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excellent physical conditions (Evans 1989). By 1979, no seabirds were breeding successfully on Desecheo (Cardona and Rivera 1988). The monkeys also consume the wood pulp of the Almácigo tree Bursera simaruba (Evans 1989). Introduced black rats, feral cats, trespassing humans, and the feral goats all could have significant negative impacts. Rats can cause significant damage to some plants, populations of the smaller ground nesting seabirds, and other small sized wildlife, especially lizards and small birds (Shaffner et al., 1993). Apparently the goats destroy the plants of the island, knocking over the Sebucán cactus Chepalocereus royenii and the tree-cactus Opuntia moniliformis, using them either for food or water resource. There is evidence of extensive goat damage to the populations of Opuntia dillenii (Breckon 1995). Breckon (2000) reports “the 59 plant species assumed extirpated represent 37% of the island’s flora”. Also, rapid erosion is occurring on all steep slopes, most ridge tops have little vegetation except for mature trees and no seedling were observed (Earsom, 2000). This can be the result of goats feeding on these areas. Breckon (1995) on his letter about goats on Desecheo report “it is rapidly becoming a serious problem directly affecting the survival of the vegetation on Desecheo Island”. The large numbers of illegal aliens stopping at Desecheo from the Dominican Republic are a major concern, because they spend days on the Island with no food or water and the seabird nests are easily accessible, making eggs and chicks highly vulnerable (Shaffner et al 1993). Conservation Recommendations: 1. Eradication of exotic animals of the Island that affect native wildlife. Prepare and implement a goat and rhesus monkeys eradication plan for the island. Degradation of the flora is expected to continue unless the exotic animals are eliminated (Breckon 2000). 2. Establishment of a marine protected area to maintain the condition of Desecheo coral reefs (ReefKeeper International and Comité ProFondo Marino de Desecheo 1997). 3. Install erosion control structures on the western slopes near the helipad and begin reforestation (Earsom 2000). 4. Establish several long-term vegetation monitoring plots to track changes in biomass and species abundance during and after goat removal (Earsom 2000). References: Breckon, G.J. 1995. Letter to J. P. Oland, Field Supervisor, USFWS, Caribbean Field Office. December 12, 1995. Breckon, G.J. 2000. Revision of the Flora of Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci. Vol 36: 177-209. Danforth, S. T. 1931. 15, 000 Brown boobies at Desecheo Island. Puerto Rico Ornithological Records. J. Dept. Agric. P. R. 15: 88-89. Earsom, S. D. 2000. Memorandum to Val Urban CINWRC Project Leader. Caribbean Islands NWR Complex August 04, 2000. Evans,, M. A. 1989. Ecology and removal of introduced Rhesus monkeys: Desecheo Island National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico. PRHSJ Vol. 8 No. 1. pp 139-156. 302
Meier, A. J.; R.E. Noble, and H.A. Raffaele. 1989. The Birds of Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico, including a new record for Puerto Rican Territory. Carib. J. Sci., Vol. 24: 24-29. Meier, A. J. and R. E. Noble. 1990. A Range Extension for Mabuya mabouya Lacépede (Reptilia: Lacertilia) to Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci., Vol. 26: 66-67. Morrison, J.A. 1970. Letter to the Director, Oklahoma Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. Rhesus monkey depredation on sea bird nests at Desecheo I., Puerto Rico. August 7, 1970. Shaffner, F.; K. Foot; F. López; D. Corales; J. Saliva, J. Oland and S. Rice. 1993. February visit to Desecheo. Internal Memorandum. USFWS. 17 pp. ReefKeeper International and Comité ProFondo Marino de Desecheo. 1997. Desecheo’s reefs Virtually Pristine. Desecheo ReefMonitor Update. A join effort of ReefKeeper International and the Comité Pro Fondo Marino de Desecheo to protect Desecheo’s Island coral reefs. 2 pp. ReefKeeper International. 1999. Draft: Commonwealth Marine Natural Reserve Site Nomination. Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico. Nominated by ReefKeeper International. Operation Center, Miami, Florida. 7 pp. Wetmore, A. 1918. The Birds of Desecheo Island, Porto Rico. Vol. XXXV. Pp. 333-340. 303
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Puerto Rico Critical Wildlife Areas
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19) Larga Beach and Zoní Lagoon, C
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67) Monito Island ……………
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Dedicatory We honor to dedicate thi
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Introduction After twenty years fro
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Department of Natural and Environme
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collaris, American Wigeon A. americ
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Villanueva, E., L. J. Rivera-Herrer
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Birds in the Fort Buchanan Pond The
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designated a Natural Reserve in 197
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in the waters that enter through th
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4- Barrio Borinquen, Trujillo Alto
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5- Baja Swamp and Herrera River Mou
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6- Ensenada Comezón and Espíritu
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Echinodermata: Sea Urchin Eucidaris
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7- Río Mar, Street # 968, Río Gra
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Puerto Rican Lizard cuckoo Saurothe
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9- San Miguel, Las Paulinas and El
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From the 18 km. of monitored areas,
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10- Laguna Grande, Laguna Aguas Pri
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11- Fajardo Coastline, Fajardo, Pue
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Virgin Islands boa Epicrates monens
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13- Flamenco Peninsula, Culebra Isl
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Threats: The development of recreat
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16- Resaca Mountain, Culebra, Puert
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Hall, K. V. and A. D. Tucker. 1985.
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References: Aponte Pagán, M. 1981.
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The mangroves of Puerto Del Manglar
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23- Cementerio Bay, Culebra, Puerto
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Slippery-backed mabuya Mabuya mabou
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Mammals The seagrass beds in the we
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Birds at Playa Grande Lagoon Forty
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26- Ensenada Honda Mangrove, Vieque
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27- Yanuel Lagoon, Vieques Island S
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28- Chiva Swamp, Vieques Island Sou
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References Raffaele, H. A. 1972. Se
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30- Ferro Bay, Mosquito Bay, and So
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Seliger, H. 2001. Bioluminescence i
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105
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Conservation Recommendations: Becau
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109
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squatarola, Whimbrel Numenius phaeo
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113
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33- Ceiba State Forest, Fajardo, Ce
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117
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34- Humacao Natural Reserve, Humaca
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Crustaceans Callinectes marginatus,
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123
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35- Pandura Mountain Range, Yabucoa
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Valenciano Project Area, Juncos, Pu
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129
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Conservation Recommendations: The m
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133
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Birds Forty eight bird species have
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38- Cerro El Gato and Associated Ar
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141
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39- Cidra Lake, Cidra, Puerto Rico
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145
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40- Aguirre State Forest, Punta Poz
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crowned pigeon Patagioenas leucocep
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Tarpon snook Centropomus pectinatus
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Coastal Resource Management. 1983.
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D. petechia, Northern Waterthrush S
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Northern parula Parula americana, B
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noveboracensis, Royal tern Sterna m
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Threats: There is a high pressure f
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Birds in Berbería Cay Thirteen bir
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46- Serrallés Lagoons Complex, Jua
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47- Toro Negro State Forest, Ciales
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Conservation Recommendations: Manag
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semipalmatus, Short-billed dowitche
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Patagioenas squamosa, Mangrove cuck
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50- Punta Verraco, Cerro Toro and P
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197
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51- Guayanilla Hills, Guayanilla, P
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201
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52- Guánica Lagoon, Guánica-Lajas
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acuta, Green-winged teal A. crecca,
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Guánica Lagoon Map obtained from M
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Cave swallow Petrochelidon fulva, C
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54- San Jacinto Salt Flats and Tama
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55- Susúa State Forest and Adjacen
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56- La Parguera Natural Reserve, La
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associated with tourism is destroyi
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ecause of its historic importance f
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In 1995, the USFWS initiated a chal
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58- Boquerón State Forest, Lajas,
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Fish A study of fish abundance real
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59- Boquerón Wildlife Refuge, Cabo
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Antillean Grackle Quiscalus niger,
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245
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60- Cabo Rojo Salt Flats and Adjace
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Conservation Recommendations: Buffe
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Page 261 and 262: Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleu
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Page 271 and 272: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad
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Page 275 and 276: sandpiper C. pusilla, Royal tern St
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Page 281 and 282: Ownership/Protection: The Maricao S
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Page 287 and 288: Advisory Council on Historic Preser
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Page 295 and 296: 67- Monito Island, Puerto Rico Area
Page 297 and 298: Morales, D. 1985. Documento de Desi
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Page 301 and 302: In addition to protecting water qua
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Page 305 and 306: Conservation Recommendations: The C
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Page 309: Scaly-naped pigeon Patagioenas squa
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Page 321 and 322: Wildlife: Birds Fifty seven bird sp
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Page 329 and 330: 75- Barrio Cocos and Bellaca Creek,
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Page 337 and 338: Amphibians White-lipped frog Leptod
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Page 341 and 342: Wildlife: With one hundred and nine
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Page 349 and 350: Prairie warbler D. discolor, Ovenbi
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Page 355 and 356: Amphibians Antillean coqui Eleuther
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Wildlife: Birds at Tortuguero Lagoo
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Grana Raffuci, F. A. 2000. Letter t
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tanager Spindalis portoricensis, Ye
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83- Vega State Forest, Vega Baja-Ve
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84- Lakes and Forests of Dorado, Do
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85- Mogotes Río Lajas and Nevárez
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References: None available 377
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87- San Pedro Swamp, Toa Baja Area
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_____.2004. NPL Listing History. EP
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