the fantastic inventions of nikola tesla - Exopolitics Hong Kong

loss in dry air, one must come to such a conclusion. When the potential of the sphere, instead of being steady, is
alternating, the conditions are entirely different. In this case a rhythmical bombardment occurs, no matter whether
the molecules after coming in contact with the sphere lose the imparted charge or not; what is more, if the charge is
not lost, the impacts are only the more violent. Still if the frequency of the impulses be very small, the loss caused
by the impacts and collisions would not be serious unless the potential were excessive. But when extremely high
frequencies and more or less high potentials are used, the loss may be very great. The total energy lost per unit of
time is proportionate to the product of the number of impacts per second, or the frequency and the energy lost in
each impact. But the energy of an impact must be proportionate to the square of the electric density of the sphere,
since the charge imparted to the molecule is proportionate to that density. I conclude from this that the total energy
lost must be proportionate to the product of the frequency and the square of the electric density ; but this law needs
experimental confirmation. Assuming the preceding considerations to be true, then, by rapidly alternating the
potential of a body immersed in an insulating gaseous medium, any amount of energy may be dissipated into space.
Most of that energy then, I believe, is not dissipated in the form of long ether waves, propagated to considerable
distance, as is thought most generally, but is consumed—in the case of an insulated 'sphere, for example—in
impact and collisional losses—that is, heat violations—on the surface and in the vicinity of the sphere. To reduce
the dissipation it is necessary to work with a small electric density— the smaller the higher the frequency.
But since, on the assumption before made, the loss is diminished with the square of the density, and since currents
of very high frequencies involve considerable waste when transmitted through conductors, it follows that, on the
whole, it is better to employ one wire than two. Therefore, if motors, lamps, or devices of any kind are perfected,
capable of being advantageously operated by currents of extremely high frequency, economical reasons will make
it advisable to use only one wire, especially if the distances are great.
When energy is absorbed in a condenser the same behaves as though its capacity were increased. Absorption
always exists more or less, but generally it is small and of no consequence as long as the frequencies are not very
great. In using extremely high frequencies, and, necessarily in such case, also high potentials, the absorption— or,
what is here meant more particularly by this term, the loss of energy due to the presence of a gaseous medium—is
an important factor to be considered, as the energy absorbed in the air condenser may be any fraction of the
supplied energy. This would seem to make it very difficult to tell from the measured or computed capacity of an air
condenser its actual capacity or vibration period, especially if the condenser is of very small surface and is charged
to a very high potential. As many important results are dependent upon the correctness of the estimation of the
vibration period, this subject demands the most careful scrutiny of other investigators. To reduce the probable error
as much as possible in experiments of the kind alluded to, it is advisable to use spheres or plates of large surface, so
as to make the density exceedingly small. Otherwise, when it is practicable, an oil condenser should be used in
preference. In oil or other liquid dielectrics there are seemingly no such losses as in gaseous media. It being
impossible to exclude entirely the gas in condensers with solid dielectrics, such condensers should be immersed in
oil, for economical reasons if nothing else; they can then be strained to the utmost and will remain cool. In Leyden
jars the loss due to air is comparatively small, as the tinfoil coatings are large, close together, and the charged
surfaces not directly exposed; but when the potentials are very high, the loss may be more or less considerable at,
or near, the upper edge of the foil, where the air is principally acted upon. If the jar be immersed in boiled-out oil, it
will be capable of performing four times the amount of work which it can for any length of time when used in the
ordinary way, and the loss will be inappreciable.
It should not be thought that the loss in heat in an air condenser is necessarily associated with the formation of
visible streams or brushes. If a small electrode, inclosed in an unexhausted bulb, is connected to one of the terminals
of the coil, streams can be seen to issue from the electrode and the air in the bulb is heated; if, instead of a
small electrode, a large sphere is inclosed in the bulb, no streams are observed, still the air is heated.
Nor should it be thought that the temperature of an air condenser would give even an approximate idea of the loss
in heat incurred, as in such case heat must be given off much more quickly, since there is, in addition to the
ordinary radiation, a very active carrying away of heat by independent carriers going on, and since not only the apparatus,
but the air at some distance from it is heated in consequence of the collisions which must occur.
Owing to this, in experiments with such a coil, a rise of temperature can be distinctly observed only when the body
connected to the coil is very small. But with apparatus on a larger scale, even a body of considerable bulk would be
heated, as, for instance, the body of a person ; and I think that skilled physicians might make observations of utility
in such experiments, which, if the apparatus were judiciously designed, would not present the slightest danger.
A question of some interest, principally to meteorologists, presents itself here. How does the earth behave? The
earth is an air condenser, but is it a perfect or a very imperfect one—a mere sink of energy? There can be little