The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality
The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality
The Classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality
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113<br />
Tournadre: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Classical</strong> <strong>Tibetan</strong> <strong>cases</strong><br />
d) postposition<br />
ཐོག་ནས་ thog+nas ‘from the top of, on’, ནང་ནས་ nang+nas ‘from inside, among’, སྒང་ནས་ sgang+nas<br />
‘from above’, སྟེང་ནས་ steng+nas ‘from above’, འོག་ནས་’og+nas ‘from under’. <strong>The</strong>se postpositions<br />
are derived from nouns ཐོག་ thog ‘roof ’, སྒང་ sgang ‘hill’, སྟེང་ steng ‘upper part’, འོག ’og ‘base’, ནང་<br />
nang ‘inside’.<br />
Associative (དང་ DANG):<br />
A. functions: a) case functions (after nouns): associative (‘with’, ‘against’) <strong>and</strong> coordinative<br />
for nouns <strong>and</strong> adjectives (‘<strong>and</strong>’). b) connective functions (after verbs): together with the<br />
nominalizer BA or its allomorph PA (ba+dang/pa+dang), ‘as soon as’ or ‘<strong>and</strong>’ (connector for<br />
verbs). [c), d) no function] e) verb imperative particle.<br />
B. illustrations:<br />
a1) Associative ‘with’<br />
བླ་མ་དང་མཇལ་ blama+dang mjal ‘to meet the lama (litt. to meet with the lama)’,<br />
ང་ཨ་མ་དང་ཡུད་ཙམ་ཞིག་འཕྲད། nga ama+dang yud+tsam zhig ’phrad ‘I will meet my mother just for a<br />
short while.’, འོ་ན་ངས་མར་པ་དང་སྤྲད་ཀྱིས། ’ona nga+s marpa+dang sprad+kyis ‘Well, I will introduce you<br />
to Marpa.’.<br />
a2) Noun or NP connective<br />
རི་དང་ཆུ་ ་ri+dang chu ‘moutains <strong>and</strong> rivers’, མེ་དང་རླུང་ ་me+dang rlung ‘fire <strong>and</strong> air’.<br />
b.1) Clause Connective (after a nominalized verb)<br />
བྱ་རྒོད་འཕྱི་བ་ཁུར་བ་དང༌། སྲམ་གྱིས་འུག་པ་མཆོད་ལ་ལྟོས། byargod ’phyiba khur+ba+dang sram+gyis ’ugpa mchod+la<br />
ltos. ‘Look at the way vultures carry marmots <strong>and</strong> otters make offering to owls.’.<br />
b2) Temporal connective.<br />
ཉི་མ་ཤར་བ་དང༌། པད་མ་རྣམས་ཁ་ཕྱེ་བར་འགྱུར། nyima shar+ba+dang padma+rnams kha phye ba+r ’gyur ‘As<br />
soon as the sun rises, the lotus flowers opens up.’.<br />
[c), d) : no function]<br />
e) Imperative particle<br />
ལྷ་མོ་དྲང་པོར་སྨྲོས་དང་། lhamo drangpo+r smros+dang ‘Goddess, please speak frankly!’.<br />
Comparative (བས་ BAS):<br />
A. functions: a) case function: comparative. b) connective functions (after verbs): together<br />
with the nominalizer BA (ba+pas/bas ) ‘rather than’.<br />
B. illustrations:<br />
a) Comparative<br />
ཙན་དན་གསེར་བས་རིན་ཆེ་བ་ ts<strong>and</strong>an gser+bas [gold+CMP] rin cheba ‘S<strong>and</strong>al wood is more precious<br />
that gold.’, གླང་པོ་ཆེ་བས་སྟོབས་ཆེ ་བ་ཞིག་ glangpoche+bas་[elephant +CMP] stobs cheba zhig ‘a (man)<br />
stronger than an elephant’.
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