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Change in total area of forest ('000 ha) 36 Coastal and marine ecosystems x 1000 hectares Figure 12: Annual Change in Forests of Asia, Excluding Oceania (FAO 2010a) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 Change in total area of forest ('000 ha) Forest area protected for biodiversity (’000 ha) Forest area protected for soil and water (’000 ha) CoAstAL AnD MARIne eCosYsteMs Primary forest change (’000 ha) Forest carbon (million tonnes) Increase in forest cover Increase in forest cover 1990-2000 2000-2010 1990-2000 Decrease in forest cover 2000-2010 1990-2000 2000-2010 Decrease in forest cover 1990-2000 2000-2010 Coastal and marine ecosystems are among the world’s most Forest area Forest area protected valuable protected natural for habitats. They provide Forest food and carbon livelihoods for for biodiversity communities soil and water throughout Asia and the Pacific, (million tonnes) as well as many other (’000 ha) valuable (’000 ecosystem ha) services upon which life depends. The vast areas of coastal and marine Primary ecosystems forestof the Asia and Pacific region are change associated with the North and South Pacific, and the Southern and (’000 ha) Indian Oceans. Fisheries and aquaculture in Asia and the Pacific play an important role in providing food security and vital income. The ocean waters of the Pacific in particular, are among the most productive and pollutionfree on Earth. They are home to the world’s largest stocks of tuna and other species that underpin much of the region’s economy (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme [SPREP] 2011). The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region has an estimated 12 million registered fishers, many of whom depend on part-time fishing for their basic livelihoods. Across six Coral Triangle countries, at least 6 million people are directly employed in primary capture fisheries or secondary production. In 2007 the capture fisheries sector in Indonesia provided employment for 2.2 million people (Asia–Pacific Fishery Commission 2010). In the Philippines, the fisheries sector provided direct and
75% In eAst AsIA ALMost 75% oF the PoPuLAtIon oF ALMost 2 BILLIon LIves In CoAstAL AReAs Coastal and marine ecosystems indirect employment to over one million people, or about 12% of the agriculture, fisheries and forestry sector workforce (Funge-Smith, Staples, and Sugiyama 2004). Unfortunately, rapid economic development and population growth are increasing pressure on the region’s coastal and marine ecosystems. In East Asia, almost 75% of the population of almost 2 billion lives in coastal areas. Coastal development, unsustainable use of coastal and marine resources, and environmental degradation have resulted in a direct loss of many major coastal habitats, including mangroves, seagrasses, wetlands, and salt marshes. As a result of these trends, much of the natural capital that stabilizes and protects coastal areas and maintains biodiversity, fish nursery habitats, and water quality has been lost. Threats from climate change and natural hazards are intensifying these concerns (Chou 2010). The global demand for fish is one of the main threats to the region’s marine resources. Overfishing and destructive fishing practices, such as cyanide and dynamite fishing, not only deplete stocks, but can also decimate marine biodiversity such as marine turtles and the marine and coastal habitats that are necessary for healthy marine ecosystems. Approximately 50% of coral reefs in Southeast Asia are at risk from such practices. In the Philippines, this figure is as high as 70%. These unsustainable practices are causing large declines in fish stocks, in some cases as much as 40% in 5 years, especially in the Gulf of Thailand and the east coast of Malaysia (Funge-Smith, Staples, and Sugiyama 2004). Global fisheries production has been declining since it peaked in the late 1980s (MEA 2005b). Most major wild-caught fisheries resources have been depleted and the increased production of fish from aquaculture is adding to pressure on coastal habitats, especially mangroves and coral reefs. Shrimp aquaculture in particular has been responsible for much of the conversion of coastal ecosystems in the Asia and Pacific region, and the economic and environmental sustainability of this development is in doubt (e.g., Mulekom et al. 2006). In 2010, the new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 was endorsed at the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Nagoya, Japan. It consists of 20 new biodiversity targets for 2020, termed the “Aichi Biodiversity Targets. One of the targets is for at least 10% of coastal and marine areas to be conserved through well-managed and well-connected systems of protected areas by 2020 and integrated into the wider seascapes. 37 37
Page 1 and 2: REPORT JUNE 2012 Ecological footpri
Page 3 and 4: Contents Foreword 5 Acknowledgement
Page 5 and 6: FoReWoRD The widespread loss of nat
Page 7 and 8: © WWF-Canon / www.ateliermamco.com
Page 9 and 10: ACknoWLeDgeMents ADB and WWF signed
Page 11 and 12: Loading harvested mangrove poles in
Page 13 and 14: 17% teRRestRIAL PRoteCteD AReAs noW
Page 15 and 16: This report highlights major initia
Page 17 and 18: Young boy holding a Bagrid catfish,
Page 19 and 20: Most of these threats stem from hum
Page 21 and 22: © James Morgan / WWF International
Page 23 and 24: The Ecological Footprint of nations
Page 25 and 26: 47% the CARBon CoMPonent RePResents
Page 27 and 28: Papua New Guinea Malaysia Biocapaci
Page 29 and 30: With tight supplies of resources, c
Page 31 and 32: © Jürgen Freund / WWF-Canon
Page 33 and 34: Figure 10: Global and Indo-Pacific
Page 35: 20% FRoM 1990 to 2010, the AReA oF
Page 39 and 40: 70% 70 PeRCent oF ALL WAteR Is Cons
Page 41 and 42: © Jun Lao
Page 43 and 44: gMs the gReAteR Mekong suBRegIon Is
Page 45 and 46: PAPUA NEW GUINEA CoRAL tRIAngLe Val
Page 47 and 48: 70% oF the 20 MAjoR RIveRs In BoRne
Page 49 and 50: Forestry provides income for rural
Page 51 and 52: 4 MILLIon theRe ARe An estIMAteD 4
Page 53 and 54: Mangroves split level. Banggi, Kuda
Page 55 and 56: 27 theRe ARe 27 sPeCIes oF MARIne M
Page 57 and 58: 50% IF CuRRent CLIMAte tRenDs ContI
Page 59 and 60: Fisherman pulling up a newly caught
Page 61 and 62: 70% thAnks to CeRtIFICAtIon, eIght
Page 63 and 64: hALtIng the DeCLIne AnD PotentIAL e
Page 65 and 66: 1,100 the Mekong Is thought to PRov
Page 67 and 68: 2011 In 2011, WWF AnD the InteRnAtI
Page 69 and 70: The magnificent tiger is the larges
Page 71 and 72: 2002 the FIRst gMs suMMIt, heLD In
Page 73 and 74: 170,000 gMs BCC PRojeCt tARgets 170
Page 75 and 76: Pak Mun dam, Ubon Ratchathani Provi
Page 77 and 78: Protected areas are often seen as t
Page 79 and 80: RsAt the RsAt hAs Been suCCessFuLLY
Page 81 and 82: 10,000 the AReA hARBouRs 10,000 PLA
Page 83 and 84: Extensive grazing by domestic lives
Page 85 and 86: The Living Himalayas InItIAtIves --
Page 87 and 88:
Agricultural worker Pangbuche Chosa
Page 89 and 90:
2009 In 2009, the goveRnMent oF Bhu
Page 91 and 92:
The Sacred Himalayas Bhutan Biologi
Page 93 and 94:
Young boy in traditional dug-out ca
Page 95 and 96:
Conclusion the GMS and the Coral Tr
Page 97 and 98:
Conclusion The large-scale ecosyste
Page 99 and 100:
Food and Agriculture Organization.
Page 101 and 102:
Thailand and Viet Nam. Vientiane, L
Page 103 and 104:
Abbreviations ADB Asian Development
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