READINGS OF GUSTAVE COURBET MARK EDWIN SOUNESS A ...

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VI Champfleury: the order of social reform and physiognomical representation as ‘history’: 166 VII The Party of Order: the context in which Champfleury’s views were circulated and consumed: 183 VIII Conclusion: 193 Chapter Three: Caricature and Social Evolution during the Second Empire I Introduction: 195 II Caricature, physiognomy and portraiture as physical and moral reform: 199 III Social leadership through caricature: allegory and history in the Atelier du peintre: 218 IV Social leadership through caricature: antiquity and history in the Atelier du peintre: 236 V Eclecticism: the context in which Champfleury’s views were circulated and consumed: 247 VI Conclusion: 263 Chapter Four: Anti-Idealism and Biology in the Second Empire I Introduction: 265 II Positivism and the ‘negation of the ideal’: 269 III Anti-idealism, history, ‘synthesis’ and the ‘concrete’: 276 IV Anti-idealism and biology: 283 V Anti-idealism, physiognomy and caricature: 302 VI Orleanism in opposition: the context in which Courbet’s views were circulated and consumed: 315 VII Conclusion: 320 5
Chapter Five: Positivist Idealism: Social Reform and Universal Materiality I Introduction: 322 II Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: positivist idealism and social reform: 325 III The Enterrement à Ornans and ‘this hideous sore of modern immorality’: 334 IV History and the ‘shameful destitution’ of juste milieu in the Paysans de Flagey revenant de la foire: 339 V ‘Physiological beauty’ and revolution in the Fileuse endormie: 347 VI The Curés revenant de la conférence: no room for the soul in this ‘density of flesh’: 361 VII Presenting peaceful socialism to middle-class society: the context in which Proudhon’s views were circulated and consumed: 369 VIII Camille Lemonnier: positivist idealism, universal materiality and Courbet’s failure as a naturalist: 375 IX The ‘ideal of well-being’ and Courbet’s success as a positivist: 381 X Biological nature and ‘the universality of things’: 386 XI Animality, physical appetite and ‘the ideal of stoutness’: 389 XII The physiology of observation and execution: 395 XIII The market for luxury books: the context in which Lemonnier’s views were circulated and consumed: 399 XIV Conclusion: 404 Conclusion: 406 Bibliography: 417 Figures: 435 6
Page 1 and 2: A STUDY IN POSITIVISM AND PHYSIOLOG
Page 3 and 4: sincere gratitude to Steven Adams,
Page 5: List of figures: 7 Introduction: 10
Page 9 and 10: Figure 14. Jean-François Millet, L
Page 11 and 12: Introduction This thesis explores s
Page 13 and 14: works expressed a strong desire to
Page 15 and 16: significant recognition in the Salo
Page 17 and 18: of nature, not politics. 8 Lemonnie
Page 19 and 20: positivism was effected by James He
Page 21 and 22: paintings of his homeland in the Fr
Page 23 and 24: methodology of this thesis is infor
Page 25 and 26: which they did it, and whether or n
Page 27 and 28: milieux upon their physical and mor
Page 29 and 30: expressions of the primary influenc
Page 31 and 32: teleological process in which manki
Page 33 and 34: examines these roles in the very di
Page 35 and 36: various strands of positivism, and
Page 37 and 38: this kind are able to reform societ
Page 39 and 40: which a beautiful and ideal society
Page 41 and 42: eversal of this oppressive order po
Page 43 and 44: the people get to see the work of a
Page 45 and 46: sentiment. 30 With the potential to
Page 47 and 48: In Hawke‟s opinion, this process
Page 49 and 50: a „great sculptor of religious se
Page 51 and 52: society as an intrinsically biologi
Page 53 and 54: heralding for the sake of human pro
Page 55 and 56: legend closely associated with him
Page 57 and 58:
government and proposed a complete
Page 59 and 60:
months of the revolution, there wer
Page 61 and 62:
eveals just how serious he consider
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article publicised the exhibition o
Page 65 and 66:
in Courbet‟s work the promise of
Page 67 and 68:
of the Franche-Comté, particularly
Page 69 and 70:
Much of the medical science and soc
Page 71 and 72:
subjects represented, and, by claim
Page 73 and 74:
figures, exposing their degeneracy
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philosopher claims that man is an i
Page 77 and 78:
For Comte, art and physiognomical r
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V: Peaceful and violent socialism:
Page 81 and 82:
encourages debate and discussion ra
Page 83 and 84:
the current era. 151 They believe i
Page 85 and 86:
for the plight suffered by the elde
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was pleased to find Viard, who „s
Page 89 and 90:
VI: Francis Wey: physiognomical rep
Page 91 and 92:
flesh was suntanned and sweaty; his
Page 93 and 94:
physical and moral dimensions of ex
Page 95 and 96:
the details of the theatre of this
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science of society was developed in
Page 99 and 100:
and biological character of his con
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Mouton notes that Wey‟s physiogno
Page 103 and 104:
VII: Moderate republicanism, nepoti
Page 105 and 106:
privileged position was threatened
Page 107 and 108:
suspension of eleven newspapers on
Page 109 and 110:
Clearly, then, Wey‟s novel was pu
Page 111 and 112:
to fight for social equality and ju
Page 113 and 114:
appearance of people, but often use
Page 115 and 116:
II: Alfred Dauger: the acceptable l
Page 117 and 118:
and stately events - as a work of b
Page 119 and 120:
evaluating its moral condition acco
Page 121 and 122:
How, in Dauger‟s view, does Courb
Page 123 and 124:
duty to highlight the dignity that
Page 125 and 126:
artist‟s talent is misguided, ado
Page 127 and 128:
says, Millet is an unpretentious ne
Page 129 and 130:
However, Dauger does not support al
Page 131 and 132:
members of this social group adopte
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Assembly is charged. 54 Only in thi
Page 135 and 136:
declaring the need to maintain soci
Page 137 and 138:
overthrow the existing order throug
Page 139 and 140:
ourgeois art criticism and politica
Page 141 and 142:
critics like Dauger, if Le Nouëne
Page 143 and 144:
IV: Louis de Geofroy: the unaccepta
Page 145 and 146:
form of history painting, which is
Page 147 and 148:
eventually, if this school continue
Page 149 and 150:
earth, these so-called liberators,
Page 151 and 152:
socialism as a threat to the entire
Page 153 and 154:
and customs, and form part the fabr
Page 155 and 156:
the Enterrement à Ornans - two ver
Page 157 and 158:
and unsavoury urchin,‟ confirms t
Page 159 and 160:
V: Orleanism and social order: the
Page 161 and 162:
supported the fallen monarchy and w
Page 163 and 164:
conservative royalist journals, urg
Page 165 and 166:
schemers. 149 De Broglie refers to
Page 167 and 168:
VI: Champfleury: the order of socia
Page 169 and 170:
accorded such importance. 158 Other
Page 171 and 172:
over their agreement to appear in t
Page 173 and 174:
is a widespread fear of socialism,
Page 175 and 176:
society because its expression of c
Page 177 and 178:
Champfleury begins to present the E
Page 179 and 180:
predictable evolutionary processes.
Page 181 and 182:
What countenance can retain its bea
Page 183 and 184:
conviction. 198 This seriousness an
Page 185 and 186:
The newspaper‟s declaration of pr
Page 187 and 188:
But, why did Champfleury attempt to
Page 189 and 190:
Champfleury was himself associated
Page 191 and 192:
country from the threat of socialis
Page 193 and 194:
this title with pleasure; I am not
Page 195 and 196:
work throughout large conservative
Page 197 and 198:
improvement was thought to be evide
Page 199 and 200:
artist himself, the roots of these
Page 201 and 202:
esponded to criticism in the press
Page 203 and 204:
and labeled, insisting that titles
Page 205 and 206:
Champfleury maintains that the inti
Page 207 and 208:
ultimately consolidating, the human
Page 209 and 210:
painting are observed closely and r
Page 211 and 212:
Lavater‟s principles largely char
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omantic section of French society.
Page 215 and 216:
viewer immediately senses that the
Page 217 and 218:
these two texts shortly. Firstly, h
Page 219 and 220:
III: Social leadership through cari
Page 221 and 222:
mid-nineteenth-century France and p
Page 223 and 224:
of the figures in his letter, she c
Page 225 and 226:
ancient times. Through this intende
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processional pairing of oxen. 84 An
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three great epochs that Comte calls
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Comte advocates positivism as the e
Page 233 and 234:
physiology, the aesthetic faculty i
Page 235 and 236:
We can now see that there was a fir
Page 237 and 238:
IV: Social leadership through caric
Page 239 and 240:
Champfleury took so much notice of
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caricature . . . through its precis
Page 243 and 244:
their work, Aristotle and Pliny the
Page 245 and 246:
it. We have seen that archaeologica
Page 247 and 248:
theme of independent freedom was cr
Page 249 and 250:
Champfleury‟s article Du Réalism
Page 251 and 252:
through his appointment as director
Page 253 and 254:
supported an artist who challenged
Page 255 and 256:
on positivist rather than political
Page 257 and 258:
ecause he portrays human nature its
Page 259 and 260:
Histoire de la caricature antique w
Page 261 and 262:
content of these brochures was very
Page 263 and 264:
eyond France; he was the owner and
Page 265 and 266:
the Second Empire regime, and negot
Page 267 and 268:
hypocrisy of controlling interests
Page 269 and 270:
a discernible impact upon Courbet
Page 271 and 272:
Among these events was an exhibitio
Page 273 and 274:
absolutes: pagan deities and the Ju
Page 275 and 276:
evealed in the last chapter of this
Page 277 and 278:
III: Anti-idealism, history, ‘syn
Page 279 and 280:
Here, Courbet expresses views compa
Page 281 and 282:
it be drawing, colour, composition,
Page 283 and 284:
must be reflected in representation
Page 285 and 286:
from the sexual excitement of these
Page 287 and 288:
in operation when the stags fight i
Page 289 and 290:
easily matches that of a racing hor
Page 291 and 292:
a mathematical curve,‟ in order t
Page 293 and 294:
considered highly anti-religious, a
Page 295 and 296:
pattern of social development is id
Page 297 and 298:
famous physiologist Pierre-Jean-Geo
Page 299 and 300:
Courbet was aware of Comte‟s work
Page 301 and 302:
preserved reptiles lined the shelve
Page 303 and 304:
V: Anti-idealism, physiognomy and c
Page 305 and 306:
service of religion and thereby per
Page 307 and 308:
irony‟ - a „visual rhetoric [th
Page 309 and 310:
servant who has „the eye of a bas
Page 311 and 312:
The conference discussions begin af
Page 313 and 314:
ight, a member of the group and dem
Page 315 and 316:
Through the pamphlet and the carica
Page 317 and 318:
The transcript for the speech and t
Page 319 and 320:
of a political article by him found
Page 321 and 322:
VII: Conclusion Having further exte
Page 323 and 324:
I: Introduction Chapter Five Positi
Page 325 and 326:
This chapter explores further a cen
Page 327 and 328:
the medical theories such as physio
Page 329 and 330:
What are the means through which Co
Page 331 and 332:
day by day, not from types conceive
Page 333 and 334:
understand how to become interested
Page 335 and 336:
III: The Enterrement à Ornans and
Page 337 and 338:
this general degeneracy in the esse
Page 339 and 340:
artists of the past and present, an
Page 341 and 342:
which he means that it reveals the
Page 343 and 344:
produced something more like a phot
Page 345 and 346:
in, and the kind of society that ha
Page 347 and 348:
Proudhon then builds his reading of
Page 349 and 350:
physiological appearance and its in
Page 351 and 352:
from their materiality, highlightin
Page 353 and 354:
him to „mount.‟ 83 The idea of
Page 355 and 356:
action enabled them to fulfill thei
Page 357 and 358:
satisfies and contains the sexual i
Page 359 and 360:
moved by an internal attraction tow
Page 361 and 362:
undertakes her arduous tasks. 116 T
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enefits of self-reflexive or scient
Page 365 and 366:
intense portrayal of physical and m
Page 367 and 368:
fulminating the anathema, no salvat
Page 369 and 370:
himself, a symbol of the positivist
Page 371 and 372:
the philosopher‟s notorious work
Page 373 and 374:
socialism.‟ 152 This, they argued
Page 375 and 376:
emained committed to the production
Page 377 and 378:
the type within the individual and
Page 379 and 380:
extravagant, thick, vigorous withou
Page 381 and 382:
thinks nor a soul that suffers.‟
Page 383 and 384:
writer evaluates the artist‟s cer
Page 385 and 386:
Lemonnier‟s writing directly expr
Page 387 and 388:
X: Biological nature and ‘the uni
Page 389 and 390:
imaginative and philosophical thoug
Page 391 and 392:
„ideal of stoutness.‟ 207 This
Page 393 and 394:
of flesh,‟ they are creatures of
Page 395 and 396:
uffles of feathers and streaks of b
Page 397 and 398:
Figure 40]. 229 The dense materiali
Page 399 and 400:
from the brain.‟ 237 He maintains
Page 401 and 402:
commodified as a heroic element wit
Page 403 and 404:
also in step with the ways in which
Page 405 and 406:
XIV: Conclusion This final chapter
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Conclusion How has this thesis enab
Page 409 and 410:
Pursuing these three interconnected
Page 411 and 412:
secondly, that the nature of social
Page 413 and 414:
eing ‘read’ as products of thei
Page 415 and 416:
their source in the human physiolog
Page 417 and 418:
political ideas were expressed, deb
Page 419 and 420:
Castagnary, Jules-Antoine: Philosop
Page 421 and 422:
Courbet, Gustave: Exposition des oe
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Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph: Qu’est-c
Page 425 and 426:
Bibliographie de la France. Journal
Page 427 and 428:
Collins, Irene: The Government and
Page 429 and 430:
Goldstein, Robert Justin: Censorshi
Page 431 and 432:
MacCarthy, James: „Courbet‟s Id
Page 433 and 434:
Riat,Georges: Gustave Courbet, pein
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Chartres, Musée des Beaux-Arts: Ex
Page 437 and 438:
Figure 2 Gustave Courbet, Le violon
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Figure 4 Gustave Courbet, Casseurs
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Figure 7 Gustave Courbet, Casseurs
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Figure 11 Eugène Isabey, Episode d
Page 445 and 446:
Figure 14 Jean-François Millet, Le
Page 447 and 448:
Figure 16 Joseph Palizzi, Le Retour
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Figure 19 Gustave Courbet, Baigneus
Page 451 and 452:
Figure 21 Jean Auguste Dominique In
Page 453 and 454:
Figure 23 Gustave Courbet, La renco
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Figure 26 Gustave Courbet, Le rut d
Page 457 and 458:
Figure 30 Gustave Courbet, Autre mo
Page 459 and 460:
Figure 33 Gustave Courbet, Les cur
Page 461 and 462:
Figure 35 Gustave Courbet, La remis
Page 463 and 464:
Figure 39 Peter Paul Rubens, The Th
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