“VITAL AND NON VITAL CENTERS OF PONS AND MEDULLA”

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• Baroreceptors act immediately as part of a negative feedback system called the baroreflex. • as soon as there is a change from the usual blood pressure mean arterial blood pressure, returning the pressure to a normal level. • They are an example of a short-term blood pressure regulation mechanism. • Baroreceptors detect the amount of stretch of the blood vessel walls. • and send the signal to the nervous system in response to this stretch • “VASOMOTOR NERVES” • collection of nerve cells in the medulla oblongata that receives information from sensory receptors in the circulatory system and brings about reflex changes in the rate of the heartbeat and in the diameter of blood vessels, so that the blood pressure can be adjusted. • The vasomotor centre also receives impulses from elsewhere in the brain, so that emotion (such as fear) may also influence the heart rate and blood pressure. • The centre works through vasomotor nerves of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. • The nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla oblongata recognizes changes in the firing rate of action potentials from the baroreceptors, and influences cardiac output and systemic
vascular resistance through changes in the autonomic nervous system. • Baroreceptors can be divided into two categories: high-pressure arterial baroreceptors and low-pressure baroreceptors (also known as cardiopulmonary or volume receptors • If blood pressure falls, such as in hypovolaemic shock, baroreceptor firing rate decreases. • Signals from the carotid baroreceptors are sent via the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX). • Signals from the aortic baroreceptors travel through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). • If the arterial pressure is severely lowered, the baroreflex is activated . • “ARTERIAL BARORECEPTORS” • Arterial baroreceptors are present in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses of the left and right internal carotid arteries. • The baroreceptors found within the aortic arch enable the examination of the blood being delivered to all the blood vessels via the systemic circuit. • the baroreceptors within the carotid arteries monitor the blood pressure of the blood being delivered to the brain. • “BARORECEPTOR CLASSIFICATION”
Page 1 and 2: “VITAL AND NON VITAL CENTERS OF P
Page 3 and 4: “CONTROL OF VENTILATION (CONTROL
Page 5 and 6: “DETERMINANTS OF VENTILATORY RATE
Page 7: • The cardiovascular centre is a
Page 11 and 12: • or else it would have an onset
Page 13 and 14: • on the basis of case reports an

“VITAL AND NON VITAL CENTERS OF PONS AND MEDULLA”

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