(ltsbislan 20th ceDturv 

p.ictical dlctIoD4.v but technical!v' i! th' project cvcle' 

the ter! is uB.d i! a verY sid' "ns€ It rav b' of ito kind' 

the ex_ant..nd the ex-lost Th' '!! of ihe ex_ant' or ongoing 

.v6lua!ion i6 !h6 lroYision ol tnforosrion !o the 9roJecr 

n4.agemeni 3nd Policv n4kerE on c'ntinuint beslE t6 enable 

the! to nodi!v th' plaD and polici'sr reallocat' r'sou'ces and 

adjustb€nt ol oih€' vari'bl'E sh"e necessa'v Tle er-Post 

ewalualion !s conducted i'-d'pth the idFl'neltation of 

'!te' 

tbe project it order to lsseBs the iEpact and the 

objectit6E/tar8.t5 ot the groj'ct ?Ianned du!ing tniti6I 6tate 

!,e! apPrai3lng of the !!oj'c! Ii r'flects tt!' policv nakets' 

axpectation detcfDined froo !b' project' and h'lr then in 

their future ptsnni.E' 

Evaluatlon !s a p'ocess 'hich in nost 6l th' csses i3 

r€reated afler an apPropriatc gtp lt helpE u3 to deternin€ 

tie achi€v.leDt of the obj'cttv'3 and ta'g€ts of the Proieci 

rhich hsd be.n Itid do'n b'toie inll€lentaii'n K€Iset 'nd 

Hearne defit. .valuation ts 's Proce3s bv 'h1ch values of an 

edlerpris€ ar. sscettained ---_--_ an antltEis bv shich on' r5 

!e'rts or 

able !o und€!stsnd and appt6c!at' th' 'elttive 

defictencies o! p..Eons, ItouP3' !'ograd6tr situatrons' 

scthods antt Proc.sses; ! n'thod for det€'nitirg hoe fo"n 

'!d 

6.!ivitv hrs progressed and hor 6uch fulth€i ir shoutd be 

carried to acoofrPLi3h obj6otiveE H Evaluation heIPs rhe 

ralageneoi 3trd PoIicv oakers in rodification ol d'eilnine ' the 

p.6iect cauE.tiw. lilkages ri!h olhe' projects tnd Progtano€s' 

ve.ification and cl.rifi'ation of the p'oj'ct Th' criticar

621 

eianinaLion ol th€ P.oiect's f.ilure and succ'3s sith a vieu 

for a betle! lutur. plannrdg 

ain of €valuation:l 

I! is :h. last stage of th6 Ptoject cvcle and not leEs 

inportant thaD the Ptocedin: stadcs' thouth Ill!r' attention 

iE ti'en to !t. It i3 planaed b.fole, dutina and alter th' 

conple!lon of !h. proiect !n P6kista', nanv P"iects a'e nor 

evaluared t! tine o. are lot evatuated at all Hs'€ an exanple 

of !he inpottdnce of .valuation i. give! !n th' Fifth Fiv' 

ye.rs ?Ian of p!*i3ran, .l5o bio-g.E plants te.. .fard€d to th. 

Gole.nnent of NIrFP Rupees lour nllrio. fiw€ hund'ed thoustnd 

ue.e aLlocated lo. iEptenenta!i6n of the p'oject tlter 

conple!ion of the p.oject, .t th. r.quesi df th' oovernnent of 

N$FP, rhe autho. n!d. its evaluarion :Jter i!s 'v'lualion' ii 

'as lea.nt !h.! Lh€ proie.t objecti!es 'e.e 

expected 4.d plann.d i-e. n. pa.!ic!1a. effe't in ssving fuel 

and rncrecse 1n agri.uttural produce afte' fe'ding the farns 

by its nanu... The coverntrent tmediai'Iv abolished the 

p.ojec: and .el.a3int of.!pee6 fiw€ niflion 'arnarked fo' the 

project !n rh€ sixlh Five Ye.rs Plan fo! tttP e'r' innediately 

Eu..ende.ed H]-rr .ti" p.o,JEct evaruation hld not beeD 

c6.dacled, rhe nrtional eschcqu6r sould have faced not o'lv a 

l6ss of this abotnt bu! !o.e in th. cooinf Pltns' 

€valuatio. con3titutes svst.natic natag'6ent infordat!on 

Loo!s of th€ proiect effi.iehcv and ellectivencss lt is a 

tiiscontinous function (hich h.lPs ihe plannefE in future Th' 

Buccess of ev.Iu.tion dePends on the 'illtngneBs 

objectiyery, ..liablv and gdequr!eIv 

e€ctr.e a.d optitristic; understand "'hat i "rht fioe ' 

'''hen, !h6re of dotng thingE; ciante thc p'og'anne 1!

622 

.equiredi .nd u5. s.ientific o.thods. Reli.bilirt' walid!tl' 

ard objectivitt in data c6llectton is also a nust vtlid 'nd 

r.liable ealiv.tlte data cen .eveal: 

1) A situation in,hlch change or chadte. prevrouslv 

2\ 

plann.d haYe occu.ed. 

The situstion b€ina 3tudied has not Produced ch!n9.. 

and does .ot n€€d 4nt change 

Tie sltuatto. needs t. chan4e fo. tb6 b€neftt of 

Tbe ex-post €vatuati6t i. conducted oD. p.oforn. na!.lv 

PC-v of 'hich speciden i3 liveo in !h. .ppendix. R(rar 

d.vetopne.r i5 a conplicated subie.t vhich ne€ds 5peciar 

atren!ion of the gowe.nrenl lnd expe.ts. The educattonal 

i.stitrtions, pa.iicutarly unive.sities 

estsblish Rura! DerelopDent D.p..tbent or.t !east includ. ibe 

subjec! virh Econonics in orde. to blint th. !4lorrance of It 

uith !he knosI.dg. of the futule leadersbiP The gowerntrent 

li.!d departaeDt./aaenci€3 Euch as coopet.ttve, atricullq.e 

and local 1016rnnent and ru.al dew€1oPt.lt rtePa.t!.nt' 

Paki.stan council 6f Appropria!e Technorogv nust be o!tanrzed 

on scientific b6sis to diss.dinate the latest lnfo.Dation and 

Lak€ tne liabilitie. of the ioplenentaaion !!d olelatio..f 

16. p.ojects prope.ly to the inierest of publi. se.wice. R!.al 

pop!Iation nu3t b€ involved in the ploiects b.ing inpLenented 

fo. lbeir ben.fit aDd notive of self-help b6 P.eacbed on aII 

.e, politic.-, cuIt,u.Al. reliarou5 and econoorc 

lncrease in investnent in th..u.al aleas in shape of sltlr' 

sinple labou. lntensiwe proi.c!s suitable !o local nat€ri.I 

and environnent, Htll not onty increa.. tbelr incon. bur

eflect po3it!v€Iy od GNP. Itr 

621 

bssed an.t .Ilied occulatio.. .r. 

rhe ru.el .conory and chana. 

indust.i.lizaiion. sr.lt Io.n. 

rho! th.s. r. !.t.oduced, 

ih. !!!Et in.tanc., if ag!6cr6.red, 

it eill pqsh u! r..d 

th. at.osph.r. in f.vou. or 

n!3t be graoted to those f6. 

institu!lons, ... the tre€d ol th. hou. in rur.l P.kistan. 

xealth cov.!.t. need3 ext.!!ion.nd ilE.oven nt. Teûle svsten 

for th. d.v.lopDent of ialority of tural rags.s should be 

nodified alonlside socio-.conon1. syEter. Eiplo.ive -:!e of 

population Elorth nust be ch.ck.d, Th. causeE o? lltigatton if 

identified rnd solv€d at los.r u!.fficial I.v.I by Ji.qahg 

etc ,iIl niniriz€ the probl.!3 of rulal PoPgl.tio!. In 

govegrent .nploybent polici.. ind the 3trtf .G1ecti.t 

cotrEitte.3, If syrpathetic b.hqvi6ur to.ur.l c.!dldaie i5 

gi'en by lhcludint lhen !n th6 hith level dect.ion daking 

?oIicies, it vill oiniDtze p!obl.@ and create setf-r.EPe.t in

624 

coltcLUsroN 

(app.opriate t T.chnoloty for rhc 

Kohist.D Diat.ict" h.s bee. divid.d 

1. fiistorr ot Kohisra, DiErrict 

entltlld "Suggestiv€ 

EconoEic DevelopDent of 

into th. follorllg ftv. 

2, App.op!tate Te.hno16gy 

3, Socio-.conooic CondtiloD of Eohistab District 

4. Technolotical Srud, of (ohisran Distlict 

5, Ru.al Dev6lopo.Dt 

Th. llrst ch4pt€r *hi.h ts of inte.cst 16 hrsto!iang 

1s ained to hithlight th. vistbl6.nd expos. tho invtslbl. 

f!c!s ol historr of rhis !.ea lv.itable to rn6 rurh6r, ThiE ie 

peih.p6, rhe fi!3t tle.ris. in EDalish ,iich d.sc.ibee rhc 

hrst6.y of Kollsran, In rhis s€crioD every po.stb]. effolt ,as 

aEid6 the cont!ov.!6iat iEsu.s rhlch nay h!!t 

fe.Ii'a3 of th. las.es.The b.te.iaI pre3ent.d hrs a dileci 

link t6 rolk..porr.d in rhe ch6prers. The r.s€r!.h study 

d.scribes th. htrh.rro u.!epo!t.d oate.i.l on bi3io!, o! th. 

ar.a, its p6oplos, the .€3ou!c.s ir posE€...s and th€ 

ldninistrariv. E.rup. App.6p.iste sugs6s!roa. have be.n 

provided ds to hos tte be tDplovod rbrouah 

6xploitatio. of Din€.al !e3.u.ce., and the p!.3.lvatro^ or rhs 

fl.r. and fauna ot the area. 

appr6p.ia!. Te.hnotory !s rhe second chapte. of thiE 

rese.lch ro.k, !his covels . ve.y Hid. EubJ€cr @tt.! 

th. .ntile spectlu! of rhe eco.oric 1if€. Such 

inf6.a.ti6r has nor b... .€po.t.d e4llier to thir .xtent. uo!. 

d€tailed and d€.pe! studies are congid..ed inp.rt.ni,!o! th6

€codorlstE aqd th. €nduc€!!, polats o! vi., trho a!. called 

t.chblc.llr, Eocl.I aDd lhylical €n81n..... rt hc b.6n 

suga.eted b9 rh. ruthor that rctive cou.bor.tlon eone 

engln.els, ocorortstE aod ,ct..tt5tE is rrp...irv. to .votve 

a r.anlngfuf .Dproech to tsckl. rhe p.obl.trE. It is .t!.rscd 

thrt iecnn.loty !u.t be con.idered a p!._!.qurst!. ,or 

d.w.lop!.nr.!d irs re.chlas ro the childr.D .u5t b. o..t. 

netdeto.y lroE th€ .leDelte.y schoot !ath.! i!4n eophastsing 

w.tu.s srudr, rr has bc.n .xprained in rhts 

c!.pt.. 1. light oa .pp!oDii.t. t€chlolo8y rhrt this i, not 

the t.ctrnology rhtch takes rh. count.y o! parrrcutar ..ct.ty 

o! n.re 4s c.iricised by rh. lode.n r.chiology 

.upPorters. It h.3 b.en slto?h thai appropllare rechDolog, ls 

the n..d .ad d€!.dd of th. p!.!€nr d.y3 .nd ih€ ,hor€ srrd, 

d6.3 arourd tbis rh.trE i. th. chapt6r. With th. exception of 

a f.F .ecto.s Iik€ .t.tercc, t.tac6@uDic.tion, alr 3.!vlc. 

technoloay is piopo..d for d€v.loping couDtli.s 

sith so!€ cobtiol on rh. .criritiea o, eultt-r.rlonal 

soci6-.conodic condlttons 6f rh. Dlst.ict w6r. lourd 

to b. !or3r as.hoyn ia .h.pr.._IIr, lt has been cI..rt, 

indlcat.d r}lat du. ro Doo-acc.prs.ce.nd Eubsequearly non- 

appllcation of lr€Eh ide,s and app.opri4t. !.chbology 1n rhe 

3ectort the pe6!1. !lrsr dep.Dd on narulal ..sou!ces enlch ..6 

fast d.ptering.Th.r6 is dt!. lick of c.prr.1, sRills .nd 

pr.nrlrc tn rI. Disrrict. Th€ .ducarion 

affect.d. M.st of rh. teach€!! t, the educ.tton instltutlons 

do not.t .1t r.L6 inreiest in rh. disseuin.tlon or k!6r.Leda.. 

silila.Iy, ...jo.ltr of rhe .!ployee3 .f rh. n.rion butldirg

626 

departleots h.v. no dlr.ctlotr ad !r. 36n6.el1y aon- 

9loductivei hcnc. a liabilitr, !t saE polnt.d out th4t th. 

d.v.Iopoent in the ar.d had start.d !n the s.worti.E aft.r th. 

con3rruction 6f (l(l|! t!. a!c.t .tlthqusk€ srd unitis of th. 

a!€a inlo . Dietri.t. n6, icalth .nd education institutioa! 

.r. b.int op.n.d and the inhabitaots afe no, ln coDtact rith 

oth.. p.rts of th. courr.y ,hich a.e r.l.tively !o!. 

d.weloped. Th€ th..ls d.s..ibcs.s to hor t!4raport, !!eEs.nd 

€Iactronic r.dt. .!e pl.yitr! their .oles i. upMting so.lo- 

econoric condition. 6l tbc populatio!. 

chapt,.r Iv deals lith i.cnaotoSl.!1 srudies {ht.h 

4.6 Euitable fo. ghiE DiEt!!ct, This is tb. noB! iDpo.taat 

p.rt of this ..Ec..cb sork. X.r. the technologi.E .elat€d to 

.Brlcuttu.€, lore3ts, lirina ard production h.we b..n 

.I.borated in a si!!r€ eay involwing conplex !o!oula. 

"lthour 

6tc so thet p66ple o.y und6lstand and .pply rh€tr. Th. 

techrologies glv.n in the chapt.! 4re eesy and !ea3ible, to.t 

ol th. tecbnoloaies rentioned cosr !i!i!u! ftD.ncint, Cosever, 

an ow€rwiew ot snall aad 1..t6 .lze daos dountinS ro btllion 

of rupe€s for E.DeratiDA bydloeLecrriciry and DinirS 

.xptoi!.tion he. .Iso b6en provlded shich could be !ad. 

posEible thloulh oov€lMerrrs coll.boration .r rh€ 

';th 

a6ststance of lateraaaion.l fiaencial orranizarionr, 

T.chnology tlaDsf.r ts rhe dost desi.abl. arpect of th. 

Dlsi!ict i! p.1v4te .E 

'etI as public aec.o.s 

level f.oo botton to to?. It !s .xp.ctcd rh.r .oDe orhe. 

f€.aib1e technoloti.s right h.v. b.en lelt oui by rhe autbo!. 

rlor.ver, a uE6ful insidht into th. subjecr haE been p.oeided 

fo. pres?ective plsangrs and .x.curire6.

621 

Kohist4! DistFlct .o4!1s.. prt@.ily ru..1 

popurttioD, Th.!. .!. ro ..ct o! u.b.n noriit.d ...a.. 

P..D.rlDA of pl.ns !o. !c a.td.... ir a dilfi.ult .Dd 

.xp€D8lwe j6b. It i. sudSe3t€d thgt rb. d.p.lttrert ot !u.al 

dcv€loptr€Dt oly b. add.d lDto thc p.es.Dt !.rup 6! dtr!...nt 

univ.!!ities in Paktsrs. ?!obl.!s, hisr6ry,,I.r. .pprri.t13 

tld otlr.! reqqi!.!.nt€ .elar.d io Nlal !!..3 hawe been gty€n 

coup!€h.nEive.Ly tn tbiE ch.pt.r V. Th€ !u!rl dev.IopEent is a 

p.oalrtrE€ rhich t. aatrtDg lDpo.ranc. wirh .4cb passlna day, 

Eopha.is is giw.n to .hiat rt. d.veropocat ori€nted go.ls !ro! 

s!..itic poputatl,on io rh..u!al E.Es.! *hicb a.a ?Or i, 

Peklrtsn end 1O0t 1! ths Lohistrn Disr.lct. 

Th. auttro! h.s attelltld ro focu3 the ait.nrion of 

plaDn.rsr eDain€..s, sci.ntists 4Dd 

pot€ntlels ol KohlstaD Distrlct tr a!€a. ol .n.r!y a6d p.r.., 

.A!.-ba3.d. irdusr!i€8, conEt!!ction technotoAies aDd 6.Dy 

othe. ElaIl s..I. tndust!i.I pu!3uits. D.rici.nci6s tn our 

teachinS .nd i..inirt 3yst.!3 h.we b.en d.3c.ibed. su38.3ti6n 

fo. Eu.rainabte t.chro1o6i.s hAv6 bee! Alv.n ,or th. loltcy 

eak..E. The crir.rie to! . socially appr6pfiat. T€chnolody fo. 

Kohistan Eulely h.ve a! .pplic.tion in such othe. 

und.rd.v.lop6d a!..3 of pakiEt.n .nd cent..l AEia as ,611. Ir 

rs b.li.ved th.t practicaf .rploit.rton of Appr6p!i6r. 

Technolories, dcscrthed iD thc rhesis sbich so a tona ,.y tn 

r.!r.vrng the socto-eco.ontc c6ndtrion! ot the n6histaD 

DiEt.lct ale clanglDB rhe a.ea flon a! appe!.nt liablliry inro 

In lidht of rh. abov€ baokd!6urd! folloring 

..co@.ndationE .!. oada: _

623 

1 Agricultule: In th. !..to! of .g!i.ultu!.' .t Ie.3t 

o.e ded.!.tlstion ptot nu3t b. !d. tn each unlo! cou.cil {3? 

duobels) pc. IGAEi 2 K&ars l.trd. Th. D.p.it!.trt 

of AA!lcultur. (.xt..3ion) r.y trtlodq.e elt€!n!t1v. r.iafaff 

crops and lat€Et t..sse6 bv provldirs of seedE o! far! loras. 

grasses 3trd I.tuD€3 in addilion to on the far! tlatnin! fo! 

the u6e of f6rttfizers.Th. ta.!.!E r.y 41so b. info.E.d .b6!! 

the irportlnc. ol lc.t11iz€.3, h..lthy t.d b€tt.! s..ds and 

lilely sortn! .nd croppinc. Th. lrulis ahd veget6bl.. 8o..d ol 

Nll'FP nay b. a.k6d io 6?en th€ir olfic€ Fith lq et Dssu rhere 

trey nay drow.nd Eell budded rnd rlaft€d flult saplinSs. The 

sale nu3t b. conduct6d oD subEidlz.d iate.. Soil 3urt.t i. 

.equi.ed in o!d€! to dete.lin. clopptng p.tt..n. 

Tho

629 

Th. Ag!icultulal D.v.ID6€nt A4nk of PakiEt.o,r 

be trobillzed by 3.h!.vlng the recovely ts!8.t. 

Morcov.!, the bank Dy a!!.ra. .!.ll lo6ns to rhE tun. of 

1a.3000-i000 for plowidina oppoltuniries t. thc fau.ls fo! 

Pu..h.3int in?ut.. 

2. anidal Busb.biiy: Althouth poult.y and daily !arc. on 

la!8e scstcs.!e not fe6ibl. to. !h€ Di.!!ici at pr.s.nr, th. 

Iiv.rtock ploductivity..r b. inc!.ssed thlouaL !&prov.d 

nan.g.E€n!, berr.. nutritton end r.tatl.nship of rh6 f..dtaE 

rcaoulce3. Tbe ..rarl.nship b.tr..n rhe aniDat Hu!b.ud.y 

D.p..t!€nt a^d peopl€ my b. .Er.bltshed and irplove.r thloush 

p.ovision 6! D.c..E..y lntom4tion or tiv.ltoct. 

G.n.lic upg!.d.tior 6! locrt l1v.ltock by rhe iltloducrion o! 

R.!b6!!IIet res, Itasltnag.t !e3 and DIaDi Saud bult to 

irprov. anilal p.oduce qq.Iltr tr consid..ed tb. need ol th. 

t1!.. Iryrov€d chlckca in 4-6 bilrts flocks ... .equir.d to 

ploduc. and sell to th6 hou..holds oa eeelsEncy b.!l!. 

SinlIa.ly, invesiiAailvc dlagno.tic.nd ir.,in.Dt 

b. established fo! Dig!!tory Itv.ctock. Establishd.nr erd 

.quipo€nt ol an anilal di.e.s. tnwestigarior tabolato., is 

also urtently needed at D.su. 

3. Fishlies: h rhe fl.Id ot !i3h.ies, th. !!oar.M.3 

ot the aish.iee Depa.ttr.rt 64y b. itrplelenred p.op..Iy .nd rt. 

poop1. also be taught about th. burrltlo. walue and ai.h 

curtu!6. Fish bleedin, b.y b6 nad. tn th6 'ar6! bodL€. whtch 

4, Itrplererts: Sirgle axl. r.actorsr oxen d!tv.. 

.quiphcnt .nd tillag€ by .hisal plough and roolE approprtat. 

to th€ local conditto.s can pl.y . bsfter .6le in ilor.lsia8

530 

ra!icutturo produce. Ulit! lot volu!. .p.aver to ennanc. c!.p. 

hu3b.adrt p.actice3 can b. uE.d. Dua to hillt area, IacL ol 

!o.d irf!.stnctu.e, asricuttur.l !..hl^€rv based oD l.ra. 

sc.I. eifl not .chi€v6 th. !.qui.ad ttlAct tnd not onlv ci..t. 

ploblens lor th€ inhabit.nts but .1,.o f6r th€ Aovet!!..t. 

5. r!ridatior: coo8tructio! oa t.!ia.!ior 

snall sc4l. is one of th6 b.sic t.qui!.!.nt6 of th€ Distlict. 

Th. ch6Mels .iz. ot 2'x2' !E con.lderad Dole epproprl.t. 

because !and utilir.tion iE b4.6d on .cttte!.d Doultai! 5lop.s 

,hich a.e rithin sliinB wai.r !..cb .onducted in lracil€ 

chan!.]s to rhere te.....s ..n b. e.de. This lepres€nts .. 

.xceedingly snall lloporlion ol th. total cultit'ble l.nd 

av.ilabfe ehe.e r.tch. Ilrig.tioD DePrltoeDt 

sith th. collabor.tton 6f On n.t.r Fa!, XaDagerent can pl.v 

vital rolc bt plowiding Eo!. r.lirbl. g!.vi!v,ater ch.Dn.lt, 

p!op..ly d€sitned and cap.bl. ot calrvlng leason4ble flow ol 

6. Fo.est.t: Th. ForeEt D.p..tn.ni hag t.eet scop€ for 

ext€Ddiig activities bt loi onlt .xploitatio! 6f the p!.sent 

f..est .esources but thlough oonc6rtr6tiDg en€rgv on 

.tto.e3tation. Tbe p€oll€ o.v b. €du..ted to inculc.l. th' 

.conoDic value of thc fo..3t, tlportan.a of social fo.estrti 

conlrol on tle e.osion, r.duction o! the Eitt load in ilr' 

IDdur and its consequ.nce 6r th. 6PAn ot Talbela DaD. Th. 

pres.nt forest not onlv th. ..3et of p.e6ent 

aeneration but of the futur. g.ne!.tioD. .3 {ell. Fore3t 5nd 

iruit nurseries naY be e.tablIsh.d in relson.bl6 nulbe.s apstt 

f.os forest to depot !oad3, Flood Protection Eeesu.eg nav b' 

adopted at 1a.ge scrl. to s.v. th. hutran settletrents be.id..

631 

trre awsitabl. .aricultq.. I.nd, co!..!w€ so by 

llvespuls, .lbank!.trtg lnd dtv.!.iob ,.us 6rc 

alfo.e3tarlon c.n rlEo h.lp in g.f.gu.!drn, 

re€ou.ces floD !1oo

632 

tblouah op.rlna ner uDft., postilt o! edditi6n4.L Etttf rnd 

supplying ol adequat6 r.dtctr.r. uothe.-ChiId heltth c.ntr€. 

nay b. .tr.dnthened, Votunt..!. day bc rreihed to provtd. !r.. 

h€elth 3.!vic€s oD rhe pitr.!a 6! th. ba!e-toor doc16.. j,D 

Cbln.. Th. ba!.-fooi doctor. Dqt b. .sliste.ed .s ftOO.. Tb. 

para-Dedlcrl Etaal !.y b. tr.ta.d p.operly to .u, th. h..lth 

uri,t3 tn the Distlicr. 

I0. lr.r.r for Dltnktna Purpos.r KohisidD DiEr!ict ha. 

scrit6!.d s6ttlclenr3.nd haitoti {lth acute dlintitri rat.r 

sho.t.3.. l]1ere are ter potlbI. ,at.. Eources, whl.lr ale 

g.n.!4lly arat flr locdl c.ntrca .f poutation. rh€ xo!.r an.t 

.hild!.n in a hoqse sle r.qut!.d ro !!6vide fo! th.t! d.rl, 

n6.ds by a.tc6ir8 'at.. ove! lon! dl3tr!ce.. Irspft. ot th.E. 

difficultia., the s!t.. uEed tor drirktns !ur!o3e. is b.lo, 

th. EtrlDdsrd, caugitrC abour 31t of rhe dis€.EeE i! th. 

DiElrict, fi.n.. the potabt€ r3t6! sou..e3 ley bo d.v6lop.d by 

travlty or hyd.o purpage coll.crion in !ese.voirs an

633 

e:ploitation of !in.!.ls fro! tb. Dtstrict'E lorltaiDs .re 

also.€quir.d on pllo.lty b.si.. It is l.a!!t f!o! ihe 1oc513 

that ti. Irdus rr.s Euch vtru. wbich corilinE gotd an.t rb. 

vahaDard T!ib6 is allcady b.n.ftrlng t.or it, Th€se resourc6s 

.equlred plope! stt€ntior of rh. corc.lned eovermenr 

r3, As alre.dr !.ntl,otr.d .fl1er, 4 r6a3onable 

population of ihe Dist.ict .p.Dd. nodadlc lit€.nd oi8lates to 

th. plrins of NI'FP .nd PunJ.b b.torc *1ate! beriDs. these 

nooades hav€ no hal,ij,Da ..nt.e. qh.!. thcy car st4y foi ri8hr 

aloagrlti rh€i! cartr.. Mb. gov...!enr atlo! 

c.tPin4 glounds at Buit.bl. dllt.nc.s.Iont the rouaes oa 

oiglation, it rill b. . rr.ar s.rvic. to !h. p.ople. 

1{. Educrtion: In th. fl.ld ol .duc.tio!, th. Eitustion 

is the !o!3i. The local te.ch.!r ar. not p..!.!Iy quatifi€d 

and trained. Th6 palent. do not t.duce thei! child!e! to! 

acquirint education. Th6 6ov.rn!.nt !..ou!c.st due to lack of 

lDtgrest, of th6 !.r.nt. .nd .tud.nrE e.e 'e3red ,The 

siruation ne€ds solution on plio.iiy ba.ts. Educarioa caD be 

i&prowed by posting t.ach6!3 f?oo ih. d.v6lo?ed dist.icrs and 

thfough ?.owidina th.a tnc.nttve3 ard proper c.operatio.. A 

proAram. by inwolvi.a laxiluo !€!.le poputaiio. 

of the District for .nharcibS tb.ir socio-.cono.!c relfare 

{ill help in at tea.t reak.ninA th. tfsdition.l Eociety, ehi.h 

is fufl of pove.iy &nd igno!a^c.,

8!{_ 

For h?I.r.!!t!a .uoh ,Fa!.r.B 

t!.l!.d .tatt .r.t !..out .. .F Eqrtrd, 

onlr eitb rh. th.!.i..l ort.a.e. 

. lot 6t o.pt!.I r 

rhlch !. ,o..tbl. 

o! .or. blld 

Tb. ltllh .!d th.I o!.Dt.! ol rhts sx.r.ch ,o!t t. 

hr!.I D.v.l.rDDr i! ,!icl p!..tt..t c Ell .. _.d..tc 

dl.cu.rlo! ts ..& .t.bo!.t Ir.

BEFEREICEI 

'1. Ertctolsedls Ilt6tlatioual of Sociat Scteices, 

vol-, ItacEillad ed lre€ !ress, rEA, 19ee, ?.+oZ. 

2. Eh8Jr, t't.u 

I! d! !.ro 

5. Baharri, r.!t 

?. 

rbid, !.56 

rbid, P.1o 

l.a.t't 

9. Bhatii 

Fob16!l3 o! Eural ?aEi5ta!, Be6d ila 

Matoriat ro! EsD/Î!-p€D rfej.aina 

oourse @ PlalrdlA i! Rural Derelo!- 

66!tr PllD, tbsbaeslr rplil 20th to 

W! 16tb,, 1 5, 2.2t1 

- R.polt o! tbe l{ofkinn cloup o! 

I!i€{!a!€d 8ra1 D€vefo@elt }!ot.!a- 

!q! ]LEDL) i! pakist&.rriEi€rr, ot 

!6al (i@.Dd€!t eld Elral D@€lopr 

.nt, blaD.brat, 19??, P.rt, 

looal, Gov6@eDt lor Surat Devel 

Sf S-E5€.!3g! nvbd hiDte- 

"rnD, 

!s, P€8baea!, .9F, a7 ( ber?die! 

ci.tsd &attl,naal ). 

- Gdd6 to Basic DeDocracy fo! 

A6B1et€rD! Dir€ctoE. !e!a!t!eE of 

Bt.alo lsDoc.acy ald local" coverb€Ett 

I,gbo!., 195r, ?.401 

Op.Oiti P. 20 

r 0. m1ab, I - B€'sic D!E!9Eci€, District ritdlisterati@ 

dd leveLoMtut,&|be. ait 

Pr€36, P€Ebavdr lSOr P.111.

I 

a2. C@e!n!€!t ot 

ltE! 

Ilteslat€d Bulal D6v.Io@ert i! 

hlciatqlr 5@6 E66.!tlal h.- 

Conditi@, tlt,raatioEal Cd.!€ED 

otl ChaftolEE of Rulal Deretc,pEelt 

i! tb€ ElBbtie6, vol-Ir,p!@€edjr 

PrRDf Pe€haelrrf 19€6, 

'lP.46-2*, 

- I4lo.pai:i.o !!o Fil.s. D€p&: ol 

!.C ard hfal D6v.Iop0oEtr 

lesbarar, 192, p.O?l 

1r. 8a16a1, N.4 - !99!g:9_!!99:!Er Nsy loor palac€ 

udu lear 16!0!€, u! trai€dr Fr. 

14. Zarc€!, n.f, hoJect Cycre,Op.Clri !.4. 

15. l6!tat, I, PloJ€c! pl,.nr.A, @.Ci.ti p.r9. 

15. Blc&taualaFt€, !.1.!., hoject llpleisat, O!.Cit: 

!.re5. 

47. Ibid, Plel4ir€ !o! Rual rEpreD.Etarlo!, Op,c1!! 

P.441. 

14. I[tematj,onal !e!t !o. Rec@rructi@ leveloteEt, 

Quot*l lso &e Pqki6ta! ti.@s, Rarallildi, dt laJt 

4, 1991, P.4. 

19. rbid, ?.4. 

20. Z€@e, B. - Ploiect ttala€o€nt laitb pocus @ 

lglgl: jg9!949sjr !. 4€? rbid. 

( helea-lter ciied Zs!& lroject ). 

a. Cul, E. - Salati taeaoi. l! trticle 

Publisbed i! th€ daily tehsd 

?6sbara, Dated M4 2tt 1990.

22. qElr E - !dt4'lE .d lrr:Iu.tla oC !io- 

. 0.. PLot l.r mfP. tl! .rn t|olr 

Bq)oat Edbttt€tl to t!. tlrtouliur*l 

Ddl.rflt D.D.sl|.!t. Oor.rdrE! 

ot lE?. l|rar..c, 1*. E. 14t 

l@,Eot.ot, OD. ottt p. 4A9. 

4.

N.n. oa s!onEo., 

Lo..tio! 6f Sch.!.: 

b, U.to. couD.it. 

al Sir. oa tqd !o! th. schele. 

otwcn tlee o! co.t, 

635 

o, ti.!k.t v6tue ol l.hd. 

vit. .) D.t.il cosr ..rl!.t... y.s 

b) It t.. give co,r ,la!!.s. 

Na!. ot .xecutina .8.ncy, 

P.!lod of cotrpl.tton. 

. I c.lttfy th.t. no suct 

rEpul.tio! .!d 1 rt€ s.!. l.cdlty 

O!DE8: 

RETURU I'ITH 

REJECTAD. 

CLElRAD.

6l! 

cordl,r|t"r oPlrrt Pbo$|fi 

E OrtcLltlErrr8rld.-E!0&A 

1- X...(s) e

t!t 

12- E!th.t.. ot .ool.-.conorto b.ntlt!' (ttlh loD{lllton 

" ;;;; ;t I &Du.I rlcor It '!t 'it'! ooryI'tiod o! !h' 

13- It t. c.rtill.C t!.! F .lrllrr fo! tbt FEd'tlc! 

" i; . ;; ro..Lttt rt u!'L! bD-I..E!'ttc! 'ob'- tLt th' 

'!d 

ii.-lirtl ,..ra ;. F.ton'tbl' lot tt' tdutr'rl' 

x/rxE Ot lgortor 

lDDtBAa. 

PSONE NO! O'IICE

t--lls 

t. 

!A!E-9E-SEqIAE 

coxuuNtc^Tto . 1. 

EDI'CATIO}I . 

2. 

3. 

6, 

2, 

6. 

1. 

a, 

9. 

10 

838 

AXNIIIIELII] 

{lxB oF suB-slcmE. 

con.tltutiod ol (tich. n'o.d/ 

Cor.tlucti,on ol shltal.d 

conrtru.tion o, M.t.II.d 

Ro.dr includlrs U!b.r io.d3l 

Bl&k ToPPed Ro.d. 

Prv...rt ol sir€.t.. 

con.tn. ol culw.!t.. 

con.tn. of cau5cr.t.. 

con.ttr, o! s!.ll Brtdl.. & 

ov.!h.4d s!id.3 for 

i.D.i!/IDPlove&nt of Ro.&' 

A

639 

3, IEALTH. l. Plovi3ion ol equiD!.nt ia 

Gov.!@6nt civil llo.Ptt.l3. 

2. Addltion of taldtlloolE ld 

oov.lu.trt CiviI l{o.!ltal.. 

3, C.nlt.uctlon ot Civit 

!i.?enE.!y. 

4. Const.ucilod of V€t.aln.ly 

DltPsnsarY 

4. PUBLIC I{EALTII 1. Con.t{cilon 6a 

EIICINEERINC. d!rinte/!.G.ge .y.ten. 

2. Dlinktlt fl.ie! surply 

Sche!.3. 

3, lmt.ll.tin of I{6t.. Tantg 

lo! Drin*1tr. {at.!, 

4. sj,nkile .f co@unity {eu. 

lor Dri*tna fl6t.r. 

5, PO|{ER 1. El.ctlittc.tioD ol Vlrlagc/ 

urb.. A..4€. 

6. SOCIAL rlllAiA. 1. Congt.uctln of w.Itln8 Roolg 

lor Pa336na... 

2. ConstEctton ol Public 

uttliti.s Euch eE tolletE 

( IR&IOATION) 

3. OTIIBRS. 

3. constNctlon of Bound6lt 

w.lIs fo! tlevey.rda, 

4. Constluctton of lld GahE. 

5. Const.uctlon ol P.!t/Pr.y 

6. c6n3tructt6n"ciwt 

Industri.I Ho!.s 

1. Const.uctlon Ex.cuilon/ 

cl.antng/Exten3ion/ 

Itrprovetr€nt ol I!!ilation 

chaDD.fs 9rcvtded that the 

cost of...b sch.!. do.s not 

.rceed !uP..s one lrc. 

1 Any otlt.. .ch.nes rtth 

.!.ctal .pproval of th. chlc! 

50ufc.r Gov.rnr€nt of NI{FP Loc.I GoverE.nt & Rural 

D.v.1.p6ent Dcpaltn.nt, Pesh.r.!,

lot8 

tao 

r. bnit l.v.Uttts, t..d i|Dsv.Ert' blri.a ot bulrdo!'!' 

ud traclclr, con.teciton o! D.!., b!td. I t'tl'' 

p.t.t& ,L..1. 8. rct D.ul..ibl.' 

Ll. Lo tdttvtilul 3ch.D/ptoJ..t b.rlltidt o.lt o!. or a.r 

tDdtvidu.lr .b.ll b. ..nctloD.d. ach... !.ll.ctiDa 

cortultt .ocio_.com.1o r.Il.t. .b.11 b. P!.1. .d.

€41 

cot{xt NttY u!-!I4 PROCRI|.E 

tol{lmnttc/EvAluatloN R090iT 

PROFILE, PR6-I 

v!4uE ' 

s4IrEr 1!A8' 

kc! 

! t0 tl 

sou.c.: ffJill".j,ll,"llflj"l";."-' cov€rn!.Dr od E!..r D€l.roD!.nt

MTE: 

@t: 

642 

@}I'IIJNITY UFIIFI''iOGBTXE 

llotllT',oRlNC/!VA!UATIo{ itR ST 

IROFII,f,. PXIF' 

g$8&E: 

dlt!all 

ull8rsl: 

844: 

I I 

sourc., cor.m!.nt ot Nttp, Loc.t coy6h!.Dr ed Rultl D.r.IoD@nr 

Dep..tr€nt, P.rh.rs.,

t. 

l. 

5. 

6, 

t. 

643 

PC.I 

PrlT-t. 

Ilqucl-.0lslsr 

Antno.lti.. r.Epodlbl. For: - 

ili ) op...tloD dd [.lnteDA!... 

Ti!6 R€qulr.d fo. Co.Dl€tion 

il Il th. PEj.ct lt Includ.d ir th. 6!rmi FIv. Y.@ PIs, 

Sp.cily,{ctu.l Alloc.tton. 

ii) Il lot Incrud.d in rh€ Cu!.e.t Pld! Hor is rt Nop trcDo..d ro 

b. Accor.drt d { IDt.r/ht.r.eto..t r{iutr.at. tD rlloc.ilo! 

o! otb.. ncloulcer or b. ID.ti€r..t). 

lii) Il th. ProJ.ct i. ProDo..d to b. Finac.d Oqt ot Blo.r( 

tlori.lon lo! . !.oBru., Indicar.: 

iy) Ia th. Prcj€ct l. xor i! rb. plo tt.r t&.ut! ltr rrdl.ton 

R.l.tio4hlp of rh. P.oject tr!! rh€ obJ€c v.! o! rbe s.cto.: 

Irdlcrc. the ContrrburtoD querttled it po..ible ro tbe t&3.r tD 

lh. Fiv. Y.a.s PIU ed [G ot ib. p.oJ@r trb.th.. Se.rion.d) 

vhich rould lor. P.!t ol u tnt ar.t.d pFtle rirht! rh. S.ctor. 

C.eit3l co.t of P.oJ..t:- 

rDud A.cu.ring Erp.r.tttlF ltr.. C.rtt.tlor 

obJectiv€. oa the hoJect: -

CIIECI€D BY :

5,15 

&A:! 

PROJICI CO6T OI FIN,{ICTNO 

9. Loc.tion oa PEl.ct:- 

(Att .! r.D) otv. re ot pl.c. 

4d Adrini.tltlv. Dl.trict. in 

flhlch the i....rch Cdr..s tiu Be 

10. talltil' F& t ..: 

clv. IDlorrrion a60ur tb. 

o{&tarior Doila sidl!. 

R..e4rch vort .r pr.s."r indlc.r€ 

h.1. lratf. 8udt.r for rh. L.!t 

Itre Ye.B ad Th€l. Ourput tn 

T..& of No. of Studie etc. 

r.ltior it Tn.!. i. 

o.a6i!.rton ro En.u.e ^rtco 

ordin.ti6. ol tort Done A, 

Dllfe.enL R€....ch lnsritur.:. 

t) 0l'. B.l.l Ht6to.J, prDosod 

F&iIirt.. ud Jssritl.rlron 

or $. PFJ..t. r!dic.t. 

Th€ir 8sI. to. Selert.a 

lne AFr ol B.....ch dd 

Jwtitt th. prio.ity tl8t 

should b. Clv€n to rh. 

a&8. Indlc.re th€ t b. r 

to ti. S6tor ad th. 

!l) Idl4t. i.l.r!oBbi, rtth 

otb.! P.o!!o..s iD th. S&. 

Secror ud iD othe. S.cror. 

lll) I€.tio! th€ tnrern di.t. 

output tn tt6 to- ot twb6r 

of *udi.. &d p.p.. to b. 

P.oduced rfthir lett Fi,. 

Y.ds. Idic.re ir.ih.r 

thes. St!dl.. roul.t t .!tt 

in Cou.rcl.l Applicttlon ot 

co!!6.ci.l [€*iDa out ot 

the Prcc.4 D.'etot d. I! .o 

E4€ct.d In6E:

646 

irl rdrtlt8tBtlrea!..!l.r.lng 

to! Conductid e*eqch! 

otv. Ar.il.bility ol 

ItuDo*.r in th€ Sp.cldlr.d 

Fi.ld. lndlc.red t.tiodr ot 

Dt!..rimtio! of R.*qcb 

Fi!.tin!.. 

12. cir6 Drt. vid Ct9itrl 

E:D.!drtu!. 8.tilt.. e... 

P..D.r.d. Il !o( tho o!. Y..! 

A!o, Contl.. fh.th.r Th€. s. 

13. ci". suury ol tl. carittl cost cov.rllg 

th. ihol. of tb. !nr..t...i P.rtort & 

lndlcrt.d B.lor:- 

1. S^l$I.. ol olliels o.l 

2. Alloidcd ol oflice!! .nd 

3. C..t ol v.bicle 

5. t l!t.nuc. oa Yehicl. 

6. Co6t ol R.r tbtefiel 

7. Cort ol SOuip!€Dt 

rr. B€is of Cort EstlDtes: 

Icive FulI Derall.l 

lt. Estiilt.. ol Am!.I e€.ur.it 

Expendilu.. Alt€r Corpletion of 

Pbas. ol P.oJ.cr. llso Indic.r. 

th. sou.c. of Flndcllg t.cullitr,

641 

16. Unlt C.st lo! E&b C.t.toit ol 

S.tice ot outolt. Indlc.ie 

turber ol tebicd P.r&@cl ed 

ld-t..r Nlrb.r ol Studl€! P.r 

Studt Cost D.r Xo Y..r. 

t1. 

f..hnicsl Stallt C€n...I stall' 

sllUed st.al, ulslrll!.d stall, 

xube. of T.choicd P.!!oE.I 

{T.cn!ic.l + sci.rtl.t ) lo. on. 

Y€.! Toi.l c.lt lPFl..!io.al) 

ud Teclntctl In.ttll.lio! co.t 

In Cc. ol t!d$it.i.l i4.&ch 

tl ibe Prcc... D€v.loDdl q. to 

b. B$ed to Collclcitl lid' Cii. 

3&h Flo. 6t.t€x!t (ln-alos ad 

out llor) fo. t!. l.xt Fire 

rmu.r Phal.! ol Pby.lcrl {o.t 

.ad Fhecld lequtEr.nt ol tD. 

I.t Pha. {----lio!tb{ 3 ) 

2nd Ph&€ { 

o!tb8) 

(oet.il .t ad.n!._vll) 

llfrtlclll sct{lpul,lflc lis. II ]0llloN) 

Y.r Y.& Yd. t9!!!

648 

IAS:! 

FfO.'ECI TfIUTNE{ENT 

l) Pbl..!io!.t ed Ta}llcrl 

tt) Ad!hist..t1v., Er€.uttv. 

ad lr.n.a.rt.l 

tii) ct.flcd 

iv) S.I.E 

el stltled 

ri) ln.liued 

vii) Oth..s 

vrii) lor.ir Lcll coGultuts 

b. Lit€ly sho.t!C. ot 11&Dor.. 

c, st.t. to b€ T.t.r to E !u.. 

Av.iI.,!llity ol Iepo,cr. 

d. Alproxillte No. o! PeFo.. 

to b. Tnifttyy.& ([a.Ut 

od lbrcld) &d f,id oa 

S*ill. to be L..Dr. 

21. Phygicrl .nd othc. t&lllri.r 

B.quir€d lor ilE Prj.ct. 

Zz. X.t€rltl SupDIi€ ed Equip.€ni 

fo. lhe n.qutrclent: 

A-l) !{inliu rot l Req!l....nts (S.c rDerurrv) 

of tqulDmnt to. 8r€otion 

To b. ColDleted OtrIr fo! 

!rjo. It.r Co.tlnt tio.e 

The l0! ol co!t, 

A-2) trterl.l, Spar.. &d Su!Dli€ 

lo. the oD.r.tioD oa 

the PrcJ.ct. 

23. In Cge ol Locrl y.r.ri.tg 

dd Equip!.nr lor Ex..utioD 

r. Ju.lilicltlo. to. I.!o.ts 

b. Propo.ed s.ulc€lsourc. ot

cat 

trE h-d-E! rA !...r !d ri !r.t 

L |G rltlbr 

itlt 5 

/tltltpt-rr

lt0 

TreGlII 

lUJrlrEB l|m Etr + 6rl! rE r Drcm + ..- f rutdr|cat 

tl lr.L.?c tta b.{ h aa ts t 

Etat- llrra d 

l.t l (lDq6 !I .!d tU) = t .

LIc 

2. 

3. 

t. 

t. 

p.scririiop 

B 

D 

E 

651 

c.*IJ.ir D.t.ils ot 

E.!tpr..t !b&

652 

COS' ESTIXATES OF RAT }OTf,TIAL 

9,-N! A!!!rr!g&i Q9!:!!ltrq D.L.ll. ot . ro or ANuu 

t r {iie.,d uu! 

1. A -

453 

lEnaai or rrtbrnEt 

!,Ic Ir!! ll|tlt 

r. $t&t.. ot otlt.E od !t !!: 

t. r.Uo.o€. ot Olttac. od !t !!: 

l. co.t of y.ttot.l 

{. FOI &Fnattru.: 

!, rbba.od 0a t uoL. 

!. co.t ot !4clD..ri 

t. cat ot iry ht !i.t 

10. ot!.! Cn .!.. (th. re.ru. - yI)

ala 

ollE cxr'N . 

!.lc fi&-qtltar ltEt tor !t ooon y.., tclal 

Itralfl|t th. !!.6d 

- 

LL..etqrid 

z. tb.r{r ttt{D. 

,1. tlt.!.tu& to! 

5, bt !t brt 

6. olltq ftrltt@ 

?, Ott t O.itlraot 

rulllDt _ vl

656 

rtaD-rrtr nrr-{E 

lL& fp.. rtr 4rt rG s.ooo.t rc lcirl 

Th. ttrrr Th. ,.d.t 

t. s.Ld.. o! 

o?lloF od 

lt.ll. 

l. rlloo.d ot 

ollta.n qt 

st.lt. 

,. Co.t ot liFtF-t 

a. c..t ot rd 

t. 00.t .! r.Ltoh 

t, {dorrt. 

8. O!h.! Cnur.. 

rimrnr - vrr

653 

GOVERI{UENI OF PA{IST N 

PLAIININC COM|{ISSION 

is3i9;i3 ffS 3".Ht8tif# IiSii;3i 

P. C. tt FoEt

657 

To b. fill.d in bt PIandIDa coritaio!' 

1, Nao. br rhich tulw.t ,1ll b. ildd.ntttiod. 

2. Ad.in1.t!5tfv. eutho.lti....5pooBtb1e !o!' 

(i) sponsortag, 

(ii) Ex.cutlotr. 

3. Ce!!!.I Uinl.trv coic€!!.d {jth 

( i) S?oGolrla. 

(itl lxcution. 

,1. Det.il. o! sulveylF...ibilltt Eiudt: 

la) G.n€!61 d€scrlPti,or 

(bl tu3tiltc.lion 

(cl Morth o! cod!.nc.Eeai lnd colDl.tioD (slv. d.tail! 

(d) Egtinat.d cost Local Co.t For.iED Co.t lot.l coat. 

2- 

{e} (i) Prc.o@el ..qui!.d, Prlt.ta! P.!5oD€l 

Fo!€ign P.tsonn.l c4t.lo!t lluobe! 

iiit ciw. prrtod o? codifat lor loc.I and lorettD 

con3ultr.is and t€!! ol th.tf 

.Ppoitrttrcot. 

(f) lode of linanci.a: (Glve budget ?rovtEion) 

Il ior.lgn .x.hant. ex!.nditui. t3 lDvolw.d 

lndicrt. wh.athc. s !Ir& coralttr€nt 1€ av.1lab16.

6!a 

!. t!t.Il. ol Gf,.D ltt.lr to b. .qbrtrr.d .ft.! .uF.t 

lclE i.fomtlo. rh.r. Do..tbt.). 

l.t c.@!.I d..c!tDrto! 

{bl loc.tion 

lc) E.tiB!.d.o.t Loo.l co.r ror.ian oori tot.I .c.r 

t- 

3- 

(d) l.Ettt3 o! PFJ..i (!coF.tc, t1Nct.l ed @n 

qq&tlll.hl.) 

(d) P!ob.bl. ed€ ot !1.l||!olru 

lll Nub.t o! t.mon. UL.Ir to b. .rt'lot.al .luftDt 

i.Dl.-!t.toD ot .ch.D &!t .tt.! coipl.tlo!. 

O.i.torr xub.r !oo.l P.f|o!el td.ltn hloEt 

(t) U.t.r!.I. .!d rut. rqulrd t Flr .lt.r ...Dl.itc! cl 

rrFJ.ct. ll,oc.I ac.t .ad lo!.ta! costs.) 

8la4tut. .!d

cod. llqob.. ol ProJ.ctr 

R.port lo! qu.!t.! .adqd - 

t. x.o. ot ProJ.ct 

l. s.ncttont.a.urho.tty 

oritln.l Pc I lon: 

0!9 

covERxxEl|l ot PAtrs? l{ 

PI,|XNIXO DTVISION 

plotor!. 

lor 

Q!.!t.rlt Proar.r. i.Dortr 

fier!,-lc_fll 

s. Actu.l d.!. ol cod.nc...!r ot *ort 

6. al, Ltl.lr drt. ol coopl.tion o! vo.t. 

bl. F...ons !o! d.l.r ti co.pl.!!on o! "o!t (tlck {d 

.ipl.in !t.! .pDlic.bl.) 

tl P.E6bn.1 orobl.!.: 

A. D.l.r itr r..rult..Dt 

b. L.bour, .t!IL... 

tl) tr.n.Ert. ruDDlt.. .nd utt1tit.. 

.. .l.l!r ln .Lle!.nt 

b, d.l.t .t polt 

c, d.l.r tr .upplr ol .I.ctlicltr .tc. 

toc.l r,f,. of,d.t.d 

!!rt c4tlt ..ndtr6. 

d. d.t.r ln .uDDly oa lo..l,lr ploduc.d .qutD..nt/9.!t. 

!ll) Ddlctlv. soll o! .uDDIf.s 

&.cordina o! d.t.ctlv. rcrL or.uDDlt.. 

oov.rn@nt ol P.Llrt.!, Pl.mlna corl..Io! PlofolD lo! 

D.v.lop!.nt Proj.ct..

9. 

10, 

11, 

060 

i:i:i !i,i:;:::,::"lt,i:::';::1.:.::,::," ".. 

o) othc. {.D.ctlt) 

::"':::':":::i.::i,*'n" 

iD scope or de.rn. o! p'oi.cr 

;H:iH :i il:::;":::,.1';:.ricrlsuEs {rv) 

2 

J 

to .n

661 

lnstlucttorr 16. ittltnr frop PC III 

l. Thi€ lor! !u.t br rublitt.d lo! all proJects r.Eardt.s3 

of rheihe! tn€ proJcct 13 cov.r.d by fo!6l spproval ot ECttC, 

br.nticipatorr.abction ol Ch.lr!.n ECNEC o! iE lot cov.r.d 

2. Tbe forb should b. rubEtrtod by 15r! Ap.iL l5t}) Ju1y, 

l5th Oclober and 15th J..u3rr end the p€riodE c6vered by th. 

report shorld b. th. 1.t, .nd, 3rd and 4th celerder qurt.r 

In lakira .ntrl.3 r.l..Gnc. should at. a1l tines be o.d. 

to Pc-I ford.Dd th. D..au.I of itr€tructions fo! tLat l6.ns.s 

the wa.ious t6.Ds hav. thc 3a!. connot4tion in the iro f6.d3, 

Itep on PC III lo'! 

The cod. bulb.r sill be the 4ube. giv€n !y 

Pl6oning Dlvislon lor idenlitying the p.oject ttII 

be the EAn. I uE.d to. PC-I f6!D 

Repo.t !o! qur!t6! should j.ndicate ihe pe.iod 

oovered by the f.Polt e g 

30th Jun., S.rial nunb6! of !€port Ehould giv€ th. 

nun6€. of the r.port for the prciect in qu.siion 

i.e, the filst PC-IlI !6port should ca..Y 5.rl6l 

No.1 the ..cond o.2 ..d 36 on. 

Self eiplAnatory. 

Thc d.t. ol th. cou.nc.t.nt and corpletior of ,o.k 

are the dat. on 'hlch phyEicaf xo.k on th€ P.oi€ct 

is st..tcd or colpl.tcd.

662 

Ite.. a. Th. tt!.t colula 3hoql.l glva rh. d.t.its as .hoh 

.g.io.t tt.6 34 oa rh. Pc ! forr. 

Ite! 9-12 No .rDl,eratio. D.c.!s..r.

663 

GOVEFNMENT OF' PAUSTAN 

PIANNING COMI'ISSION 

PONU PON SUBIISSION OF COUPIETIOI{ 

IIEPORT ON DEVELOPNEM PROJECTS. 

FORU PC-IV 

to be suboltr.d on the physi.at €olpl.tioD of th. 

proj.ct..EsardlesE 6t rh.rh€. or not th. .cc.onts of tho 

p.oj..t hev€ b.en cI6s.d. 

1. Na!. of P.oj6ct, 

Cod. Nutrbe! ot 

2. ., AdDirist.6tiv. ruthorlty b) Cenr!.l Xirist.y 

r.sDonsible to. conc.rn.{t rlth 

3, a) D.t. ol .ctual c.M.nc.oe.t of ProJ.ct 

6) Date of actlol coEpl.tio! of Prcj.ct. 

cl Peliod 6l corpletior ol project 4E ortdtnelly pl.nned. 

4. el!.be!--8lB!9!l 

.l S.nctioned iiost 

Loc6l F.E ?otal Fron fo 

Dete of orisin.I E.Dctlon 

Dat. of Ist,..vl.lob 

D.te of 2bd. !.vl.ion 

Date of 3rd. revlsio! 

Actual coEt 

b) Ph.6ins of p.oj.ct (Ftnancial) 

Phaslng as Actull actual Acluel Rens.ks 

l.Et !€wision ADP eDount eiouit 

p.ovIaIoD !eleased utili3ed 

local F,E tocal P.E Loc.l F.E 

* Gov..nD.trt of Paklst.n, PllnDiDg corlis3lon, P!oto..a fo! 

D.v.lopi.nt P.oject.

I 

3 

1 

66,r 

5 

c) Phaaibs of ploJ.ct (physlcal) 

Pe. PC. I Actu4l 

(r]aEt r.vl5iort 

2 

5 

5, live the accouDr! !o. th. ploject been cros..t? 

If r6t, wh.t .munr 1s .titt uraccount.d for? 

3. 

NuDbe. of pe.Eoh, .!ploy.d. 

C^TEGORY IL4NXED 

Ecnelirs.s r.{o.t.d 6a rhe ba6is 

;:jf,ff:i". or .rP!ct.d chenges 

.. A€aelit coet !.!iollR& 

c, cost !e. rntt o! s..vtc.. 

d. Noh quanrlfiabte b.Det1ts. 

ACTU^L 

in r.a!!lna costs &d 

in !cope or de.1An o! o.iain.l 

Sugg.€tions f6. plontna and i.ple!.Drattn 

Pr.Jecra i. tuLur.. 

oi siril.! 

1, Prepa!4tion ot ..tir.t.s. 

1i) IrlleneDtatioh of ploJ.ctE. 

a) p!€w.ntt.n ot d.lays. 

b) P.e..ntior ol co.t €scatarioD

tal 

Olh.! .La..tloo x.D .!C rt..l&.t!.. 

o, i.to*1.a O!!lc.! 

'mTauc4roxr mt tll,I,rxc uP roifs 

Pl.s. EL! to FC t ton lor d.tiltrlc! ot t.tD tt.r. 

l, l, !' O .rd 9 . Io .trl.4tto! s@3sry. 

4. .) I! E.et oolD, ttv. rsor. ro! !ft.to!, 

b) I. !€.db @I|D, at FroE tor .ttlt EB.. 

@lle. 

t! 

6, .t .!.t 4 I !. 

o, I! aret aclunr atv. r..o!. !o! ch..a.. la 

ol 

Dh..trt 

DrJ.c!. 

6. lr& oa tb. ..r. c1...1!ta.tlo. ot p€..oM.I !.tuh.enr. 

7, d) lcil.1 Dht.tc.r D.!lort.!o. Dt b. co.r'.r..t riib 

Dl@d D.!!o!.rao..

666 

GOVERNI,IENT OF PA(ISTAN 

PIrAI{NINC CO|I}'ISSION 

3ubrl!31.n ot annu.l R€vler o! 

l. xale o! ploJ.ct 

2. il AdoiDi.t..riv€ .utho.fty, 

a) .po.solint 

b) .r.cuttotr 

ii) c€!t!.Mn!!try con€e.ned ,fth 

a, Elon.ofrna 

br.x..utlon. 

3, Capital corts {To b. fIlI.d ir 1) rf Lhere 6!. ch.ng.s 

.l!.r subolssion of PC Iv o! it I Lh. 

noi ret b..tr clo8.d, 

.t. 

2 

Eave the accountE b..n clo3ed? lf !ot. 

i) I,lh6t i6 rhe elouDt unaccounted for? 

iil sh.n a!. th. .ccoutrts exp€cred to b. clos.d? 

In.u6l .ecu.rin. co.tE 

Reasoas f.. dila...ac.. !n 

Covclntrenr of P.kl.ttn, Plarllng coMission Fo.n !o! 

subnission of .Dnu.I R.v!.e oD Dewelopdent Proj.ct.

c) Cap.clt,t utillratlon: 

Nutrb€. of ro!ki!! d6yE. 

d' NuEb.r of pelson. .rplor.d 

AllllrrC 

Locll Fo!.ian 

.l R.v.nu. durilg y.Ar, 

ll C.rt .nd r.wenu. p.r udtt. 

5. Econoolc .nd Fhanct.l !68ult6, 

l) B.n.flt 4o.t r.tlollRR 

ii) Plofitls.I.3. 

iiil Cort p.. unit ot .e.wic6. 

iw) Nor qu.ntieb]., 

5, G€ne!.l R.!..18. 

&l!al 

Loc.l Fo!.ian 

Inrt.u.tion! 16r lillin' up the f.r' 

Nue lnd d..icnntion 

of RelortlnS Ollic6! 

DeTE: 

Th. v.lious t.rtrE ulcd in Pc_v h.ve b..D €apl.in.d 

in th€ EaDu.l, .f in6tructlon. for tllllns uP PC-! forE. 

th. flr.t lepolt on Pc-v lqtt b€ 3ub.itt.d bv th. 

31.t Juli of th. y... folto'ins th. v€.r in shich th. proi€ct 

ea! physi.alll conplet€d. Four subE.qusnt !epo!t. foF eacL of 

th. tou. ti3.!l y.a!E ru.l b€ subo!tt.d bv 31!t Juft e'ch 

Iteo 4 (d) th€ p.r.ontrel cl..siflc4t1on.3 in Pc-I 

It.n 5 (iv) Gj,v. .ctual Pht3ical p.!for@nc6 a' 

co.p.r.d ,i* PC_I.

xo r P!-D:L!.2;lr9;l 

subeci: @ 

APPENDIX - B 

Ih. ch.L!!d, 

P.L13t.. tobacco lo!!d, 

O!at.. Enclae€, ctY.tab.d, 

P..hee.r. 

o.r.d: Jul' 15. ra93 

!t is .ublitt€d tbs€ trobl.ts l. one ol the troat 

b.ckrard dlst.ict of Paktst.a tb.!. tbe st.ndard of livina 15 

v.!r Fof rhi.h ...d5 proP.! .tt.ltior oa th. !4tlo! bulfdlnt 

Dulins cobdc.ttra re...!.h lor Ph D tb"t', it r!5 

...Iired th.t c4.h c!op3 .qch 4s b.tt.r qu.lltv of iobt'co; il 

cuLtivei.d! wilt lrc!.... tbe !.tDe.3 inc'le !9'!i !ro! 

!nirdu.l.s apploPll.te t.cnnolotv. 

You.!. thcrefor.' vett hurblv r'qu"i€d io brina ihl' 

Dloposal in th. ootico ot tob.cco coDrsol'3 ald dlre'litr't' 

l.i,.3t t.clniqles tb the r.l.vent !t.Id 

(8AtrB clJl, ) 

th,D R.sealch Stud.nt' 

A!.a stldt c.nt!. (C A) 

Univclaity oa Pcsh.r.t.

flrnu,!s orl T$t |ls!-lrxo &NGAliDtrG 

Drvu,oPrllllt P8(')('ltA1l| !, (oHrs, Ar DrsTHlc'I. 

A reetina ret..dlna lntr..tructule Developleat 

P!oar.@. lor r(ohiltan Di.ilici r.s held on 

1992 und.r the 0hat.ne!3h1p of M..saved xh.n tl.sroz.i, 

D.luty coulssion.!, Lohllian in his ofllce, {hlch s.3 

.ttcnded by ih. !oIl.vins:- 

3, 

5. 

6, 

3, 

9, 

tl..s.yed Khtn uassozaIr ).c.' Kohi3t.. (rn 

l{al1k !4!D.. xhan, tl.P A, oh.I.rad, 

lalik rooa, nPAr f,ohiste. 

lrsulvr uoh.Mad asoAtultah, MPA' hohl.ia' 

r.t.!lvi |tohaD.d Arin, u ii.A.' Kohl3t.n. 

r,|!. rkld sh4h, x.!.N , c&ri Kohl3tan 

!,r, xohau.d zalsn, l(.!.N.r 1r.ig.tron, 

r{€!!.6eni6t1ve f!on th. 

x.. xohM.d !.rid Khan 

fr.. trabtb oul, Dv: Dlr.cto., Pakisia. 

council ot aPProp.iate recht6logv'! P'3h'rer' 

'rh€ Ch.I!traD *clcoled th. Particlpdnt3 vert 

't 

6ut-3et of ihe no€llng and ther6.ft.t inwlted theo to Pui 

f..ea!d th.ir suaa.siions bs.ed 6n tong tclrs and 3hort 

t.!!3 ..g.rdiDg speci.I lntlaE!.uctut' Deverople'r 

ProSlame, I{ohiEten, p..t.inin8 to rjomunicttioo s'oi6r' 

rrrlra!ion sector atd tai.r uan.!.!ent secto'' as dir"ted 

by the s.c!€t..r, Planning e D.w.loPren! D.p'ite€at, N'|-P 

durllr his recent n.etttg h.ld on 29/l()/1992 P'8h4'er' 

't 

Alier ihotoush d.lib€ratlon s!th th' conE'nsus ol 

tr{A and.tl the lllas' platrnttc coD&unication 

'egardiBs 'nd 

illieatlon *as nad., vid. enleruro 

sch.lcs .oDcernrng 

secto! not be 

'ourd 

lrnanrzed,.s th. r.p!.eent.tiv. of ih6 u"'rl"'L Pol'i€d

6?0 

our th.t thc ach.r.s ro b. lmpor.d br rh. tna & pA. c.! 

onlt bc und.rt.k.b by ih.o plowid.d by that the f6c.Is sre 

!ad. e3!e. rh6t 20t cost 6l th. tor4l €xp.ndiruf. to be 

tncu!!ed oo th. co.6truction ol a palii.ula. scne!. €.s. 

r.t.f ch.nn.l, 3to.ag. t.bls lo. rsr.r & lDp.ove!.at of 

exi.tint r4t.r chaanslE to! th6 pulpos€ of cultivatior .t.i 

b.sld€3 laboq! chard6E, ,hich.!. to be totatlr p.id by tbe 

Iocats on thel! own. 1b. !{NA .ad uPAr p..se.t i, the 

r..ti!g intoro..t t'har ths locaf. i! tha Di3trict crnnot 

affor.t to contlibute to th. D.p4.t.eDt iD thc 6ha?. ol 2Ox 

chart€E plu6 lab6ur .htrt.r ard they (llNA & uPAs) oay be 

allos.il to d.f.ay such ch..t.B oui ol th. ibd. to be 

?Iac.il .r th.I! dislos.L but r!. oh.iEa! 6lucid.t.d that 

such layoents on ihei! p..t on b.half .f th6 public tould 

be. sort ol a d.vi.tlon fror th. aowe.n!.nt po11cy, ds 

fu.ds ltacod .t th.i. dis!o3.I .lso b.long t. the 

coverMent exch€qle!, so .xpenditu.e on ihls 3ecto! rould 

b€ lllegal unl.3s specl.lly !€.Ditted bt ths Gov.!nn.nt. 

l'n.y (lrrA I dPA6) in,ist€d thii the cov..D!ent D.v be 

qlproached in this .ed..d to allos the! fo. treetin8 3uch 

e:p.nditule out of th.ir !u^d. 

'Ih€ Scclelaly, Plannitrl & DevetoPDsnt DeParin.nti 

nay p1€... .dwise u3 in this r6r.rd fo! infornatlon ol 

requ.sted bt h1!. 

'fhc lJ.puty Directo., (ttabib Gu1) P.kt6td c6tr'cir 

ol ADpropliat€ lechDologt, Peshata. subrltt.d that h. h4s 

b.en d.?uied by his D€p.lin.nt to cootdin.ie 'ith thc lNA 

e xPAs 16 obt.in the Iist 6f tho.e plac.E, 'he.e 3!all 

Hydl. units of 50 to l0o xvv a!6 to be i.6t.l1edi r. the 

Govolm.ni haE placed fund t6 th€ tune 6l R5.5 lecs at the 

di3?6..I ol |,NA e xra. .l l(ohi!!.! DiEt.lct. !. lulthc! 

f.que3ted thrt ,av be €wolved ret.rditt 

utillzatioa ol the aaount sta!.d abov. After throuth 

disculsion it pss decid.d that slnce the tund h.. b.en 

r€c.iv.d bt th. A.).R.D., f,ohiet.n, 3o h. should r6le.3e 

iI. lund to the Dr:Dllecio., !.ti6i.n counctl of 

Alprop.tat. t.chnoloty, P.shara! !or furth.! utilizetlo..

871 

'Ih. |t|la * upas re.e !equ.3r.d t. tulntsn hir rhe lisr of 

.uch pta.e3 ,h..e th.t de€i!. the insraltatioa of 

s.ne!.tors lor t.asibilitr .elort. a.c6rdinCty rh. lly: 

,1.ecto! P.c.A.l nas ..que3ted to finalize rh. ,ork 

legaldlnd fe.slbilltr ..po.i fo. tne purpose at tn. 

earlle.t, rh€ chai.!.n hor.v.., d.ri!€d !h3r ihe aD.R.D. 

(ohiEt.n sbould obtain approv3t tr.b his socy: rocat aovr: 

o! olvl6ioEal Dlr.cro., local covt: befo!. r.tease ot iund 

to th. Dy:Di..cto., p,c.A.:r., pesha'a. lor rh. ta3k 

LSAIH) r(xAN !ASSOZAr) 

rrePutycoDrissione!, K6hl.rat 

rio.4262-63/pevl\Dc(f,rn) rh. ult/ 1992 

copy rorPa.

fl.. | 23a-35l 

472 

rj.t€d t(ohtsrsn al\. 1/11/log2. 

rb. a..t.tanr D!!€cto!. 

r,ocd c6er: r ru!.r D.v.ropreat. 

J.cr.r.ry, DI.tr:D.v: AdvtE6!' 

lo@ftr.€, Kohtrran. 

r, [all] toon, xtA, 

2, t.ule. loi.o.d AsDrull.h, l4pa 

l, th. ,.pury (J.ej.6ior.!, (ohi€rln. 

a. 'rlt. sup.liot€odr.r oi colicc, fohirr.n. 

5. rh., -cbi6r oallc€F, Drsrr:,jouDcrl, 

1, 

th. l:.cuiiw. !nAts.€., sfr, (ohl.!s. 

'rhe 8x.cutiv. anain.6rrpnlD,rohi3t.n. 

lle !jx.rutlr. sDgtn..r,rr.ii.rlotr 

9. |'hejx@ull% Eorrm*, 

10. Ih..rIvl6ronat fo!e.! ofltce., h.r.. 

\2, 

offlc.!(s)Koh1.r.r. 

'rh. rl.tlicr lducation 

14, llE D.Du!, Dl!.ctor, 

t..nnoloar, p..h.'.!. 

15. lhe lrM.der, At!icutiu!. 

Paki.to, &oht.t.n 

16. rhe A..l s r.ot 

rusblrtry, {obt,t.n. 

l?. The Ar€istadt 

iqa8.!.nt, )a3!u.

20. 

22. 

573 

rn. rrisrllcr PoDulotion r.I!.!. 

ofllc.!, f,ohi.tan. 

rH. Di.trlct teafrh otftc.., (6hisrrn. 

,l'n. Dlstlict !6od conr!61lort l(6hisr.n. 

th. sub-,)tvi.10naI !du.4r t. n 

0lltc.!,(!) ratt.n. 

r {

t. 

2. 

5. 

6, 

lne A.s1.t.nt co@Issio!e!, 

laf....tton cirh lhe lequ€sr 

rr.3au o.y 

ror ch. 

Ple!.. 

abowe .€.ttnr, 

'Ih. a.aisraDt i)l...ror, 

Abbo ab.d to. i!f.!!ation 

'lh. sub-Dtvisronal uf f icer, 

Recitatlon !!or toly eulen. 

aewie' o! p!€vious r6eiiDd olDutes. 

lrevi€r ot p!6e!.3. a.!.r'., 1992-93 3ch.scs. 

rlnaliz.tior of 3 r..rr Dtstt,r.v. Advi3o., co&d1rt6. 

p.io!1ty plar on th. follo*inA 116forra, 

Anr oth€r p6inr rlth th€ !..!13elon of cr.r!!3n. 

rlhdli4 in I Ilrd io.vi 

199?-91 I rlf ir!3-Jr t 

AaBist.nt 0irector, 

Local Govt: r Rural O€v:/ 

5€C..tary, Di€it:06v :Advi6ory 

comi tt€€, Kohi sran.

'sf^z 

\gfoo P2"' 

'd,.tt >' 

"b' u { f,,{* t;aq ; 3:

i1 r::\ .-.r..... ::t... l:+:-, +i1r'.:.r lr ' 

,t e f9/ F- (Pl " 2 n u c2i [.. 4.l i- 6 4{! rr. 

3;f.,"u;r;': (Jo{ b,' ftt 1'';," " 6, )- e-.;"4I1i 6- ; 

.z-/ b,' fi/4 a/q'-

?j 

: 

fi; 4 17, 

fr :],f ffi . [ut;,2L: 

i; ; , 

!,iiE/,i!i{:i;t,i:,-* 

7)' l/ ?vil t )o[ -lt 1 

tOr;- i>,' /+? r3:- | d L f Q v u u 2 * 

-'., Q "y'e ? 1"w8/) :':\t -t 

' '' ' ' '7'| uabdy'- ';^z -'+ -t 

- '/--.. 

- '1tn1;--t-

i 

- "L:,;/t1 62; '=u'

^r.r.rcrira:rh 

i^gor'v.Fd.lon'.''... 

cowniiiit.o. rurt 

- - -'!&h.d ryd.r Dd.lor 

5 srdt No.€ lhrd rod, P.rhrv.., 

no.Lt7-], /s'rYoo/ori ic,o.r/vE ts 1 

.r.d 

I'| 

..;h.,u tli.' 9 /!,/reer. 

b&di . 

'4!''- , 

r6lxt. vrl!,ou nenrron* llcorur uou 

,xovrxcr[ rttr'i$l'lroa.irr {E !r _. 

.r.dli.tt!! .. vltr.9... ia@ftid.d 

''|'^!slrttrll4r 

s.- "! rh. {ut!r. ;* ,., ,,.r,a,.- o, ,n 

vhrl. lh rfr .!r.. .tu Mi.. rr.,. len ,Ibro..d 

$E rotldtng c.n.rlt!...r.,. i 

1- n- 30, Hrlr Hr[t xoon,xe , ,Ght.r.n, 

2- rr_ 31, troum! i6hsd 

,.n.i ih.i. i!^, iohr..n, 

ir:riln coenaa 

n-en*r rr rala. ur ._. ror 

Hyd.l !r,Lr;! by Br. ,r. r..;t *.,. ,ri;.ii 

hov' coE.a..trY b..n ylt 

ots sllrro rc x.h nn 

..d3rrtu.ncr.. 

6! th. 

vtrr.r- b. !,lc..d to pc^r r;.t.id o.:r,u. 

thl. l. r.. r,. thld,.arci ..d ,u*h.. ;,€..3..y \ 

'I 

. con.ttu€tronr.os,srr@, 

.P..brer. , 

'' l:; :^r:1"::jli:r,::i:ift l"i- ".*"-., ".',. "' 

^b!dr r.o. r.&!r 8,i.,;a;;.;;; ;;fi;,i;.: 

i L;i';f -;i r".t.r:r"e_ht;F.ryd.r .;::';$;;:::.t';:'if 

rt.ai;:.,,i;".;: t.:r ;*l:i:j'..:. 

r:eas..3crrr drL;dd ..; i{; ;;;;;U-i;: 

;;;;jiLd t. 

::i::if ::"lff .l;:*ll:.::i;i:ri!i.ijyli'i;::*, 

"1 5:.i;"ii.::'r.8:.tj[:l,x$':l:f a:t :F:!r_r:.., 

r.-?\,gJ *> 

\ 

,l

630 

Gov€lllelt ot tr.|l.!.P. 

6oarl. E d.] D.v.lo!e.4 0l€3DlaEl6 " 

25' gtEct 10.6 5!d1 !o!dr P.!brr.t. 

Eo- :;L7 /'5ltr,/Ec/ I t' L'/4' 

. Drt€d P.shar,a!, !!6 t7 /4 /,1991. 

ttr. Deputr Di.r!.tor, 

!t!. Arblb Cul . 

FCII, 8r. !o. 8r G!.dblbsdl 

P.O. febtd Ba1a, 

P.€baGr. 

subJect!- a0Al! E!iEOI!'I|IC TIOf, n!D!a pBoIIIoIr! 

I'trfrvB P8oc&ltrB. f9_9r. 

01. ltt.cheil cn.qlc 10.09?266 it t€d 2.-6-19, 

to! 43. .1.5 ltlutoD ilsueit t! Lleu. o! 6t.qu. Io;o?294 

dated, ?/6/.991 1s ..!r h6ff1r!. 

Pl...e ..borl€dge r€c€10t. 

@, 

Execut jv3 &Bh.e!(EIec!) 

Co!!t!qct16 Dlylsid- 

SE!!O, P.6hara!.

g€ 

-----e€-=.r*-.--#. 

The Bank of Khyber 

S::d-., !:." ! C' tt:tit tt 

8a1 

//7 

l{otual 

*T*o 

|tlDq-r.-

682 

F*rcrprt.d tr .u! {€.!ly 

srm. t939, rcs!Lrtr. 

lcl'ft. tLc,:!.E !rG.im 

-;rar.4 

ts.n.E.r l

:nie.naiional c.op 

ol tgri, & Foresi!y 

643 

c&!gg!AE!] 

licro Hrdet Pl:nt | .r!p.op.iat. 

r,.{.sheikh 44d 

D.wefopreDt O!!rnizattotr! x. J.xehar 

Govt. ol P4kist.! (Now P.kistan 

couacil ofApprop.tar€ T€chnology ), 

!@l@ic cloeLi Bnc 

S!.nford Unir.ts!ri 

Ecoôoic 0.veIoFE.nr ol 

Publieh.rs u!1ted Ltd, .rnariatl 

s.ll, Iac, Enale{ood C!il?s, SJ, 

1960, 

P..ronal rnt.iwi.N, 

colDciIof Scieniific and rndu.tr!al 

R.lear.h, P.shara. I t/9/1992 ), 

lor. t.te. ro! ,rrid Lands, \.rion.i 

]rcadeiy of Scien.es, rashington DCj 

Sa.aric Rhud Kat'i6t Th. Da!I, 

lgtbrig PeEhar!., Ya! 2:, 1192, 

Prd.ervetiod ol Fo.dsr ,\3.cdot 3 

rg.orira,P.o. Box \o.11 5:0OO aa 

kag.nin3en, rhe l_ethe.1ands, 

:-YpRONEI, 5telh.r Btai.!!.nn: sr: :l 

;7 +3 Fu!t!ah!en Ce.nan:r, 3/-.t91. 

P..ie.t Plrnnirr, ?ape. ?.esenred rn 

T.6ining/Cou.se ot Plannina :n iu.a: 

Dev.fopE€nt, P1RD P.shar.., 19a5, 

!:{f rL larninq :rtc::ces, 

o.v..obnent ri Prkls:an, ?iRD, 

iihr5er Prinrere, ):s5ahar. t rt0.

68.r 

T.ib.. of th€ liind6o llooshj Indus 

Pubiicaai6ni 25 Fa.id Ch.!ber., 

Abdullah HrFoon Road, (a.!cni, 19?7, 

T.chnolorv Tran.f.r. 

P.es.nted 1D Iarelnstion.I S.aiD.! 

.n Tr.nsfe! o! TechD6loly, L!ho!., 

I992. 

Evalu.rion ol rhe Housrnr 

P:or..ee. s.oliver DoreEr!c E,eirr 

s.vrnl P16jeci, crz, i.rv.fsr:; 

fownr Pesh.ra., 19aa. 

t.shsrsl -ix.ni S!r {blook r?e.grm.nEr r. 

Iiushk Ea.nri ka ir.ioai rrucle!r 

InsL!ture of Food .nd Asricul Lure 

( x..I!.rL T.!n.b, 199t. 

Tech.ol6rv, 

Indu3triat D.v.lopEent Org!Diz.tior, 

sLrLe, RODATE 

195 6. 

"oi!enL,rr on Ouran ?rr, Oa.u_ 

rEhaat, r-!du 3.zar ii..,chr-!. r39i 

x.urtaitr p.veI.pnent, :rath&andu. 

\elal, i991, BackB!ou.d 3ub.ie.t, 

ilouriain aad 

Engi.e..int Hand 3.ok su6 je.i, 

Ihte.nario.rI 

\lountarn 

cert.. ii:e,;ELec 

Dereiopoen:, .iar:;andu, 

d

oo(:.ihed. cl i-nF? 

y!4!l!_j!9!9rl!!,!treer! Er.vedth 

Editiotr, Pr.Dier ?ublishint c6, 

A-p-pre.!!i-e13.- -lEhn-q!93,c-----l-el 

Develorin! Countries. 

:cadeoy of Scienc.s, qaEhiDgton, Dc, 

E4cllJ ejAedis tsritannica Irc: li.l.n 

Hatrinrray Benton, Chtcago. r9?3-i4 

i4!-!cl!!3e.dir--el-res th€ Yacdonard 

and Co. London, 1933. 

The c.olteF soci.ry PubIishe.si 

Tor6nto, Can4da. 195't. 

lnt.rn.rj onal Eacwcr opedea of 

Socr al Sci.nc.s, vo1-3, yacEillan 

and F.ee P.e.s, VSA, 1963 

can:us 6l Rur,1 settrene.r, yol-7, 

Iiohietan PI.Doinl atrd D.velopmenr 

Depart..nt, Aureau 6f Srai!stics, 

P..i.cr ar e calance. iohisran 

?r!nte.s, is-L.dabad, lr84 

hfo.'ation :.06 iiIe., r.on!ie! 

!orkE O.tanizari6n, Vin:stry of 

lefence. Parran! 1991, 

!!iche. r.. r rat !. n Farn-ne r: 

9akisran 

D.ainate and ilood con!iol aes.a:ch 

CoudciL and rTDO, isianabad, r9a2. 

inporta.. piE!rict socio-Eco..nic 

I rJ i. r lqE, JVFP. 

S:at:sri.s Pla..in8 .nd Oereloglent 

re..kabLe Ene.rr, PC.rT,isladab.i, 

i{vdrI Plant, iTDO (:16, PCi;r ,i.cke! 

3oo*, Ra6na Prirters, !s:rhabad.

Go(ernBenr of \vF9 

636 

:{liFP !r.j]l_!!..:!!IJ!LB4erq, sa.h,' 

Hydroel€cLr!c 

organrzaL!on Peshaldr and It: 

Aci!vit!.., 1992 

E.6noric survev ol Pak,3tatr, F,oanc. 

Divislo!, lconotric Adwlso.s 1'llng, 

1991-92, lslao.bad, r992 

A]]---es!j$s4,-"CaEs!r---e-t--lrnrEtry 

oe Al.rcuILu..,Istatrablc, 

liss-htog-.:&E!!o!, ?cs Ii Lab Pesnaea:. 

E!!er.L--el---i -ll-rxe!!---i; 

EegEE!c-----(l!!!L=!----:!Irs . 

lsl.dalrad, ltnist.t ol Loca: 

cow.rnrent and Rurale v.l o?a.nt , 

t911. 

Info.rarion fror frres, D.raltaent oi 

Dev€LopE.nt,P..hara!, 3/1992, 

of P4kist.n. lSfllcltc!!! Palista. council o: 

Appropriar. lechnologr, Januarr- 

Jure, !s]!!ab.d,:991- 

of jIFP Pg:i, Dep.ftE€nr of Fo.eers lFlsheiies 

liirar Proloti.d .f T.o!t Fish.ri.j 

in KohiE!!n DiEt:ict, !986, 

of xtF? t R.oorr- or saliri Developr..: 

iurho.itv. yiner3I tc:!ririesi 5tr 

Diieotorlte of )rir..eis, Sa::_ 

PriDtint Press, ?esha!a.,:991. 

co\e.na..i.f )irF? ?re-rnre:tee.t sLUdi:s f.r sn!:: 

:ndu.r.ieg .n \a-?, ...nodL. r-io.: 

fo. Detefhinatio. of l.dust.res .: 

i!9nj$4!----S!s::-, s.r5d saall 

Consult.d lu!k-iak 

stati.tjcrl Yea! 3.ok, : 

Bu.e.u Pakistan o: si3t: 

srarlstics Div!sion,

:lltFP Indu!L:irl P6Lenr-:l -i iiohrsral 

DjallteL Gov.rnrcnl of:{lFP sdal: 

lndugt!!6E D6velopE.r_ Board 

Pe3h.ua. 1944. 

NFFP Infdr4ation floe fiI.3 Excise and 

T*.tio! Oftice, Koljsr.n-lan3.i!. 

tt5 /LL/1992t 

Personal piscusston Of:i.. oa !he 

Executive Enginc.r, Connulicatlon 

.nd 96.ks D.p..t!eni, (oiriEtan 

\16/\r/\992t. 

Linruistic su.vey oi r.kist.n, \'o1-v 

lReprlnt.d) tccu!.te P.i.!e.s, 26 

Paisa .rthba. (Jeo raa.ka:!t p.C.30\ 

1333, iah6r.-2, 1915, 

Jad?.d vacsinerv lia :sLin5t ru. 

th. dailr !.sh.tq ?.rhar.. lar 5, 

cuzrresh.t 

1n :{.tic1€ Plbltsh.d ia 

.tchad Pesharar, F6b 20, 

E0e.lv :uoEo.rive Te.hn.t.rv - sLaL. 

Votun. tixv, l.o.? 

sprint, tp l2;-l5r, P:{rt p.shrHai, 

Soap Yakln€, rn .\.!:.1e :-:blish.C :n 

lhe Da!ly Jrdda., 9.eh.!:r Feb.!a.y 

20. 1933, 

Yatch€s Vati'r, ,tA .\.:ict. publ:shed 

io the Z.ra-a!:. salit.d l.tcuI:r.e 

Inforhation Degartie.r, tovernnent 

oi )itr:?, :.sh.,ar, 5.!renbe. - 

october PP-:9-23 | i:3.1. 

ile_r4pa.L on rop.op.raL: :.cinot )!v 

o! P.{r3ran bv :n. \rehan R€furies 

tfte. Yarris: Revol r:ro. 

?ubl!sned !. rie iru..a: ol tu3! 

Developen.nr and \da:rrst.3! tcn, 

1u:onun' ?\RD, ?P 

i6-40 ! 390.

.\abbashi Kai chand lavzoon Ta!.aair 

(lnforE.tion) D.p..t!.hr, peshara.i 

PP 27-29, 2/t993. 

cdbar cas Planr, rn alticLe 

Publish.d ia the datlr Ara2, 

PeEh.ra., Ysrch 20, 1993. 

ts.t.r p.iwen crindiar yills_ s!.h.d 

tgri.ulture, rfiFP uniw.!3iry of 

:ELi-e-p,1--s-- Ebelr{r@rion/ 

Di3r.!cr Ru.!1 Energy pl.nnrrg rr 

Paklslan, lpaRDr, :kretan, pp l.tz_ 

!-el!! ---pie.n.D.i!s___! :!!!ie { 

rap.! pr.sented in En..!y 9lannin{ 

Ru.al D.velopn.nt, PARD, 

P.sharr., tD.rl,1993, 

sanrti T'!oo!, :tn Arricle publ!s!.d 

rn rhe tailJ J€had, P.shaea. _ 

Is1.aab.d, :iarch 23, t990. 

::ni:ori,r qlq :vriua::on o. Bio_{as 

Ei!!q_=!0-_.N!E-Er!__ing__fali, l 

Lo rh..rr:icuI:u.aI 

#;"ff ;;:" ****,., cov.rn,e.; or 

rrlk uir\ \e,sn.n, auo!ed fro, 

:ijj:."-.*"llu6]p:id-'{P.!:l' 

i:!as ot irnd, rn \rrr:te puor!srFd 

r,ini3t.:arion. vot_I.(t, so.:, 

;::;::"". i%1,"-.- ^* ' re3e' 'orRD,

fiig8in3, C,Y, tr.! Ec.!oric Dev.IoDlent 

and and R, E. Baldrit 

T.av.11e.s Cuid. ro Psnistan. 

P.o. Box 1o.1552, IEI@bad, 1941. 

The ciovth of rrdurtfi!] Productron 

Study, E..nonic Hi!ro!y eevie{, II, 

no.2, PP - 169, 1949. 

caz.rteer oe rhe lorth lesr aroatre. 

F106 Ba i,pr t4d Lhe Indue xohrs!.n 

on rhe r{a.i Hir ts on rh. south i vot- 

II Prtnt.d at the Cov.rnEent aenrra! 

B.anch Pless, siDla India, I33?. 

cobp.nd !u! o. t.drcrnal pl,ntsi 

Pakietan Council 6e S.rentiirc a.d 

iDduBtri.! ReEearch, p.Ehar.r, 19?9. 

The Paki3trn Tirer 

Rats.Iplndl, Y.y 4, 1983, 

.{po.obriar. Techn6to€v. pcob!e!e and 

Pro'isesi D.voIopD.nL cenr.e of Lh. 

:::::::,i3;,:,"Dev.roPoenL,Pe!rs, 

Baio. ,.d pard:3trn, Quotei l.aE 

rbasia Kohtsra. { adiior |ruha&lari 

Palv.sh Shah€en, Shuaib Sons 

9ubi!she.3 enri 3ook alil.rs !rnrora 

Sqrr, 1983 

.oon.rative !rtensi.n rro.n, -:h.ca, 

Coraell i-nirersi:"r Ples€, r,.I., r96 i, 

!q!i--!!p-l-q=:l!!.-{e!--je -Y!t! ani 

lJs! sola. rox \lake. InL:..ar:onal 

sac:$enro, c.| 9.18I1, lund!lea r.

690 

Rep.rt R.rsldinr Eohistan rist.ictl 

subnitted to S..vl.es strd G.n.r.I 

.\d!i!i3t.r&tl6n, 

cow.m€ni ol !l.FP, ?.s!r'ar, 

l.ch.ni2ati6r T.chn6lod' fo! 

T:oEicsl Alrt.ultu.e, lr Articl. 

PubIish6d ir App.opliate T.chnotoay 

?.oblen. ed Plooises, D.v.Iop.ent 

C€rt!. 6a oECD, Peris, F!.acer pp 

213-230, 1984, 

ixtlacriod of Plne Fib..3 !16! pi'. 

Heedres voI No: 2{32 No: 1 Pakrste' 

Courcil of Sci.ntiflc A.d ltrdu3tti.l 

ie3.a.ch, PP 4l-45, 2/!931, 

P.obre! of Ru.r1 Pakrsrrn, R.adina 

HSD/tIT-pAR! T..intnt 

cou.66 6n Plaaning in Rulai 

Dev.Iop..nt PARD P.ahar.!, Ap.iI 20 

P.uIt.w Fa.!trr in Pakrstla, ,{n 

,rrticre Publt.hea in the dail, 

Paki.ta. Tin€s, Re'stpi.di, Dece!b.! 

3, 1992. 

sne.ch at !i5rrv cd!f...nce, L.hor.i 

.\:DO orof, pcAT)i1-9,4?t.h sLi F_i/r. 

4rsi!, Irdus Pu5!icatton, 

Che!b..s, .rbdutlah Ha.oon 

+:,'i**fff+:H*:tr:ffi*r 

*E::r*--***:ts**+: 

ire: Lenruag.s rnd Racas of 

*#?::ii'.1"'"'9rr.trnsp.ess'

PhiIlppt.. lnwe!t- 

v.od Pr.g.lwatiwe coolosiri.n Fro! 

Lookint lnto th. Futurc! P!DI. 

{aDil.' Philiplir.. PP-8? (undat.d). 

Pet:olo{e o? Diorite. Fror th€ 

KohrEtan s.ouenca. Swat. I6.th 

at Plst. Sc!1., Uriwer.tty of 

Peshe'ar, PP, 131-151, 19a5. 

D'skaoitll (cr.irar ) R.Prinr.di 

(Vol-11), Uoscor, 195?, 

Bio cls T.chrolo?v, .{TDO, 

rab P.int.!E, lslro.bad {urd.red ) 

AICAF, Japan PP 76-7?, 1991 

Int.rn.diate T.chn6Io.v Buirdlnr i an 

A.ticre Publirh.d iD Irtroductror io 

apploprirte T.chtrolo4y, Edired b, 

R.J. Conadon, nOrAtE Pr.ss, taaaus. 

Lookinr tnto the Futufe, PIDI 

llatriI., !Fit1ipin.. (undated) 

i:jq!!l--l-o-E]rb.trs-!in!lE, ( rh!!d 

and co: Linl!.d, 

Raealpindl. June It, 1992 

Developoent .lpp.op!iat. 

Developlcnt Organ!.attoD 

Sun!!se Packa8e, 8-C, 

Pakircan. sope Ess.ntiar p.e 

.ond!rron Inr,.rnarional confe.eace 

on ahall.nt. of Rural D.vetogrenr in 

rhe Eigltiesi vot r;, p.oc.edlnr 

PAFD, Peshala., PP,2?5-296, t936, 

?.rs.nat rntereie' i patista! Fofesi 

rdstitut., PeshsFa! ti /n/r992 ),

694 

lech.o-.conoric stud' of vinr Pllats 

9...d or th. AEnrob:iate or 

Irt..oadirre T.chn.ro4v, R.Poit 

sub.ttted to GovelM.at of Pakirt.r. 

,r gr3t6r? of S.i.n . lnd T.chn.lo€Y 

e4d--gnE!E-i3--G.!!r&l--!!i-4, 

study C.Dt.e (CA), Printint ^!.. 

c6lpo.at1o. ol Frontier Ltrit6d, 

Indurt.i.I Estatc Pc.h.s.., 199t. 

Poritica rnd th. strres of cr6wrh, 

CaDbridt. Uniwelsitt P.ess, LoDdon, 

N. r{. t941, 

EconoEic pev.roln.at for y,\. 

Econorica stud.nt3. i{.r B60& Pafac., 

Uldu Baraf, Lalore. lvndat.d) 

Econ6Eic Pr.nninc. N.* Book P.l.ce 

uidu Baza!, Lanore, (uodat.d). 

Stral1 is B..uttlu1. Econoli.s a3 if 

Peopr€ lait.red, ga!p.. and Ro,. Ne, 

Il+I-r4-us j-or---!-f !-E e.t!llj.|.t! 

Subritted to P aDd D Divis!6n, covt. 

ol Patist.n, Isl,uabad, r9?3. 

:{on Conv.ntrorar sources of En.rr! 

Pubtished i. th. DiEr!icr Rural 

E!.ray Pla.lidE of Pakisrani PrRD 

Pesh.r.!, PP. 8l-9r, 1933. 

Kufaiti chohla, Pekisra. Council of 

:\ppr.p.iate lechnol6gr, i6tanabad, 

pe.i.n and Cotrrt:nction 6f Eio-!as 

Pra.t. sit. s.recrion. Dir.ste. 

Gas Holde. Exp.rt oe.iina on Bio-Eas '.d 

Te.hn.Iogy Santkoi, Thailard, 19i8_ 

abasin ll6nist,n, shuaib s6ns 

Publi.he.s and 866k S.11els, cT 

Rord, Yingo.a Slat, I983.

.rrp..bria!e technororv D.v.lopp..r - 

Ie!4l!t lillj.;liscns3, ATDo 

{xo, PCAT), A !a!.r Read in Pa*i8tan 

rcad.ly fo. Rlraf D.velola.nt, 

Stov., iTDO {Nov PCAT, 

Pakist.n, Islarrbad. 

The !€alth of \'Lions 

(voL-II) J.lI.Dent and Soas Llrt, 

:!e!!!_e4d_Ieeeqia-!9tllr!i rest.in 

P.intlng S..vices Lrd 

cr.rr B.itai!, 1959, 

T.hlrkheli, R,r,I( Ceoro.v of I{6hrstan. Karekornfiaaalaya 

itolthern. pakiitra (Sp.ciaI 

Iss!.). voI-II. No,1. C.ntr. of 

Exc.ll€!c. in Ceoloty, Uaivelsiry of 

Rotev.roL lheel 

cultivatioa Look!tra inro the Fut.ure 

{voI-!), ?IDI, Yanila, Philippin€, 

rctiviries 6l P..noLion Aporor.irte 

Technolorv, UNIDo, 

sulde to 3asi. Denocrrcv for 

Gov.rnaent, Laho.e, 1S63. 

of Jla.hta€. lechn!ca1 arireria fo. 

.he Seiection Jf tood iiorkiig 

YachineE, UNIDo, vienn6, 

1991, 

Dweinr and Cheotcal Technotorw ol 

lexrile Fib.!s, 3!d Editt.., Butter 

and t.nner Lrd, Lo^dod, UK, 1961. 

Yo' conventional t.r.tahl. OiIs 

ts6r.!s 3oo& S.rvlce, \er D.lhi, 

1991. 

3a3tc p.roc.acies. pisr!ic. 

Adn!trr steEtron a^d p.vetobnert 

Kiybc. yaiL Press, Peshasa., i930,

694 

techinrcal c.lc.ria for rhe 

ff#--- 91-4*_11@ 

!!ehl,oc, 

and Rurdl Tc.hnology Div:3ion, pcstR! 

Pe.hara! {undated l. 

:$rFPP.ovi^ceG'zet!e!3'I{az'.. 

Distric t, 13?3, 

0t..ci.o.ar. of Archives, 6ov.!uen! 

of N{FP,P.sharar, r990, 

Pro i.ct tp!.aisal Pape. p.esenred 

in Tlaining/Course of Planning !n 

RurEl Devcloprent, PARD p..ha,.r, 

PLrrninr fo. fu!l.r.nrati6n. pape! 

P..r.nted !n Tr!inin6/Course 6f 

!Ilnnitrg ia Rr.:l !.velopr.nt, -iARD 

DevelopEent Pro r.ct, 

Pr.srerted in rsian a.d 

Dew.Iop&ent rdrini3tr'tion 

iu,la Lanlu!, ! 97?. 

::o,!ct: !an.reoenl rLrh F6cuE on 

:f, :..inirg/Cou.se of ?lanniDr in 

Pfoi.c: J:cI., ?ap.. pr.sse,t€d in 

:5e::airlng/Cours. ot 91abo!nr in 

:;;;l Deretoentrt, Pesna,a. P.{iD, 

Sranch, Pakistaa

ifuifii{€:trf;#'f'#i7

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