KEY to terricolous lichens - italic

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in rather sheltered situations.
Primary squamules more than 3 mm broad, yellowish below 33
33 Primary squamules 15-40 x 2-10 mm, sometimes with black or white hairs at the
margins, forming straggling clusters
Cladonia convoluta
Thallus fruticose, greenish grey, K-, C-, KC-, P+ red. Podetia to 1.5 cm tall, very rare.
Primary squamules 15-40 x 2-10 mm, sometimes with black or white hairs at the
margins, forming straggling clusters. Undersurface of squamules yellowish. Apothecia
rare, without a thalline margin, subterminal. Surface brown, convex. Ascospores
hyaline, ellipsoid, 8 per ascus. Pycnidia dark, semi-immersed. Conidia cylindrical.
Photobiont chlorococcoid. - Note: on mineral soil in dry grasslands, or in intradunal
depressions, also occurring in dry-continental Alpine valleys.
33 Primary squamules 4-15 x 1-3 mm, forming compact mats, sometimes with black hairs
at the margins
Cladonia foliacea
Thallus fruticose, greenish grey, K-, C-, KC-, P+ red. Podetia to 1.5 cm tall, very rare.
Primary squamules 4-15 x 1-3 mm, forming compact mats, sometimes with black
hairs at the margins. Undersurface of squamules yellowish. Apothecia rare, without a
thalline margin, subterminal. Surface brown, convex. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid, 8
per ascus. Pycnidia dark, semi-immersed. Conidia cylindrical. Photobiont
chlorococcoid. – Note: an ecological vicariant of C. convoluta on more or less acid,
but often base-rich ground.
Subkey B - Foliose lichens
1 Thallus bright yellow
Vulpicida tubulosus
Thallus foliose, bright yellow, loosely attached, K-, C-, KC-, P-. Lobes (2)3-6 mm
wide, elongate. Undersurface yellowish. Rhizines pale, simple. Medulla K-, C-, KC-,
P-. Apothecia rare, lecanorine. Surface brown. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, 8 per
ascus. Pycnidia dark, stipitate. Photobiont chlorococcoid. - Note: on more or less
calcareous mineral soil in dry Alpine grasslands and on wind-exposed ridges. Absent
from the Apennines.
1 Not as above 2
2 Thallus dark, from black to dark brown 3
2 Thallus neither dark- nor very bright-coloured 11
3 With soredia or isidia 4
3 Without soredia or isidia 6
4 Thallus heteromerous
4
Nephroma parile
Thallus foliose, bluish grey to dark brown, K-, C-, KC-, P-. Lobes rounded, adpressed
to the substratum, 3-8 mm wide. Edge crenulate. Soredia bluish-grey. Soralia
marginal, prominent. Undersurface brown, smooth to wrinkled, naked or in part
somehow pubescent. Medulla white, K-, P-. Apothecia rare, on the lower surface of
thallus. Ascospores 4-celled, not hyaline, fusiform-elongate, 8 per ascus, 18-20 x 6-7
µ. Photobiont cyanobacterial. - Note: on bark, epiphytic mosses, basic siliceous rocks
and soil in humid and sheltered situations.
Thallus homeomerous 5
5 Lobes width > 3 mm. Isidia spatulate. Thallus thin
Collema crispum
Thallus foliose, homeomerous, olive green-brown to black, smooth or isidiate, thin.
8